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21 Anlass
m; -es, Anlässe1. (Gelegenheit, Ereignis) occasion; (Vorkommnis) incident; ein besonderer Anlass a special occasion; festlicher Anlass festive occasion, special celebration; bei diesem Anlass on this occasion; dem Anlass entsprechend to suit ( oder fit) the occasion; aus Anlass (+ Gen) on the occasion of; aus diesem Anlass to mark the occasion; den / jeden Anlass ergreifen ( oder benutzen), um zu (+ Inf.) seize the / every opportunity ( oder take the / every occasion) to (+ Inf.)2. (Grund, Ursache) motive, reason, cause, grounds Pl. ( für oder zu for; zu + Inf. for + Ger.); der äußere Anlass the apparent ( oder supposed) reason; aus diesem Anlass for this reason, on these grounds; aus gegebenem Anlass because of the circumstances, for the reason given; ( den) Anlass geben zu give rise ( oder occasion) to; etw. gibt zu denken Anlass s.th. is a cause for concern; jemandem Anlass geben zu give s.o. cause ( oder reason) for (+ Ger.) ohne jeden Anlass for no reason at all; allen Anlass haben zu (+ Inf.) / zu etw. have every reason to (+ Inf.) / for s.th; etw. zum Anlass nehmen zu (+ Inf.) use s.th. as an opportunity (pej. excuse) to (+ Inf.) ich möchte diese Zusammenkunft etc. zum Anlass nehmen zu (+ Inf.) I’d like to take this occasion ( oder take advantage of this opportunity) to (+ Inf.) beim geringsten Anlass feiern etc. use any excuse to celebrate etc.; er beschwert sich beim geringsten Anlass he complains about every little thing* * *der Anlass(Gelegenheit) occasion;(Grund) cause; ground; subject; reason* * *Ạn|lass ['anlas]m -es, A\#nlässe1) [-lɛsə](= Veranlassung) (immediate) cause (zu for)zum Anlass von etw werden — to bring sth about, to trigger sth off
das war zwar nicht der Grund aber der Anlass — that wasn't the real reason but that's what finally brought it about or triggered it off
welchen Anlass hatte er, das zu tun? — what prompted him to do that?
er hat keinen Anlass zur Freude — he has no cause or reason or grounds for rejoicing
es besteht kein Anlass... — there is no reason...
etw zum Anlass nehmen, zu... — to use sth as an opportunity to...
bei jedem Anlass — at every opportunity
jdm Anlass zu Beschwerden geben, jdm Anlass geben, sich zu beschweren — to give sb reason or cause or grounds for complaint or for complaining
2) (= Gelegenheit) occasionaus Anlass (+gen) — on the occasion of
aus gegebenem Anlass — in view of the occasion
aus diesem Anlass — on this occasion
dem Anlass entsprechend — as befits the occasion, as is befitting to the occasion
3) (Sw = Lustbarkeit) social* * *An·lassRR<-es, -lässe>An·laßALT<-sses, -lässe>[ˈanlas, pl ˈanlɛsə]m1. (unmittelbarer Grund) reasonihr Geburtstag war der geeignete \Anlass, mal wieder zu feiern her birthday was the perfect excuse for another party▪ ein/kein \Anlass, etw zu tun a/no reason to do sthes besteht \Anlass zu etw dat there are grounds [or is cause] for sthjdm \Anlass geben, etw zu tun to give sb grounds to do stheinen/keinen \Anlass haben, etw zu tun to have grounds/no grounds to do sthein \Anlass [für jdn] sein, etw zu tun to be a [good] excuse [for sb] to do sthetw zum \Anlass nehmen, etw zu tun to use sth as an opportunity to do sthaus bestimmtem \Anlass for a certain type of reasonund aus diesem \Anlass and for this reasonaus besonderem \Anlass fällt der Spielfilm aus due to unforeseen circumstances we will not be able to show the filmaus keinem besonderen \Anlass for no particular reasonaus gegebenem \Anlass with good reason2. (Gelegenheit) occasiondem \Anlass entsprechend to fit the occasionsie war immer dem \Anlass entsprechend angezogen she was always dressed for the occasionbeim geringsten \Anlass at the slightest opportunitybei jedem \Anlass at every opportunity* * *der; Anlasses, Anlässe1) (Ausgangspunkt, Grund) cause (zu for)etwas zum Anlass nehmen, etwas zu tun — use or take something as an opportunity to do something
Anlass zur Sorge/Beunruhigung/Klage geben — give cause for concern/unease/complaint
beim geringsten/kleinsten Anlass — for the slightest reason
2) (Gelegenheit) occasion* * *ein besonderer Anlass a special occasion;festlicher Anlass festive occasion, special celebration;bei diesem Anlass on this occasion;dem Anlass entsprechend to suit ( oder fit) the occasion;aus Anlass (+gen) on the occasion of;aus diesem Anlass to mark the occasion;den/jeden Anlass ergreifen ( oderbenutzen),zu for;zu +inf for +ger);der äußere Anlass the apparent ( oder supposed) reason;aus diesem Anlass for this reason, on these grounds;aus gegebenem Anlass because of the circumstances, for the reason given;etwas gibt zu denken Anlass sth is a cause for concern;ohne jeden Anlass for no reason at all;allen Anlass haben zu (+inf)/zu etwas have every reason to (+inf)/for s.th;zum Anlass nehmen zu (+inf) I’d like to take this occasion ( oder take advantage of this opportunity) to (+inf)er beschwert sich beim geringsten Anlass he complains about every little thing* * *der; Anlasses, Anlässe1) (Ausgangspunkt, Grund) cause (zu for)etwas zum Anlass nehmen, etwas zu tun — use or take something as an opportunity to do something
Anlass zur Sorge/Beunruhigung/Klage geben — give cause for concern/unease/complaint
beim geringsten/kleinsten Anlass — for the slightest reason
2) (Gelegenheit) occasion* * *-¨e m.cause n.occasion n.reason n. -
22 М-311
ЗАДНЯЯ МЫСЛЬ often БЕЗ (ВСЯКОЙ) ЗАДНЕЙ МЫСЛИ (БЕЗ (ВСЯКИХ) ЗАДНИХ МЫСЛЕЙ) NP, subj or obj (1st var.) or PrepP, adv (2nd var.) fixed WOa secret intention, designulterior (hidden) motiveбез всякой задней мысли - without any ulterior (hidden) motive(s) (whatsoever)without the slightest (least) ulterior motive without the least hidden motive.Я тоже на неё (тётку) сильно обижался, даже не на окрик, а на то, что меня заподозрили в «нарочном», а я был совсем без задней мысли, никогда бы ничего не сделал назло или нарочно... (Битов 1). I, too, was terribly offended by her (Auntie). Not for yelling at me, but for suspecting me of "doing it on purpose," when I hadn't the slightest ulterior motive and would never do anything bad on purpose (1a).(Иван Федорович) наконец ему ответил, но не свысока-учтиво, как боялся еще накануне Алеша, а скромно и сдержанно, с видимою предупредительностью и, по-видимому, без малейшей задней мысли (Достоевский 1). Ilvan Fyodorovich) answered at last, not with polite condescension, as Alyosha had feared the day before, but modestly and reservedly, with apparent consideration and, evidently, without the least ulterior motive (1a).И дальше (офицер) принимался рассказывать, как был на фронте и какие видел зверства. Говорил он все это безо всякой задней мысли, вовсе не с тем, чтоб напугать меня или «перевоспитать», а просто по доброте душевной (Буковский 1). And then he (the officer) would start telling me about his experiences at the front and all the atrocities he had seen. He said all these things without the least hidden motive, not to scare me or "reeducate" me in any way, but simply out of the goodness of his heart (1a). -
23 без всяких задних мыслей
• ЗАДНЯЯ МЫСЛЬ; often БЕЗ (ВСЯКОЙ) ЗАДНЕЙ МЫСЛИ <БЕЗ (ВСЯКИХ) ЗАДНИХ МЫСЛЕЙ>[NP, subj or obj (1st var.) or PrepP, adv (2nd var.); fixed WO]=====⇒ a secret intention, design:- without the least hidden motive.♦ Я тоже на ней [тётку] сильно обижался, даже не на окрик, а на то, что меня заподозрили в "нарочном", а я был совсем без задней мысли, никогда бы ничего не сделал назло или нарочно... (Битов 1). I, too, was terribly offended by her [Auntie]. Not for yelling at me, but for suspecting me of "doing it on purpose," when I hadn't the slightest ulterior motive and would never do anything bad on purpose (1a).♦ [Иван Федорович] наконец ему ответил, но не свысока-учтиво, как боялся еще накануне Алеша, а скромно и сдержанно, с видимою предупредительностью и, по-видимому, без малейшей задней мысли (Достоевский 1). [Ivan Fyodorovich] answered at last, not with polite condescension, as Alyosha had feared the day before, but modestly and reservedly, with apparent consideration and, evidently, without the least ulterior motive (1a).♦ И дальше [офицер] принимался рассказывать, как был на фронте и какие видел зверства. Говорил он все это безо всякой задней мысли, вовсе не с тем, чтоб напугать меня или "перевоспитать", а просто по доброте душевной (Буковский 1). And then he [the officer] would start telling me about his experiences at the front and all the atrocities he had seen. He said all these things without the least hidden motive, not to scare me or "reeducate" me in any way, but simply out of the goodness of his heart (1a).Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > без всяких задних мыслей
-
24 без всякой задней мысли
• ЗАДНЯЯ МЫСЛЬ; often БЕЗ (ВСЯКОЙ) ЗАДНЕЙ МЫСЛИ <БЕЗ (ВСЯКИХ) ЗАДНИХ МЫСЛЕЙ>[NP, subj or obj (1st var.) or PrepP, adv (2nd var.); fixed WO]=====⇒ a secret intention, design:- without the least hidden motive.♦ Я тоже на ней [тётку] сильно обижался, даже не на окрик, а на то, что меня заподозрили в "нарочном", а я был совсем без задней мысли, никогда бы ничего не сделал назло или нарочно... (Битов 1). I, too, was terribly offended by her [Auntie]. Not for yelling at me, but for suspecting me of "doing it on purpose," when I hadn't the slightest ulterior motive and would never do anything bad on purpose (1a).♦ [Иван Федорович] наконец ему ответил, но не свысока-учтиво, как боялся еще накануне Алеша, а скромно и сдержанно, с видимою предупредительностью и, по-видимому, без малейшей задней мысли (Достоевский 1). [Ivan Fyodorovich] answered at last, not with polite condescension, as Alyosha had feared the day before, but modestly and reservedly, with apparent consideration and, evidently, without the least ulterior motive (1a).♦ И дальше [офицер] принимался рассказывать, как был на фронте и какие видел зверства. Говорил он все это безо всякой задней мысли, вовсе не с тем, чтоб напугать меня или "перевоспитать", а просто по доброте душевной (Буковский 1). And then he [the officer] would start telling me about his experiences at the front and all the atrocities he had seen. He said all these things without the least hidden motive, not to scare me or "reeducate" me in any way, but simply out of the goodness of his heart (1a).Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > без всякой задней мысли
-
25 без задней мысли
• ЗАДНЯЯ МЫСЛЬ; often БЕЗ (ВСЯКОЙ) ЗАДНЕЙ МЫСЛИ <БЕЗ (ВСЯКИХ) ЗАДНИХ МЫСЛЕЙ>[NP, subj or obj (1st var.) or PrepP, adv (2nd var.); fixed WO]=====⇒ a secret intention, design:- without the least hidden motive.♦ Я тоже на ней [тётку] сильно обижался, даже не на окрик, а на то, что меня заподозрили в "нарочном", а я был совсем без задней мысли, никогда бы ничего не сделал назло или нарочно... (Битов 1). I, too, was terribly offended by her [Auntie]. Not for yelling at me, but for suspecting me of "doing it on purpose," when I hadn't the slightest ulterior motive and would never do anything bad on purpose (1a).♦ [Иван Федорович] наконец ему ответил, но не свысока-учтиво, как боялся еще накануне Алеша, а скромно и сдержанно, с видимою предупредительностью и, по-видимому, без малейшей задней мысли (Достоевский 1). [Ivan Fyodorovich] answered at last, not with polite condescension, as Alyosha had feared the day before, but modestly and reservedly, with apparent consideration and, evidently, without the least ulterior motive (1a).♦ И дальше [офицер] принимался рассказывать, как был на фронте и какие видел зверства. Говорил он все это безо всякой задней мысли, вовсе не с тем, чтоб напугать меня или "перевоспитать", а просто по доброте душевной (Буковский 1). And then he [the officer] would start telling me about his experiences at the front and all the atrocities he had seen. He said all these things without the least hidden motive, not to scare me or "reeducate" me in any way, but simply out of the goodness of his heart (1a).Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > без задней мысли
-
26 без задних мыслей
• ЗАДНЯЯ МЫСЛЬ; often БЕЗ (ВСЯКОЙ) ЗАДНЕЙ МЫСЛИ <БЕЗ (ВСЯКИХ) ЗАДНИХ МЫСЛЕЙ>[NP, subj or obj (1st var.) or PrepP, adv (2nd var.); fixed WO]=====⇒ a secret intention, design:- without the least hidden motive.♦ Я тоже на ней [тётку] сильно обижался, даже не на окрик, а на то, что меня заподозрили в "нарочном", а я был совсем без задней мысли, никогда бы ничего не сделал назло или нарочно... (Битов 1). I, too, was terribly offended by her [Auntie]. Not for yelling at me, but for suspecting me of "doing it on purpose," when I hadn't the slightest ulterior motive and would never do anything bad on purpose (1a).♦ [Иван Федорович] наконец ему ответил, но не свысока-учтиво, как боялся еще накануне Алеша, а скромно и сдержанно, с видимою предупредительностью и, по-видимому, без малейшей задней мысли (Достоевский 1). [Ivan Fyodorovich] answered at last, not with polite condescension, as Alyosha had feared the day before, but modestly and reservedly, with apparent consideration and, evidently, without the least ulterior motive (1a).♦ И дальше [офицер] принимался рассказывать, как был на фронте и какие видел зверства. Говорил он все это безо всякой задней мысли, вовсе не с тем, чтоб напугать меня или "перевоспитать", а просто по доброте душевной (Буковский 1). And then he [the officer] would start telling me about his experiences at the front and all the atrocities he had seen. He said all these things without the least hidden motive, not to scare me or "reeducate" me in any way, but simply out of the goodness of his heart (1a).Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > без задних мыслей
-
27 задняя мысль
[NP, subj or obj (1st var.) or PrepP, adv (2nd var.); fixed WO]=====⇒ a secret intention, design:- without the least hidden motive.♦ Я тоже на ней [тётку] сильно обижался, даже не на окрик, а на то, что меня заподозрили в "нарочном", а я был совсем без задней мысли, никогда бы ничего не сделал назло или нарочно... (Битов 1). I, too, was terribly offended by her [Auntie]. Not for yelling at me, but for suspecting me of "doing it on purpose," when I hadn't the slightest ulterior motive and would never do anything bad on purpose (1a).♦ [Иван Федорович] наконец ему ответил, но не свысока-учтиво, как боялся еще накануне Алеша, а скромно и сдержанно, с видимою предупредительностью и, по-видимому, без малейшей задней мысли (Достоевский 1). [Ivan Fyodorovich] answered at last, not with polite condescension, as Alyosha had feared the day before, but modestly and reservedly, with apparent consideration and, evidently, without the least ulterior motive (1a).♦ И дальше [офицер] принимался рассказывать, как был на фронте и какие видел зверства. Говорил он все это безо всякой задней мысли, вовсе не с тем, чтоб напугать меня или "перевоспитать", а просто по доброте душевной (Буковский 1). And then he [the officer] would start telling me about his experiences at the front and all the atrocities he had seen. He said all these things without the least hidden motive, not to scare me or "reeducate" me in any way, but simply out of the goodness of his heart (1a).Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > задняя мысль
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28 power
1) мощность2) энергия || снабжать энергией4) источник энергии || служить источником энергии5) матем. степень; показатель степени6) способность; возможность•to adjust idle power — возд. регулировать режим малого газа ( двигателя);to augment power — возд. форсировать мощность ( двигателя);to set idle power — возд. выводить ( двигатель) на режим малого газа;to set takeoff power — возд. устанавливать взлётный режим ( работы двигателей)-
absorbed power
-
ac power
-
accepted power
-
acoustic power
-
active power
-
actual power
-
adhesion power
-
antenna power
-
apparent power
-
arc power
-
ash slagging power
-
asphalt-retaining power
-
atomic power
-
attractive power
-
auxiliary power
-
available power
-
average power
-
backscattered power
-
binding power
-
bleaching power
-
brake power
-
brake retarding power
-
brake stopping power
-
braking power
-
breakout power
-
bulking power
-
burnout power
-
caking power
-
calculated power
-
calorific power
-
caloric power
-
carrier power
-
carrying power
-
cementing power
-
central power
-
chemical power
-
chemical reaction power
-
coking power
-
coloring power
-
complex power
-
computer power
-
computing power
-
consumed power
-
contingency takeoff power
-
conventional power
-
cooling power
-
corona loss power
-
covering power
-
crowding power
-
cruising power
-
cutting power
-
dc power
-
decay power
-
delivered power
-
deoxidizing power
-
design power
-
detergent power
-
diesel motive power
-
digging power
-
dispersive power
-
dissipated power
-
dissolving power
-
drag power
-
dragging power
-
drawbar power
-
drawing power
-
drive power
-
drive train power
-
driving power
-
dry power
-
drying power
-
economy power
-
effective power
-
effective radiated power
-
electric motive power
-
electrical power
-
electric power
-
eluting power
-
elution power
-
elutive power
-
emergency power
-
emulsifying power
-
engine brake power
-
engine continuous brake power
-
engine corrected power
-
engine gross power
-
engine indicated power
-
engine intermittent brake power
-
engine maximum brake power
-
engine net power
-
engine observed power
-
engine peak brake power
-
engine power
-
engine rated brake power
-
equivalent noise power
-
equivalent radiated power
-
excess noise power
-
excess power
-
excitation power
-
extractive power
-
fault power
-
feedthrough power
-
felting power
-
firing power
-
firm power
-
fluid power
-
flywheel power
-
foaming power
-
focal power
-
forward power
-
fractional power
-
friction power
-
generating station auxiliary power
-
grammar power
-
gripping power
-
hair-wave power
-
hardening power
-
hauling power
-
heat power
-
hiding power
-
holding power
-
hot full power
-
hot zero power
-
hovering power
-
hydraulic power
-
hydroelectric power
-
hydro power
-
idle power
-
illumination power
-
imaginary power
-
in-band power
-
incident power
-
induced drag power
-
initial power
-
input power
-
installed power
-
instantaneous power
-
insulating power
-
integral power
-
interchange power
-
interference power
-
intermodulation product power
-
interruptible power
-
ionizing power
-
jet power
-
laser output power
-
laser power
-
lens power
-
leveling power
-
lifting power
-
light power
-
light-gathering power
-
like powers
-
load diversity power
-
load power
-
lubricating power
-
luminous power
-
magnet power
-
magnifying power
-
mains power
-
main power
-
man power
-
maximum continuous power
-
mean fluctuation power
-
mechanical power
-
melting-down power
-
minimum firing power
-
motive power
-
natural power
-
net power
-
no-break power
-
noise power
-
nominal power
-
noninterruptible power
-
normalized power
-
nuclear power
-
objective power
-
off-peak power
-
oil absorption power
-
on-peak power
-
operating power
-
optical power
-
out-of-band power
-
output power
-
peak envelope power
-
peak power
-
penetrating power
-
photovoltaic power
-
pneumatic power
-
polymerizing power
-
polyphase power
-
power of test
-
power takeoff power
-
prime power
-
processing power
-
profile drag power
-
propagation power
-
psophometric power
-
pull-in power
-
pulling power
-
pull-out power
-
pulse power
-
pumping power
-
purchased power
-
quenching power
-
radiant power
-
radiated power
-
radiation power
-
radio-frequency power
-
rated power
-
reactive power
-
real power
-
reducing power
-
reflected power
-
reflecting power
-
refrigerating power
-
relative power
-
required power
-
reserve power
-
resolution power
-
returned power
-
road power
-
saturation power
-
scattered power
-
shaft power
-
short-circuit power
-
signal power
-
slip power
-
solar array power
-
solution power
-
sorptive power
-
sound power
-
space power
-
space resolving power
-
specific power
-
spill power
-
spillover power
-
spring power
-
staining power
-
standby power
-
steam power
-
steaming power
-
stopping power
-
storage power
-
sudsing power
-
supplied power
-
surplus power
-
switch power
-
synchronizing power
-
takeoff power
-
tapping power
-
tensorial power
-
thermal power
-
thermoelectric power
-
thermonuclear fusion power
-
thickening power
-
third-rail power
-
threshold power
-
throughput power
-
thrust power
-
tidal power
-
total power
-
towing power
-
traction power
-
tractive power
-
true power
-
unconventional power
-
unintentional power
-
unit power
-
useful power
-
vector power
-
washing power
-
wasted power
-
wattless power
-
wetting power
-
wind power
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withdrawing power -
29 cause
1. n причина, основаниеroot cause — основная причина, первопричина
2. n мотив, повод, причинаjust cause — убедительный мотив; полное основание, полное право
without cause — без повода, без оснований, без причин; беспричинно
3. n дело; общее дело4. n юр. судебное дело, процессto plead a cause — вести процесс, защищать дело в суде
5. n юр. мотивы или соображения, высказываемые сторонойto show cause — привести основания ; представить доводы
impulsive cause — побудительная причина, побудительный мотив
6. v быть причиной, служить поводом; вызывать; причинятьwhat caused his death? — от чего он умер?, что было причиной его смерти?
7. v заставлять; побуждать; добиватьсяСинонимический ряд:1. aspiration (noun) aspiration; conviction; crusade2. basis (noun) basis; foundation; grounds; origin; rationale; root; source3. call (noun) call; justification; necessity; obligation; occasion4. motive (noun) consideration; motive; spring5. reason (noun) aim; antecedent; determinant; end; goal; ground; motivation; object; objective; purpose; reason; subject6. suit (noun) action; case; lawsuit; suit7. originate (verb) be behind; create; engender; give rise to; originate8. produce (verb) breed; bring about; draw on; effect; effectuate; generate; get up; hatch; incite; induce; lead to; make; muster up; occasion; precipitate; procure; produce; prompt; provoke; raise; result in; secure; spawn; stir; touch off; work; work upАнтонимический ряд:deter; development; effect; end; fruit; issue; outcome; outgrowth; prevent; product; production; result -
30 Creativity
Put in this bald way, these aims sound utopian. How utopian they areor rather, how imminent their realization-depends on how broadly or narrowly we interpret the term "creative." If we are willing to regard all human complex problem solving as creative, then-as we will point out-successful programs for problem solving mechanisms that simulate human problem solvers already exist, and a number of their general characteristics are known. If we reserve the term "creative" for activities like discovery of the special theory of relativity or the composition of Beethoven's Seventh Symphony, then no example of a creative mechanism exists at the present time. (Simon, 1979, pp. 144-145)Among the questions that can now be given preliminary answers in computational terms are the following: how can ideas from very different sources be spontaneously thought of together? how can two ideas be merged to produce a new structure, which shows the influence of both ancestor ideas without being a mere "cut-and-paste" combination? how can the mind be "primed," so that one will more easily notice serendipitous ideas? why may someone notice-and remember-something fairly uninteresting, if it occurs in an interesting context? how can a brief phrase conjure up an entire melody from memory? and how can we accept two ideas as similar ("love" and "prove" as rhyming, for instance) in respect of a feature not identical in both? The features of connectionist AI models that suggest answers to these questions are their powers of pattern completion, graceful degradation, sensitization, multiple constraint satisfaction, and "best-fit" equilibration.... Here, the important point is that the unconscious, "insightful," associative aspects of creativity can be explained-in outline, at least-by AI methods. (Boden, 1996, p. 273)There thus appears to be an underlying similarity in the process involved in creative innovation and social independence, with common traits and postures required for expression of both behaviors. The difference is one of product-literary, musical, artistic, theoretical products on the one hand, opinions on the other-rather than one of process. In both instances the individual must believe that his perceptions are meaningful and valid and be willing to rely upon his own interpretations. He must trust himself sufficiently that even when persons express opinions counter to his own he can proceed on the basis of his own perceptions and convictions. (Coopersmith, 1967, p. 58)he average level of ego strength and emotional stability is noticeably higher among creative geniuses than among the general population, though it is possibly lower than among men of comparable intelligence and education who go into administrative and similar positions. High anxiety and excitability appear common (e.g. Priestley, Darwin, Kepler) but full-blown neurosis is quite rare. (Cattell & Butcher, 1970, p. 315)he insight that is supposed to be required for such work as discovery turns out to be synonymous with the familiar process of recognition; and other terms commonly used in the discussion of creative work-such terms as "judgment," "creativity," or even "genius"-appear to be wholly dispensable or to be definable, as insight is, in terms of mundane and well-understood concepts. (Simon, 1989, p. 376)From the sketch material still in existence, from the condition of the fragments, and from the autographs themselves we can draw definite conclusions about Mozart's creative process. To invent musical ideas he did not need any stimulation; they came to his mind "ready-made" and in polished form. In contrast to Beethoven, who made numerous attempts at shaping his musical ideas until he found the definitive formulation of a theme, Mozart's first inspiration has the stamp of finality. Any Mozart theme has completeness and unity; as a phenomenon it is a Gestalt. (Herzmann, 1964, p. 28)Great artists enlarge the limits of one's perception. Looking at the world through the eyes of Rembrandt or Tolstoy makes one able to perceive aspects of truth about the world which one could not have achieved without their aid. Freud believed that science was adaptive because it facilitated mastery of the external world; but was it not the case that many scientific theories, like works of art, also originated in phantasy? Certainly, reading accounts of scientific discovery by men of the calibre of Einstein compelled me to conclude that phantasy was not merely escapist, but a way of reaching new insights concerning the nature of reality. Scientific hypotheses require proof; works of art do not. Both are concerned with creating order, with making sense out of the world and our experience of it. (Storr, 1993, p. xii)The importance of self-esteem for creative expression appears to be almost beyond disproof. Without a high regard for himself the individual who is working in the frontiers of his field cannot trust himself to discriminate between the trivial and the significant. Without trust in his own powers the person seeking improved solutions or alternative theories has no basis for distinguishing the significant and profound innovation from the one that is merely different.... An essential component of the creative process, whether it be analysis, synthesis, or the development of a new perspective or more comprehensive theory, is the conviction that one's judgment in interpreting the events is to be trusted. (Coopersmith, 1967, p. 59)In the daily stream of thought these four different stages [preparation; incubation; illumination or inspiration; and verification] constantly overlap each other as we explore different problems. An economist reading a Blue Book, a physiologist watching an experiment, or a business man going through his morning's letters, may at the same time be "incubating" on a problem which he proposed to himself a few days ago, be accumulating knowledge in "preparation" for a second problem, and be "verifying" his conclusions to a third problem. Even in exploring the same problem, the mind may be unconsciously incubating on one aspect of it, while it is consciously employed in preparing for or verifying another aspect. (Wallas, 1926, p. 81)he basic, bisociative pattern of the creative synthesis [is] the sudden interlocking of two previously unrelated skills, or matrices of thought. (Koestler, 1964, p. 121)11) The Earliest Stages in the Creative Process Involve a Commerce with DisorderEven to the creator himself, the earliest effort may seem to involve a commerce with disorder. For the creative order, which is an extension of life, is not an elaboration of the established, but a movement beyond the established, or at least a reorganization of it and often of elements not included in it. The first need is therefore to transcend the old order. Before any new order can be defined, the absolute power of the established, the hold upon us of what we know and are, must be broken. New life comes always from outside our world, as we commonly conceive that world. This is the reason why, in order to invent, one must yield to the indeterminate within him, or, more precisely, to certain illdefined impulses which seem to be of the very texture of the ungoverned fullness which John Livingston Lowes calls "the surging chaos of the unexpressed." (Ghiselin, 1985, p. 4)New life comes always from outside our world, as we commonly conceive our world. This is the reason why, in order to invent, one must yield to the indeterminate within him, or, more precisely, to certain illdefined impulses which seem to be of the very texture of the ungoverned fullness which John Livingston Lowes calls "the surging chaos of the unexpressed." Chaos and disorder are perhaps the wrong terms for that indeterminate fullness and activity of the inner life. For it is organic, dynamic, full of tension and tendency. What is absent from it, except in the decisive act of creation, is determination, fixity, and commitment to one resolution or another of the whole complex of its tensions. (Ghiselin, 1952, p. 13)[P]sychoanalysts have principally been concerned with the content of creative products, and with explaining content in terms of the artist's infantile past. They have paid less attention to examining why the artist chooses his particular activity to express, abreact or sublimate his emotions. In short, they have not made much distinction between art and neurosis; and, since the former is one of the blessings of mankind, whereas the latter is one of the curses, it seems a pity that they should not be better differentiated....Psychoanalysis, being fundamentally concerned with drive and motive, might have been expected to throw more light upon what impels the creative person that in fact it has. (Storr, 1993, pp. xvii, 3)A number of theoretical approaches were considered. Associative theory, as developed by Mednick (1962), gained some empirical support from the apparent validity of the Remote Associates Test, which was constructed on the basis of the theory.... Koestler's (1964) bisociative theory allows more complexity to mental organization than Mednick's associative theory, and postulates "associative contexts" or "frames of reference." He proposed that normal, non-creative, thought proceeds within particular contexts or frames and that the creative act involves linking together previously unconnected frames.... Simonton (1988) has developed associative notions further and explored the mathematical consequences of chance permutation of ideas....Like Koestler, Gruber (1980; Gruber and Davis, 1988) has based his analysis on case studies. He has focused especially on Darwin's development of the theory of evolution. Using piagetian notions, such as assimilation and accommodation, Gruber shows how Darwin's system of ideas changed very slowly over a period of many years. "Moments of insight," in Gruber's analysis, were the culminations of slow long-term processes.... Finally, the information-processing approach, as represented by Simon (1966) and Langley et al. (1987), was considered.... [Simon] points out the importance of good problem representations, both to ensure search is in an appropriate problem space and to aid in developing heuristic evaluations of possible research directions.... The work of Langley et al. (1987) demonstrates how such search processes, realized in computer programs, can indeed discover many basic laws of science from tables of raw data.... Boden (1990a, 1994) has stressed the importance of restructuring the problem space in creative work to develop new genres and paradigms in the arts and sciences. (Gilhooly, 1996, pp. 243-244; emphasis in original)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Creativity
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31 motivo
Del verbo motivar: ( conjugate motivar) \ \
motivo es: \ \1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo
motivó es: \ \3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativoMultiple Entries: motivar motivo
motivar ( conjugate motivar) verbo transitivo 1 ( en general) to motivate; ¿qué te motivó a hacerlo? what made you do it? 2 ( causar) to bring about, cause
motivo sustantivo masculino 1a) (razón, causa) reason, cause;por este motivo nos hallamos aquí that's (the reason) why we're here; con motivo de algo on the occasion of sth; no des motivos para que te critiquen don't give them cause to criticize you; hay motivos para preocuparse there is cause for concern; el adulterio es motivo suficiente de divorcio adultery is sufficient grounds for divorce; sin ningún motivo for no reason at all; ¡que sea un motivo! (Col fam) let's drink to that! (colloq)◊ el motivo de esta carta es … the purpose of this letter is …2 (Art, Lit, Mús) motif;
motivar verbo transitivo
1 (provocar) to cause
2 (animar) to motivate
motivo sustantivo masculino
1 (causa) reason: no tienes motivos para sospechar, you have no grounds for suspicion
organizaron una fiesta con motivo de su aniversario, they had a party on the occasion of their anniversary
sin motivo, for no reason at all
2 Arte Mús motif, leitmotif ' motivo' also found in these entries: Spanish: alguna - alguno - aparente - base - causa - interesar - lugar - para - por - razón - valer - concreto - cual - motivación - motivar - obedecer - tema - vergüenza English: about - call - cause - deduce - for - get at - grievance - ground - motif - motive - occasion - ostensible - out of - over - real - reason - search out - suicide note - ulterior - whatever - why - apparent - design - laughing - motivation - shower
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См. также в других словарях:
for nothing — idi a) free of charge b) idi for no apparent reason or motive c) idi futilely; to no avail … From formal English to slang
apparent — 1 *evident, manifest, patent, distinct, obvious, palpable, plain, clear Analogous words: discernible, noticeable (see corresponding verbs at SEE): *perceptible, ponderable, tangible, appreciable Antonyms: unintelligible Contrasted words: *obscure … New Dictionary of Synonyms
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ulterior motive — noun An alternative or extrinsic reason for doing something, especially when concealed or when differing from the stated or apparent reason. There lurks no bribe in the smell and beauty of the flower. Its charm has no ulterior motive … Wiktionary
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motivation — motivational, adj. motivative, adj. /moh teuh vay sheuhn/, n. 1. the act or an instance of motivating. 2. the state or condition of being motivated. 3. something that motivates; inducement; incentive. [1870 75; MOTIVE + ATION] * * * Factors… … Universalium