for+forming

SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy

[br]

[br]

[br]

Wollaston qualified in medicine at Cambridge University but gave up his practice in 1800 to devote himself to chemistry and metallurgy, funded from the profits from making malleable platinum. In partnership with Smithson Tennant, a friend from his Cambridge days, he worked on the extraction of platinum by dissolving it in aqua regia. In 1802 he found that in addition to platinum the solution contained a new metal, which he named palladium. Two years later he identified another new metal, rhodium.

Wollaston developed a method of forming platinum by means of powder metallurgy and was the first to produce malleable and ductile platinum on a commercial scale. He produced platinum vessels for sulphuric acid manufacture and scientific apparatus such as crucibles. He devised an elegant method for forming fine platinum wire. He also applied his inventive talents to improving scientific apparatus, including the sextant and microscope and a reflecting goniometer for measuring crystal angles. In 1807 he was appointed Joint Secretary of the Royal Society with Sir Humphry Davy, which entailed a heavy workload and required them to referee all the papers submitted to the Society for publication.

Wollaston's output of platinum began to decline after 1822. Due to ill health he ceased business operations in 1828 and at last made public the details of his secret platinum fabrication process. It was fully described in the Bakerian Lecture he delivered to the Royal Society on 28 November 1828, shortly before his death.

[br]

1 technique, skill, expertise, know-how.

2 procedure, method.

* * *

► nombre femenino

1 (tecnología) technique, technology

2 (habilidad) technique, method

3 (ingeniería) engineering

■ técnica mecánica mechanical engineering

* * *

* * *

1) (=método) technique

2) (=tecnología) technology

3) (=destreza) skill

* * *

1)

a) ( método) technique

b) ( destreza) skill

2) ( tecnología) technology

3) ( en baloncesto) technical foul

* * *

= approach [approaches, -pl.], know-how, mechanics, skill, technique, technic.

Ex. During the last twenty years the variety of approaches to the organisation of knowledge has proliferated with the introduction of computer-based methods.

Ex. What was lacking, however, was the know-how for forming and running such groups.

Ex. However, it is clear that the mechanics of searching post-coordinate indexes differ from those involved in searching pre-coordinate indexes.

Ex. However, successful human free language indexing is very dependent upon the skills of the individual indexer.

Ex. Improvements in document delivery services (DDS) via the further application of techniques such as facsimile transmission will also have an important role to play.

Ex. The technic of automatic indexing indicates a list of key-words (simple and compound words) to an expert in a given field.

----

* arte y técnica de escribir obras de teatro = playwriting.

* desarrollar una técnica = develop + skill, build + skill.

* dominar una técnica = master + technique.

* técnica analítica = analytical technique.

* técnica bibliométrica = bibliometric technique.

* técnica bibliotecaria = library technique.

* técnica cluster = clustering technique.

* técnica convolucionista = convolution technique.

* técnica de apoyo = enabling skill.

* técnica de audio simultáneo = audio streaming.

* técnica de búsqueda automatizada = computer-searching technique.

* técnica de construcción = construction technique.

* técnica de diseño = design technique.

* técnica de encuadernación = binding technique.

* técnica de fabricación = construction technique.

* técnica de grupo nominal = nominal group technique.

* técnica de incidencias = critical incident technique.

* técnica de investigación = research technique.

* técnica Delphi, la = Delphi technique, the.

* técnica de mercado = merchandising technique.

* técnica de navegación = navigational technique.

* técnica de recuperación de información por coincidencia óptima = best match technique.

* técnica de recuperación por medio de la lógica difusa = fuzzy IR technique.

* técnica de repografía = reprography technique.

* técnica de vídeo simultáneo = video streaming.

* técnica documental = document-handling technique.

* técnicas de composición escrita = writing skills.

* técnicas de estudio = study skills.

* técnicas de proyección = forecasting techniques.

* técnicas de redacción = writing skills.

* * *

1)

a) ( método) technique

b) ( destreza) skill

2) ( tecnología) technology

3) ( en baloncesto) technical foul

* * *

* * *

1 (método) technique

2 (habilidad, destreza) skill

conduce con mucha técnica she's a very skilful driver

B (tecnología) technology

avances de la técnica advances in technology

electronic technology

hydraulic technology

C (en baloncesto) technical foul

* * *

a) ( método) technique

b) ( destreza) skill

* * *

técnica nf

1. [procedimiento] technique;

en Florencia aprendió la técnica pictórica del fresco in Florence he learned the fresco technique;

tiene mucha técnica she has very good technique, she's very skilful

técnicas de venta sales techniques

2. [tecnología] technology;

los grandes avances de la técnica great advances in technology

3. [en baloncesto] technical foul;

el árbitro le pitó una técnica al entrenador the referee blew the whistle for a technical foul by the trainer

4. ver técnico

* * *

1 technique

2 en baloncesto: infracción technical foul

* * *

técnica nf

1) : technique, skill

2) : technology

* * *

técnica n technique

n. ( trai) protection orﾠ shelter for cows, cow-pen, cow-shed, stable for cattle, stable (in general), hurdle, enclosure RV. (once m. VIII, 50, 10);

(n.) = know-how, technical knowledge

Ex. What was lacking, however, was the know-how for forming and running such groups.

Ex. The benchtests in the journals are, generally speaking, more objective though they can rarely assess long-term reliability and in most cases assume a degree of technical knowledge.

* * *

1) Construction: machine for forming sheet metal

2) Metallurgy: forming machine

3) Automation: sheet-metal (stamping) press

4) Makarov: sheet-metal stamping press

SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy

[br]

[br]

[br]

His father was a mason and brickmaker but, anxious to improve himself, Cort set up in London in 1765 as a navy agent, said to have been a profitable business. He recognized that, at that time, the conversion of pig iron to malleable or wrought iron, which was needed in increasing quantities as developments in industry and mechanical engineering gathered pace, presented a bottleneck in the ironmaking process. The finery hearth was still in use, slow and inefficient and requiring the scarce charcoal as fuel. To tackle this problem, Cort gave up his business and acquired a furnace and slitting mill at Fontley, near Fareham in Hampshire. In 1784 he patented his puddling process, by which molten pig iron on the bed of a reverberatory furnace was stirred with an iron bar and, by the action of the flame and the oxygen in the air, the carbon in the pig iron was oxidized, leaving nearly pure iron, which could be forged to remove slag. In this type of furnace, the fuel and the molten iron were separated, so that the cheaper coal could be used as fuel. It was the stirring action with the iron bar that gave the name "puddling" to the process. Others had realized the problem and reached a similar solution, notably the brothers Thomas and George Cranage, but only Cort succeeded in developing a commercially viable process. The laborious hammering of the ball of iron thus produced was much reduced by an invention of the previous year, 1783. This too was patented. The iron was passed between grooved rollers to form it into bars. Cort entered into an agreement with Samuel Jellico to set up an ironworks at Gosport to exploit his inventions. Samuel's father Adam, Deputy Paymaster of the Navy, advanced capital for this venture, Cort having expended much of his own resources in the experimental work that preceded his inventions. However, it transpired that Jellico senior had, unknown to Cort, used public money to advance the capital; the Admiralty acted to recover the money and Cort lost heavily, including the benefits from his patents. Rival ironmasters were quick to pillage the patents. In 1790, and again the following year, Cort offered unsuccessfully to work for the military. Finally, in 1794, at the instigation of the Prime Minister, William Pitt the Younger, Cort was paid a pension of £200 per year in recognition of the value of his improvements in the technology of ironmaking, although this was reduced by deductions to £160. After his death, the pension to his widow was halved, while some of his children received a pittance. Without the advances made by Cort, however, the iron trade could not have met the rapidly increasing demand for iron during the industrial revolution.

[br]

SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy

[br]

[br]

[br]

Reinhard Mannesmann and his four brothers developed the engineering works at Remscheid that had been founded by their father. With his brother Max, Reinhard devised c. 1885 a method of producing seamless tubes by a rolling process. Factories for manufacturing tubes by this process were established at Remscheid, at Bous in the Saar district and at Komotau in Bohemia. Further developments of the process were patented by the brothers in the years following the initial patent of 1885. The British patent rights for the Mannesmann process were purchased by the Landore Siemens Steel Company in 1888, and the Mannesmann Tube Company was established at Landore in South Wales. This company went into liquidation in 1899 after ten years of production and the Tube Works was then purchased by the Mannesmann family, and a new company, the British Mannesmann Tube Company, was formed. Reinhard and Max Mannesmann took up residence near the Landore works and the business prospered so that by 1914 Landore was employing 1,500 men and producing 35,000 tons of tubing each year. The company was taken over during the First World War by the Custodian of Enemy Property, and after the war a new tube works which had been planned in 1914 was built at Newport, Monmouthshire. The Mannesmann family were able to resume control in 1926 for some ten years, but in 1938 the company became part of the Stewarts \& Lloyds organization.

[br]

SUBJECT AREA: Mechanical, pneumatic and hydraulic engineering, Weapons and armour

[br]

[br]

[br]

After an elementary education, Elisha K.Root was apprenticed as a machinist and worked in that occupation at Ware and Chicopee Falls, Massachusetts. In 1832 he went to Collinsville, Connecticut, to join the Collins Company, manufacturers of axes. He started as a lathe hand but soon became Foreman and, in 1845, Superintendent. While with the company, he devised and patented special-purpose machinery for forming axes which transformed the establishment from a primitive workshop to a modern factory.

In 1849 Root was offered positions by four different manufacturers and accepted the post of Superintendent of the armoury then being planned at Hartford, Connecticut, by Samuel Colt for the manufacture of his revolver pistol, which he had invented in 1835. Initial acceptance of the revolver was slow, but by the mid1840s Colt had received sufficient orders to justify the establishment of a new factory and Root was engaged to design and install the machinery. The principle of interchangeable manufacture was adopted, and Root devised special machines for boring, rifling, making cartridges, etc., and a system of jigs, fixtures, tools and gauges. One of these special machines was a drop hammer that he invented and patented in 1853 and which established the art of die-forging on a modern basis. He was also associated with F.A. Pratt in the design of the "Lincoln" milling machine in 1855.

When Colt died in 1862, Root became President of the company and continued in that capacity until his own death. It was said that he was one of the ablest and most highly paid mechanics from New England and that he was largely responsible for the success of both the Collins and the Colt companies.

[br]

1) (the rules for forming words and for combining words to form sentences: He's an expert on French grammar.) gramática

2) (a description or collection of the rules of grammar: Could you lend me your Latin grammar?; (also adjective) a grammar book.) gramática

3) (a person's use of grammatical rules: This essay is full of bad grammar.) gramática

•

- grammatical

grammar n gramática

tr['græmə^SMALLr/SMALL]

noun

1 gramática

\

grammar school SMALLBRITISH ENGLISH/SMALL instituto de enseñanza secundaria (para alumnos de cierto nivel académico)

grammar ['græmər] n

: gramática f

• de gramática adj.

• gramática s.f.

a) u gramática f

b) c grammar (book) gramática f

1. N

1) gramática f

2) (also: grammar book) libro m de gramática

* * *

a) u gramática f

b) c grammar (book) gramática f

f; -, -en

1. grammar

2. Buch: grammar (book)

* * *

grammar

* * *

f -, -en

* * *

1) (the rules for forming words and for combining words to form sentences: He's an expert on French grammar.) grammar

2) (a description or collection of the rules of grammar: Could you lend me your Latin grammar?; ( also adjective) a grammar book.) grammar

3) (a person's use of grammatical rules: This essay is full of bad grammar.) grammar

* * *

1. (Teil der Sprachwissenschaft) grammar

2. (Lehrbuch der Grammatik) grammar [book]

3. PHILOS, LING (gesetzmäßige Struktur) framework

* * *

1) grammar

2) (Lehrbuch) grammar [book]

* * *

Grammatik f; -, -en

1. grammar

2. Buch: grammar (book)

* * *

1) grammar

2) (Lehrbuch) grammar [book]

* * *

grammar n.

(also book) Grammatik, die

* * *

1) (the rules for forming words and for combining words to form sentences: He's an expert on French grammar.) die Grammatik

2) (a description or collection of the rules of grammar: Could you lend me your Latin grammar?; ( also adjective) a grammar book.) die Grammatik, Grammatik-...

3) (a person's use of grammatical rules: This essay is full of bad grammar.) die Grammatik

•

- academic.ru/32007/grammatical">grammatical

* * *

[ˈgræməʳ, AM -ɚ]

I. n

1. no pl (rules) Grammatik f

to be good/bad \grammar grammatikalisch richtig/falsch sein

2. (book) Grammatik f

II. n modifier (lesson, mistake, rule) Grammatik-

* * *

1) (= subject, book) Grammatik f, Sprachlehre f

2)

* * *

grammar [ˈɡræmə(r)] s

1. Grammatik f (auch Lehrbuch):

it is bad grammar es ist schlechter Sprachgebrauch oder grammatisch nicht richtig;

he knows his grammar er beherrscht seine Sprache

2. fig (Werk n über die) Grundbegriffe pl:

the grammar of politics die Grundbegriffe oder Grundzüge der Politik

* * *

(also book) Grammatik, die

* * *

Grammatik f.

1) (the rules for forming words and for combining words to form sentences: He's an expert on French grammar.) grammatikk

2) (a description or collection of the rules of grammar: Could you lend me your Latin grammar?; ( also adjective) a grammar book.) grammatikk(bok)

3) (a person's use of grammatical rules: This essay is full of bad grammar.) språkbruk

•

- grammatical

grammatikk

subst. \/ˈɡræmə\/

1) grammatikk

• study grammar

2) språkvitenskap

3) språkbruk

4) grunnleggende kunnskap

• the grammar of painting

5) grammatikkbok

• a grammar of English

bad grammar dårlig språkbruk

• his grammar is really bad

be grammar ( hverdagslig) være korrekt, være grammatisk riktig

• is that grammar?

1) (the rules for forming words and for combining words to form sentences: He's an expert on French grammar.) málfræði

2) (a description or collection of the rules of grammar: Could you lend me your Latin grammar?; ( also adjective) a grammar book.) málfræðibók

3) (a person's use of grammatical rules: This essay is full of bad grammar.) málnotkun

•

- grammatical

* * *

1) (the rules for forming words and for combining words to form sentences: He's an expert on French grammar.) nyelvtan

2) (a description or collection of the rules of grammar: Could you lend me your Latin grammar?; ( also adjective) a grammar book.) nyelvtan

3) (a person's use of grammatical rules: This essay is full of bad grammar.) nyelvhelyesség

•

- grammatical