Перевод: со всех языков на все языки

со всех языков на все языки

fascist+regime

  • 21 Chronology

      15,000-3,000 BCE Paleolithic cultures in western Portugal.
      400-200 BCE Greek and Carthaginian trade settlements on coast.
      202 BCE Roman armies invade ancient Lusitania.
      137 BCE Intensive Romanization of Lusitania begins.
      410 CE Germanic tribes — Suevi and Visigoths—begin conquest of Roman Lusitania and Galicia.
      714—16 Muslims begin conquest of Visigothic Lusitania.
      1034 Christian Reconquest frontier reaches Mondego River.
      1064 Christians conquer Coimbra.
      1139 Burgundian Count Afonso Henriques proclaims himself king of Portugal; birth of Portugal. Battle of Ourique: Afonso Henriques defeats Muslims.
      1147 With English Crusaders' help, Portuguese seize Lisbon from Muslims.
      1179 Papacy formally recognizes Portugal's independence (Pope Alexander III).
      1226 Campaign to reclaim Alentejo from Muslims begins.
      1249 Last Muslim city (Silves) falls to Portuguese Army.
      1381 Beginning of third war between Castile and Portugal.
      1383 Master of Aviz, João, proclaimed regent by Lisbon populace.
      1385 April: Master of Aviz, João I, proclaimed king of Portugal by Cortes of Coimbra. 14 August: Battle of Aljubarrota, Castilians defeated by royal forces, with assistance of English army.
      1394 Birth of "Prince Henry the Navigator," son of King João I.
      1415 Beginning of overseas expansion as Portugal captures Moroccan city of Ceuta.
      1419 Discovery of Madeira Islands.
      1425-28 Prince D. Pedro, older brother of Prince Henry, travels in Europe.
      1427 Discovery (or rediscovery?) of Azores Islands.
      1434 Prince Henry the Navigator's ships pass beyond Cape Bojador, West Africa.
      1437 Disaster at Tangier, Morocco, as Portuguese fail to capture city.
      1441 First African slaves from western Africa reach Portugal.
      1460 Death of Prince Henry. Portuguese reach what is now Senegal, West Africa.
      1470s Portuguese explore West African coast and reach what is now Ghana and Nigeria and begin colonizing islands of São Tomé and Príncipe.
      1479 Treaty of Alcáçovas between kings of Portugal and Spain.
      1482 Portuguese establish post at São Jorge da Mina, Gold Coast (now Ghana).
      1482-83 Portuguese navigator Diogo Cão reaches mouth of Congo River and Angola.
      1488 Navigator Bartolomeu Dias rounds Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, and finds route to Indian Ocean.
      1492-93 Columbus's first voyage to West Indies.
      1493 Columbus visits Azores and Portugal on return from first voyage; tells of discovery of New World. Treaty of Tordesillas signed between kings of Portugal and Spain: delimits spheres of conquest with line 370 leagues west of Cape Verde Islands (claimed by Portugal); Portugal's sphere to east of line includes, in effect, Brazil.
       King Manuel I and Royal Council decide to continue seeking all-water route around Africa to Asia.
       King Manuel I expels unconverted Jews from Portugal.
      1497-99 Epic voyage of Vasco da Gama from Portugal around Africa to west India, successful completion of sea route to Asia project; da Gama returns to Portugal with samples of Asian spices.
      1500 Bound for India, Navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral "discovers" coast of Brazil and claims it for Portugal.
      1506 Anti-Jewish riots in Lisbon.
       Battle of Diu, India; Portugal's command of Indian Ocean assured for some time with Francisco de Almeida's naval victory over Egyptian and Gujerati fleets.
       Afonso de Albuquerque conquers Goa, India; beginning of Portuguese hegemony in south Asia.
       Portuguese conquest of Malacca; commerce in Spice Islands.
      1519 Magellan begins circumnavigation voyage.
      1536 Inquisition begins in Portugal.
      1543 Portuguese merchants reach Japan.
      1557 Portuguese merchants granted Chinese territory of Macau for trading factory.
      1572 Luís de Camões publishes epic poem, Os Lusíadas.
      1578 Battle of Alcácer-Quivir; Moroccan forces defeat army of King Sebastião of Portugal; King Sebastião dies in battle. Portuguese succession crisis.
      1580 King Phillip II of Spain claims and conquers Portugal; Spanish rule of Portugal, 1580-1640.
      1607-24 Dutch conquer sections of Asia and Brazil formerly held by Portugal.
      1640 1 December: Portuguese revolution in Lisbon overthrows Spanish rule, restores independence. Beginning of Portugal's Braganza royal dynasty.
      1654 Following Dutch invasions and conquest of parts of Brazil and Angola, Dutch expelled by force.
      1661 Anglo-Portuguese Alliance treaty signed: England pledges to defend Portugal "as if it were England itself." Queen Catherine of Bra-ganza marries England's Charles II.
      1668 February: In Portuguese-Spanish peace treaty, Spain recognizes independence of Portugal, thus ending 28-year War of Restoration.
      1703 Methuen Treaties signed, key commercial trade agreement and defense treaty between England and Portugal.
      1750 Pombal becomes chief minister of King José I.
      1755 1 November: Massive Lisbon earthquake, tidal wave, and fire.
      1759 Expulsion of Jesuits from Portugal and colonies.
      1761 Slavery abolished in continental Portugal.
      1769 Abandonment of Mazagão, Morocco, last Portuguese outpost.
      1777 Pombal dismissed as chief minister by Queen Maria I, after death of José I.
      1791 Portugal and United States establish full diplomatic relations.
      1807 November: First Napoleonic invasion; French forces under Junot conquer Portugal. Royal family flees to colony of Brazil and remains there until 1821.
      1809 Second French invasion of Portugal under General Soult.
      1811 Third French invasion of Portugal under General Masséna.
      1813 Following British general Wellington's military victories, French forces evacuate Portugal.
      1817 Liberal, constitutional movements against absolutist monarchist rule break out in Brazil (Pernambuco) and Portugal (Lisbon, under General Gomes Freire); crushed by government. British marshal of Portugal's army, Beresford, rules Portugal.
       Liberal insurrection in army officer corps breaks out in Cadiz, Spain, and influences similar movement in Portugal's armed forces first in Oporto.
       King João VI returns from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and early draft of constitution; era of constitutional monarchy begins.
      1822 7 September: João VI's son Pedro proclaims independence of
       Brazil from Portugal and is named emperor. 23 September: Constitution of 1822 ratified.
       Portugal recognizes sovereign independence of Brazil.
       King João VI dies; power struggle for throne ensues between his sons, brothers Pedro and Miguel; Pedro, emperor of Brazil, abdicates Portuguese throne in favor of his daughter, D. Maria II, too young to assume crown. By agreement, Miguel, uncle of D. Maria, is to accept constitution and rule in her stead.
      1828 Miguel takes throne and abolishes constitution. Sections of Portugal rebel against Miguelite rule.
      1831 Emperor Pedro abdicates throne of Brazil and returns to Portugal to expel King Miguel from Portuguese throne.
      1832-34 Civil war between absolutist King Miguel and constitutionalist Pedro, who abandons throne of Brazil to restore his young daughter Maria to throne of Portugal; Miguel's armed forces defeated by those of Pedro. Miguel leaves for exile and constitution (1826 Charter) is restored.
      1834-53 Constitutional monarchy consolidated under rule of Queen Maria II, who dies in 1853.
      1851-71 Regeneration period of economic development and political stability; public works projects sponsored by Minister Fontes Pereira de Melo.
      1871-90 Rotativism period of alternating party governments; achieves political stability and less military intervention in politics and government. Expansion of colonial territory in tropical Africa.
       January: Following territorial dispute in central Africa, Britain delivers "Ultimatum" to Portugal demanding withdrawal of Portugal's forces from what is now Malawi and Zimbabwe. Portugal's government, humiliated in accepting demand under threat of a diplomatic break, falls. Beginning of governmental and political instability; monarchist decline and republicanism's rise.
       Anglo-Portuguese treaties signed relating to delimitation of frontiers in colonial Africa.
      1899 Treaty of Windsor; renewal of Anglo-Portuguese defense and friendship alliance.
      1903 Triumphal visit of King Edward VII to Portugal.
      1906 Politician João Franco supported by King Carlos I in dictatorship to restore order and reform.
      1908 1 February: Murder in Lisbon of King Carlos I and his heir apparent, Prince Dom Luís, by Portuguese anarchists. Eighteen-year-old King Manuel II assumes throne.
      1910 3-5 October: Following republican-led military insurrection in armed forces, monarchy falls and first Portuguese republic is proclaimed. Beginning of unstable, economically troubled, parliamentary republic form of government.
       May: Violent insurrection in Lisbon overturns government of General Pimenta de Castro; nearly a thousand casualties from several days of armed combat in capital.
       March: Following Portugal's honoring ally Britain's request to confiscate German shipping in Portuguese harbors, Germany declares war on Portugal; Portugal enters World War I on Allied side.
       Portugal organizes and dispatches Portuguese Expeditionary Corps to fight on the Western Front. 9 April: Portuguese forces mauled by German offensive in Battle of Lys. Food rationing and riots in Lisbon. Portuguese military operations in Mozambique against German expedition's invasion from German East Africa. 5 December: Authoritarian, presidentialist government under Major Sidónio Pais takes power in Lisbon, following a successful military coup.
      1918 11 November: Armistice brings cessation of hostilities on Western Front in World War I. Portuguese expeditionary forces stationed in Angola, Mozambique, and Flanders begin return trip to Portugal. 14 December: President Sidónio Pais assassinated. Chaotic period of ephemeral civil war ensues.
      1919-21 Excessively unstable political period, including January
      1919 abortive effort of Portuguese monarchists to restore Braganza dynasty to power. Republican forces prevail, but level of public violence, economic distress, and deprivation remains high.
      1921 October: Political violence attains peak with murder of former prime minister and other prominent political figures in Lisbon. Sectors of armed forces and Guarda Nacional Republicana are mutinous. Year of financial and corruption scandals, including Portuguese bank note (fraud) case; military court acquits guilty military insurrectionists, and one military judge declares "the country is sick."
       28 May: Republic overthrown by military coup or pronunciamento and conspiracy among officer corps. Parliament's doors locked and parliament closed for nearly nine years to January 1935. End of parliamentary republic, Western Europe's most unstable political system in this century, beginning of the Portuguese dictatorship, after 1930 known as the Estado Novo. Officer corps assumes reins of government, initiates military censorship of the press, and suppresses opposition.
       February: Military dictatorship under General Óscar Carmona crushes failed republican armed insurrection in Oporto and Lisbon.
       April: Military dictatorship names Professor Antônio de Oliveira Salazar minister of finance, with dictatorial powers over budget, to stabilize finances and rebuild economy. Insurrectionism among military elements continues into 1931.
      1930 Dr. Salazar named minister for colonies and announces balanced budgets. Salazar consolidates support by various means, including creation of official regime "movement," the National Union. Salazar engineers Colonial Act to ensure Lisbon's control of bankrupt African colonies by means of new fiscal controls and centralization of authority. July: Military dictatorship names Salazar prime minister for first time, and cabinet composition undergoes civilianization; academic colleagues and protégés plan conservative reform and rejuvenation of society, polity, and economy. Regime comes to be called the Estado Novo (New State). New State's constitution ratified by new parliament, the National Assembly; Portugal described in document as "unitary, corporative Republic" and governance influenced by Salazar's stern personality and doctrines such as integralism, Catholicism, and fiscal conservatism.
      1936 Violent instability and ensuing civil war in neighboring Spain, soon internationalized by fascist and communist intervention, shake Estado Novo regime. Pseudofascist period of regime features creation of imitation Fascist institutions to defend regime from leftist threats; Portugal institutes "Portuguese Youth" and "Portuguese Legion."
      1939 3 September: Prime Minister Salazar declares Portugal's neutrality in World War II. October: Anglo-Portuguese agreement grants naval and air base facilities to Britain and later to United States for Battle of the Atlantic and Normandy invasion support. Third Reich protests breach of Portugal's neutrality.
       6 June: On day of Allies' Normandy invasion, Portugal suspends mining and export of wolfram ore to both sides in war.
       8 May: Popular celebrations of Allied victory and Fascist defeat in Lisbon and Oporto coincide with Victory in Europe Day. Following managed elections for Estado Novo's National Assembly in November, regime police, renamed PIDE, with increased powers, represses opposition.
      1947 Abortive military coup in central Portugal easily crushed by regime. Independence of India and initiation of Indian protests against Portuguese colonial rule in Goa and other enclaves.
      1949 Portugal becomes founding member of NATO.
      1951 Portugal alters constitution and renames overseas colonies "Overseas Provinces." Portugal and United States sign military base agreements for use of air and naval facilities in Azores Islands and military aid to Lisbon. President Carmona dies in office, succeeded by General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58). July: Indians occupy enclave of Portuguese India (dependency of Damão) by means of passive resistance movement. August: Indian passive resistance movement in Portuguese India repelled by Portuguese forces with loss of life. December: With U.S. backing, Portugal admitted as member of United Nations (along with Spain). Air force general Humberto Delgado, in opposition, challenges Estado Novo's hand-picked successor to Craveiro Lopes, Admiral Américo Tomás. Delgado rallies coalition of democratic, liberal, and communist opposition but loses rigged election and later flees to exile in Brazil. Portugal joins European Free Trade Association (EFTA).
       January and February: Estado Novo rocked by armed African insurrection in northern Angola, crushed by armed forces. Hijacking of Portuguese ocean liner by ally of Delgado, Captain Henrique Galvão. April: Salazar defeats attempted military coup and reshuffles cabinet with group of younger figures who seek to reform colonial rule and strengthen the regime's image abroad. 18 December: Indian army rapidly defeats Portugal's defense force in Goa, Damão, and Diu and incorporates Portugal's Indian possessions into Indian Union. January: Abortive military coup in Beja, Portugal.
      1965 February: General Delgado and his Brazilian secretary murdered and secretly buried near Spanish frontier by political police, PIDE.
      1968 August and September: Prime Minister Salazar, aged 79, suffers crippling stoke. President Tomás names former cabinet officer Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor. Caetano institutes modest reforms in Portugal and overseas.
      1971 Caetano government ratifies amended constitution that allows slight devolution and autonomy to overseas provinces in Africa and Asia. Right-wing loyalists oppose reforms in Portugal. 25 April: Military coup engineered by Armed Forces Movement overthrows Estado Novo and establishes provisional government emphasizing democratization, development, and decolonization. Limited resistance by loyalists. President Tomás and Premier Caetano flown to exile first in Madeira and then in Brazil. General Spínola appointed president. September: Revolution moves to left, as President Spínola, thwarted in his program, resigns.
       March: Military coup by conservative forces fails, and leftist response includes nationalization of major portion of economy. Polarization between forces and parties of left and right. 25 November: Military coup by moderate military elements thwarts leftist forces. Constituent Assembly prepares constitution. Revolution moves from left to center and then right.
       March: Constitution ratified by Assembly of the Republic. 25 April: Second general legislative election gives largest share of seats to Socialist Party (PS). Former oppositionist lawyer, Mário Soares, elected deputy and named prime minister.
      1977-85 Political pendulum of democratic Portugal moves from center-left to center-right, as Social Democratic Party (PSD) increases hold on assembly and take office under Prime Minister Cavaco Silva. July
      1985 elections give edge to PSD who advocate strong free-enterprise measures and revision of leftist-generated 1976 Constitution, amended modestly in 1982.
      1986 January: Portugal joins European Economic Community (EEC).
      1987 July: General, legislative elections for assembly give more than 50 percent to PSD led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva. For first time, since 1974, Portugal has a working majority government.
      1989 June: Following revisions of 1976 Constitution, reprivatization of economy begins, under PS government.
       January: Presidential elections, Mário Soares reelected for second term. July: General, legislative elections for assembly result in new PSD victory and majority government.
       January-July: Portugal holds presidency of the Council of the European Economic Community (EEC). December: Tariff barriers fall as fully integrated Common Market established in the EEC.
       November: Treaty of Maastricht comes into force. The EEC officially becomes the European Union (EU). Portugal is signatory with 11 other member-nations.
       October: General, legislative elections for assembly result in PS victory and naming of Prime Minister Guterres. PS replace PSD as leading political party. November: Excavations for Lisbon bank uncover ancient Phoenician, Roman, and Christian ruins.
       January: General, presidential elections; socialist Jorge Sampaio defeats PSD's Cavaco Silva and assumes presidency from Dr. Mário Soares. July: Community of Portuguese Languages Countries (CPLP) cofounded by Portugal and Brazil.
       May-September: Expo '98 held in Lisbon. Opening of Vasco da Gama Bridge across Tagus River, Europe's longest (17 kilometers/ 11 miles). June: National referendum on abortion law change defeated after low voter turnout. November: National referendum on regionaliza-tion and devolution of power defeated after another low voter turnout.
       October: General, legislative elections: PS victory over PSD lacks clear majority in parliament. Following East Timor referendum, which votes for independence and withdrawal of Indonesia, outburst of popular outrage in streets, media, and communications of Portugal approves armed intervention and administration of United Nations (and withdrawal of Indonesia) in East Timor. Portugal and Indonesia restore diplomatic relations. December: A Special Territory since 1975, Colony of Macau transferred to sovereignty of People's Republic of China.
       January-June: Portugal holds presidency of the Council of the EU; end of Discoveries Historical Commemoration Cycle (1988-2000).
       United Nations forces continue to occupy and administer former colony of East Timor, with Portugal's approval.
       January: General, presidential elections; PS president Sampaio reelected for second term. City of Oporto, "European City of Culture" for the year, hosts arts festival. December: Municipal elections: PSD defeats PS; socialist prime minister Guterres resigns; President Sampaio calls March parliamentary elections.
       1 January: Portugal enters single European Currency system. Euro currency adopted and ceases use of former national currency, the escudo. March: Parliamentary elections; PSD defeats PS and José Durão Barroso becomes prime minister. Military modernization law passed. Portugal holds chairmanship of Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE).
       May: Municipal law passed permitting municipalities to reorganize in new ways.
       June: Prime Minister Durão Barroso, invited to succeed Romano Prodi as president of EU Commission, resigns. Pedro Santana Lopes becomes prime minister. European Parliament elections held. Conscription for national service in army and navy ended. Mass grave uncovered at Academy of Sciences Museum, Lisbon, revealing remains of several thousand victims of Lisbon earthquake, 1755.
       February: Parliamentary elections; PS defeats PSD, socialists win first absolute majority in parliament since 1975. José Sócrates becomes prime minister.
       January: Presidential elections; PSD candidate Aníbal Cavaco Silva elected and assumes presidency from Jorge Sampaio. Portugal's national soccer team ranked 7th out of 205 countries by international soccer association. European Union's Bologna Process in educational reform initiated in Portugal.
       July-December: Portugal holds presidency of the Council of the European Union. For reasons of economy, Portugal announces closure of many consulates, especially in France and the eastern US. Government begins official inspections of private institutions of higher education, following scandals.
      2008 January: Prime Minister Sócrates announces location of new Lisbon area airport as Alcochete, on south bank of Tagus River, site of air force shooting range. February: Portuguese Army begins to receive new modern battle tanks (Leopard 2 A6). March: Mass protest of 85,000 public school (primary and secondary levels) teachers in Lisbon schools dispute recent educational policies of minister of education and prime minister.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Chronology

  • 22 Caetano, Marcello José das Neves Alves

    (19061980)
       Marcello Caetano, as the last prime minister of the Estado Novo, was both the heir and successor of Antônio de Oliveira Salazar. In a sense, Caetano was one of the founders and sustainers of this unusual regime and, at various crucial stages of its long life, Caetano's contribution was as important as Salazar's.
       Born in Lisbon in 1906 to a middle-class family, Caetano was a member of the student generation that rebelled against the unstable parliamentary First Republic and sought answers to Portugal's legion of troubles in conservative ideologies such as integralism, Catholic reformism, and the Italian Fascist model. One of the most brilliant students at the University of Lisbon's Law School, Caetano soon became directly involved in government service in various ministries, including Salazar's Ministry of Finance. When Caetano was not teaching full-time at the law school in Lisbon and influencing new generations of students who became critical of the regime he helped construct, Caetano was in important government posts and working on challenging assignments. In the 1930s, he participated in reforms in the Ministry of Finance, in the writing of the 1933 Constitution, in the formation of the new civil code, of which he was in part the author, and in the construction of corporativism, which sought to control labor-management relations and other aspects of social engineering. In a regime largely directed by academics from the law faculties of Coimbra University and the University of Lisbon, Caetano was the leading expert on constitutional law, administrative law, political science, and colonial law. A prolific writer as both a political scientist and historian, Caetano was the author of the standard political science, administrative law, and history of law textbooks, works that remained in print and in use among students long after his exile and death.
       After his apprenticeship service in a number of ministries, Caetano rose steadily in the system. At age 38, he was named minister for the colonies (1944 47), and unlike many predecessors, he "went to see for himself" and made important research visits to Portugal's African territories. In 1955-58, Caetano served in the number-three position in the regime in the Ministry of the Presidency of the Council (premier's office); he left office for full-time academic work in part because of his disagreements with Salazar and others on regime policy and failures to reform at the desired pace. In 1956 and 1957, Caetano briefly served as interim minister of communications and of foreign affairs.
       Caetano's opportunity to take Salazar's place and to challenge even more conservative forces in the system came in the 1960s. Portugal's most prominent law professor had a public falling out with the regime in March 1962, when he resigned as rector of Lisbon University following a clash between rebellious students and the PIDE, the political police. When students opposing the regime organized strikes on the University of Lisbon campus, Caetano resigned his rectorship after the police invaded the campus and beat and arrested some students, without asking permission to enter university premises from university authorities.
       When Salazar became incapacitated in September 1968, President Américo Tomás named Caetano prime minister. His tasks were formidable: in the midst of remarkable economic growth in Portugal, continued heavy immigration of Portuguese to France and other countries, and the costly colonial wars in three African colonies, namely Angola, Guinea- Bissau, and Mozambique, the regime struggled to engineer essential social and political reforms, win the wars in Africa, and move toward meaningful political reforms. Caetano supported moderately important reforms in his first two years in office (1968-70), as well as the drafting of constitutional revisions in 1971 that allowed a slight liberalization of the Dictatorship, gave the opposition more room for activity, and decentrali zed authority in the overseas provinces (colonies). Always aware of the complexity of Portugal's colonial problems and of the ongoing wars, Caetano made several visits to Africa as premier, and he sought to implement reforms in social and economic affairs while maintaining the expensive, divisive military effort, Portugal's largest armed forces mobilization in her history.
       Opposed by intransigent right-wing forces in various sectors in both Portugal and Africa, Caetano's modest "opening" of 1968-70 soon narrowed. Conservative forces in the military, police, civil service, and private sectors opposed key political reforms, including greater democratization, while pursuing the military solution to the African crisis and personal wealth. A significant perspective on Caetano's failed program of reforms, which could not prevent the advent of a creeping revolution in society, is a key development in the 1961-74 era of colonial wars: despite Lisbon's efforts, the greater part of Portuguese emigration and capital investment during this period were directed not to the African colonies but to Europe, North America, and Brazil.
       Prime Minister Caetano, discouraged by events and by opposition to his reforms from the so-called "Rheumatic Brigade" of superannuated regime loyalists, attempted to resign his office, but President Américo Tomás convinced him to remain. The publication and public reception of African hero General Antônio Spinola's best-selling book Portugal e Futuro (Portugal and the Future) in February 1974 convinced the surprised Caetano that a coup and revolution were imminent. When the virtually bloodless, smoothly operating military coup was successful in what became known as the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Caetano surrendered to the Armed Forces Movement in Lisbon and was flown to Madeira Island and later to exile in Brazil, where he remained for the rest of his life. In his Brazilian exile, Caetano was active writing important memoirs and histories of the Estado Novo from his vantage point, teaching law at a private university in Rio de Janeiro, and carrying on a lively correspondence with persons in Portugal. He died at age 74, in 1980, in Brazil.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Caetano, Marcello José das Neves Alves

  • 23 falange

    f.
    1 phalanx (anatomy & military).
    2 phalange, phalanx, bone of the hand, bone of the toe.
    3 Falange, pressure group, phalanx.
    * * *
    1 ANATOMÍA phalange, phalanx
    2 MILITAR phalanx
    3 (movimiento político) the Spanish Falangist Movement
    * * *
    SF
    1) (Anat) phalange
    2) (Mil) phalanx
    3)

    la Falange — Esp (Pol) the Falange, the Spanish Falangist movement

    FALANGE ESPAÑOLA Founded in 1933 by José Antonio Primo de Rivera, son of the dictator Miguel Primo de Rivera, the Falange Española was a sort of paramilitary fascist party. It grew rapidly in the early months of the Spanish Civil War, particularly after its leader was executed by the Republicans. Franco later merged the Falange with the Carlistas to form the Falange Española Tradicionalista de las Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista. After the Civil War, the FET de las JONS was the only political party legally permitted in Franco's Spain.
    * * *
    1) (Anat) phalanx, phalange
    2) (Hist, Mil, Pol) phalanx
    * * *
    Ex. The skeleton of the foot consists of three parts: the tarsus, metatarsus, and phalanges.
    * * *
    1) (Anat) phalanx, phalange
    2) (Hist, Mil, Pol) phalanx
    * * *

    Ex: The skeleton of the foot consists of three parts: the tarsus, metatarsus, and phalanges.

    * * *
    A ( Anat) phalanx, phalange
    B
    1 ( Mil) phalanx
    2 ( Hist, Pol) phalanx
    la Falange the Spanish Falangist Movement
    * * *

    falange sustantivo femenino
    1 (Anat) phalanx, phalange
    2
    a) (Mil) phalanx

    b) (Hist, Pol) phalanx;


    falange f Anat phalanx
    * * *
    1. Anat phalanx
    2. Mil phalanx
    3. Pol
    la Falange (Española) the Falange, = Spanish fascist movement founded in 1933 which became the official party of the Franco regime
    * * *
    f
    1 ANAT phalange
    2 MIL phalanx

    Spanish-English dictionary > falange

  • 24 movimiento

    m.
    1 movement (desplazamiento, corriente).
    movimiento obrero working-class movement
    2 motion (physics & mechanics).
    en movimiento moving, in motion
    ponerse en movimiento to start moving
    movimiento continuo/de rotación perpetual/rotational motion
    movimiento sísmico earth tremor
    3 activity.
    4 turnover.
    6 move, forward movement, step in a process.
    * * *
    1 (gen) movement; (técnicamente) motion
    2 (de gente, ideas) activity; (de vehículos) traffic
    3 (artístico, político) movement
    4 (financiero) operations plural
    6 el Movimiento the Falangist Movement
    \
    en movimiento in motion
    movimiento sísmico earth tremor
    * * *
    noun m.
    * * *
    SM
    1) (Mec, Fís) movement

    • movimiento hacia abajo/arriba — downward/upward movement

    movimiento continuo — continuous movement, continuous motion

    movimiento ondulatorio — wave movement, wave motion

    2) (=desplazamiento) [de persona, animal] movement

    no hagas ningún movimiento — don't move a muscle, don't make a move

    • movimiento de cabeza — [para negar] shake; [para asentir] nod

    ¡un movimiento en falso y disparo! — one false move and I'll shoot!

    3)

    • en movimiento — [figura, persona] moving; [vehículo] in motion

    está siempre en movimiento — (fig) she's always on the move o go *

    • poner en movimiento — [+ máquina, motor] to set in motion; [+ vehículo] to get going; [+ actividad, negocio] to start, start up

    4) (Econ, Com) [de cuenta] transaction; [de dinero] movement

    ¿puedo consultar los movimientos de mi cuenta? — can I have a statement of my account?

    "últimos movimientos" — "latest transactions"

    movimiento de mercancías — turnover, volume of business

    5) (=actividad) [en oficina, tribunal] activity; [en aeropuerto, carretera] traffic

    movimiento máximo — (Aut) peak traffic

    6) (=tendencia) movement

    el Movimiento (Nacional) — Esp ( Hist) the Falangist Movement

    7) (Mús) [de compás] tempo; [de sinfonía] movement
    8) (Inform)
    9) (=jugada) move
    * * *
    1)
    a) (Fís, Tec) motion, movement
    b) ( desplazamiento) movement
    c) (cambio de postura, posición) movement
    2)
    a) (traslado - de dinero, bienes) movement; (- de la población) shift
    b) (variación, cambio) movement, change
    c) (agitación, actividad) activity
    3)
    a) (corriente, tendencia) movement
    b) ( organización) movement
    4) ( alzamiento) uprising, rebellion
    5) (Mús) ( parte de obra) movement; ( compás) tempo
    6) (Jueg) move
    * * *
    1)
    a) (Fís, Tec) motion, movement
    b) ( desplazamiento) movement
    c) (cambio de postura, posición) movement
    2)
    a) (traslado - de dinero, bienes) movement; (- de la población) shift
    b) (variación, cambio) movement, change
    c) (agitación, actividad) activity
    3)
    a) (corriente, tendencia) movement
    b) ( organización) movement
    4) ( alzamiento) uprising, rebellion
    5) (Mús) ( parte de obra) movement; ( compás) tempo
    6) (Jueg) move
    * * *
    movimiento1
    1 = flow, motion, move, navigation, shift, stream of traffic, mechanical stress, movement.

    Ex: The vocabulary used in conjunction with PRECIS is split in two sections, one part for Entities (or things) and the other for Attributes (properties of things, for example colour, weight; activities of things, for example flow, and properties of activities, for example, slow, turbulent).

    Ex: For instance 'Sculpture-Technique' precedes 'Sculpture in motion'.
    Ex: Better flexibility is achieved if the heating, ventilation and lighting can accommodate this move without the need for any alterations.
    Ex: The function of the index is examined both technically and philosophically as a tool for navigation and spatial orientation in large textual data bases.
    Ex: Transitory circumstances of daily life are what cause these shifts.
    Ex: Laura Carpozzi head of the circulation department, who was on the far side of the desk, heard the checker's outburst and espied the bottleneck in the stream of traffic.
    Ex: This type of non-skid polyurethane flooring is hygienic and resistant to chemical substances and mechanical stress.
    Ex: She is a dynamic dancer and expresses her movements with ultimate power.
    * blanco en movimiento = moving target.
    * con figuras en movimiento = animated.
    * con imágenes en movimiento = animated.
    * de movimientos rápidos = quick-moving.
    * de movimiento total = full-motion.
    * detectar el movimiento = detect + motion.
    * dispositivo de control del movimiento del cursor = cursor-control device.
    * documento de imagen en movimiento = moving image document.
    * el movimiento se demuestra andando = actions speak louder than words.
    * en constante movimiento = on the move, on the go.
    * en movimiento = in transit, on the go, moving.
    * gráfico en movimiento = animated graphic.
    * graficos en movimiento = animated media.
    * hacer un movimiento en falso = make + a false move.
    * horas de poco movimiento = slack hours.
    * imagen en movimiento = moving image, animated image.
    * imágenes en movimiento = animation.
    * libertad de movimiento = freedom of movement.
    * mantener las cosas en movimiento = keep + the ball rolling, keep + it rolling.
    * movimiento de fondo = groundswell.
    * movimiento de la población = population turnover, population transfer.
    * movimiento de libros = bookshift.
    * movimiento de personal = staff turnover, turnover, labour turnover.
    * movimiento de tierra = earthwork.
    * movimiento en falso = false move.
    * movimiento oscilante = rocking motion.
    * movimiento peatonal = foot traffic.
    * movimientos de efectivos = cash flow.
    * poner las cosas en movimiento = get + the ball rolling, set + the ball rolling, start + the ball rolling, get + things rolling, get + things going, set + the wheels in motion.
    * razones del movimiento de personal = turnover behaviour.
    * reconocedor del movimiento de los ojos = eye tracker.
    * ritmo de movimiento de mercancías = turnover rate.
    * ritmo de movimiento de personal = turnover rate.
    * sin movimiento = unmoving, motionless.
    * tasa de movimiento de mercancías = turnover rate.
    * tasa de movimiento de personal = turnover rate.
    * tecla de control del movimiento horizontal = horizontal positioning key.
    * tecla de control del movimiento vertical = vertical positioning key.

    movimiento2
    2 = drive, tide, push, movement.

    Ex: Hierarchical bibliometry would act as a positive drive to support the authorship requirements now stipulated by some international editorial committees.

    Ex: What has happened is that yet another institution has so overlapped with our own that we are being swept along on the tide of the technological revolution.
    Ex: The key issue to note here is that the global push to describe and document Indigenous knowledge is gaining momentum.
    Ex: The cathedral-like hush contrasted strangely with the clamor and movement outside.
    * movimiento artístico = art movement.
    * movimiento bibliotecario = library movement.
    * movimiento cultural = cultural movement.
    * movimiento de liberación nacional = national liberation movement.
    * movimiento de resistencia = resistance movement.
    * movimiento en defensa de los derechos de los animales = animal rights movement.
    * movimiento en defensa de los derechos de la mujer = women's rights movement.
    * movimiento feminista, el = women's movement, the.
    * movimiento político = political movement.
    * movimiento por los derechos civiles = civil rights movement.
    * movimiento scout, el = Scouts Movement, the.

    * * *
    A
    1 ( Fís, Tec) motion, movement
    un cuerpo en movimiento a body in motion
    esto pone el mecanismo en movimiento this sets the mechanism in motion
    ¿cómo se mantiene en movimiento? how is it kept moving o in motion?
    cuando el vehículo está en movimiento when the vehicle is in motion o is moving
    se puso en movimiento it started moving
    el movimiento de las olas the movement o motion of the waves
    2 (desplazamiento) movement
    el número de movimientos que se registraron en el puerto the number of vessel movements in the port, the number of ships that entered or left the port
    el movimiento migratorio de las aves the migratory movement of birds
    ella está siempre en movimiento she's always on the go ( colloq)
    tenemos que ponernos en movimiento cuanto antes we have to get moving as soon as possible
    el movimiento se demuestra andando actions speak louder than words
    3 (cambio de postura, posición) movement
    hizo un mal movimiento he turned ( o twisted etc) awkwardly
    asintió con un vehemente movimiento de cabeza he nodded (his head) vigorously
    un movimiento en falso one false move
    el menor movimiento de la mano the slightest movement of the hand
    andaba con un ligero movimiento de caderas her hips swayed slightly as she walked
    Compuestos:
    acceleration
    perpetual motion
    rotation
    orbital movement
    wave movement o motion
    perpetual motion
    deceleration
    earth tremor
    earth tremor
    wave movement o motion
    B
    1 (traslado — de dinero, bienes) movement; (— de la población) shift
    el libre movimiento de capitales/mercancías free movement of capital/goods
    2 (variación, cambio) movement, change
    habrá poco movimiento en las temperaturas there will be little change in temperatures
    los movimientos anómalos en los precios the unusual movements o changes in prices
    3 (agitación, actividad) activity
    siempre hay mucho movimiento en el puerto there is always a great deal of activity in the port
    es una zona de mucho movimiento it's a bustling o a very busy area
    hubo poco movimiento ayer en la Bolsa there was little activity on the Stock Market yesterday, the Stock Market was quiet yesterday
    C
    1 (corriente, tendencia) movement
    el movimiento surrealista/revolucionario the surrealist/revolutionary movement
    movimiento literario literary movement
    movimiento pictórico school of painting
    movimiento separatista/pacifista separatist/pacifist movement
    el movimiento de liberación femenina the women's liberation movement
    2 (organización) movement
    el movimiento pro amnistía the pro-amnesty movement
    3
    D (alzamiento) uprising, rebellion
    el día que saltó el movimiento the day the uprising o rebellion began
    E ( Mús)
    2 (compás) tempo
    F ( Jueg) move
    * * *

     

    movimiento sustantivo masculino
    1


    el movimiento surrealista the surrealist movement;
    movimiento pictórico school of painting;
    movimiento sísmico earth tremor
    b) (Fís, Tec) motion, movement;


    se puso en movimiento it started moving
    c) (agitación, actividad) activity;


    2 (Mús) ( parte de obra) movement;
    ( compás) tempo
    3 (Jueg) move
    movimiento sustantivo masculino
    1 movement
    Fís Téc motion
    2 (actividad) activity
    3 Com Fin (de una cuenta) operations
    4 (alzamiento, manifestación social) movement
    el movimiento feminista, the feminist movement
    5 Mús (de una composición) movement
    ' movimiento' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    abajo
    - ademán
    - animación
    - bloquear
    - delante
    - desplazamiento
    - detenida
    - detenido
    - ejercicio
    - en
    - entre
    - febril
    - gestarse
    - gravitatoria
    - gravitatorio
    - inerte
    - inmovilizar
    - intranquila
    - intranquilo
    - obrera
    - obrero
    - oscilación
    - pendular
    - quieta
    - quieto
    - refleja
    - reflejo
    - retroceso
    - revigorizar
    - sacudida
    - sandinista
    - suelta
    - suelto
    - tic
    - trabar
    - traslación
    - vaivén
    - vanguardista
    - ver
    - veloz
    - viaje
    - adelante
    - adentro
    - adherir
    - afuera
    - ágil
    - arriba
    - ascendente
    - avance
    - brusco
    English:
    along
    - anywhere
    - approach
    - astir
    - away
    - backward
    - bandwagon
    - bob
    - bump
    - by
    - check
    - dive
    - dodge
    - double-jointed
    - down
    - flap
    - flick
    - flow
    - forward
    - gesture
    - in
    - indoors
    - into
    - jerk
    - laboured
    - liberation
    - measured
    - motion
    - move
    - movement
    - off
    - on
    - over
    - past
    - perpetual
    - perpetual motion
    - poof
    - pro-life
    - set
    - sharp
    - sideways
    - smooth
    - speed
    - stamp
    - sudden
    - turnover
    - uncontrollable
    - underground
    - way
    - women's lib
    * * *
    1. [desplazamiento, traslado] movement;
    hizo un movimiento con la mano she made a movement with her hand;
    seguía con la mirada todos mis movimientos he was watching my every move;
    ¡no hagas ningún movimiento! don't move!;
    si haces un movimiento en falso, disparo if you move, I'll shoot, one false move and I'll shoot;
    la escayola entorpecía sus movimientos the plaster cast meant she couldn't move freely;
    hay pocos movimientos en la clasificación general there have been few changes in the overall standings
    movimiento migratorio migratory movement; Med movimientos oculares rápidos rapid eye movement;
    movimientos de población population shifts;
    movimiento sísmico earth tremor
    2. [en física y mecánica] motion;
    en movimiento moving, in motion;
    se bajó del tren cuando todavía estaba en movimiento she got off the train while it was still moving;
    poner algo en movimiento to set sth in motion;
    ponerse en movimiento to start moving
    Fís movimiento acelerado accelerated motion; Fís movimiento continuo perpetual motion; Fís movimiento ondulatorio wave motion; Fís movimiento oscilatorio oscillatory motion; Fís movimiento de rotación rotational motion; Fís movimiento de traslación orbital motion; Fís movimiento uniforme motion at a constant velocity
    3. [corriente ideológica, artística] movement;
    el movimiento dadaísta the Dadaist movement;
    el movimiento obrero the working-class movement;
    el movimiento pacifista the peace movement
    4. Hist
    el Movimiento (Nacional) [en España] = organisation uniting all Fascist groups supporting Franco, founded on 19th April 1937, and which served as the official party of his regime until 1975
    5.
    movimiento (militar) [sublevación] (military) uprising
    6. [actividad] activity;
    [de vehículos] traffic; [de personal, mercancías] turnover; [en cuenta bancaria] transaction; [en contabilidad] operation;
    últimos movimientos [opción en cajero automático] print mini-statement
    movimiento de capitales capital movements
    7. Mús [parte de la obra] movement
    8. Mús [velocidad del compás] tempo
    9. [en ajedrez, damas, juego de mesa] move
    10. [alzamiento] uprising
    * * *
    m
    1 movement
    2 COM, fig
    activity
    * * *
    : movement, motion
    movimiento del cuerpo: bodily movement
    movimiento sindicalista: labor movement
    * * *
    1. (en general) movement
    2. (marcha) motion
    3. (actividad) activity [pl. activities]

    Spanish-English dictionary > movimiento

  • 25 hitleriano

    adj.
    Hitlerian, Hitler-like.
    m.
    Fascist.
    * * *
    1 Hitler, Hitlerite
    * * *
    * * *
    Hitler ( before n), Hitlerian
    * * *
    hitleriano, -a [χitle'rjano, -a]
    ♦ adj
    Hitlerian, Hitler;
    el régimen hitleriano the Hitler regime;
    la Alemania hitleriana Hitler's Germany
    ♦ nm,f
    Hitlerite

    Spanish-English dictionary > hitleriano

  • 26 Salazarism

       Supposedly the ideology or ideologies characteristic of the Estado Novo developed and directed by Prime Minister An- tónio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970), who governed Portugal as premier from 1932 to 1968, and his ruling group of associates and colleagues. Scholars debate why this regime endured so long and the extent to which it was or was not fascist. As to ideologies, Salazar's own education and beliefs were strongly influenced by his Catholic education for nine years in the Seminary at Viseu, by the decrees of Popes Leo X and Pius IX, and by conservative, rural customs. Rather than one ideology, the former Coimbra University economics professor reflected various creeds including Portuguese nationalism, integralism, corporativism doctrines, and various Catholic beliefs that were derived from Thomist teachings, as well as from the writings of the French ideologue Charles Maurras and his disciples. The spirit of Salazarism, if there is any truth to the notion of there being one typical ideology, is founded on a reaction against basic ideas from the French Revolution of individual liberty, fraternity, and equality; against the revolutionary collectivist doctrines including socialism and communism; and against the excesses of politics and government during the ill-fated First Republic (1910-26). Salazar, nevertheless, was not only a man of thought but also a man of action.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Salazarism

  • 27 феодально-фашистский

    феодально-фашистский полит. [feodaljno fashistskiy]:

    феодально-фашистская диктатура feudal-fascist dictatorship (any totalitarian regime with collectivized agriculture)

    Русско-английский словарь с пояснениями > феодально-фашистский

Страницы
  • 1
  • 2

См. также в других словарях:

  • Fascist (epithet) — The word fascist is sometimes used to denigrate people, institutions, or groups that would not describe themselves as ideologically fascist, and that may not fall within the formal definition of the word. The Fascist party that developed in Italy …   Wikipedia

  • Fascist and anti-Fascist violence in Italy (1919–26) — Civil unrest in Italy (1919–26) Benito Mussolini and Fascists during the March on Rome in 1922. Date April 15, 1919 …   Wikipedia

  • fascist — fas|cist [ˈfæʃıst] n [Date: 1900 2000; : Italian; Origin: Fascista, from fascio group of things tied together ] 1.) someone who supports fascism ▪ The fascists came to power in 1933. 2.) informal someone who is cruel and unfair and does not like… …   Dictionary of contemporary English

  • regime — [[t]reɪʒi͟ːm[/t]] ♦♦♦ regimes 1) N COUNT: oft supp N (disapproval) If you refer to a government or system of running a country as a regime, you are critical of it because you think it is not democratic and uses unacceptable methods. ...the… …   English dictionary

  • regime — re|gime W2 [reıˈʒi:m] n [Date: 1400 1500; : French; Origin: régime, from Latin regimen; REGIMEN] 1.) a government, especially one that was not elected fairly or that you disapprove of for some other reason ▪ The regime got rid of most of its… …   Dictionary of contemporary English

  • Fascist symbolism — As there were many different manifestations of fascism, especially during the interwar years, there were also many different symbols of Fascist movements.Common symbolism of fascist movementsOrganized fascist movements have militarist appearing… …   Wikipedia

  • Fascist manifesto — The Manifesto of the Fascist Struggle ( it. Il manifesto dei fasci di combattimento) was the initial declaration of the political stance of the founders of Italian Fascism.Origins of Italian FascismThe classic definition of Italian Fascism… …   Wikipedia

  • Fascist Grand Council —    The law instituting the Gran Consiglio del Fascismo on 28 December 1928, intended it to be “the supreme organ entrusted with the prescription and coordination” of the regime’s activities. The head of government (i.e., Benito Mussolini) was, by …   Historical Dictionary of modern Italy

  • regime — noun 1 system of government ADJECTIVE ▪ new ▪ old ▪ Crowds celebrated the downfall of the old regime. ▪ current, established, existing …   Collocations dictionary

  • Régime totalitaire — Totalitarisme Un rassemblement nazi à Nuremberg en 1934 Le totalitarisme est le système politique des régimes à parti unique, n admettant aucune opposition organisée, dans lequel l État tend à confisquer la tota …   Wikipédia en Français

  • fascist — adj. Fascist is used with these nouns: ↑dictatorship, ↑movement, ↑party, ↑regime, ↑salute, ↑thug …   Collocations dictionary

Поделиться ссылкой на выделенное

Прямая ссылка:
… Нажмите правой клавишей мыши и выберите «Копировать ссылку»