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fīnĭtĭmus

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1 finitimus

fīnĭtĭmus or fīnĭtŭmus, a, um, adj. [finis; cf. maritimus], bordering upon, adjoining, neighboring (class.; syn.: vicinus, confinis, conterminus, contiguus, continens).
I.
Lit.
A.
Adj.
(α).
With dat.:
sumus enim finitimi Atinatibus,
Cic. Planc. 9, 22:
Galli Belgis,
Caes. B. G. 2, 2, 3:
homines bellicosi locis patentibus,
id. ib. 1, 10, 2: regnum Ariobarzanis vestris vectigalibus, Cic. de lmp. Pomp. 2, 5:
aër mari,
id. N. D. 2, 39, 101:
latus Boreae,
i. e. bordering upon the north, northern, Hor. C. 3, 24, 38.—
(β).
Absol.:
Romanos ea loca finitimae provinciae adjungere,
Caes. B. G. 3, 2 fin.:
Marsi,
Hor. Epod. 16, 3:
bellum,
Caes. B. C. 2, 38, 1; cf. Ov. Tr. 4, 10, 111:
civitates,
Liv. 1, 32, 2.—
B.
Subst.: fīnĭtĭmi, ōrum, m., neighbors:
bella cum finitimis felicissime multa gessit,
Cic. Rep. 2, 9; cf.:
finitimi ac vicini,
id. Sull. 20, 58; id. de Imp. Pomp. 4, 9; Caes. B. G. 1, 2, 4; 1, 5, 4; 2, 16, 2 et saep. —
II.
Trop., bordering upon, adjoining, nearly related, like.
(α).
With dat.:
unicuique virtuti finitimum vitium reperietur, ut audacia, quae fidentiae finitima est,
Cic. Inv. 2, 54, 165; cf. id. de Or. 2, 44, 185:
metus aegritudini,
id. Tusc. 4, 30, 64:
falsa veris,
closely allied, id. Ac. 2, 21, 68:
deterrimum genus optimo,
id. Rep. 1, 42:
consensus principum administrationi,
id. ib. 1, 28:
poëta oratori,
id. de Or. 1. 16, 70; cf.:
historia huic generi,
id. Or. 20, 66:
Autronii nomen finitimum maxime est hujus periculo et crimini,
is very closely connected with, id. Sull. 25, 71.—
(β).
Absol.:
illa, quae propinqua videntur et finitima esse,
Cic. Inv. 2, 54, 165:
artium studiorumque quasi finitima vicinitas,
id. Brut. 42, 156:
finitimum malum,
id. Rep. 1, 28.

Lewis & Short latin dictionary > finitimus
2 finitimus

I
finitima, finitimum ADJ

neighboring, bordering, adjoining
II
finitimi N M

neighbors (pl.)

Latin-English dictionary > finitimus
3 finitimus

neighboring, adjacent, related to, similar.

Latin-English dictionary of medieval > finitimus
4 fīnitimus or fīnitumus

fīnitimus or fīnitumus adj. [finis], bordering upon, adjoining, neighboring: Galli Belgis, Cs.: aër mari: latus Boreae, i. e. bordering upon the north, H.: provincia, Cs.: Marsi, H.: finitimis inperat, next neighbors, S.: finitimi ac vicini.— Fig., bordering upon, nearly related, like, kindred, associated, connected: virtuti vitium: falsa veris: poëta oratori: historia huic generi: artium quasi finitima vicinitas, closest: malum.

Latin-English dictionary > fīnitimus or fīnitumus
5 finitimi

fīnĭtĭmus or fīnĭtŭmus, a, um, adj. [finis; cf. maritimus], bordering upon, adjoining, neighboring (class.; syn.: vicinus, confinis, conterminus, contiguus, continens).
I.
Lit.
A.
Adj.
(α).
With dat.:
sumus enim finitimi Atinatibus,
Cic. Planc. 9, 22:
Galli Belgis,
Caes. B. G. 2, 2, 3:
homines bellicosi locis patentibus,
id. ib. 1, 10, 2: regnum Ariobarzanis vestris vectigalibus, Cic. de lmp. Pomp. 2, 5:
aër mari,
id. N. D. 2, 39, 101:
latus Boreae,
i. e. bordering upon the north, northern, Hor. C. 3, 24, 38.—
(β).
Absol.:
Romanos ea loca finitimae provinciae adjungere,
Caes. B. G. 3, 2 fin.:
Marsi,
Hor. Epod. 16, 3:
bellum,
Caes. B. C. 2, 38, 1; cf. Ov. Tr. 4, 10, 111:
civitates,
Liv. 1, 32, 2.—
B.
Subst.: fīnĭtĭmi, ōrum, m., neighbors:
bella cum finitimis felicissime multa gessit,
Cic. Rep. 2, 9; cf.:
finitimi ac vicini,
id. Sull. 20, 58; id. de Imp. Pomp. 4, 9; Caes. B. G. 1, 2, 4; 1, 5, 4; 2, 16, 2 et saep. —
II.
Trop., bordering upon, adjoining, nearly related, like.
(α).
With dat.:
unicuique virtuti finitimum vitium reperietur, ut audacia, quae fidentiae finitima est,
Cic. Inv. 2, 54, 165; cf. id. de Or. 2, 44, 185:
metus aegritudini,
id. Tusc. 4, 30, 64:
falsa veris,
closely allied, id. Ac. 2, 21, 68:
deterrimum genus optimo,
id. Rep. 1, 42:
consensus principum administrationi,
id. ib. 1, 28:
poëta oratori,
id. de Or. 1. 16, 70; cf.:
historia huic generi,
id. Or. 20, 66:
Autronii nomen finitimum maxime est hujus periculo et crimini,
is very closely connected with, id. Sull. 25, 71.—
(β).
Absol.:
illa, quae propinqua videntur et finitima esse,
Cic. Inv. 2, 54, 165:
artium studiorumque quasi finitima vicinitas,
id. Brut. 42, 156:
finitimum malum,
id. Rep. 1, 28.

Lewis & Short latin dictionary > finitimi
6 finitumus

fīnĭtĭmus or fīnĭtŭmus, a, um, adj. [finis; cf. maritimus], bordering upon, adjoining, neighboring (class.; syn.: vicinus, confinis, conterminus, contiguus, continens).
I.
Lit.
A.
Adj.
(α).
With dat.:
sumus enim finitimi Atinatibus,
Cic. Planc. 9, 22:
Galli Belgis,
Caes. B. G. 2, 2, 3:
homines bellicosi locis patentibus,
id. ib. 1, 10, 2: regnum Ariobarzanis vestris vectigalibus, Cic. de lmp. Pomp. 2, 5:
aër mari,
id. N. D. 2, 39, 101:
latus Boreae,
i. e. bordering upon the north, northern, Hor. C. 3, 24, 38.—
(β).
Absol.:
Romanos ea loca finitimae provinciae adjungere,
Caes. B. G. 3, 2 fin.:
Marsi,
Hor. Epod. 16, 3:
bellum,
Caes. B. C. 2, 38, 1; cf. Ov. Tr. 4, 10, 111:
civitates,
Liv. 1, 32, 2.—
B.
Subst.: fīnĭtĭmi, ōrum, m., neighbors:
bella cum finitimis felicissime multa gessit,
Cic. Rep. 2, 9; cf.:
finitimi ac vicini,
id. Sull. 20, 58; id. de Imp. Pomp. 4, 9; Caes. B. G. 1, 2, 4; 1, 5, 4; 2, 16, 2 et saep. —
II.
Trop., bordering upon, adjoining, nearly related, like.
(α).
With dat.:
unicuique virtuti finitimum vitium reperietur, ut audacia, quae fidentiae finitima est,
Cic. Inv. 2, 54, 165; cf. id. de Or. 2, 44, 185:
metus aegritudini,
id. Tusc. 4, 30, 64:
falsa veris,
closely allied, id. Ac. 2, 21, 68:
deterrimum genus optimo,
id. Rep. 1, 42:
consensus principum administrationi,
id. ib. 1, 28:
poëta oratori,
id. de Or. 1. 16, 70; cf.:
historia huic generi,
id. Or. 20, 66:
Autronii nomen finitimum maxime est hujus periculo et crimini,
is very closely connected with, id. Sull. 25, 71.—
(β).
Absol.:
illa, quae propinqua videntur et finitima esse,
Cic. Inv. 2, 54, 165:
artium studiorumque quasi finitima vicinitas,
id. Brut. 42, 156:
finitimum malum,
id. Rep. 1, 28.

Lewis & Short latin dictionary > finitumus
7 pār

pār paris, abl. parī (rarely as subst. pare, C., O.), adj. [1 PAR-], equal: vita beata... par et similis deorum: est finitimus oratori poëta ac paene par: pares in amore et aequales: pares eiusdem generis munitiones, of equal size, Cs.: similia magis quam paria, L.: peccata, equally criminal, H.: ingenia iura: hi (equites), dum pari certamine res geri potuit, etc., i. e. horsemen against horsemen, Cs.: cui repugno, quoad possum, sed adhuc pares non sumus, i. e. not equal to the task: pari proelio, indecisive, N.: pares validaeque miscentur, Ta.: cantare pares, peers in song, V.: quem ego parem summis Peripateticis iudico: isti par in bello gerendo: anseribus, as large as, Iu.: prodigio par, i. e. extremely rare, Iu.: Responsura par fama labori, meet, H.: effugit imago, Par levibus ventis, like, V.: cuius paucos pares haec civitas tulit, equals: vestrae fortitudinis, Ph.: In quā par facies nobilitate suā, O.: par cum ceteris fortunae condicio: quem tu parem cum liberis tuis fecisti, S.: artīs constituere inter se parīs: cum par habetur honos summis et infimis: haudquaquam par gloria sequatur scriptorem et auctorem rerum, S.: quos in parem iuris condicionem atque ipsi erant, receperunt, Cs.: neque mihi par ratio cum Lucilio est ac tecum fuit: in quo offensae minimum, gratia par, ac si prope adessemus, S.— Equal, a match: quibus ne di quidem immortales pares esse possint, Cs.: quod neque se parem armis existimabat, S.: Non sumus pares, not on an equality, Iu.: habebo parem, quem das, Hannibalem, an adversary, L.: sequitur parem, i. e. with equal speed, O.— Equal, well-matched, suitable: rebus ipsis par et aequalis oratio, adequate: ut coëat par Iungaturque pari, kindred spirits, H.: S<*>ua voles apte nubere, nube pari, O.—Prov.: <*>ares cum paribus facillime congregantur, i. e. birds of a feather flock together.—In phrases with esse, fit, meet, suitable, proper, right: ita, ut constantibus hominibus par erat: par est ipsum esse virum bonum: sic par est agere cum civibus: dubitans, quid me facere par sit.—Repeated with respondeo or refero, like for like, tit for tat: par pari ut respondeas, T.: paria paribus respondimus: Par pro pari referto, give as good as you get, T.—In the phrase, Ludere par impar, to play “ even and odd,” H.—As subst m. and f a companion, fellow, comrade, mate, spouse: adcumbit cum pare quisque suo, O.: edicere est ausus cum illo suo pari, ut, etc.: paribus conludere, H.—As subst n., a pair, couple: par illud simile, Piso et Gabinius: par nobile fratrum, H.: columbarum, O.: tria paria amicorum.
* * *

(gen.), paris ADJ

equal, equal to; like; suitable

Latin-English dictionary > pār
8 adstringo

a-stringo ( ads-, Ritschl, Baiter, Halm, Jahn, Keil; as-, Fleck., Merk., Kayser), inxi, ictum, 3, v. a., to draw close, to draw, bind, or tie together, to bind, to tighten, contract (syn.: constringo, stringo, alligo, obligo, vincio).
I.
Lit.:
(hunc) adstringite ad columnam fortiter,
Plaut. Bacch. 4, 7, 25:
ad statuam astrictus est,
Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 42:
manus,
Plaut. Capt. 3, 5, 9:
vinculorum, id est aptissimum... quod ex se atque de iis, quae adstringit quam maxume, unum efficit,
Cic. Tim. 4 fin.:
astringit vincula motu,
Ov. M. 11, 75:
laqueos,
Sen. Ira, 3, 16:
artius atque hederā procera adstringitur ilex,
is twined around with ivy, Hor. Epod. 15, 5:
adstringi funibus,
Vulg. Ezech. 27, 24:
aliquem adstringere loris,
ib. Act. 22, 25:
pavidum in jus Cervice adstrictā dominum trahat,
with a halter round his neck, Juv. 10, 88 (Jahn, obstrictā): aspice... Quam non adstricto percurrat pulpita socco, not drawn close, loose; poet. for a negligent style of writing, Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 174:
Ipse rotam adstringit multo sufflamine consul,
checks, Juv. 8, 148:
balteus haud fluxos gemmis adstrinxit amictus,
Luc. 2, 362:
frontem,
to contract, knit, Mart. 11, 40; Sen. Ep. 106:
labra porriguntur et scinduntur et adstringuntur,
Quint. 11, 3, 81:
frondem ferro,
to cut off, clip, Col. 5, 6, 17 al.; so, alvum, to make costive (opp. solvere, q. v.), Cels. 1, 3; 2, 30.—Of the contraction produced by cold:
nivibus quoque molle rotatis astringi corpus,
Ov. M. 9, 222; so id. Tr. 3, 4, 48; id. P. 3, 3, 26:
ventis glacies astricta pependit,
id. M. 1, 120:
Sic stat iners Scythicas adstringens Bosporus undas,
Luc. 5, 436:
vis frigoris (corpora) ita adstringebat,
Curt. 7, 3, 13; 8, 4, 6.—Hence, also, to make colder, to cool, refresh:
ex quo (puteo) possis rursus adstringere,
Plin. Ep. 5, 6, 25: corpus astringes brevi Salone, Mart. 1, 49, 11 (acc. to Varr. in a pass. sense in the perf., adstrinxi for adstrictus sum, Varr. L. L. Fragm. ap. Gell. 2, 25, 7).—Of colors, to deaden:
ita permixtis viribus alterum altero excitatur aut adstringitur,
Plin. 9, 38, 62, § 134 (diff. from alligare, which precedes;
v. alligo, I. B.).—Also of an astringent, harsh taste: radix gustu adstringit,
Plin. 27, 10, 60, § 85.—
II.
Trop., to draw together, draw closer, circumscribe; to bind, put under obligation, oblige, necessitate:
ubi adfinitatem inter nos nostram adstrinxeris,
Plaut. Trin. 3, 2, 73: vellem, suscepisses juvenem regendum;
pater enim nimis indulgens, quicquid ego adstrinxi, relaxat,
Cic. Att. 10, 6; so,
mores disciplinae severitate,
Quint. 2, 2, 4 Spald.:
ad adstringendam fidem,
Cic. Off. 3, 31, 111:
hac lege tibi meam astringo fidem,
Ter. Eun. 1, 2, 22:
quo (jure jurando) se cuncti astrinxerant,
Suet. Caes. 84:
hujus tanti officii servitutem astringebam testimonio sempiterno,
to confirm, secure, Cic. Planc. 30 fin. Wund.:
religione devinctum astrictumque,
id. Verr. 2, 4, 42:
disciplina astricta legibus,
id. Brut. 10, 40; id. ad Q. Fr. 1, 1, 3:
lege et quaestione,
id. Clu. 155:
suis condicionibus,
id. Quinct. 5:
auditor nullā ejus modi adstrictus necessitate,
id. N. D. 1, 7, 17:
orationem numeris astringere,
id. de Or. 3, 44, 173 et saep.:
adstringi sacris,
to be bound to maintain, id. Leg. 2, 19:
inops regio, quae parsimoniā astringeret milites,
Liv. 39, 1:
ad temperantiam,
Plin. Ep. 7, 1:
ad servitutem juris,
Quint. 2, 16, 9:
illa servitus ad certa se verba adstringendi,
id. 7, 3, 16:
milites ad certam stipendiorum formulam,
Suet. Aug. 49; id. Tib. 18:
me astringam verbis in sacra jura tuis,
Ov. H. 16, 320; 20, 28:
magno scelere se astringeret,
Cic. Phil. 4, 4, 9; id. Sest. 50 fin.; so id. Sull. 29, 82; perh. also id. Pis. 39 fin.; instead of this abl. of class. Latin, we sometimes find in comedy apparently the gen.:
et ipsum sese et illum furti adstringeret,
made guilty of, charged himself with, Plaut. Rud. 4, 7, 34:
Homo furti sese adstringet,
id. Poen. 3, 4, 27 (cf.:
Audin tu? hic furti se adligat,
Ter. Eun. 4, 7, 39; Draeger, Hist. Synt. I. § 209, regards this as a vulgar extension of the use of the gen. with verbs of accusing, convicting, etc., but Klotz, s. v. astringo, regards it as really an old dative, furtoi furti; cf. quoi cui).—Of reasoning or discourse, to compress, abridge, bring into short compass:
Stoici breviter adstringere solent argumenta,
Cic. Tusc. 3, 6, 13 (cf. id. ib. 3, 10, 22: Haec sic dicuntur a Stoicis, concludunturque contortius); id. Fat. 14, 32:
premere tumentia, luxuriantia adstringere,
Quint. 10, 4, 1 Frotsch., Halm.—Hence, astrictus ( ads-), a, um, P. a., drawn together, tight, narrow, close.
A.
Lit.:
limen astrictum,
shut, Ov. Am. 3, 1, 50:
alvus fusior aut astrictior,
Cels. 1, 3:
corpus astrictum, i. e. alvus dura,
id. 3, 6:
genus morbi astrictum,
costiveness, id. 1 praef.:
gustu adstricto,
of a harsh, astringent taste, Plin. 27, 12, 96, § 121.—
B.
Trop.
1.
Sparing, parsimonious, covetous (not before the Aug. per.):
astrictus pater,
Prop. 3, 17, 18:
adstricti moris auctor,
Tac. A. 3, 55:
parsimonia,
Just. 44, 2.—
2.
Of discourse, compact, brief, concise, short (opp. remissus):
dialectica quasi contracta et astricta eloquentia putanda est,
Cic. Brut. 90, 309:
verborum astricta comprehensio,
id. ib. 95, 327:
est enim finitimus oratori poëta, numeris astrictior paulo,
id. de Or. 1, 16, 70; 1, 16, 60.— Sup. not used.— Adv.: astrictē ( ads-), concisely, briefly (only of discourse):
astricte numerosa oratio,
Cic. de Or. 3, 48, 184.— Comp.:
astrictius dicere,
Sen. Ep. 8 fin., and Plin. Ep. 1, 20, 20:
scribere,
id. ib. 3, 18, 10:
ille concludit adstrictius, hic latius,
Quint. 10, 1, 106.— Sup. not used.

Lewis & Short latin dictionary > adstringo
9 aestimo

aestĭmo (arch. aestŭ-), āvi, ātum, 1, v. a. [from aes, with the termination -tumo, which also appears in autumo; cf.: legitumus, finitumus, maritumus; later, legitimus, finitimus, maritimus; compare the Goth. aistjan, to estimate].
I.
To determine or estimate the extrinsic ( money) value of a thing, to value, rate, appraise; constr. with gen. or abl. (v. of price, Zumpt. §§
444 and 456): domum emit prope dimidio carius quam aestimabat,
Cic. Dom. 44:
frumentum III denariis,
id. Verr. 2, 3, 92:
aliquid tenuissime,
id. ib. 2, 4, 16:
prata magno,
id. Par. 6, 3:
perfecit (Aratus) aestimandis possessionibus, ut, etc.,
id. Off. 2, 23, 82; hence, litem alicui or alicujus, to estimate the value of an object in question, and thus determine how much the convicted person shall pay, to estimate or assess the damages; cf. Ascon. ad Cic. Verr. 1, 13, 38, and Beier ad Cic. Oratt. Fragm. Exc. IV. p. 265; Cic. Verr. l. l.—
II.
Trop., to estimate the intrinsic ( moral) worth of a thing, to weigh, value, hold, etc. (while existimare, as a consequence of aestimare, signifies to judge a thing in any way after estimating its value: ex pretio rei judicare; cf. Burm. ad Phaedr. 3, 4; Herz. ad Caes. B. G. 2, 17; Corte and Kritz ad Sall. C. 8, 2; Gronov. ad Liv. 4, 41; 34, 2; and aestimator).— Constr.
(α).
That which serves as a standard by which a thing is estimated with ex or the abl.:
vulgus ex veritate pauca, ex opinione multa aestimant,
Cic. Rosc. Com. 10:
aliquem ex artificio comico,
id. ib.:
cum in Aquitaniam pervenisset, quae pars, ex tertiā parte Galliae est aestimanda, etc.,
i. e. is to be reckoned as a third part, Caes. B. G. 3, 20:
amicitias inimicitiasque non ex re, sed ex commodo,
Sall. C. 10, 5.—With simple abl.:
virtutem annis,
Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 48: aliquid vitā, to measure a thing by life, i. e. to hold it as dear as life, Curt. 5, 5:
nec Macedonas veteri famā, sed praesentibus viribus aestimandos,
Just. 30, 4.—
(β).
The value attached to a thing in estimating it, in the gen. or abl. pretii (cf. I.); poet. also with acc. nihil:
auctoritatem alicujus magni,
Cic. Att. 7, 15: quod non minoris aestimamus quam quemlibet triumphum, Nep. Cat. 1:
aliquid unius assis,
Cat. 5, 2:
aliquid permagno,
Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 7, § 13:
non magno,
id. Fin. 3, 3, 11; so id. Tusc. 3, 4, 8:
non nihilo aestimandum,
id. Fin. 4, 23, 62:
magno te aestimaturum,
Liv. 40, 55:
magno aestimantibus se,
id. 40, 41. And with definite numerals which give the price-current for which a thing may be had; cf. Zumpt. § 456; Sall. Fragm. p. 974 Corte:
denis in diem assibus animam et corpus aestimari,
Tac. A. 1, 17:
emori nolo, sed me esse mortuum nihil aestimo,
Cic. Tusc. 1, 8, 15.—
(γ).
Among the histt. with a rel. clause.:
aestimantibus, quanta futuri spe tam magna tacuisset,
Tac. Agr. 18 fin.:
quantopere dilectus sit, facile est aestimare,
Suet. Aug. 57 (but in Sall. J. 31, 19, the correct read. is existumabitis, Dietsch).

Lewis & Short latin dictionary > aestimo
10 aestumo

aestĭmo (arch. aestŭ-), āvi, ātum, 1, v. a. [from aes, with the termination -tumo, which also appears in autumo; cf.: legitumus, finitumus, maritumus; later, legitimus, finitimus, maritimus; compare the Goth. aistjan, to estimate].
I.
To determine or estimate the extrinsic ( money) value of a thing, to value, rate, appraise; constr. with gen. or abl. (v. of price, Zumpt. §§
444 and 456): domum emit prope dimidio carius quam aestimabat,
Cic. Dom. 44:
frumentum III denariis,
id. Verr. 2, 3, 92:
aliquid tenuissime,
id. ib. 2, 4, 16:
prata magno,
id. Par. 6, 3:
perfecit (Aratus) aestimandis possessionibus, ut, etc.,
id. Off. 2, 23, 82; hence, litem alicui or alicujus, to estimate the value of an object in question, and thus determine how much the convicted person shall pay, to estimate or assess the damages; cf. Ascon. ad Cic. Verr. 1, 13, 38, and Beier ad Cic. Oratt. Fragm. Exc. IV. p. 265; Cic. Verr. l. l.—
II.
Trop., to estimate the intrinsic ( moral) worth of a thing, to weigh, value, hold, etc. (while existimare, as a consequence of aestimare, signifies to judge a thing in any way after estimating its value: ex pretio rei judicare; cf. Burm. ad Phaedr. 3, 4; Herz. ad Caes. B. G. 2, 17; Corte and Kritz ad Sall. C. 8, 2; Gronov. ad Liv. 4, 41; 34, 2; and aestimator).— Constr.
(α).
That which serves as a standard by which a thing is estimated with ex or the abl.:
vulgus ex veritate pauca, ex opinione multa aestimant,
Cic. Rosc. Com. 10:
aliquem ex artificio comico,
id. ib.:
cum in Aquitaniam pervenisset, quae pars, ex tertiā parte Galliae est aestimanda, etc.,
i. e. is to be reckoned as a third part, Caes. B. G. 3, 20:
amicitias inimicitiasque non ex re, sed ex commodo,
Sall. C. 10, 5.—With simple abl.:
virtutem annis,
Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 48: aliquid vitā, to measure a thing by life, i. e. to hold it as dear as life, Curt. 5, 5:
nec Macedonas veteri famā, sed praesentibus viribus aestimandos,
Just. 30, 4.—
(β).
The value attached to a thing in estimating it, in the gen. or abl. pretii (cf. I.); poet. also with acc. nihil:
auctoritatem alicujus magni,
Cic. Att. 7, 15: quod non minoris aestimamus quam quemlibet triumphum, Nep. Cat. 1:
aliquid unius assis,
Cat. 5, 2:
aliquid permagno,
Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 7, § 13:
non magno,
id. Fin. 3, 3, 11; so id. Tusc. 3, 4, 8:
non nihilo aestimandum,
id. Fin. 4, 23, 62:
magno te aestimaturum,
Liv. 40, 55:
magno aestimantibus se,
id. 40, 41. And with definite numerals which give the price-current for which a thing may be had; cf. Zumpt. § 456; Sall. Fragm. p. 974 Corte:
denis in diem assibus animam et corpus aestimari,
Tac. A. 1, 17:
emori nolo, sed me esse mortuum nihil aestimo,
Cic. Tusc. 1, 8, 15.—
(γ).
Among the histt. with a rel. clause.:
aestimantibus, quanta futuri spe tam magna tacuisset,
Tac. Agr. 18 fin.:
quantopere dilectus sit, facile est aestimare,
Suet. Aug. 57 (but in Sall. J. 31, 19, the correct read. is existumabitis, Dietsch).

Lewis & Short latin dictionary > aestumo
11 astringo

a-stringo ( ads-, Ritschl, Baiter, Halm, Jahn, Keil; as-, Fleck., Merk., Kayser), inxi, ictum, 3, v. a., to draw close, to draw, bind, or tie together, to bind, to tighten, contract (syn.: constringo, stringo, alligo, obligo, vincio).
I.
Lit.:
(hunc) adstringite ad columnam fortiter,
Plaut. Bacch. 4, 7, 25:
ad statuam astrictus est,
Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 42:
manus,
Plaut. Capt. 3, 5, 9:
vinculorum, id est aptissimum... quod ex se atque de iis, quae adstringit quam maxume, unum efficit,
Cic. Tim. 4 fin.:
astringit vincula motu,
Ov. M. 11, 75:
laqueos,
Sen. Ira, 3, 16:
artius atque hederā procera adstringitur ilex,
is twined around with ivy, Hor. Epod. 15, 5:
adstringi funibus,
Vulg. Ezech. 27, 24:
aliquem adstringere loris,
ib. Act. 22, 25:
pavidum in jus Cervice adstrictā dominum trahat,
with a halter round his neck, Juv. 10, 88 (Jahn, obstrictā): aspice... Quam non adstricto percurrat pulpita socco, not drawn close, loose; poet. for a negligent style of writing, Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 174:
Ipse rotam adstringit multo sufflamine consul,
checks, Juv. 8, 148:
balteus haud fluxos gemmis adstrinxit amictus,
Luc. 2, 362:
frontem,
to contract, knit, Mart. 11, 40; Sen. Ep. 106:
labra porriguntur et scinduntur et adstringuntur,
Quint. 11, 3, 81:
frondem ferro,
to cut off, clip, Col. 5, 6, 17 al.; so, alvum, to make costive (opp. solvere, q. v.), Cels. 1, 3; 2, 30.—Of the contraction produced by cold:
nivibus quoque molle rotatis astringi corpus,
Ov. M. 9, 222; so id. Tr. 3, 4, 48; id. P. 3, 3, 26:
ventis glacies astricta pependit,
id. M. 1, 120:
Sic stat iners Scythicas adstringens Bosporus undas,
Luc. 5, 436:
vis frigoris (corpora) ita adstringebat,
Curt. 7, 3, 13; 8, 4, 6.—Hence, also, to make colder, to cool, refresh:
ex quo (puteo) possis rursus adstringere,
Plin. Ep. 5, 6, 25: corpus astringes brevi Salone, Mart. 1, 49, 11 (acc. to Varr. in a pass. sense in the perf., adstrinxi for adstrictus sum, Varr. L. L. Fragm. ap. Gell. 2, 25, 7).—Of colors, to deaden:
ita permixtis viribus alterum altero excitatur aut adstringitur,
Plin. 9, 38, 62, § 134 (diff. from alligare, which precedes;
v. alligo, I. B.).—Also of an astringent, harsh taste: radix gustu adstringit,
Plin. 27, 10, 60, § 85.—
II.
Trop., to draw together, draw closer, circumscribe; to bind, put under obligation, oblige, necessitate:
ubi adfinitatem inter nos nostram adstrinxeris,
Plaut. Trin. 3, 2, 73: vellem, suscepisses juvenem regendum;
pater enim nimis indulgens, quicquid ego adstrinxi, relaxat,
Cic. Att. 10, 6; so,
mores disciplinae severitate,
Quint. 2, 2, 4 Spald.:
ad adstringendam fidem,
Cic. Off. 3, 31, 111:
hac lege tibi meam astringo fidem,
Ter. Eun. 1, 2, 22:
quo (jure jurando) se cuncti astrinxerant,
Suet. Caes. 84:
hujus tanti officii servitutem astringebam testimonio sempiterno,
to confirm, secure, Cic. Planc. 30 fin. Wund.:
religione devinctum astrictumque,
id. Verr. 2, 4, 42:
disciplina astricta legibus,
id. Brut. 10, 40; id. ad Q. Fr. 1, 1, 3:
lege et quaestione,
id. Clu. 155:
suis condicionibus,
id. Quinct. 5:
auditor nullā ejus modi adstrictus necessitate,
id. N. D. 1, 7, 17:
orationem numeris astringere,
id. de Or. 3, 44, 173 et saep.:
adstringi sacris,
to be bound to maintain, id. Leg. 2, 19:
inops regio, quae parsimoniā astringeret milites,
Liv. 39, 1:
ad temperantiam,
Plin. Ep. 7, 1:
ad servitutem juris,
Quint. 2, 16, 9:
illa servitus ad certa se verba adstringendi,
id. 7, 3, 16:
milites ad certam stipendiorum formulam,
Suet. Aug. 49; id. Tib. 18:
me astringam verbis in sacra jura tuis,
Ov. H. 16, 320; 20, 28:
magno scelere se astringeret,
Cic. Phil. 4, 4, 9; id. Sest. 50 fin.; so id. Sull. 29, 82; perh. also id. Pis. 39 fin.; instead of this abl. of class. Latin, we sometimes find in comedy apparently the gen.:
et ipsum sese et illum furti adstringeret,
made guilty of, charged himself with, Plaut. Rud. 4, 7, 34:
Homo furti sese adstringet,
id. Poen. 3, 4, 27 (cf.:
Audin tu? hic furti se adligat,
Ter. Eun. 4, 7, 39; Draeger, Hist. Synt. I. § 209, regards this as a vulgar extension of the use of the gen. with verbs of accusing, convicting, etc., but Klotz, s. v. astringo, regards it as really an old dative, furtoi furti; cf. quoi cui).—Of reasoning or discourse, to compress, abridge, bring into short compass:
Stoici breviter adstringere solent argumenta,
Cic. Tusc. 3, 6, 13 (cf. id. ib. 3, 10, 22: Haec sic dicuntur a Stoicis, concludunturque contortius); id. Fat. 14, 32:
premere tumentia, luxuriantia adstringere,
Quint. 10, 4, 1 Frotsch., Halm.—Hence, astrictus ( ads-), a, um, P. a., drawn together, tight, narrow, close.
A.
Lit.:
limen astrictum,
shut, Ov. Am. 3, 1, 50:
alvus fusior aut astrictior,
Cels. 1, 3:
corpus astrictum, i. e. alvus dura,
id. 3, 6:
genus morbi astrictum,
costiveness, id. 1 praef.:
gustu adstricto,
of a harsh, astringent taste, Plin. 27, 12, 96, § 121.—
B.
Trop.
1.
Sparing, parsimonious, covetous (not before the Aug. per.):
astrictus pater,
Prop. 3, 17, 18:
adstricti moris auctor,
Tac. A. 3, 55:
parsimonia,
Just. 44, 2.—
2.
Of discourse, compact, brief, concise, short (opp. remissus):
dialectica quasi contracta et astricta eloquentia putanda est,
Cic. Brut. 90, 309:
verborum astricta comprehensio,
id. ib. 95, 327:
est enim finitimus oratori poëta, numeris astrictior paulo,
id. de Or. 1, 16, 70; 1, 16, 60.— Sup. not used.— Adv.: astrictē ( ads-), concisely, briefly (only of discourse):
astricte numerosa oratio,
Cic. de Or. 3, 48, 184.— Comp.:
astrictius dicere,
Sen. Ep. 8 fin., and Plin. Ep. 1, 20, 20:
scribere,
id. ib. 3, 18, 10:
ille concludit adstrictius, hic latius,
Quint. 10, 1, 106.— Sup. not used.

Lewis & Short latin dictionary > astringo
12 exinde

ex-indē, and apocopated exin (like dein, proin, from deinde, proinde; cf.
also: dein etiam saepe et exin pro deinde et exinde dicimus,
Cic. Or. 45, 154; also exim, like him, illim, istim; acc. to the best MSS. in Enn. ap. Fest. p. 356, 4; Plaut. Poen. 3, 6, 9; Lucr. 3, 160; Verg. A. 7, 341; 8, 306; 12, 92; Tac. A. 14, 48 al.; M. Aurel. ad Fronto, p. 54; cf. exsim, eutheôs, Gloss. Philox.; v. Lachm. ad Lucr. p. 148; Wagn. ad Verg. A. 7, 341, and tom. 5, p. 437; v. Ritschl, Rhein. Mus. 7, 472 sqq.; Lorenz ad Plaut. Most. 218), adv., from there, from that place, thence (freq., but not in Ter., Caes., or Quint.).
I.
In space (very rare;
not in Cic.): utcumque in alto ventus est, Epidice, exin velum vortitur,
from there, thence, Plaut. Ep. 1, 1, 47; id. Poen. 3, 6, 9:
si servus cujusquam in ecclesiam altariave armatus... irruerit, exinde protinus abstrahatur,
Cod. Just. 1, 12, 4:
regionem Commagenam, exim Cappadociam, inde Armenios petivit,
Tac. A. 15, 12.—
B.
Transf., in (local) succession, after that, next in order, next:
at vero quanta maris est pulchritudo!... exin mari finitimus aër, etc.,
Cic. N. D. 2, 39, 101: hinc Equus summum contingit caput alvo... exin contortis Aries cum cornibus haeret, id. poët. ib. 2, 43, 111:
auxiliares Galli Germanique in fronte, post quos pedites sagittarii, dein quatuor legiones... exin totidem aliae legiones,
Tac. A. 2, 16.
II.
In time, after that, thereafter, then: exin compellare pater me voce videtur, Enn. ap. Cic. Div. 1, 20, 40 (Ann. v. 45, ed. Vahl.): POPULI PARTES IN TRIBUS DISTRIBUUNTO;
EXIN PECUNIAS, AEVITATES, ORDINES PARTIUNTO,
Cic. Leg. 3, 3, 7:
exin cuidam rustico Romano dormienti visus est venire qui diceret, etc.... exin filium ejus esse mortuum, etc.,
id. Div. 1, 26, 55: quisque suos patimur Manes;
exinde per amplum Mittimur Elysium,
Verg. A. 6, 743:
ad Mundam exinde castra Punica mota,
Liv. 24, 42, 1.—
b.
After ubi or postquam (cf. deinde, II. d.):
ostium ubi conspexi, exinde me ilico protinam dedi,
Plaut. Curc. 2, 3, 84:
postquam alium repperit... me exinde amovit loco,
id. Truc. 1, 1, 63.—
B.
Transf.
1.
In an enumeration or succession of events, after that, then, next, furthermore (cf. deinde, II. A. b.): pone petunt, exim referunt ad pectora tonsas, Enn. s. v. tonsam, p. 356 Müll. (Ann. v. 236, ed. Vahl.): incenditque animum famae venientis amore;
Exin bella viro memorat, quae, etc.,
Verg. A. 6, 891:
exin se cuncti divinis rebus ad urbem Perfectis referunt,
id. ib. 8, 306; Liv. 31, 4, 4; 31, 6, 2; 37, 47, 8; 40, 35, 2;
42, 9, 8: Suillio corruptionem militum... exin adulterium Poppaeae, ac postremum mollitiam corporis objectante,
Tac. A. 11, 2; cf. id. ib. 15, 41.—
2.
In late Lat., i. q. ex illo tempore, from that time, since then:
quem morem vestis exinde gens universa tenet,
Just. 1, 2:
cum post motam et omissam quaestionem res ad nova dominia bona fide transierint, et exinde novi viginti anni intercesserint, etc.,
Cod. Just. 7, 33; Dig. 10, 1, 4; 41, 6, 4; 49, 15, 12.—With ut, cum, ex quo:
exinde, ut curiam participare coepi,
App. Mag. p. 289; so,
exinde ut,
id. M. 2, p. 120:
exinde cum ex astu a magistro digressi sumus,
id. ib. 1, p. 113:
videri legatum habere jurisdictionem non exinde, ex quo mandata est, sed, etc.,
Dig. 1, 16, 4, § 6; 5, 1, 67; Cod. Just. 2, 22; 4, 32.—
III.
In other relations, in which a going out or forth takes place.
A.
(Acc. to ex, III. E.) To indicate the origin or occasion of an event (post-class.), thence:
nec quicquam idonei lucri exinde cepimus, sed vulnera,
App. M. 6, p. 184; Cod. Just. 1, 3, 35: quodcumque exinde incommodum ecclesiae contigerit, ib. 1, 2, 14.—
B.
(Acc. to ex, III. H.) To indicate a rule, measure, or standard, hence, accordingly (anteclass.): proinde ut quisque fortuna utitur, ita praecellet;
atque exinde sapere eum omnes dicimus,
Plaut. Ps. 2, 3, 14; cf.:
ut fama 'st homini, exin solet pecuniam invenire,
id. Most. 1, 3, 71; id. Truc. 1, 1, 64; id. Poen. 3, 5, 9; id. Ep. 1, 1, 47:
ad molas alii asellis, alii vaccis ac mulis utuntur, exinde ut pabuli facultas est,
according as, Varr. R. R. 1, 20, 4.

Lewis & Short latin dictionary > exinde
13 forma

forma, ae, f. [Sanscr. dhar-, dhar-āmi, bear; dhar-i-man, figure; Gr. thra- in thrênus, thronos; cf. Lat. frētus, frēnum, fortis, etc.], form, in the most comprehensive sense of the word, contour, figure, shape, appearance (syn.: species, frons, facies, vultus; figura).
I.
Lit.
A.
In gen.: Ha. Earum nutrix, qua sit facie, mihi expedi. Mi. Statura haud magna, corpore aquilo. Ha. Ipsa ea'st. Mi. Specie venusta, ore parvo, atque oculis pernigris. Ha. Formam quidem hercle verbis depinxti mihi, Plaut. Poen. 5, 2, 154; cf.:
quia semper eorum suppeditabatur facies et forma manebat,
Lucr. 5, 1175:
corporis nostri partes totaque figura et forma et statura, quam apta ad naturam sit, apparet,
Cic. Fin. 5, 12, 35; cf. Auct. Her. 4, 47, 60:
si omnium animantium formam vincit hominis figura, etc.,
Cic. N. D. 1, 18, 48:
forma ac species liberalis,
id. Cael. 3, 6; cf. id. N. D. 1, 14, 37; 1, 27, 76 sqq.; id. Verr. 2, 4, 58, § 129; id. N. D. 1, 10, 26: aspicite, o cives, senis Enni imagini' formam, Enn. ap. Cic. Tusc. 1, 15, 34 (Epigr. 1 ed. Vahl.):
hoc dico, non ab hominibus formae figuram venisse ad deos... Non ergo illorum humana forma, sed nostra divina dicenda est, etc.,
id. N. D. 1, 32, 90:
formaï servare figuram,
Lucr. 4, 69; cf.:
Homeri picturam, non poesin videmus. Quae regio, quae species formaque pugnae, qui motus hominum non ita expictus est, ut, etc.,
Cic. Tusc. 5, 39, 114 (v. Moser ad h. l.):
eximia forma pueri,
id. ib. 5, 21, 61:
virgines formā excellente,
Liv. 1, 9, 11:
formā praestante puellae,
Ov. H. 3, 35:
forma viros neglecta decet,
id. A. A. 1, 509; cf.:
ut excellentem muliebris formae pulchritudinem muta in sese imago contineret,
Cic. Inv. 2, 1, 1:
illa aetate venerabilis, haec formae pulchrituline,
Curt. 3, 11, 24:
virginem adultam, formā excellentem,
Liv. 3, 44, 4:
virginem maxime formā notam,
id. 4, 9, 4:
una et viginti formae litterarum,
Cic. N. D. 2, 37, 93:
solis,
Lucr. 5, 571:
muralium falcium,
Caes. B. G. 3, 14, 5:
lanceae novae formae,
Suet. Dom. 10:
nova aedificiorum Urbis,
id. Ner. 16:
porticus,
Plin. Ep. 9, 39, 5:
forma et situs agri,
Hor. Ep. 1, 16, 4:
eādem cerā aliae atque aliae formae duci solent,
Quint. 10, 5, 9:
geometricae formae,
Cic. Rep. 1, 17; cf. id. de Or. 1, 42, 187:
cum sit geometria divisa in numeros atque formas,
Quint. 1, 10, 35; cf.
also: Archimedes intentus formis, quas in pulvere descripserat,
Liv. 25, 31, 9:
dimidia circuli,
Plin. 2, 59, 60, § 150:
clarissimorum virorum formae,
figures, images, Cic. Mil. 32, 86:
ille artifex, cum faceret Jovis formam aut Minervae, etc.,
id. Or. 2, 9:
igneae formae,
i. e. fiery bodies, id. N. D. 2, 40, 101:
inque tori formam molles sternentur arenae,
in the shape, form, Ov. Am. 2, 11, 47:
(sacellum) crudis laterculis ad formam camini,
Plin. 30, 7, 20, § 63:
ut haec mulier praeter formam nihil ad similitudinem hominis reservarit,
Cic. Clu. 70, 199.—In poet. circumlocution with gen.: astra tenent caeleste solum formaeque deorum, the forms of gods, for gods, Ov. M. 1, 73:
formae ferarum,
id. ib. 2, 78:
ursi ac formae magnorum luporum,
Verg. A. 7, 18:
formae ingentis leo,
of great size, Just. 15, 4, 17; Tac. A. 4, 72.—
B.
In partic.
1.
Pregn., a fine form, beauty:
di tibi formam, di tibi divitias dederant,
Hor. Ep. 1, 4, 6; cf.:
et genus et formam regina pecunia donat,
id. ib. 1, 6, 37:
movit Ajacem forma captivae Tecmessae,
id. C. 2, 4, 6; Quint. 2, 5, 12:
neque, ut laudanda, quae pecuniam suam pluribus largitur, ita quae formam,
id. 5, 11, 26; 5, 12, 17.—Prov.:
forma bonum fragile est,
Ov. A. A. 2, 113.—
2.
An outline, plan, design (of an architect, etc.):
cum formam videro, quale aedificium futurum sit, scire possum,
Cic. Fam. 2, 8, 1: domus erit egregia;
magis enim cerni jam poterat, quam quantum ex forma judicabamus,
id. Q. Fr. 2, 5, 3 (2, 6, 2):
qua ludum gladiatorium aedificaturus erat,
Suet. Caes. 31.—
3.
A model after which any thing is made, a pattern, stamp, last (of a shoemaker), etc.:
utendum plane sermone, ut numo, cui publica forma est,
Quint. 1, 6, 3:
denarius formae publicae,
Sen. Ben. 5, 29; cf.: formas quasdam nostrae pecuniae agnoscunt, Tac. G. 5:
formas binarias, ternarias et quaternarias, et denarias etiam resolvi praecepit neque in usu cujusquam versari,
stamped money, coins, Lampr. Alex. Sev. 39; cf. Curt. 5, 2, 11:
si scalpra et formas non sutor (emat),
Hor. S. 2, 3, 106; cf.:
forma calcei,
Dig. 9, 2, 5, § 3.—
4.
A mould which gives form to something:
(caseus) vel manu figuratur vel buxeis formis exprimitur,
Col. 7, 8 fin.:
formae in quibus aera funduntur,
Plin. 36, 22, 49, § 168; hence, a frame, case, enclosure:
opus tectorium propter excellentiam picturae ligneis formis inclusum,
id. 35, 14, 49, § 173:
formas rivorum perforare,
i. e. the conduits, pipes, Front. Aquaed. 75:
aquaeductus,
Dig. 7, 1, 27.—Hence,
b.
Transf., the aqueduct itself, Front. Aquaed. 126.—
5.
A rescript, formulary (post-class., whereas the dimin. formula is predominant in this signif.):
ex eorum (amicorum) sententia formas composuit,
Capitol. Anton. 6; so Cod. Just. 1, 2, 20.—
6.
Item forma appellatur puls miliacea ex melle, Paul. ex Fest. p. 83 Müll.
II.
Trop.
A.
In gen., shape, form, nature, manner, kind:
ad me quasi formam communium temporum et totius rei publicae misisti expressam,
Cic. Fam. 3, 11, 4; cf.:
formam quidem ipsam et tamquam faciem honesti vides,
id. Off. 1, 5, 14:
innumerabiles quasi formae figuraeque dicendi,
id. Or. 3, 9, 34:
cum, quae forma et quasi naturalis nota cujusque sit, describitur, ut, si quaeratur avari species, seditiosi, gloriosi,
id. de Or. 3, 29, 115; cf.:
quae sit in ea species et forma et notio viri boni,
id. Off. 3, 20, 81:
forma ingenii,
id. Brut. 85, 294:
rei publicae,
id. Fam. 2, 8, 1; cf.:
exemplar formaque rei publicae,
id. Rep. 2, 11:
forma et species et origo tyranni,
id. ib. 2, 29:
forma rerum publicarum,
id. Tusc. 2, 15, 36; cf. id. Rep. 1, 34 fin.:
officii,
id. Off. 1, 29, 103:
propositi,
Vell. 1, 16:
sollicitudinum,
Tac. A. 4, 60:
formam vitae inire,
id. ib. 1, 74:
secundum vulgarem formam juris,
Dig. 30, 1, 111:
scelerum formae,
Verg. A. 6, 626:
poenae,
id. ib. 615.—
B.
In partic.
1.
In philos. lang., like species, a sort, kind: nolim, ne si Latine quidem dici possit, specierum et speciebus dicere; et saepe his casibus utendum est: at formis et formarum velim... Genus et formam definiunt hoc modo: genus est notio ad plures differentias pertinens;
forma est notio, cujus differentia ad caput generis et quasi fontem referri potest. Formae igitur sunt hae, in quas genus sine ullius praetermissione dividitur, ut si quis jus in legem, morem, aequitatem dividat, etc.,
Cic. Top. 7, 31; cf.:
genus et species, quam eandem formam Cicero vocat,
Quint. 5, 10, 62: a forma generis, quam interdum, quo planius accipiatur, partem licet nominare, hoc modo, etc.... Genus enim est uxor;
ejus duae formae: una matrumfamilias, altera earum, quae tantummodo uxores habentur,
Cic. Top. 4, 14:
quod haec (partitio) sit totius in partes, illa (divisio) generis in formas,
Quint. 5, 10, 63:
duae formae matrimoniorum,
id. 5, 10, 62.—
2.
In gram.
a.
The grammatical quality, condition of a word:
in quo animadvertito, natura quadruplicem esse formam, ad quam in declinando accommodari debeant verba, etc.,
Varr. L. L. 9, § 37 sq.; 101 sq. Müll.; Quint. 10, 1, 10.—
b.
The grammatical form of a word:
utrum in secunda forma verbum temporale habeat in extrema syllaba AS an IS, ad discernendas dissimilitudines interest,
Varr. L. L. 9, § 109 Müll.:
aeditimus ea forma dictum, qua finitimus,
Gell. 12, 10, 1.

Lewis & Short latin dictionary > forma
14 I

I, i, the ninth letter of the Latin alphabet, a vowel; for even the old grammarians distinguished it from the consonant written with the same character; see the letter J. The short i is, next to ë, the least emphatic of the Latin vowels, and serves, corresp. to the Gr. o, as a connecting sound in forming compounds: aerĭfodina, aerĭpes, altitudo, altĭsonus, arcitenens, homĭcida, etc. It is often inserted in Latin words derived from Greek: mina, techina, cucinus, lucinus (for mna, techna, cycnus, lychnus, etc.); cf. Ritschl, Rhein. Mus. 8, p. 475 sq.; 9, p. 480; 10, p. 447 sq. And in similar manner inserted in arguiturus, abnuiturus, etc. The vowel i is most closely related to u, and hence the transition of the latter into the former took place not only by assimilation into a following i, as similis, together with simul and simultas; facilis, together with facul and facultas; familia, together with famul and famulus; but also simply for greater ease of utterance; so that, from the class. per. onward, we find i written in the place of the older u: optimus, maximus, finitimus, satira, lacrima, libet, libido, etc., instead of the earlier optumus, maxumus, finitumus, satura, lacruma, lubet, lubido, etc.; cf. also the archaic genitives cererus, venerus, honorus, nominus, etc., for the later Cereris, Veneris, honoris, nominis, etc., the archaic orthography caputalis for capitalis, etc. For the relation of i to a and e, see those letters. Examples of commutation between i and o are rare: -agnitus, cognitus, together with notus, ilico from in loco, the archaic forms ollus, ollic for ille, illic, and inversely, sispes and sispita for sospes and sospita. As an abbreviation, I (as the sign of the vowel i) denotes in, infra, ipse, Isis, etc.: IDQ iidemque, I. H. F. C. ipsius heres faciendum curavit, IM. immunis, IMP. imperium, imperator, etc. The capital letter I is often confounded with the numeral I. (unus, primus).

Lewis & Short latin dictionary > I
15 i

I, i, the ninth letter of the Latin alphabet, a vowel; for even the old grammarians distinguished it from the consonant written with the same character; see the letter J. The short i is, next to ë, the least emphatic of the Latin vowels, and serves, corresp. to the Gr. o, as a connecting sound in forming compounds: aerĭfodina, aerĭpes, altitudo, altĭsonus, arcitenens, homĭcida, etc. It is often inserted in Latin words derived from Greek: mina, techina, cucinus, lucinus (for mna, techna, cycnus, lychnus, etc.); cf. Ritschl, Rhein. Mus. 8, p. 475 sq.; 9, p. 480; 10, p. 447 sq. And in similar manner inserted in arguiturus, abnuiturus, etc. The vowel i is most closely related to u, and hence the transition of the latter into the former took place not only by assimilation into a following i, as similis, together with simul and simultas; facilis, together with facul and facultas; familia, together with famul and famulus; but also simply for greater ease of utterance; so that, from the class. per. onward, we find i written in the place of the older u: optimus, maximus, finitimus, satira, lacrima, libet, libido, etc., instead of the earlier optumus, maxumus, finitumus, satura, lacruma, lubet, lubido, etc.; cf. also the archaic genitives cererus, venerus, honorus, nominus, etc., for the later Cereris, Veneris, honoris, nominis, etc., the archaic orthography caputalis for capitalis, etc. For the relation of i to a and e, see those letters. Examples of commutation between i and o are rare: -agnitus, cognitus, together with notus, ilico from in loco, the archaic forms ollus, ollic for ille, illic, and inversely, sispes and sispita for sospes and sospita. As an abbreviation, I (as the sign of the vowel i) denotes in, infra, ipse, Isis, etc.: IDQ iidemque, I. H. F. C. ipsius heres faciendum curavit, IM. immunis, IMP. imperium, imperator, etc. The capital letter I is often confounded with the numeral I. (unus, primus).

Lewis & Short latin dictionary > i
16 Liber

1.
līber, ĕra, ĕrum (old form, loebesum et loebertatem antiqui dicebant liberum et libertatem. Ita Graeci loibên et leibein, Paul. ex Fest. p. 121 Müll.; cf. 2. Liber), adj. [Gr. root liph-, liptô, to desire; cf. Sanscr. lub-dhas, desirous; Lat. libet, libido], that acts according to his own will and pleasure, is his own master; free, unrestricted, unrestrained, unimpeded, unshackled; independent, frank, open, bold (opp. servus, servilis).
I.
In gen.; constr. absol., with ab, the abl., and poet. also with gen.
(α).
Absol.:
dictum est ab eruditissimis viris, nisi sapientem liberum esse neminem. Quid est enim libertas? Potestas vivendi ut velis,
Cic. Par. 5, 1, 33:
an ille mihi liber, cui mulier imperat, cui leges imponit, praescribit, jubet, vetat? etc.,
id. ib. 5, 2, 36:
ad scribendi licentiam liber,
id. N. D. 1, 44, 123:
agri immunes ac liberi,
Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 69, § 166:
integro animo ac libero causam defendere,
unprejudiced, unbiased, id. Sull. 31, 86:
liberi ad causas solutique veniebant,
not under obligations, not bribed, id. Verr. 2, 2, 78 § 192; cf.:
libera lingua,
Plaut. Cist. 1, 2, 9:
cor liberum,
id. Ep. 1, 2, 43:
vocem liberam mittere adversus aliquem,
Liv. 35, 32, 6:
libera verba animi proferre,
Juv. 4, 90: judicium [p. 1057] audientium relinquere integrum ac liberum, Cic. Div. 2, 72, 150:
aliquid respuere ingenuo liberoque fastidio,
id. Brut. 67, 236:
libero tempore, cum soluta nobis est eligendi optio,
id. Fin. 1, 10, 33:
tibi uni vexatio direptioque sociorum impunita fuit ac libera,
id. Cat. 1, 7, 18:
pars quaestionum vaga et libera et late patens,
id. de Or. 2, 16, 67:
liberum arbitrium eis populo Romano permittente,
Liv. 31, 11 fin.; cf. id. 37, 1, 5:
mandata,
full powers, unlimited authority, id. 37, 56; 38, 8:
fenus,
unlimited, id. 35, 7: custodia, free custody (i. e. confinement to a house or to a town), id. 24, 45; Vell. 1, 11, 1;
v. custodia, II.: legatio, v. legatio: suffragia,
the right of voting freely, Juv. 8, 211:
locus,
free from intruders, undisturbed, secure, Plaut. Poen. 1, 1, 49; 3, 2, 25; id. Cas. 3, 2, 4: aedes, a free house, free dwelling (assigned to the use of ambassadors of friendly nations during their stay in Rome), Liv. 30, 17 fin.; 35, 23; 42, 6:
lectulus,
i. e. not shared with a wife, Cic. Att. 14, 13, 5: toga ( poet. for virilis toga), a man's (prop. of one who is his own master), Ov. F. 3, 771:
vestis,
id. ib. 3, 777:
libera omnia sibi servare,
to reserve to one's self full liberty, Plin. Ep. 1, 5.— Comp.:
hoc liberiores et solutiores sumus, quod, etc.,
Cic. Ac. 2, 3, 8:
est finitimus oratori poëta, numeris astrictior paulo, verborum licentia liberior,
id. de Or. 1, 16, 70:
liberiores litterae,
id. Att. 1, 13, 1:
amicitia remissior esse debet et liberior et dulcior,
freer, more unrestrained, more cheerful, id. Lael. 18 fin.:
paulo liberior sententia,
Quint. 4, 2, 121:
liberior in utramque partem disputatio,
id. 7, 2, 14:
fusiores liberioresque numeri,
id. 9, 4, 130:
officia liberiora plenioraque,
id. 6, 1, 9:
(flumina) campo recepta Liberioris aquae,
freer, less impeded, Ov. M. 1, 41; cf.:
(Tiberinus) campo liberiore natat,
freer, opener, id. F. 4, 292:
liberiore frui caelo,
freer, opener, id. M. 15, 301.— Sup.:
liberrimum hominum genus, comici veteres tradunt, etc.,
the frankest, most free-spoken, Quint. 12, 2, 22; cf.:
liberrime Lolli,
most frank, most ingenuous, Hor. Ep. 1, 18, 1:
indignatio,
id. Epod. 4, 10.—
(β).
Free or exempt from, void of; with ab:
Mamertini vacui, expertes, soluti ac liberi fuerunt ab omni sumptu, molestia, munere,
Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 10, § 23; cf.:
(consul) solutus a cupiditatibus, liber a delictis,
id. Agr. 1, 9, 27:
ab observando homine perverso liber,
id. Att. 1, 13, 2:
liber a tali irrisione Socrates, liber Aristo Chius,
id. Ac. 2, 39, 123:
ab omni animi perturbatione liber,
id. Off. 1, 20, 67; id. N. D. 2, 21, 55:
loca abdita et ab arbitris libera,
id. Att. 15, 16, B:
libera a ferro crura,
Ov. P. 1, 6, 32:
animus liber a partibus rei publicae,
Sall. C. 4.—
(γ).
With abl.:
animus omni liber curā et angore,
free from, without, Cic. Fin. 1, 15:
animus religione,
Liv. 2, 36:
animus cogitationibus aliis,
Quint. 11, 2, 35:
mens omnibus vitiis,
id. 12, 1, 4; cf.:
liberis odio et gratia mentibus,
id. 5, 11, 37:
omni liber metu,
Liv. 7, 34:
liber invidia,
Quint. 12, 11, 7:
equus carcere,
Ov. Am. 2, 9, 20.—
(δ).
With gen. ( poet.):
liber laborum,
Hor. A. P. 212:
fati gens Lydia,
Verg. A. 10, 154:
curarum,
Luc. 4, 384. — Comp.:
liberior campi,
having a wider space, Stat. S. 4, 2, 24.—
(ε).
Liberum est, with subject-clause:
quam (opinionem) sequi magis probantibus liberum est,
it is free, permitted, allowable, Quint. 6, 3, 112; Plin. Ep. 1, 8:
dies eligere certos liberum erat,
Plin. 30, 2, 6, § 16.—So in abl. absol.:
libero, quid firmaret mutaretve,
Tac. A. 3, 60.
II.
In partic.
A.
Free, in a social point of view, not a slave (opp. servus;
also to ingenuus): neque vendendam censes quae libera est,
Ter. Ad. 2, 1, 40; cf. id. ib. v. 28:
dis habeo gratiam quom aliquot affuerunt liberae, because slaves were not permitted to testify,
id. And. 4, 4, 32; opp. ingenuus, free-born:
quid ea? ingenuan' an festucā facta e servā liberast?
Plaut. Mil. 1, 1, 14:
in jure civili, qui est matre liberā, liber est,
Cic. N. D. 3, 18, 45; id. Caecin. 36, 96:
si neque censu, neque vindictā, nec testamento liber factus est (servus), non est liber,
id. Top. 2, 10:
quae (assentatio) non modo amico, sed ne libero quidem digna est,
of a freeman, id. Lael. 24, 89; Quint. 11, 1, 43:
liberorum hominum alii ingenui sunt, alii libertini,
Gai. Inst. 1, 10; cf. sqq.: ex ancilla et libero jure gentium servus nascitur, id. ib. 1, 82; cf. § 85; Paul. Sent. 2, 24, 1 sqq.—
B.
Free, in a political point of view;
said both of a people not under monarchical rule and of one not in subjection to another people,
Cic. Rep. 1, 32, 48; cf.:
ut ex nimia potentia principum oritur interitus principum, sic hunc nimis liberum populum libertas ipsa servitute afficit,
id. ib. 1, 44, 68:
liber populus,
id. ib. 3, 34, 46:
(Demaratus) vir liber ac fortis,
democratic, republican, fond of liberty, id. ib. 2, 19, 34:
civitates liberae atque immunes,
free from service, Liv. 37, 55:
provinciae civitatesque liberae,
Suet. Vesp. 8:
libera ac foederata oppida,
id. Calig. 3:
Roma patrem patriae Ciceronem libera dixit,
Juv. 8, 244.—
C.
In a bad sense, esp. with reference to sensual pleasure, unbridled, unchecked, unrestrained, licentious:
quam liber harum rerum multarum siet (Juppiter),
Plaut. Am. prol. 105:
adulescens imprudens et liber,
Ter. Eun. 3, 1, 40; cf.:
sit adulescentia liberior,
somewhat freer, Cic. Cael. 18, 42:
amores soluti et liberi,
id. Rep. 4, 4, 4:
consuetudo peccandi,
id. Verr. 2, 3, 76, § 177.—Hence, adv.: lībĕrē, freely, unrestrictedly, without let or hinderance; frankly, openly, boldly:
qui nihil dicit, nihil facit, nihil cogitat denique, nisi libenter ac libere,
Cic. Par. 5, 1, 34:
animus somno relaxatus solute movetur et libere,
id. Div. 2, 48, 100:
respirare,
id. Quint. 11, 39:
constanter et libere (me gessi),
id. Att. 4, 16, 9:
consilium dare,
id. Lael. 13, 44:
aliquid magis accusatorie quam libere dixisse,
id. Verr. 2, 2, 72, § 176:
omnia libere fingimus et impune,
Quint. 6, 1, 43:
ut ingredi libere (oratio), non ut licenter videatur errare,
Cic. Or. 23, 77.— Comp.:
liberius vivendi fuit potestas,
Ter. And. 1, 1, 23:
loqui,
Cic. Planc. 13, 33:
fortius liberiusque defendere,
Quint. 12, 1, 21:
liberius si Dixero quid,
Hor. S. 1, 4, 103:
maledicere,
id. ib. 2, 8, 37:
longius et liberius exseritur digitus,
Quint. 11, 3, 92; cf. id. 11, 3, 97:
ipsaque tellus Omnia liberius, nullo poscente, ferebat,
freely, of itself, spontaneously, Verg. G. 1, 127.
2.
līber, ĕri ( gen. plur. liberūm, Att. ap. Cic. Tusc. 3, 9; Turp. ap. Non. 495, 26; Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 15, § 40; 2, 1, 30, § 77; Tac. A. 2, 38; 3, 25 saep.; cf. Cic. Or. 46, 155;
but also: liberorum,
Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 30, § 76; 2, 5, 42, § 109), m. [1. liber], a child.
I.
Sing. (post-class. and rare):
si quis maximam portionem libero relinquat,
Cod. Just. 3, 28, 33; 5, 9, 8 fin.; Quint. Decl. 2, 8.—
II.
Plur., children (freq.; but in class. Lat. only of children with reference to their parents: pueri = children in general, as younger than adulescentes; cf. Krebs, Antibarb. p. 657 sq.).
A.
Lit.: liberorum genus, Enn. ap. Cic. Or. 46, 155 (Trag. v. 347 Vahl.): liberorum sibi quaesendum gratia, id. ap. Fest. p. 258 Müll. (Trag. v. 161 Vahl.):
cum conjugibus et liberis,
Cic. Att. 8, 2, 3:
eum ex C. Fadii filiā liberos habuisse,
id. ib. 16, 11, 1:
liberos procreare,
id. Tusc. 5, 37, 109:
suscipere liberos,
id. Verr. 2, 3, 69, § 161:
per liberos te precor,
Hor. Epod. 5, 5:
dulces,
id. ib. 2, 40:
parvuli,
Quint. 2, 15, 8;
opp. parentes,
id. 11, 1, 82; 3, 7, 18; 26; 6, 1, 18; 6, 5 al.: mater quae liberos, quasi oculos (amisit), orba est, Sulp. ap. Paul. ex Fest. p. 182 Müll.: jus trium liberorum, under the emperors, a privilege enjoyed by those who had three legitimate children (it consisted in the permission to fill a public office before one's twenty-fifth year, and in freedom from personal burdens); this privilege was sometimes also bestowed on those who had fewer than three children, or even none at all; also of one child:
non est sine liberis, cui vel unus filius unave filia est,
Dig. 50, 16, 148; Plaut. Aul. 4, 10, 6; Ter. Hec. 2, 1, 15; id. Heaut. 1, 1, 99; id. And. 5, 3, 20; Cic. Phil. 1, 1, 2; id. de Imp. Pomp. 12, 33; id. Verr. 2, 1, 15, § 40; ib. 30, § 76 Zumpt; cf. also Sulp. ap. Cic. Fam. 4, 5:
neque ejus legendam filiam (virginem Vestalem)... qui liberos tres haberet,
Gell. 1, 12, 8:
uxores duxerant, ex quibus plerique liberos habebant,
Caes. B. C. 3, 110, 2.—Of grandchildren and great-grandchildren:
liberorum appellatione nepotes et pronepotes ceterique qui ex his descendunt, continentur,
Dig. 50, 16, 220; cf.:
liberi usque ad trinepotem, ultra hos posteriores vocantur,
ib. 38, 10, 10, § 7:
habitus sis in liberum loco,
Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 15, § 40.—
2.
Esp.
(α).
Of sons (opp. daughters):
procreavit liberos septem totidemque filias,
Hyg. Fab. 9.—
(β).
Of children in gen. = pueri:
praecepta Chrysippi de liberorum educatione,
Quint. 1, 11, 17; cf.: Catus aut de liberis educandis, the title of a book by Varro, v. Gell. 4, 19, 2; Macr. S. 3, 6, 5.—
B.
Transf., of animals, young:
liberis orbas oves,
Plaut. Capt. 4, 2, 38.—Comically:
quaerunt litterae hae sibi liberos: alia aliam scandit,
Plaut. Ps. 1, 1, 23.
3.
Līber, ĕri (Sabine collat. form, loebasius, acc. to Serv. Verg. G. 1, 7; cf. 1. liber, and libertas init.), m. [Gr. leibô, to pour; loibê, a drink - offering; Lat. libare], an old Italian deity, who presided over planting and fructification; afterwards identified with the Greek Bacchus:
hunc dico Liberum Semelā natum, non eum, quem nostri majores auguste sancteque Liberum cum Cerere et Libera consecraverunt. Sed quod ex nobis natos liberos appellamus, idcirco Cerere nati nominati sunt Liber et Libera: quod in Libera servant, in Libero non item,
Cic. N. D. 2, 24, 62; cf. Serv. Verg. G. 1, 5; Cic. Leg. 2, 8, 19:
tertio (invocabo) Cererem et Liberum, quod horum fructus maxime necessarii ad victum: ab his enim cibus et potio venit e fundo,
Varr. R. R. 1, 1, 5:
Liber et alma Ceres,
Verg. G. 1, 7:
ex aede Liberi,
Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 57, § 128;
in a pun with 1. liber,
Plaut. Capt. 3, 4, 46; cf. id. Curc. 1, 2, 21; id. Stich. 5, 4, 17; so in a pun with liber, free:
quiaque adeo me complevi flore Liberi, Magis libera uti lingua collibitum est mihi,
Plaut. Cist. 1, 2, 8; cf.:
salve, anime mi, lepos Liberi, ut veteris ego sum cupida, etc.,
id. Curc. 1, 2, 3.— Connected with pater:
sic factum, ut Libero patri repertori vitis hirci immolarentur,
Varr. R. R. 1, 2, 19:
Romulus et Liber pater,
Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 5:
per vestigia Liberi patris,
Plin. 4, 10, 17, § 39:
patre favente Libero fetis palmitibus,
Col. 3, 21, 3:
Libero patri in monte res divina celebratur,
Macr. S. 1, 18, 4.—
B.
Meton., wine:
illud, quod erat a deo donatum, nomine ipsius dei nuncupabant: ut cum fruges Cererem appellamus, vinum autem Liberum: ex quo illud Terentii (Eun. 4, 5, 6): sine Cerere et Libero friget Venus,
Cic. N. D. 2, 23, 60:
Liberum et Cererem pro vino et pane,
Quint. 8, 6, 24; cf. also Plaut. Curc. 1, 2, 4 supra:
sed pressum Calibus ducere Liberum Si gestis, etc.,
Hor. C. 4, 12, 14:
condita cum verax aperit praecordia Liber,
id. S. 1, 4, 89.
4.
lĭber, bri, m. [Gr. lepein, to peel; lepos, lepis; cf. lobos], the inner bark or rind of a tree.
I.
Lit.
A.
In gen.:
obducuntur libro aut cortice trunci,
Cic. N. D. 2, 47, 120:
colligatae libris (arundines),
Varr. R. R. 1, 8, 4:
udoque docent (germen) inolescere libro,
Verg. G. 2, 77:
natam libro et silvestri subere clausam,
id. A. 11, 554; id. E. 10, 67:
quam denso fascia libro,
Juv. 6, 263.—
B.
Esp., because the ancients used the bark or rind of trees to write upon; usually the thin rind of the Egyptian papyrus, on which the books of the Greeks and Romans were usually written (v. Dict. of Antiq. p. 587 sq.):
antea non fuisse chartarum usum. In palmarum foliis primo scriptitatum, dein quarundam arborum libris,
Plin. 13, 11, 21, § 69.—Hence,
II.
Transf.
A.
Paper, parchment, or rolls of any substance used to write upon (cf.:
charta, membrana): quasi quom in libro scribuntur calamo litterae,
Plaut. Ps. 1, 5, 131.—
B.
Most freq. a book, work, treatise:
Demetrii liber de concordia,
Cic. Att. 8, 12, 6:
quas (sententias) hoc libro exposui,
id. Lael. 1, 3; cf. id. ib. 1, 5:
dixi in eo libro, quem de rebus rusticis scripsi,
id. de Sen. 15, 54:
libros pervolutare,
id. Att. 5, 12, 2:
evolvere,
id. Tusc. 1, 11, 24:
volvere,
id. Brut. 87, 298:
legere,
id. Fam. 6, 6, 8:
edere,
id. Fat. 1, 1:
libri confectio,
id. de Sen. 1, 1:
tempus ad libros vacuum,
id. Rep. 1, 9, 14:
cujus (Platonis) in libris,
id. ib. 1, 10, 16:
in Graecorum libris,
id. ib. 2, 11, 21:
librum, si malus est, nequeo laudare,
Juv. 3, 41:
actorum libri,
the official gazette, id. 9, 84; cf. 2, 136; and v. Dict. Antiq. s. v. Acta.—
C.
In partic.
1.
A division of a work a look:
tres libri perfecti sunt de Natura Deorum,
Cic. Div. 2, 1, 3:
hi tres libri (de Officiis),
id. Off. 3, 33, 121:
sermo in novem libros distributus,
id. Q. Fr. 3, 5, 1:
dictum est in libro superiore,
id. Off. 2, 13, 43 [p. 1058] sicut superiore libro continetur, Quint. 11, 1, 1:
versus de libro Ennii annali sexto,
id. 6, 3, 86:
liber primus, secundus, tertius, etc.,
id. 8, 1, 2; 10, 2, 20; 11, 1, 4 al. —Sometimes, in this latter case, liber is omitted:
in T. Livii primo,
Quint. 9, 2, 37:
in tertio de Oratore,
id. 9, 1, 26:
legi tuum nuper quartum de Finibus,
Cic. Tusc. 5, 11, 32.—
2.
In relig. or pub. law lang., a religious book, scriptures; a statute - book, code:
decemviris adire libros jussis,
i. e. the Sibylline books, Liv. 34, 55; 21, 62; 25, 12:
se cum legeret libros, recordatum esse, etc.,
Cic. N. D. 2, 4, 11:
ut in libris est Etruscorum,
id. Div. 2, 23, 50; id. Att. 9, 9, 3:
caerimoniarum,
rituals, Tac. A. 3, 38.—
D.
A list, catalogue, register, Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 71, § 167.—
E.
A letter, epistle, Nep. Lys. 4, 2; Plin. Ep. 2, 1, 5.—
F.
A rescript, decree (post-Aug.):
liber principis severus et tamen moderatus,
Plin. Ep. 5, 14, 8.

Lewis & Short latin dictionary > Liber
17 liber

1.
līber, ĕra, ĕrum (old form, loebesum et loebertatem antiqui dicebant liberum et libertatem. Ita Graeci loibên et leibein, Paul. ex Fest. p. 121 Müll.; cf. 2. Liber), adj. [Gr. root liph-, liptô, to desire; cf. Sanscr. lub-dhas, desirous; Lat. libet, libido], that acts according to his own will and pleasure, is his own master; free, unrestricted, unrestrained, unimpeded, unshackled; independent, frank, open, bold (opp. servus, servilis).
I.
In gen.; constr. absol., with ab, the abl., and poet. also with gen.
(α).
Absol.:
dictum est ab eruditissimis viris, nisi sapientem liberum esse neminem. Quid est enim libertas? Potestas vivendi ut velis,
Cic. Par. 5, 1, 33:
an ille mihi liber, cui mulier imperat, cui leges imponit, praescribit, jubet, vetat? etc.,
id. ib. 5, 2, 36:
ad scribendi licentiam liber,
id. N. D. 1, 44, 123:
agri immunes ac liberi,
Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 69, § 166:
integro animo ac libero causam defendere,
unprejudiced, unbiased, id. Sull. 31, 86:
liberi ad causas solutique veniebant,
not under obligations, not bribed, id. Verr. 2, 2, 78 § 192; cf.:
libera lingua,
Plaut. Cist. 1, 2, 9:
cor liberum,
id. Ep. 1, 2, 43:
vocem liberam mittere adversus aliquem,
Liv. 35, 32, 6:
libera verba animi proferre,
Juv. 4, 90: judicium [p. 1057] audientium relinquere integrum ac liberum, Cic. Div. 2, 72, 150:
aliquid respuere ingenuo liberoque fastidio,
id. Brut. 67, 236:
libero tempore, cum soluta nobis est eligendi optio,
id. Fin. 1, 10, 33:
tibi uni vexatio direptioque sociorum impunita fuit ac libera,
id. Cat. 1, 7, 18:
pars quaestionum vaga et libera et late patens,
id. de Or. 2, 16, 67:
liberum arbitrium eis populo Romano permittente,
Liv. 31, 11 fin.; cf. id. 37, 1, 5:
mandata,
full powers, unlimited authority, id. 37, 56; 38, 8:
fenus,
unlimited, id. 35, 7: custodia, free custody (i. e. confinement to a house or to a town), id. 24, 45; Vell. 1, 11, 1;
v. custodia, II.: legatio, v. legatio: suffragia,
the right of voting freely, Juv. 8, 211:
locus,
free from intruders, undisturbed, secure, Plaut. Poen. 1, 1, 49; 3, 2, 25; id. Cas. 3, 2, 4: aedes, a free house, free dwelling (assigned to the use of ambassadors of friendly nations during their stay in Rome), Liv. 30, 17 fin.; 35, 23; 42, 6:
lectulus,
i. e. not shared with a wife, Cic. Att. 14, 13, 5: toga ( poet. for virilis toga), a man's (prop. of one who is his own master), Ov. F. 3, 771:
vestis,
id. ib. 3, 777:
libera omnia sibi servare,
to reserve to one's self full liberty, Plin. Ep. 1, 5.— Comp.:
hoc liberiores et solutiores sumus, quod, etc.,
Cic. Ac. 2, 3, 8:
est finitimus oratori poëta, numeris astrictior paulo, verborum licentia liberior,
id. de Or. 1, 16, 70:
liberiores litterae,
id. Att. 1, 13, 1:
amicitia remissior esse debet et liberior et dulcior,
freer, more unrestrained, more cheerful, id. Lael. 18 fin.:
paulo liberior sententia,
Quint. 4, 2, 121:
liberior in utramque partem disputatio,
id. 7, 2, 14:
fusiores liberioresque numeri,
id. 9, 4, 130:
officia liberiora plenioraque,
id. 6, 1, 9:
(flumina) campo recepta Liberioris aquae,
freer, less impeded, Ov. M. 1, 41; cf.:
(Tiberinus) campo liberiore natat,
freer, opener, id. F. 4, 292:
liberiore frui caelo,
freer, opener, id. M. 15, 301.— Sup.:
liberrimum hominum genus, comici veteres tradunt, etc.,
the frankest, most free-spoken, Quint. 12, 2, 22; cf.:
liberrime Lolli,
most frank, most ingenuous, Hor. Ep. 1, 18, 1:
indignatio,
id. Epod. 4, 10.—
(β).
Free or exempt from, void of; with ab:
Mamertini vacui, expertes, soluti ac liberi fuerunt ab omni sumptu, molestia, munere,
Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 10, § 23; cf.:
(consul) solutus a cupiditatibus, liber a delictis,
id. Agr. 1, 9, 27:
ab observando homine perverso liber,
id. Att. 1, 13, 2:
liber a tali irrisione Socrates, liber Aristo Chius,
id. Ac. 2, 39, 123:
ab omni animi perturbatione liber,
id. Off. 1, 20, 67; id. N. D. 2, 21, 55:
loca abdita et ab arbitris libera,
id. Att. 15, 16, B:
libera a ferro crura,
Ov. P. 1, 6, 32:
animus liber a partibus rei publicae,
Sall. C. 4.—
(γ).
With abl.:
animus omni liber curā et angore,
free from, without, Cic. Fin. 1, 15:
animus religione,
Liv. 2, 36:
animus cogitationibus aliis,
Quint. 11, 2, 35:
mens omnibus vitiis,
id. 12, 1, 4; cf.:
liberis odio et gratia mentibus,
id. 5, 11, 37:
omni liber metu,
Liv. 7, 34:
liber invidia,
Quint. 12, 11, 7:
equus carcere,
Ov. Am. 2, 9, 20.—
(δ).
With gen. ( poet.):
liber laborum,
Hor. A. P. 212:
fati gens Lydia,
Verg. A. 10, 154:
curarum,
Luc. 4, 384. — Comp.:
liberior campi,
having a wider space, Stat. S. 4, 2, 24.—
(ε).
Liberum est, with subject-clause:
quam (opinionem) sequi magis probantibus liberum est,
it is free, permitted, allowable, Quint. 6, 3, 112; Plin. Ep. 1, 8:
dies eligere certos liberum erat,
Plin. 30, 2, 6, § 16.—So in abl. absol.:
libero, quid firmaret mutaretve,
Tac. A. 3, 60.
II.
In partic.
A.
Free, in a social point of view, not a slave (opp. servus;
also to ingenuus): neque vendendam censes quae libera est,
Ter. Ad. 2, 1, 40; cf. id. ib. v. 28:
dis habeo gratiam quom aliquot affuerunt liberae, because slaves were not permitted to testify,
id. And. 4, 4, 32; opp. ingenuus, free-born:
quid ea? ingenuan' an festucā facta e servā liberast?
Plaut. Mil. 1, 1, 14:
in jure civili, qui est matre liberā, liber est,
Cic. N. D. 3, 18, 45; id. Caecin. 36, 96:
si neque censu, neque vindictā, nec testamento liber factus est (servus), non est liber,
id. Top. 2, 10:
quae (assentatio) non modo amico, sed ne libero quidem digna est,
of a freeman, id. Lael. 24, 89; Quint. 11, 1, 43:
liberorum hominum alii ingenui sunt, alii libertini,
Gai. Inst. 1, 10; cf. sqq.: ex ancilla et libero jure gentium servus nascitur, id. ib. 1, 82; cf. § 85; Paul. Sent. 2, 24, 1 sqq.—
B.
Free, in a political point of view;
said both of a people not under monarchical rule and of one not in subjection to another people,
Cic. Rep. 1, 32, 48; cf.:
ut ex nimia potentia principum oritur interitus principum, sic hunc nimis liberum populum libertas ipsa servitute afficit,
id. ib. 1, 44, 68:
liber populus,
id. ib. 3, 34, 46:
(Demaratus) vir liber ac fortis,
democratic, republican, fond of liberty, id. ib. 2, 19, 34:
civitates liberae atque immunes,
free from service, Liv. 37, 55:
provinciae civitatesque liberae,
Suet. Vesp. 8:
libera ac foederata oppida,
id. Calig. 3:
Roma patrem patriae Ciceronem libera dixit,
Juv. 8, 244.—
C.
In a bad sense, esp. with reference to sensual pleasure, unbridled, unchecked, unrestrained, licentious:
quam liber harum rerum multarum siet (Juppiter),
Plaut. Am. prol. 105:
adulescens imprudens et liber,
Ter. Eun. 3, 1, 40; cf.:
sit adulescentia liberior,
somewhat freer, Cic. Cael. 18, 42:
amores soluti et liberi,
id. Rep. 4, 4, 4:
consuetudo peccandi,
id. Verr. 2, 3, 76, § 177.—Hence, adv.: lībĕrē, freely, unrestrictedly, without let or hinderance; frankly, openly, boldly:
qui nihil dicit, nihil facit, nihil cogitat denique, nisi libenter ac libere,
Cic. Par. 5, 1, 34:
animus somno relaxatus solute movetur et libere,
id. Div. 2, 48, 100:
respirare,
id. Quint. 11, 39:
constanter et libere (me gessi),
id. Att. 4, 16, 9:
consilium dare,
id. Lael. 13, 44:
aliquid magis accusatorie quam libere dixisse,
id. Verr. 2, 2, 72, § 176:
omnia libere fingimus et impune,
Quint. 6, 1, 43:
ut ingredi libere (oratio), non ut licenter videatur errare,
Cic. Or. 23, 77.— Comp.:
liberius vivendi fuit potestas,
Ter. And. 1, 1, 23:
loqui,
Cic. Planc. 13, 33:
fortius liberiusque defendere,
Quint. 12, 1, 21:
liberius si Dixero quid,
Hor. S. 1, 4, 103:
maledicere,
id. ib. 2, 8, 37:
longius et liberius exseritur digitus,
Quint. 11, 3, 92; cf. id. 11, 3, 97:
ipsaque tellus Omnia liberius, nullo poscente, ferebat,
freely, of itself, spontaneously, Verg. G. 1, 127.
2.
līber, ĕri ( gen. plur. liberūm, Att. ap. Cic. Tusc. 3, 9; Turp. ap. Non. 495, 26; Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 15, § 40; 2, 1, 30, § 77; Tac. A. 2, 38; 3, 25 saep.; cf. Cic. Or. 46, 155;
but also: liberorum,
Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 30, § 76; 2, 5, 42, § 109), m. [1. liber], a child.
I.
Sing. (post-class. and rare):
si quis maximam portionem libero relinquat,
Cod. Just. 3, 28, 33; 5, 9, 8 fin.; Quint. Decl. 2, 8.—
II.
Plur., children (freq.; but in class. Lat. only of children with reference to their parents: pueri = children in general, as younger than adulescentes; cf. Krebs, Antibarb. p. 657 sq.).
A.
Lit.: liberorum genus, Enn. ap. Cic. Or. 46, 155 (Trag. v. 347 Vahl.): liberorum sibi quaesendum gratia, id. ap. Fest. p. 258 Müll. (Trag. v. 161 Vahl.):
cum conjugibus et liberis,
Cic. Att. 8, 2, 3:
eum ex C. Fadii filiā liberos habuisse,
id. ib. 16, 11, 1:
liberos procreare,
id. Tusc. 5, 37, 109:
suscipere liberos,
id. Verr. 2, 3, 69, § 161:
per liberos te precor,
Hor. Epod. 5, 5:
dulces,
id. ib. 2, 40:
parvuli,
Quint. 2, 15, 8;
opp. parentes,
id. 11, 1, 82; 3, 7, 18; 26; 6, 1, 18; 6, 5 al.: mater quae liberos, quasi oculos (amisit), orba est, Sulp. ap. Paul. ex Fest. p. 182 Müll.: jus trium liberorum, under the emperors, a privilege enjoyed by those who had three legitimate children (it consisted in the permission to fill a public office before one's twenty-fifth year, and in freedom from personal burdens); this privilege was sometimes also bestowed on those who had fewer than three children, or even none at all; also of one child:
non est sine liberis, cui vel unus filius unave filia est,
Dig. 50, 16, 148; Plaut. Aul. 4, 10, 6; Ter. Hec. 2, 1, 15; id. Heaut. 1, 1, 99; id. And. 5, 3, 20; Cic. Phil. 1, 1, 2; id. de Imp. Pomp. 12, 33; id. Verr. 2, 1, 15, § 40; ib. 30, § 76 Zumpt; cf. also Sulp. ap. Cic. Fam. 4, 5:
neque ejus legendam filiam (virginem Vestalem)... qui liberos tres haberet,
Gell. 1, 12, 8:
uxores duxerant, ex quibus plerique liberos habebant,
Caes. B. C. 3, 110, 2.—Of grandchildren and great-grandchildren:
liberorum appellatione nepotes et pronepotes ceterique qui ex his descendunt, continentur,
Dig. 50, 16, 220; cf.:
liberi usque ad trinepotem, ultra hos posteriores vocantur,
ib. 38, 10, 10, § 7:
habitus sis in liberum loco,
Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 15, § 40.—
2.
Esp.
(α).
Of sons (opp. daughters):
procreavit liberos septem totidemque filias,
Hyg. Fab. 9.—
(β).
Of children in gen. = pueri:
praecepta Chrysippi de liberorum educatione,
Quint. 1, 11, 17; cf.: Catus aut de liberis educandis, the title of a book by Varro, v. Gell. 4, 19, 2; Macr. S. 3, 6, 5.—
B.
Transf., of animals, young:
liberis orbas oves,
Plaut. Capt. 4, 2, 38.—Comically:
quaerunt litterae hae sibi liberos: alia aliam scandit,
Plaut. Ps. 1, 1, 23.
3.
Līber, ĕri (Sabine collat. form, loebasius, acc. to Serv. Verg. G. 1, 7; cf. 1. liber, and libertas init.), m. [Gr. leibô, to pour; loibê, a drink - offering; Lat. libare], an old Italian deity, who presided over planting and fructification; afterwards identified with the Greek Bacchus:
hunc dico Liberum Semelā natum, non eum, quem nostri majores auguste sancteque Liberum cum Cerere et Libera consecraverunt. Sed quod ex nobis natos liberos appellamus, idcirco Cerere nati nominati sunt Liber et Libera: quod in Libera servant, in Libero non item,
Cic. N. D. 2, 24, 62; cf. Serv. Verg. G. 1, 5; Cic. Leg. 2, 8, 19:
tertio (invocabo) Cererem et Liberum, quod horum fructus maxime necessarii ad victum: ab his enim cibus et potio venit e fundo,
Varr. R. R. 1, 1, 5:
Liber et alma Ceres,
Verg. G. 1, 7:
ex aede Liberi,
Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 57, § 128;
in a pun with 1. liber,
Plaut. Capt. 3, 4, 46; cf. id. Curc. 1, 2, 21; id. Stich. 5, 4, 17; so in a pun with liber, free:
quiaque adeo me complevi flore Liberi, Magis libera uti lingua collibitum est mihi,
Plaut. Cist. 1, 2, 8; cf.:
salve, anime mi, lepos Liberi, ut veteris ego sum cupida, etc.,
id. Curc. 1, 2, 3.— Connected with pater:
sic factum, ut Libero patri repertori vitis hirci immolarentur,
Varr. R. R. 1, 2, 19:
Romulus et Liber pater,
Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 5:
per vestigia Liberi patris,
Plin. 4, 10, 17, § 39:
patre favente Libero fetis palmitibus,
Col. 3, 21, 3:
Libero patri in monte res divina celebratur,
Macr. S. 1, 18, 4.—
B.
Meton., wine:
illud, quod erat a deo donatum, nomine ipsius dei nuncupabant: ut cum fruges Cererem appellamus, vinum autem Liberum: ex quo illud Terentii (Eun. 4, 5, 6): sine Cerere et Libero friget Venus,
Cic. N. D. 2, 23, 60:
Liberum et Cererem pro vino et pane,
Quint. 8, 6, 24; cf. also Plaut. Curc. 1, 2, 4 supra:
sed pressum Calibus ducere Liberum Si gestis, etc.,
Hor. C. 4, 12, 14:
condita cum verax aperit praecordia Liber,
id. S. 1, 4, 89.
4.
lĭber, bri, m. [Gr. lepein, to peel; lepos, lepis; cf. lobos], the inner bark or rind of a tree.
I.
Lit.
A.
In gen.:
obducuntur libro aut cortice trunci,
Cic. N. D. 2, 47, 120:
colligatae libris (arundines),
Varr. R. R. 1, 8, 4:
udoque docent (germen) inolescere libro,
Verg. G. 2, 77:
natam libro et silvestri subere clausam,
id. A. 11, 554; id. E. 10, 67:
quam denso fascia libro,
Juv. 6, 263.—
B.
Esp., because the ancients used the bark or rind of trees to write upon; usually the thin rind of the Egyptian papyrus, on which the books of the Greeks and Romans were usually written (v. Dict. of Antiq. p. 587 sq.):
antea non fuisse chartarum usum. In palmarum foliis primo scriptitatum, dein quarundam arborum libris,
Plin. 13, 11, 21, § 69.—Hence,
II.
Transf.
A.
Paper, parchment, or rolls of any substance used to write upon (cf.:
charta, membrana): quasi quom in libro scribuntur calamo litterae,
Plaut. Ps. 1, 5, 131.—
B.
Most freq. a book, work, treatise:
Demetrii liber de concordia,
Cic. Att. 8, 12, 6:
quas (sententias) hoc libro exposui,
id. Lael. 1, 3; cf. id. ib. 1, 5:
dixi in eo libro, quem de rebus rusticis scripsi,
id. de Sen. 15, 54:
libros pervolutare,
id. Att. 5, 12, 2:
evolvere,
id. Tusc. 1, 11, 24:
volvere,
id. Brut. 87, 298:
legere,
id. Fam. 6, 6, 8:
edere,
id. Fat. 1, 1:
libri confectio,
id. de Sen. 1, 1:
tempus ad libros vacuum,
id. Rep. 1, 9, 14:
cujus (Platonis) in libris,
id. ib. 1, 10, 16:
in Graecorum libris,
id. ib. 2, 11, 21:
librum, si malus est, nequeo laudare,
Juv. 3, 41:
actorum libri,
the official gazette, id. 9, 84; cf. 2, 136; and v. Dict. Antiq. s. v. Acta.—
C.
In partic.
1.
A division of a work a look:
tres libri perfecti sunt de Natura Deorum,
Cic. Div. 2, 1, 3:
hi tres libri (de Officiis),
id. Off. 3, 33, 121:
sermo in novem libros distributus,
id. Q. Fr. 3, 5, 1:
dictum est in libro superiore,
id. Off. 2, 13, 43 [p. 1058] sicut superiore libro continetur, Quint. 11, 1, 1:
versus de libro Ennii annali sexto,
id. 6, 3, 86:
liber primus, secundus, tertius, etc.,
id. 8, 1, 2; 10, 2, 20; 11, 1, 4 al. —Sometimes, in this latter case, liber is omitted:
in T. Livii primo,
Quint. 9, 2, 37:
in tertio de Oratore,
id. 9, 1, 26:
legi tuum nuper quartum de Finibus,
Cic. Tusc. 5, 11, 32.—
2.
In relig. or pub. law lang., a religious book, scriptures; a statute - book, code:
decemviris adire libros jussis,
i. e. the Sibylline books, Liv. 34, 55; 21, 62; 25, 12:
se cum legeret libros, recordatum esse, etc.,
Cic. N. D. 2, 4, 11:
ut in libris est Etruscorum,
id. Div. 2, 23, 50; id. Att. 9, 9, 3:
caerimoniarum,
rituals, Tac. A. 3, 38.—
D.
A list, catalogue, register, Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 71, § 167.—
E.
A letter, epistle, Nep. Lys. 4, 2; Plin. Ep. 2, 1, 5.—
F.
A rescript, decree (post-Aug.):
liber principis severus et tamen moderatus,
Plin. Ep. 5, 14, 8.

Lewis & Short latin dictionary > liber
18 par

pār, păris (collat. form of the nom. fem. paris, Atta ap. Prisc. p. 764 P.— Abl. pari and pare, acc. to Charis. p. 14 P.; Prisc. p. 763 ib.; the latter poet. — Gen. plur. usu. parĭum; parum, acc. to Plin. ap. Charis. p. 110 P.), adj. [cf. Sanscr. para, another, and prae], equal (cf.: aequus, similis).
I.
Lit.:
par est, quod in omnes aequabile est,
Cic. Inv. 2, 22, 67:
par et aequalis ratio,
id. Or. 36, 123:
aequo et pari jure cum civibus vivere,
id. Off. 1, 34, 124:
vita beata... par et similis deorum,
id. N. D. 2, 61, 153:
est finitimus oratori poëta ac paene par,
id. de Or. 1, 16, 70:
pari atque eādem in laude aliquem ponere,
id. Mur. 9, 21:
intelleges de hoc judicium meum et horum par et unum fuisse,
id. Sull. 2, 5:
pares in amore atque aequales,
id. Lael. 9, 32:
libertate esse parem ceteris,
id. Phil. 1, 14, 34: verbum Latinum (voluptas) par Graeco (hêdonê) et idem valens, id. Fin. 2, 4, 12:
pares ejusdem generis munitiones,
of equal size, Caes. B. G. 7, 74:
similia omnia magis visa hominibus, quam paria,
Liv. 45, 43:
pares similesque (affectus),
Sen. Ira, 1, 19 et saep.:
quod in re pari valet, valeat in hac, quae par est... valeat aequitas, quae paribus in causis paria jura desiderat,
Cic. Top. 4, 23:
si ingenia omnia paria esse non possunt: jura certe paria debent esse eorum inter se, qui sunt cives in eādem re publicā,
id. Rep. 1, 32, 49:
necesse est eam esse naturam, ut omnia omnibus paribus paria respondeant,
id. N. D. 1, 19, 50; id. Fam. 5, 2, 3:
equites Ariovisti pari intervallo constiterunt,
Caes. B. G. 1, 43:
hi (equites), dum pari certamine res geri potuit, etc.,
i. e. horsemen against horsemen, id. B. C. 1, 51.— Poet., with a respective gen. or inf.:
aetatis mentisque pares,
Sil. 4, 370:
et cantare pares et respondere parati,
Verg. E. 7, 5.—
(β).
The thing with which the comparison is made is most freq. added in the dat.:
quem ego parem summis Peripateticis judico,
Cic. Div. 1, 3, 5:
in his omnibus par iis, quos antea commemoravi,
id. Clu. 38, 107:
omni illi et virtute et laude par,
id. Planc. 11, 27:
isti par in belligerando,
id. Font. 12, 26:
par anseribus,
as large as, Juv. 5, 114:
prodigio par,
i. e. extremely rare, id. 4, 97.—In sup.:
QVOIVS FORMA VIRTVTEI PARISVMA FVIT, Epit. of the Scipios,
Inscr. Orell. 550:
parissumi estis hibus,
Plaut. Curc. 4, 2, 20.—Adverb. (colloq. and very rare):
feceris par tuis ceteris factis,
Plaut. Trin. 2, 2, 3.—
(γ).
With gen. (with this case par is treated as a substantive; rare but class.), an equal, counterpart, etc.:
ei erat hospes, par illius, Siculus, etc.,
his counterpart, Plaut. Rud. prol. 49: cujus paucos pares [p. 1300] haec civitas tulit, Cic. Pis. 4, 8:
quem metuis par hujus erat,
Luc. 10, 382:
ubique eum parem sui invenies,
Front. Ep. ad Amic. 1, 6:
vestrae fortitudinis,
Phaedr. 4, 15, 6.—
(δ).
With abl. (rare):
scalas pares moenium altitudine, Sall. H. Fragm. ap. Arus. Mess. p. 253 Lindem.: in quā par facies nobilitate suā,
Ov. F. 6, 804.—
(ε).
With cum (class.):
non praecipuam, sed parem cum ceteris fortunae condicionem subire,
Cic. Rep. 1, 4, 7:
ut enim cetera paria Tuberoni cum Varo fuissent, etc.,
id. Lig. 9, 27:
quem tu parem cum liberis tuis regnique participem fecisti,
Sall. J. 14, 9 (cited ap. Arus. Mess. p. 253 Lindem.; but in Cic. Phil. 1, 14, 34, read parem ceteris). —
(ζ).
With inter se (class.):
sunt omnes pares inter se,
Cic. Par. 1, 2, 11; id. de Or. 1, 55, 236.—
(η).
With et, atque ( ac) (class.):
cum par habetur honos summis et infimis,
Cic. Rep. 1, 34, 53:
omnia fuisse in Themistocle paria et Coriolano,
id. Brut. 11, 43:
tametsi haudquaquam par gloria sequatur scriptorem et auctorem rerum,
Sall. C. 3, 2:
quos postea in parem juris libertatisque condicionem atque ipsi erant, receperunt,
Caes. B. G. 1, 28; so with atque, id. ib. 5, 13, 2:
si parem sapientiam hic habet ac formam,
Plaut. Mil. 4, 6, 36:
neque mihi par ratio cum Lucilio est ac tecum fuit,
Cic. N. D. 3, 1, 3:
in quo offensae minimum, gratia par, ac si prope adessemus,
Sall. J. 102, 7.—
(θ).
The object of comparison is sometimes not expressed:
cui repugno, quoad possum, sed adhuc pares non sumus,
i.e. not equal to the task, able, Cic. Att. 12, 15:
pari proelio,
indecisive, Nep. Them. 3, 3:
pares validaeque miscentur,
Tac. G. 20:
cum paria esse coeperunt,
Plin. Ep. 4, 14, 6:
si periculum par et ardor certaminis eos irritaret,
Liv. 24, 39, 6.—
B.
In partic.
1.
Equal to, a match for any one in any respect:
quibus ne di quidem immortales pares esse possint,
Caes. B. G. 4, 7 fin.: qui pares esse nostro exercitu (dat.) non potuerint, id. ib. 1, 40, 7; cf.:
ille, quod neque se parem armis existimabat, et, etc.,
Sall. J. 20, 5:
non sumus pares,
not on an equality, Juv. 3, 104:
exime hunc mihi scrupulum, cui par esse non possum,
Plin. Ep. 3, 17, 2:
habebo, Q. Fabi, parem, quem das, Hannibalem,
an opponent, adversary, Liv. 28, 44:
inter pares aemulatio,
Tac. A. 2, 47:
ope Palladis Tydiden Superis parem,
Hor. C. 1, 6, 15.—
2.
Equal in station or age, of the same rank, of the same age (syn. aequalis):
ut coëat par Jungaturque pari,
Hor. Ep. 1, 5, 25:
si qua voles apte nubere, nube pari,
Ov. H. 9, 32; Petr. 25, 5.—Prov.:
pares vetere proverbio cum paribus facillime congregantur,
i. e. birds of a feather flock together, Cic. Sen. 3, 7.—
3.
Par est, it is fit, meet, suitable, proper, right.
(α).
With a subject-clause (class.;
syn.: oportet, aequum, justum est): amorin me an rei opsequi potius par sit,
Plaut. Trin. 2, 1, 6:
posterius istaec te magis par agere'st,
id. Pers. 5, 2, 21:
canem esse hanc par fuit,
id. Curc. 1, 2, 17:
par est primum ipsum esse virum bonum, tum, etc.,
Cic. Lael. 22, 82:
sic par est agere cum civibus,
id. Off. 2, 23, 83:
dubitans, quid me facere par sit,
id. Att. 9, 9, 2:
quicquid erit, quod me scire par sit,
id. ib. 15, 17, 2:
quibus (ornamentis) fretum ad consulatūs petitionem aggredi par est,
id. Mur. 7, 15; id. Rab. Perd. 11, 31; cf.:
ex quo intellegi par est, eos qui, etc.,
id. Leg. 2, 5, 11. —
(β).
Ut par est (erat, etc.;
class.): ita, ut constantibus hominibus par erat,
Cic. Div. 2, 55, 114:
ut par fuit,
id. Verr. 2, 5, 4, § 10. —
* (γ).
With ut:
non par videtur neque sit consentaneum... ut, etc.,
Plaut. Bacch. 1, 2, 31.—
4.
Par pari respondere, or par pro pari referre, to return like for like, of a'repartee:
par pari respondet,
Plaut. Truc. 5, 47; id. Merc. 3, 4, 44; id. Pers. 2, 2, 11; cf.:
paria paribus respondimus,
Cic. Att. 6, 1, 23:
ut sit unde par pari respondeatur,
id. ib. 16, 7, 6:
par pro pari referto, quod eam mordeat,
Ter. Eun. 3, 1, 55 Fleck., Umpfenb., cited ap. Cic. Fam. 1, 9, 19 (Bentl. ex conject. par, pari; cf. Krebs, Antibarb. p. 281, ed. 5).—
5.
Paria facere, to equalize or balance a thing with any thing, to settle, pay (post-Aug.):
cum rationibus domini paria facere,
to pay. Col. 1, 8, 13; 11, 1, 24. —
(β).
Trop.:
cum aliter beneficium detur, aliter reddatur, paria facere difficile est,
to return like for like, to repay with the same coin, Sen. Ben. 3, 9, 2: denique debet poenas: non est quod cum illo paria faciamus, repay him, id. Ira, 3, 25, 1:
nihil differamus, cotidie cum vitā paria faciamus,
settle our accounts with life, id. Ep. 101, 7; Plin. 2, 86, 88, § 202; so,
parem rationem facere,
Sen. Ep. 19, 10.—
6.
Ludere par impar, to play at even and odd, Hor. S. 2, 3, 248: August. ap. Suet. Aug. 71 fin. —
7.
Ex pari, adverb., in an equal manner, on an equal footing (post-Aug.):
sapiens cum diis ex pari vivit,
Sen. Ep. 59, 14.
II.
Transf., subst.
A.
pār, păris, m., a companion, comrade, mate, spouse:
plebs venit, et adcumbit cum pare quisque suo,
Ov. F. 3, 526:
jungi cum pare suā,
id. ib. 3, 193:
edicere est ausus cum illo suo pari, quem omnibus vitiis superare cupiebat, ut, etc.,
Cic. Pis. 8, 18.—Esp., a table companion, = omoklinos:
atque ibi opulentus tibi par forte obvenerit,
Plaut. Trin. 2, 4, 68 Brix ad loc.:
cedo parem quem pepigi,
id. Pers. 5, 1, 15 (v. also I. A. g. supra).—
B.
pār, păris, n., a pair:
gladiatorum par nobilissimum,
Cic. Opt. Gen. Or. 6, 17:
ecce tibi geminum in scelere par,
id. Phil. 11, 1, 2:
par nobile fratrum,
Hor. S. 2, 3, 243:
par columbarum,
Ov. M. 13, 833:
par mularum,
Gai. Inst. 3, 212:
par oculorum,
Suet. Rhet. 5:
tria aut quatuor paria amicorum,
Cic. Lael. 4, 15:
scyphorum paria complura,
id. Verr. 2, 2, 19, § 47:
paria (gladiatorum) ordinaria et postulaticia,
Sen. Ep. 7, 3: pocula oleaginea paria duo, Lab. Dig. 32, 1, 30.Hence, adv.: părĭter, equally, in an equal degree, in like manner, as well.
A.
In gen.: dispartiantur patris bona pariter, Afran. ap. Non. 375, 1:
ut nostra in amicos benevolentia illorum erga nos benevolentiae pariter aequaliterque respondeat,
Cic. Lael. 16, 56:
laetamur amicorum laetitiā aeque atque nostrā, et pariter dolemus angoribus,
id. Fin. 1, 20, 65:
caritate non pariter omnes egemus,
id. Off. 2, 8, 30:
ut pariter extrema terminentur,
id. Or. 12, 38; Phaedr. 5, 2, 10:
et gustandi et pariter tangendi magna judicia sunt,
Cic. N. D. 2, 58, 146:
nulla pro sociā obtinet, pariter omnes viles sunt,
id. ib. 80, 7; Quint. 9, 3, 102:
cuncta pariter Romanis adversa,
Tac. A. 1, 64: tantumdem est;
feriunt pariter,
all the same, nevertheless, Juv. 3, 298.—
(β).
With cum:
Siculi mecum pariter moleste ferent,
Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 67, § 173:
pariter nobiscum progredi,
Auct. Her. 3, 1, 1; Verg. A. 1, 572.—
(γ).
With ut, atque ( ac):
is ex se hunc reliquit filium pariter moratum, ut pater avusque hujus fuit,
Plaut. Aul. prol. 21:
pariter hoc fit, atque ut alia facta sunt,
id. Am. 4, 1, 11:
vultu pariter atque animo varius,
Sall. J. 113, 3:
pariter ac si hostis adesset,
id. ib. 46, 6.—
(δ).
With et... et:
pariterque et ad se tuendum et ad hostem petendum,
Liv. 31, 35:
pariter et habitus et nomina edocebuntur,
Quint. 1, 1, 25; Ov. M. 11, 556.—
(ε).
With dat. (in late poets, and once in Liv.):
pariter ultimae (gentes) propinquis, imperio parerent,
the remotest as well as the nearest, Liv. 38, 16; Stat. Th. 5, 121; Claud. Rapt. Pros. 1, 166.—
* (ζ).
With qualis:
pariter suades, qualis es,
Plaut. Rud. 3, 6, 37. —
B.
In partic.
1.
Like simul, of equality in time or in association, at the same time, together:
nam plura castella Pompeius pariter, distinendae manūs causā, tentaverat,
at the same time, together, Caes. B. C. 3, 52:
pariter decurrere,
Liv. 22, 4, 6:
ut pariter et socii rem inciperent,
id. 3, 22, 6; 10, 5, 7; 26, 48 fin.; cf.:
plura simul invadimus, si aut tam infirma sunt, ut pariter impelli possint, aut, etc.,
Quint. 5, 13, 11; so,
pariter multos invadere,
id. 5, 7, 5:
pariter ire,
id. 1, 1, 14; 1, 12, 4; Tac. H. 4. 56; Plin. 26, 8, 40, § 66.—
(β).
With cum (so commonly in Cic.):
conchyliis omnibus contingere, ut cum lunā pariter crescant pariterque decrescant,
Cic. Div. 2, 14, 33; cf. id. de Or. 3, 3, 10:
studia doctrinae pariter cum aetate crescunt,
id. Sen. 14, 50:
pariter cum vitā sensus amittitur,
id. Tusc. 1, 11, 24:
equites pariter cum occasu solis expeditos educit,
Sall. J. 68, 2; 77, 1; 106, 5:
pariter cum collegā,
Liv. 10, 21, 14; 27, 17, 6.—
(γ).
With et, atque, que:
inventionem et dispositionem pariter exercent,
Quint. 10, 5, 14; 1, 1, 25:
quibus mens pariter atque oratio insurgat,
id. 12, 2, 28:
seriis jocisque pariter accommodato,
id. 6, 3, 110.—
(δ).
With dat. ( poet.), Stat. Th. 5, 122:
pariterque favillis Durescit glacies,
Claud. Rapt. Pros. 1, 165.—
2.
In order to give greater vivacity to the expression, reduplicated: pariter... pariter, as soon as ( poet. and in post-Aug prose):
hanc pariter vidit, pariter Calydo nius heros Optavit,
Ov. M. 8, 324; Plin. Ep. 8, 23 fin. —
3.
In like manner, likewise, also:
pariterque oppidani agere,
Sall. J. 60, 1:
postquam pariter nymphas incedere vidit,
Ov. M. 2, 445.

Lewis & Short latin dictionary > par
19 tumultus

tŭmultus, ūs ( gen. tumulti, Enn., Att., Afran., Turp., and Pompon. ap. Non. 489, 29 sq.; Plaut. Cas. 3, 5, 22; id. Poen. 1, 1, 79; Ter. And. 2, 2, 28; id. Hec. 3, 2, 21; Sall. C. 59, 5), m. [Sanscr. tumalas, tumulas, disturbing; cf. tumeo], an uproar, bustle, violent commotion, disturbance, tumult (freq. and class.; cf.: turba, perturbatio).
I.
Lit.
A.
In gen.: quid hoc hic clamoris, quid hoc hic tumulti est? Enn. ap. Non. 489, 29 (Trag. v. 204 Vahl.):
quis sonitu ac tumultu tanto nomine nominat me atque pulsat aedes?
Plaut. Bacch. 5, 2, 1:
magno cum strepitu ac tumultu castris egressi,
Caes. B. G. 2, 11;
so with strepitus,
id. ib. 6, 7; Liv. 25, 23, 17:
cum omnia terrore ac tumultu streperent,
id. 25, 25, 9:
arx inter tumultum capta est,
id. 28, 19, 18:
numquae trepidatio? numqui tumultus?
Cic. Dejot. 7, 20;
so with trepidatio,
Liv. 25, 13, 10:
urbi, sine vestro motu ac sine ullo tumultu, satis esset praesidii,
Cic. Cat. 2, 12, 26:
turbae ac tumultūs concitatores,
Liv. 25, 4, 10:
repentino tumultu perterriti,
Caes. B. G. 7, 47:
tumultu armorum et cantuum truces,
Tac. A. 4, 47:
verborum,
id. H. 1, 85:
Acheron rapitur tumultu ingenti,
Sen. Herc. Fur. 714:
urbis,
Tib. 2, 3, 43.— Plur.:
inque repentinos convivia versa tumultus,
Ov. M. 5, 5:
ille caecos instare tumultus Saepe monet,
Verg. G. 1, 464:
canunt ignes subitosque tumultus,
Manil. 1, 894:
novos moveat F ortuna tumultus,
Hor. S. 2, 2, 126.—
2.
Of thunder, storm, etc.:
tremendo Juppiter ipse ruens tumultu,
i. e. the roar of thunder, Hor. C. 1, 16, 12; cf. Ov. M. 3, 308:
vides, quanto trepidet tumultu Pronus Orion,
storm, tempest, Hor. C. 3, 27, 17:
(me) per Aegaeos tumultus Aura feret,
id. ib. 3, 29, 63:
pelagi caelique,
Luc. 5, 592:
maris,
Sen. Herc. Fur. 1091.—
3.
Of the body: stomacho tumultum Lenta feret pituita, i. e. a rumbling of the bowels, Hor. S. 2, 2, 75; Sen. Thyest. 999.—
B.
In partic.
1.
In milit. lang., a sudden or impending war, civil war, insurrection, tumult, sedition, rebellion: potest enim esse bellum ut tumultus non sit, tumultus esse sine bello non potest. Quid est enim aliud tumultus nisi perturbatio tanta, ut major timor oriatur? unde etiam nomen ductum est tumultus. Itaque majores nostri tumultum Italicum, quod erat domesticus;
tumultum Gallicum, quod erat Italiae finitimus, praeterea nullum nominabant. Gravius autem tumultum esse quam bellum hinc intellegi licet, quod bello vacationes valent, tumultu non valent,
Cic. Phil. 8, 1, 2 sq.:
censeo tumultum decerni,
that a state of civil war be proclaimed, id. ib. 5, 12, 31:
Bojorum gentem ad rebellionem spectare: ob eas res tumultum esse decrevit senatus,
Liv. 34, 56, 11; and:
tumultūs Gallici causā,
id. 7, 9, 6:
factum nuper in Italiā, servili tumultu,
Caes. B. G. 1, 40:
sedato tandem Istrico tumultu,
Liv. 41, 6, 1:
in Sardiniā magnum tumultum esse cognitum est,
id. 41, 6, 5:
hostilis,
Tac. A. 4, 29:
remedium tumultūs fuit alius tumultus,
id. H. 2, 68:
repentino tumultu excitae,
Just. 2, 4, 22; Flor. 3, 19, 2:
tumultus magis quam proelium fuit,
Curt. 6, 5, 12.—
2.
Excitement, anxiety:
supremo die exquirens, an jam de se tumultus foris esset,
Suet. Aug. 99:
alteri apud alteros formidinem simul et tumultum facere,
Sall. J. 53, 7; cf.:
cui lapis externus curae est, urbisque tumultus,
Tib. 2, 3, 43.—
II.
Trop. ( poet. and in post-Aug. prose).
A.
Disturbance, disquietude, agitation, tumult of the mind or feelings:
tumultus Mentis,
Hor. C. 2, 16, 10; Luc. 7, 183:
pulsata tumultu pectora, Petr. poët. 123: sceleris tumultus,
Hor. S. 2, 3, 208.—
B.
Of speech, confusion, disorder:
sermonis,
Plin. 7, 12, 10, § 55:
criminum,
Quint. Decl. 1, 4.

Lewis & Short latin dictionary > tumultus
20 vicina

vīcīnus, a, um, adj. [vicus], near, neighboring, in the neighborhood or vicinity.
I.
Lit.
A.
Adj. (mostly poet.; cf.:
contiguus, finitimus): taberna,
Hor. Ep. 1, 14, 24:
silva,
id. C. 3, 29, 39:
oppidum,
id. Epod. 5, 44:
urbes,
id. A. P. 66; Verg. G. 1, 510:
sedes astris,
id. A. 5, 759:
caelo Olympum,
Tib. 4, 1, 131:
heu quam vicina est ultima terra mihi!
Ov. Tr. 3, 4, 52:
bellum,
Liv. 1, 14, 6.— Poet.:
jurgia,
i.e. of neighbors, Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 171.—With gen.:
ora vicina perusti aetheris,
Luc. 9, 432.— Comp.:
ni convexa foret (terra), parti vicinior esset,
Ov. F. 6, 275.—
B.
Substt.
1.
vīcīnus, i, m., a neighbor (the predom. signif. of the word):
Eutychus Tuus... vicinus proximus,
Plaut. Merc. 2, 4, 7; so,
proximus,
Cic. Cat. 2, 10, 21; Dig. 50, 15, 4:
ceteri finitimi ac vicini,
Cic. Sull. 20, 58:
vel tribules vel vicinos meos,
id. Rosc. Am. 16, 47:
si te interioribus vicinis tuis anteponis,
id. Q. Fr. 1, 2, 2, § 7:
bonus sane vicinus,
Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 132:
vicine Palaemon,
Verg. E. 3, 53.—
b.
Transf., of time, a contemporary: Tertullianus vicinus eorum temporum, Hier. Script. Eccl. Luc.—
2.
vīcīna, ae, f., a neighbor:
ego huc transeo in proximum ad meam vicinam,
Plaut. Cas. 2, 1, 2; 3, 3, 16; Ter. And. 1, 1, 78; id. Hec. 4, 4, 98; Quint. 5, 11, 28; Hor. C. 3, 19, 24.—With gen.:
Fides in Capitolio vicina Jovis,
Cic. Off. 3, 29, 104:
anus vicina loci,
Ov. F. 6, 399.—
3.
vīcīnum, i, n., a neighboring place, the neighborhood, vicinity (mostly post-Aug.):
stellae in vicino terrae,
Plin. 2, 16, 13, § 68; so,
in vicino,
id. 6, 26, 30, § 122; Cels. 2, 6 fin.; Sen. Brev. Vit. 15, 3:
ex (e) vicino,
Col. 7, 2, 4; Plin. 23, 8, 75, § 145.— Plur.:
amnis rigans vicina,
Plin. 6, 18, 22, § 65; Ov. M. 1, 573.—With gen.:
in Syriae vicina pervenire,
Plin. 16, 32, 59, § 135.—
II.
Trop., nearly resembling in quality or nature, like, similar, kindred, allied (class.):
dialecticorum scientia vicina et finitima eloquentiae,
Cic. Or. 32, 113:
vicina praedictae, sed amplior virtus,
Quint. 8, 3, 83:
in his rebus, quibus nomina sua sunt, vicinis potius uti,
id. 8, 6, 35:
vicina virtutibus vitia,
id. 8, 3, 7: quod est hupoptôsei vicinum, id. 9, 2, 58:
odor croco vicinus est,
Plin. 21, 9, 29, § 53; cf. id. 21, 18, 69, § 115:
cui vicinum est, non negare quod obicitur,
Quint. 6, 3, 81.— Comp.:
ferrum molle plumboque vicinius,
Plin. 34, 14, 41, § 143.—
b.
Absol.:
non ex eodem sed ex diverso vicinum accipitur,
Quint. 9, 3, 68:
multum ab amethysto distat hyacinthos, tamen e vicino descendens,
Plin. 37, 9, 41, § 125 (al. ab vicino tamen colore descendens).—Hence, adv.: vīcīnē, in the neighborhood, near by (late Lat.): (fluvius) quantum crescit aquis, pisces vicinius offert, nearer by, Ven. Carm. 3, 12, 11:
vicinissime frui,
Aug. Doctr. Chr. 1, 33 fin.

Lewis & Short latin dictionary > vicina

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