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1 ἠθικός
Aἦθος 11
) moral, opp. διανοητικός, Arist.EN 1103a5, al.; τὰ ἠθικά a treatise on morals, Id.Pol. 1295a36, cf. Democr.4a;οἱ ἠ. λόγοι Phld. Herc.1251.13
; τὸ ἠ. φιλοσοφίας, opp. φυσικόν, διαλεκτικόν, D.L. Prooem.18;ἡ ἠ. φιλοσοφία Str.1.1.18
; ἡ ἠ. alone, Ph.1.370.II showing moral character, expressive thereof, ; πῶς.. τοὺς λόγους ἠ. ποιητέον ib. 1391b22, cf. 1395b13;ἠ. τραγῳδία Id.Po. 1456a1
; ἡ Ἰλιὰς παθητικόν, ἡ δὲ Ὀδύσσεια ἠ. ib. 1459b15; ἠ. μέλη, ἁρμονίαι, Id.Pol. 1341b34, 1342a3 ([comp] Sup.); οὐκ ἔστιν ὁ αὐλὸς ἠθικόν, ἀλλὰ.. ὀργιαστικόν ib. 1341a21; ἠ. γραφεύς, ἀγαλματοποιός, ib. 1340a38; ἠθικὴ ἡ ἐν ὀφθαλμοῖς the expression of character by the eyes, Philostr. Gym.25. Adv. -κῶς, λεκτέον (opp. ἀποδεικτικῶς) Arist.Rh. 1418a39; ἠ. μειδιάσας laughing expressively, Plu.Brut.51;ἐπικροτεῖν τὸ μετακάρπιον Aristaenet.1.27
; in character, Demetr.Eloc. 216; naturally, ib. 297. -
2 κρύσταλλος
Grammatical information: m.Derivatives: κρυστάλλιον `id.' ( PHolm.), also plant-name = ψύλλιον (Dsc.; because of the cooling effect, Strömberg Pflanzennamen 83); κρυστάλλ-ινος `icy-cold' (Hp.), `of rock-crystall' (D. C.), - ώδης `icy, crystalclear' (Ptol., PHolm.); κρυσταλλ-όομαι `freeze' (Ph.), - ίζω `glow like crystal' (Apoc.); further κρυσταίνομαι `freeze' (Nic. Al. 314), prob. free analogical formation to κρύσταλλος after other cases of the interchange ν: λ (diff. Schwyzer 706; ?).Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: The word is sonnected (Chantraine Formation 247, Schwyzer 484) with Lat. crusta `bark, crust'. However, this is wrong as the Latin word has a quite different meaning: `the hard surface of a body, the rind, shell, crust, bark' which protects it' (Lewis and Short); so it has nothing to do with cold; it is used of flumen, indicating a covering or crust of ice, but this is an incidental use, a metaphor, not the central aspect of the meaning. The word, then, has nothing to do with words for `cold, ice'. (Its etymology with κρύος must therefore be given up; there is no other proposal.) - As Kuiper FS Kretschmer 1, 215 n. 16 remarked the word is Pre-Greek because of the suffix - αλλο- (all Greek words in - αλλο- are of Pre-Greek origin; there are no Greek words of IE origin with this suffix; it is not - αλ- with expressively geminated λ (as Chantraine often says) and not from κρύ-ος as then the formation cannot be explained. This is confirmed by the variant κρόστ-. The word means `ice' and was also used for rock-crystal, probably because this looks like (a piece of) ice, as it is transparant (in antiquity this was very remarkable). Pliny (37, 23) still thinks it is ice. We now know that rock-crystal is a mineral; it is quartz, a silicate (SiO₂). The semi-precious amethyst and agate are varieties. S. Beekes, FS Kortlandt.See also: s. κρύοςGreek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > κρύσταλλος
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3 πτύ̄ω
πτύ̄ωGrammatical information: v.Meaning: `to spew, to spit' (Hom.).Other forms: Aor. πτύ-σαι (Hom.), pass. πτυ-σθῆναι, - ῆναι (Hp.), fut. πτύσ-ω, - ομαι (IA.), perf. ἔπτυκα (late).Derivatives: 1. ἀπό-, κατά-πτυστος `worth to be spat upon, abominable' (Anacr., trag., also Att. prose); 2. πτύσις ( ἔκ-, ἔμ-, ἀνά-) f. `the spewing' (Hp., Arist.); 3. πτυσμός m. `id.' (Hp.); 4. πτύσμα ( ἔμ-, ἀπό-, κατά-) n. `spittle' (Hp., Plb., LXX); 5. ἀπο-πτυστήρ m. "the spitter" (Opp.); 6. πτυάς, - άδος f. des. of a venomous snake (Gal. a. o.); 7. πτύ-αλον, - ελον n. (- ος m.) `spittle' (Hp., Arist.), from which - αλώδης `spittle-like', - αλίζω, - ελίζω `to secrete spittle' with - αλισμός (- ελ-) m. (Hp.).Origin: IE [Indo-European] [999] *spi̯(e)uH- `spew, spit'Etymology: Beside the present πτύ̄-ω with long vowel (Schwyzer 686, Chantraine Gramm. hom. 1, 373) there is the aorist πτῠ́-σαι with short vowel as in ἐρῠ́-σαι, ἀρῠ́-σαι a.o.; after this πτῠ́-σις and with anorganic σ πτύσ-μα, - μός a.o. -- Onomatop. expression, found in several languages in somewhat varying form: Lat. spuō, Germ., e.g. Goth. speiwan, Lith. spiáu-ju, -ti (from * spieuH-?), and in Skt. (niḥ-)ṣṭhī́vati (spiHu̯-? with t-v dissimilated from p-v); without s- as πτύω: CS pljujǫ, plǰьvati (from *pi̯u-\/pi̯uu̯-?), Arm. t`uk` `spittle' with t`k`-anem `spew, spit'; with diff. sequence of sounds Alb. pshtyj (Mann Lang. 26, 387). Greek πτ- can, if old, agree with Arm. t` ; if for older πι̯- OCS plǰujǫ and Lith. spiáuju can be compared. On the attempts to reduce the deviating forms to one preform, cf. Schwyzer 325 Zus. 3, WP. 2, 683 (Pok. 999f.), W.-Hofmann s. spuō (all w. lit.); further Collinder Ein indoeuropäisches Wohllautgesetz (Uppsala 1943) 9 f., 14. Well-founded objections against assuming a strict base-form for this popular-expressive expression in Persson Beitr. 1, 270 and Ernout-Meillet s. spuō. -- Greek too presents several variants: ἀπο-, ἐκ-πῡ-τίζω (Hp., com., Arist.; simplex πυτιζω only EM), prob. expressively enlarged with dissimilation (Lat. LW [loanword] pytissāre, cf. Leumann Kl. Schr. 159 w. n.1); Dor. ἐπι-φθύσδω = ἐπιπτύω (Theoc.); ψύττει πτύει and σίαι πτύσαι. Πάφιοι H. with σίαλον (s.d.).Page in Frisk: 2,617-618Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > πτύ̄ω
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