et)+mat

ψίᾰθ-ος [pron. full] [ῐ], ἡ (also ὁ, read by Callistr. in Ar.Ra. 567, cf. Sch. ad loc. ( 575)), also [full] ψίεθος, Antig.Mir.97, Ostr.Bodl. iii 228 (i A. D.), etc. (condemned by Phryn.281):—

A a rush-mat, used for sleeping on, Hesperia 5.382 (Athens, v. B.C.), Ar.Ra. 567, Lys. 921, Arist.HA 559b3, Thphr. HP4.8.4, 9.4.4; ἐκ τῆς αὐτῆς ψ. γεγονώς, prov. of persons in like condition, bedfellow, Com.Adesp.789 (anap. (?)); [dialect] Dor. pl. acc.

ψιάθως Ar.Ach. 874

.

II blind, Apollod.Poliorc.169.6.

III perh. sack,

χόρτου πλήρης Sor.1.83

; used for carriage of wool or stone, PCair.Zen. 430, 518 (iii B. C.).

ψιᾰθ-ώδης, ες,

A like a mat, Eust. 1344.45, Sch.Ar.Ach.72, etc.

ὠλέν-η, ἡ,

A elbow, or rather the arm from the elbow downwards (cf.

ὦμος 1.1

), h.Merc. 388, A.Pr.60, S.Tr. 926, etc.;

περίβαλλ' ὠλένας Ar.Ra. 1322

(lyr.): freq. in E., ὠλέναις, ἐν ὠλέναισιν φέρειν, HF 1381, Ba. 1238;

μεταίρειν ἐν ὠλέναις IT 1158

;

ὠλέναις λαβεῖν Ba. 1125

codd.;

ἀπ' ὠλένης βαλεῖν Ph. 1375

;

φίλην ὀρέξετ' ὠλένην; Med. 902

;

περὶ ὠλένας δέρᾳ βαλεῖν Ph. 165

(lyr., cf. 307, 311);

εἰς ὠλένας τινὸς δοῦναί τι Tr. 1142

; ὠ. ἄκραι the hands, IT 283; ἴσας δέ μοι ψήφους διηρίθμησε Παλλὰς ὠλένῃ is dub. l. ib. 966: in later Prose, Luc.D Deor.20.10, al. (of the wing-bone of a bird, Id.Icar.3): Cleitorian (Arc.) word acc. to AB1096.

2 στεφάναι is glossed by αἱ τῶν βωμῶν ὠλέναι, Hsch.

3 mat, mattress, gloss on Lat. torus (which has these and other senses), Gloss.: cf. ὠλήν, ὠλενοστρόφος. (Lat. ulna, OHG. elina, OE. eln, el-bogi, 'ell, elbow'; Goth. aleina; also Skt. aratni/s, OSlav. lak[ucaron]t[icaron], Lith. uolektìs (all = elbow and ell); cf. ὠλλόν and ἄλαξ.)

ὠλεν-ίς, ίδος, ἡ,

A mat or bundle, Poll.10.170.

ὠλενοστρόφος, ὁ,

A mat-maker, PPetr.3p.173 (iii B. C.), BGU 1528 (iii B. C.); toranus (leg. torarius) = ωλενος· τροφος, Gloss.: cf.

ὠλένη 3

and ὠλήν.

ὠλήν, ένος, ὁ, collat. form of ὠλένη,

A = βραχίων, Suid. s.vv. ὠλένη (where gen. ὠλῆνος ) and ὠλήν: esp. in sense mat (cf.

ὠλένη 3

),

ἐὰν ἐκ τῆς καλάμης ὠλένας ποιήσας κύκλῳ περὶ τοὺς σιροὺς περιτείνῃς αὐτούς Ph.Bel.88.4

(cf. ὄλινοι· κριθῆς δεσμοί, Hsch.): ὠλένων δορωσίμων mentioned in brick-building accounts, PPetr.3p.139 (iii. B.C.); also fem.,

τὰς ὠλένας τοῦ ἐλαιουργίου διπλᾶς ποίησον PFay.110.29

(i A. D.), cf. Jahresh.26 Beibl.54 (Ephes., i A. D., ὀλένας lapis): they were straw mats used to bind together layers of bricks, καλαμίδας τὰς νῦν λεγομένας ὠλένας, ἐπεὶ ἀπὸ καλάμων γίνονται, ἢ τοὺς θηλυκοὺς καλάμους τοὺς πρὸς σύνδεσμον τῶν πλινθίνων καταστρωμάτων τῆς οἰκοδομίας (AB 269, cf. EM485.30): ὠλένες in pl. = matting for a roof, Hsch. s.v. κόνυζα ( ὠλένων cod., rightly).

ῥίψ, ῥῑπός, ἡ (later also ὁ, Arist.Pr. 911b11),

A plaited work of osiers or rushes, wicker-work, mat, φράξε δέ μιν [σχεδίην] ῥίπεσσι διαμπερὲς οἰσυΐνῃσι, κύματος εἶλαρ ἔμεν, evidently as a kind of bulwark (cf. παράρρυμα), Od.5.256;

ῥιψὶ καταστεγάζειν Hdt.4.71

;

πάρεξις ῥιπῶν SIG57.32

(Milet., V B.C.): prov.,

θεοῦ θέλοντος κἂν ἐπὶ ῥιπὸς πλέοις E. Fr. 397

, cf. Ar. Pax 699, Luc.Herm.28, Favorin. in PVat.11.7.27; cf. ῥῖπος.

ῥῖπος, εος, τό,= ῥίψ,

A mat or hurdle, ῥίπεϊ καλάμων v.l. in Hdt.2.96;

ἀχύρων ῥ.

Docum.Ant.dell' Africa Italiana

1.86

, al. (Cyrene, iv B.C.): also [full] ῥῖπος, ὁ, Aen.Tact.29.6 (pl.), PPetr.3p.328 (pl.), Agatharch. 63, Dsc.1.45.

Grammatical information: v.

Meaning: `reap corn, cut, (mow down)' (Il.)

Other forms: Homer often has long α-, no doubt m.c. (Chantr. Gr. hom. 111)

Compounds: esp. in ἀπ-, διαμάω `cut off', mow, harvest' (Od.).

Derivatives: ἄμητος m. `harvest' (Hom.; on the accent s. LSJ), ἀμητήρ `reaper' (Il.).

Origin: IE [Indo-European]X [probably] [703] * h₂meh₁- `mow'

Etymology: The etym. depends on the original meaning, which in this case is not quite clear: `mow', `cut', or even `scrape' ( δι-, s. DELG s.v.) - If connected with OHG māen, OE māwan `mow' we have a root * h₂meh₁-; ἄμητος could then be identical with MHG māt, OE mæd `reaping'. ἀμάω through assimilation of h₂...h₁ or a...e or late rebuilding of *amēie- (Peters 91 n. 41), or from ἀμ- \< * h₂mh₁- before vowel + - αω. Lat. meto could be connected as * h₂m-et-. Much more doubtful is Hitt. ḫamešḫ(a)- `summer, harvest-time'. See Bechtel Lex. - Not here ἄμη `shovel' acc. to Schulze Q. 365 A. 3; Solmsen Wortforschung 195 connects it with OCS jama `pit, quarry'; Morgenstierne Acta orientalia 7, 200 connects Pashto yūm `spade'; cf. Pok. 502 (but it is doubtful whether a PIE root * ieh₂m- is permissible). - The verb δι-αμάω is separated from ἀμάω `mow' by Irigoin, LfgrE. On ἄμαλλα `sheaf' and ἀμάρα `canal' s.v.

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Grammatical information: m.

Meaning: `weel, lobster pot' (Sapph., Pl., Arist., pap.), also `bird-cage' (AP);

Compounds: Comp. κυρτο-βόλος `fisherman' (Smyrna).

Derivatives: κύρτη f. `bird-cage' (Archil.), `bow-net' (Hdt., D. S.), `strainer' (Nic.). Diminut. κυρτίς `strainer' (Nic., Dsc., Opp.), - ίδιον `strainer' (Dsc.); also κυρτίον name of an unknown chariot-part (Poll. 1, 143). Further κυρτία `wicker shield' (D. S.), κυρτεύς `fisherman' (Herod., Opp.) with κυρτευτής `id.' (AP) and κυρτεία `fishing with the bow-net' (Ael.) from *κυρτεύω or analogically after ἁλι-ευτής, - εία; cf. Boßhardt Die Nom. auf - ευς 68. Here further κυρσερίδες τὰ τῶν μελισσῶν ἀγγεῖα, κυψελίδες H., from *κυρσέρα(?), after κρησέρα `fine sieve'; Grošelj Živa Ant. 3, 202.

Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]

Etymology: One assumed IE. *kr̥t-o- (Schwyzer 351), but κάρταλ(λ)ος is Pre=Greek. One connects also Skt. káṭa- m. `wicker-work, mat' (prob. wrongly). Further there is a western term for `wicker-work, hurdle' in Germ., e.g. OHG hurt, pl. hurdi, for which one assumes IE. *kr̥t-i-, and Lat. crātis, but this would point to a disyllabic root (* krHti-), for which there is further no evidence. A primary verb is supposed in the nasal present kr̥-ṇá-t-ti `spin' with kart-tar- m. `spinner'. Further W.-Hofmann s. crātis, Feist Et. Wb. d. got. Spr. s. haúrds, Pok. 584f. - Quite diff. Müller-Graupa Glotta 31, 132: κύρτος prop. `wicker-work', substantivized from κυρτός. This simple interpretation presupposes, that κυρτός prop. means `tristed, twined' (after M. -G. `crooked, bent'), what fits badly to the facts, or that κύρτος prop. meant `vaulted, bellied'. So there is no convincing etymology. If κυρσ-ερ- belongs here, the word is rather Pre-Greek. Fur. 258 compares Hitt. kurtal(i)- `container of wood or wicker-work'. -

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Grammatical information: m.

Meaning: `gnat, mosquito' (A., Hdt. 2, 95. Arist.);

Compounds: Compp. e.g. κωνωπο-θήρας ὄρνις ὁ κώνωπας θηρεύων H.

Derivatives: κωνώπιον, Dimin. (Gal.), usu. `couch with mosquito-curtains' (LXX); - εών, - ῶνος m. `id.' (AP 9, 764 tit.).

Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]

Etymology: "Die Anknüpfung an κῶνος und ὤψ (ὄψ) mit Prellwitz u. A. leuchtet, trotz Fraenkel Nom. ag. 2, 42 n. 2 und Prellwitz Glotta 16, 152, kaum ein." After Spiegelberg KZ 41, 131 from Egypt. h̯amś `gnat' with adaptation to κῶνος [why?]. Also κωνώπιον would be folketymologically reshaped, i. e. from *κανώπιον, from the Egyptian town Canōpus, s. W.-Hofmann s. cōnōpium. (Not with Pisani ZDMG 98, 329 to Skt. mat-kuṇa- `bug'. - So there is no etymology; the word is prob. Pre-Greek (which has a suffix - ωπ-).

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Meaning: `boat-mat' used in boats called κάννα (dub. Poll. 10, 166)

Dialectal forms: LSJ gives πτακάλα or πτανάκα.

Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]X [probably]

Etymology: Unknown; the wor may well be Pre-Greek.

Grammatical information: f.,

Meaning: `willow rod, wickerwork, wattled mat, wattle' (Od., Hdt., Ar.).

Other forms: later also m., also ῥῖπος f. (v. l. Hdt. 2, 96, Cyrene IV^a), m. (hell. a. late).

Origin: XX [etym. unknown]

Etymology: No agreement outside Greek. Since long (Persson Stud. 165) connected with ῥίπτω: basic meaning of the verb `turn, wind', from where on the one hand `twine' with the root noun `wickerwork', on the other `throw'. In the same way Germ., e.g. Got. wairpan 'throw' to Lith. vir̃bas `twig, rod'. -- Cf. ῥίπτω (with which it cannot be cognate).

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Grammatical information: f.,

Meaning: `willow rod, wickerwork, wattled mat, wattle' (Od., Hdt., Ar.).

Other forms: later also m., also ῥῖπος f. (v. l. Hdt. 2, 96, Cyrene IV^a), m. (hell. a. late).

Origin: XX [etym. unknown]

Etymology: No agreement outside Greek. Since long (Persson Stud. 165) connected with ῥίπτω: basic meaning of the verb `turn, wind', from where on the one hand `twine' with the root noun `wickerwork', on the other `throw'. In the same way Germ., e.g. Got. wairpan 'throw' to Lith. vir̃bas `twig, rod'. -- Cf. ῥίπτω (with which it cannot be cognate).

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Grammatical information: m.

Meaning: `bulrush, mat of bulrush' (com. V^a).

Derivatives: - άκιον n. des. of a female ornament ( Com. Adesp.).

Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin] (S)

Etymology: Formation as οἶσαξ a.o. (s. on οἶσος): further unexplained. After Alcssio Studi etr. 19, 152 to pre-IE. * sam- `water, sea, swamp' (?); by Belardi Doxa 3, 219 rightly rejected. -- The suffix is Pre-Greek. (Not in Furnée.)

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αὐξάνω/αὔξω (both forms as early as Pindar with the shorter predominating, as usu. in the earlier lit.; later the longer form becomes more freq. [e.g., Just., D. 88, 2] and the shorter one [Epict.; Heraclit. Stoic. p. 2, 7; 78, 12; Hierocles the Stoic—II A.D.—in BKT IV pap 9780 col. 6, 16 p. 28f; SIG index; OGI 51, 12; 56, 9 and 22; POxy 1450, 3; 21; 4 Macc 13:22; OdeSol 11:19; *TestZeb 1:3; TestJos 19:4, based on the Armenian version, as rendered by Charles; GrBar; ParJer 9:16; EpArist 208; Philo, Aet. M. 71; Jos., Ant. 1, 61; 4, 59; Ar. 6, 3; Mel., Fgm. 8b, 8] becomes rare; both in the same sentence Aëtius 132, 13 αὐξανομένου τ. πάθους αὔξει κ. τὰ συμπτώματα) B-D-F §101; W-S. §15; Meisterhans³-Schw. 176; Mayser 465. Impf. ηὔξανον; fut. αὐξήσω and αὐξανῶ Gen 48:4; Lev 26:9; 1 aor. ηὔξησα. Pass.: fut. αὐξηθήσομαι LXX, En 5:9; aor. ηὐξήθην.

① to cause to become greater in extent, size, state, or quality, grow someth., cause to grow, increase trans. (Pind., Hdt., Pla. et al.; ins, pap, LXX; Jos., Ant. 2, 205 [Nägeli 35]) the fruits of righteousness 2 Cor 9:10. Abs. 1 Cor 3:6f=God made it grow; Hv 1, 1, 6; 3, 4, 1.

② to become greater, grow, increase intr.

ⓐ pass. used actively (Hes., Hdt.+; LXX; En oft.; on GrBar s. under b; Jos., Ant. 18, 129, Vi. 193; Ar. 6:3; Mel., HE 4, 26, 7; Did., Gen. 190, 25). Of humans and plants: the human race 1 Cl 33:6; B 6:12, 18 (Gen 1:28); children (Hdt. 5, 92, 5; Gen 21:8; 25; 27) 1 Pt 2:2; plants (Ps.-Phocyl. 38) Mt 13:32; Mk 4:8; καρπὸς αὐξανόμενος ibid. v.l. (Diosc., Mat. Med. 2, 199 add. πρὸ τοῦ τὸν καρπὸν αὐξηθῆναι).—Of nonphysical entities (Pind., N. 8, 40 αὔξεται δʼ ἀρετά = ἀρετή grows; Did., Gen. 119, 8 [of the soul]) the gospel Col 1:6; faith 2 Cor 10:15; knowledge Col 1:10; unrighteousness D 16:4. Cp. Lk 22:28 D.

ⓑ The use of the act. in the same intr. sense belongs to later Gk. (Aristot.; Polyb.; Diod S; Maximus Tyr. 6, 4f; Olympiodor., Comm. in Alcib. Plat. 18 ed. Creuzer 1821: αὐξούσης τ. σελήνης; PGM 4, 2553; 13, 65; EpArist 208; GrBar; Jos., Ant. 2, 189; 4, 59; Ar. 12, 2; POxy 1778, 13; Just., D. 88, 2; not LXX) lit. of plants Mt 6:28; Lk 12:27; Ox 655, 9f (ASyn. 67, 33; on the last 3 passages s. ξαίνω); Lk 13:19. ἐκ τοῦ ἑνὸς πλείονα fr. one ( grain) many grow 1 Cl 24:5. Of children Lk 1:80; 2:40. Of a people Ac 7:17. Of a house εἰς ναόν Eph 2:21. Of the word of God Ac 6:7; 12:24; 19:20 (on the theme of growth s. DBalch, SBLSP ’89, 354; cp. Polyb. 6, 43, 2). αὐ. τὴν αὔξησιν Col 2:19; ἔν τινι 2 Pt 3:18; αὐ. εἰς Χριστόν grow up into (union w.) Christ Eph 4:15. Abs. Mt 20:28 v.l. = Agr 22; ὡ̣ς … αὔξι̣ν̣ [=αὔξειν] … τὴν̣ ψ̣υ̣χ̣ὴν τοῦ Παῦλου so that … Paul’s spirits rose AcPl Ha 6, 10. Of Jesus increase J 3:30. This is usu. considered a direct ref. to success in attracting followers, but αὐ. can also be used of the increase of sunlight (Calendarium of Antiochus [c. 200 A.D.] on Dec. 25 Ἡλίου γενέθλιον• αὔξει φῶς [FBoll, SBHeidAk 1910, 16; Abh. p. 40ff]; Cosmas of Jerusalem [FCumont, Natalis Invicti: Extr. des compt. rend. de l’Ac. des Inscr. et Bell. Lett. 1911, 292f]). Cp. 3:19–21, where φῶς occurs five times, and marks the leading concept. May this not also be true of 3:30? At any rate the Gk. and Lat. fathers understood 3:30 in the solar sense. S. also on ἐλαττοῦσθαι and s. ENorden, D. Geburt des Kindes 1924, 99–112.—DELG s.v. αὔξω. M-M. TW.

αὐξάνω/αὔξω (both forms as early as Pindar with the shorter predominating, as usu. in the earlier lit.; later the longer form becomes more freq. [e.g., Just., D. 88, 2] and the shorter one [Epict.; Heraclit. Stoic. p. 2, 7; 78, 12; Hierocles the Stoic—II A.D.—in BKT IV pap 9780 col. 6, 16 p. 28f; SIG index; OGI 51, 12; 56, 9 and 22; POxy 1450, 3; 21; 4 Macc 13:22; OdeSol 11:19; *TestZeb 1:3; TestJos 19:4, based on the Armenian version, as rendered by Charles; GrBar; ParJer 9:16; EpArist 208; Philo, Aet. M. 71; Jos., Ant. 1, 61; 4, 59; Ar. 6, 3; Mel., Fgm. 8b, 8] becomes rare; both in the same sentence Aëtius 132, 13 αὐξανομένου τ. πάθους αὔξει κ. τὰ συμπτώματα) B-D-F §101; W-S. §15; Meisterhans³-Schw. 176; Mayser 465. Impf. ηὔξανον; fut. αὐξήσω and αὐξανῶ Gen 48:4; Lev 26:9; 1 aor. ηὔξησα. Pass.: fut. αὐξηθήσομαι LXX, En 5:9; aor. ηὐξήθην.

① to cause to become greater in extent, size, state, or quality, grow someth., cause to grow, increase trans. (Pind., Hdt., Pla. et al.; ins, pap, LXX; Jos., Ant. 2, 205 [Nägeli 35]) the fruits of righteousness 2 Cor 9:10. Abs. 1 Cor 3:6f=God made it grow; Hv 1, 1, 6; 3, 4, 1.

② to become greater, grow, increase intr.

ⓐ pass. used actively (Hes., Hdt.+; LXX; En oft.; on GrBar s. under b; Jos., Ant. 18, 129, Vi. 193; Ar. 6:3; Mel., HE 4, 26, 7; Did., Gen. 190, 25). Of humans and plants: the human race 1 Cl 33:6; B 6:12, 18 (Gen 1:28); children (Hdt. 5, 92, 5; Gen 21:8; 25; 27) 1 Pt 2:2; plants (Ps.-Phocyl. 38) Mt 13:32; Mk 4:8; καρπὸς αὐξανόμενος ibid. v.l. (Diosc., Mat. Med. 2, 199 add. πρὸ τοῦ τὸν καρπὸν αὐξηθῆναι).—Of nonphysical entities (Pind., N. 8, 40 αὔξεται δʼ ἀρετά = ἀρετή grows; Did., Gen. 119, 8 [of the soul]) the gospel Col 1:6; faith 2 Cor 10:15; knowledge Col 1:10; unrighteousness D 16:4. Cp. Lk 22:28 D.

ⓑ The use of the act. in the same intr. sense belongs to later Gk. (Aristot.; Polyb.; Diod S; Maximus Tyr. 6, 4f; Olympiodor., Comm. in Alcib. Plat. 18 ed. Creuzer 1821: αὐξούσης τ. σελήνης; PGM 4, 2553; 13, 65; EpArist 208; GrBar; Jos., Ant. 2, 189; 4, 59; Ar. 12, 2; POxy 1778, 13; Just., D. 88, 2; not LXX) lit. of plants Mt 6:28; Lk 12:27; Ox 655, 9f (ASyn. 67, 33; on the last 3 passages s. ξαίνω); Lk 13:19. ἐκ τοῦ ἑνὸς πλείονα fr. one ( grain) many grow 1 Cl 24:5. Of children Lk 1:80; 2:40. Of a people Ac 7:17. Of a house εἰς ναόν Eph 2:21. Of the word of God Ac 6:7; 12:24; 19:20 (on the theme of growth s. DBalch, SBLSP ’89, 354; cp. Polyb. 6, 43, 2). αὐ. τὴν αὔξησιν Col 2:19; ἔν τινι 2 Pt 3:18; αὐ. εἰς Χριστόν grow up into (union w.) Christ Eph 4:15. Abs. Mt 20:28 v.l. = Agr 22; ὡ̣ς … αὔξι̣ν̣ [=αὔξειν] … τὴν̣ ψ̣υ̣χ̣ὴν τοῦ Παῦλου so that … Paul’s spirits rose AcPl Ha 6, 10. Of Jesus increase J 3:30. This is usu. considered a direct ref. to success in attracting followers, but αὐ. can also be used of the increase of sunlight (Calendarium of Antiochus [c. 200 A.D.] on Dec. 25 Ἡλίου γενέθλιον• αὔξει φῶς [FBoll, SBHeidAk 1910, 16; Abh. p. 40ff]; Cosmas of Jerusalem [FCumont, Natalis Invicti: Extr. des compt. rend. de l’Ac. des Inscr. et Bell. Lett. 1911, 292f]). Cp. 3:19–21, where φῶς occurs five times, and marks the leading concept. May this not also be true of 3:30? At any rate the Gk. and Lat. fathers understood 3:30 in the solar sense. S. also on ἐλαττοῦσθαι and s. ENorden, D. Geburt des Kindes 1924, 99–112.—DELG s.v. αὔξω. M-M. TW.

καρπός, οῦ, ὁ (Hom.+) ‘fruit’ (the sing. used collectively: Diod S 3, 24, 1).

① product or outcome of someth., fruit

ⓐ in a physical sense

α. of plants: trees Mt 12:33; 21:19; Mk 11:14; Lk 6:44; 13:6f; IEph 14:2; Hs 1, 2, 1; 9, 1, 10; 9, 28, 1 and 3 (Did., Gen. 86, 3). Of the fruit of the vine (Jos., Ant. 2, 67; Ath 22:6) Mt 21:34; Mk 12:2; Lk 20:10; 1 Cor 9:7; 1 Cl 23:4; of a berry-bush B 7:8. Of field crops (Diod S 4, 4, 2; Ps.-Phoc. 38; SibOr 4, 16; Hippol., Ref. 7, 29, 5) 2 Ti 2:6; 1 Cl 24:4; qualified by τῆς γῆς Js 5:7a; cp. vs. 7b v.l.; 1 Cl 14:1 (Gen 4:3); GJs 3:3. συνάγειν τοὺς κ. (Lev 25:3) Lk 12:17; cp. J 4:36; ὅταν παραδοῖ ὁ κ. when the (condition of the) crop permits Mk 4:29 (‘fruit’=grain as Ps.-Scylax, Peripl. §93 p. 36 Fabr. [πυροὺς κ. κριθάς]). βλαστάνειν τὸν κ. produce crops Js 5:18 (βλαστάνω 1). ποιεῖν κ. (=עָשָׂה פְרִי) bear or yield fruit (Gen 1:11f; 4 Km 19:30; Ezk 17:23; ParJer 9:16, 19.—Diosc., Mat. Med. 2, 195) Mt 3:10 (s. δένδρον); 7:17ff; 13:26; Lk 3:9; 6:43; 8:8; 13:9; Rv 22:2a. Also διδόναι (=נָתַן פְּרִי; Lev 26:20; Dt 11:17; Ps 1:3; Zech 8:12) Mt 13:8; Mk 4:7f; B 11:6 (Ps 1:3); Hs 2:4; 5, 2, 4. φέρειν (Apollon. Rhod. 4, 1396–99b; Jo 2:22; Hos 9:16; Jos., Ant. 3, 11; SibOr 2, 320; Did., Gen. 31, 3) Mt 7:18a v.l.; J 12:24 (of the resurrection: ἐκφέρει 1 Cl 24:5); 15:2, 4; Hs 2:3, 8a. ἡ γῆ προφέρει τοὺς κ. αὐτῆς GJs 8:3. ἀποδιδόναι bear fruit (Lev 26:4) Rv 22:2b; Hs 2:8b; cp. Hb 12:11, but pay a person a portion of the fruit Mt 21:41. γεννᾶν κ. θανατηφόρον bear deadly fruit ITr 11:1 (in imagery, s. b below). κ. ἔχειν of trees Hs 9, 28, 3; of staffs 8, 1, 18; 8, 2, 1; 8, 3, 7; 8, 4, 6; 8, 5, 6; of Aaron’s staff (Num 17:23ff) 1 Cl 43:5.

β. of a human being: Hebraistically of offspring ὁ κ. τῆς κοιλίας the fruit of the womb (Gen 30:2; Ps 131:11; Mi 6:7; La 2:20; TestAbr A 6 p. 83, 14 [Stone p. 14]; Mel., P. 52, 384 [since the central mng. of κοιλία is someth. ‘hollow’, in the Ps and Mi pass. κοιλία is used in the general sense of ‘body’ as the cavity from which someth. emanates]) Lk 1:42. τοῦ μὴ δοῦναί σοι καρπόν= to grant you no children GJs 2:3; cp. 6:3 (s. b below). Fr. the standpoint of a father: ὁ κ. τῆς ὀσφύος the fruit of his loins Ac 2:30; AcPl Ha 8, 14 (ἰσχύος Ox 1602, 12f/BMM recto 17).

ⓑ fig., in the spiritual (opp. physical) realm; sometimes the orig. figure is quite prominent; somet. it is more or less weakened: result, outcome, product (cp. Epict. 2, 1, 21 τῶν δογμάτων καρπός; IPriene 112, 14 [I B.C.] μόνη μεγίστους ἀποδίδωσιν καρπούς; Dio Chrys. 23 [40], 34 τῆς ἔχθρας καρπός) κ. τοῦ πνεύματος Gal 5:22 (a list of virtues following a list of vices as Cebes 19, 5; 20, 3; Ael. Aristid. 37, 27 K.=2 p. 27 D.). τοῦ φωτός Eph 5:9; κ. πολὺν φέρειν be very fruitful J 15:5, 8, 16. κ. δικαιοσύνης fruit of righteousness (cp. Epicurus, Fgm. 519 δικαιοσύνης καρπὸς μέγιστος ἀταραξία; Am 6:12; Pr 11:30; 13:2; EpArist 232) Phil 1:11; Js 3:18; Hs 9, 19, 2a; cp. ἔδωκέν μοι κύριος … καρπὸν δικαιοσύνης αὐτοῦ GJs 6:3 (of the birth of Mary; s. β above); κ. εἰρηνικὸς δικαιοσύνης peaceful fruit of righteousness Hb 12:11. κ. ἀληθείας Hs 9, 19, 2b. The outcome of acting is a deed: ἀπὸ τῶν καρπῶν τινος ἐπιγινώσκειν τινά know someone by the person’s deeds, as one knows a tree by its fruits Mt 7:16, 20; Hs 4:5 (Proverbia Aesopi 51 P.: Δῆλος ἔλεγχος ὁ καρπὸς γενήσεται | παντὸς δένδρου ἣν ἔχει φύσιν=its fruit will be for every tree a clear proof of its nature). γεννᾶν καρπὸν θανατηφόρον bear deadly fruit ITr 11:1 (s. 1aα); moral performance as fruit vs. 2 (accord. to the imagery, Christians are branches of the cross as their trunk and their deeds are the produce). Fruit of martyrdom Hs 9, 28, 4. ποιεῖν τοὺς καρποὺς αὐτῆς (=τῆς βασιλείας τ. θεοῦ) prove fruitful for the kingdom ποιεῖν καρπὸν ἄξιον τῆς μετανοίας Mt 21:43. bear fruit consistent with repentance 3:8; the pl. in the parallel Lk 3:8 is farther removed fr. the orig. picture: καρποί = ἔργα (cp. Pr 10:16). καρποὶ ἀγαθοί Js 3:17. Cp. Dg 12:1. τίνα καρπὸν ἄξιον … (δώσομεν); what fruit (are we to bring to Christ that would be) worthy of what he has given us? 2 Cl 1:3. Of the outcome of life in sin as well as in righteousness Ro 6:21f (of the results of evil e.g., Oenomaus Fgm. 2m [in Eus., PE 5, 20, 10]); ταχὺς κ. (s. ταχ. 1a) 2 Cl 20:3. After an upright life καρπὸν προσδοκῶν Dg 12:6; cp. 12:8; resurrection as the reward after a miserable life ἔδονται τῆς ἑαυτῶν ὁδοῦ τοὺς κ. 2 Cl 19:3.—ἀφʼ οὗ καρποῦ ἡμεῖς (the suffering of Jesus,) the fruit from which we are, i.e. from which we derive our identity as Christians (the cross is here viewed as a tree on which Jesus hangs as the fruit: Ignatius probably thinks of Christians as germinated seeds) ISm 1:2.—Of the proceeds of a collection Ro 15:28.

ⓒ Hebraistically, a praise-offering as καρπὸς χειλέων (Hos 14:3; Pr 18:20; 31:31 v.l.; PsSol 15:3) Hb 13:15.

② advantage, gain, profit (Polyaenus 3, 9, 1 κ. τῆς ἀνδραγαθίας; EpArist 260 σοφίας κ.; Philo, Fug. 176 ἐπιστήμης; Jos., Ant. 20, 48 εὐσεβείας) κ. ἔργου gain from the labor Phil 1:22. οὐ δόμα, ἀλλὰ τὸν καρπόν not the gift, but the advantage (accruing to the Philippians fr. their generous giving) 4:17; κ. ἔχειν have fruit Ro 1:13.—B. 511. DELG 1 καρπός. EDNT. TW.

κενοφωνία, ας, ἡ (s. κενός, φωνέω; Diosc., Mat. Med. Praef. 2 W.; Porphyr., Adv. Christ. 58, 15 Harnack; Hesychius and Suda=ματαιολογία) talk that has no value, chatter, empty talk βέβηλοι κενοφωνίαι profane chatter i.e. devoid of Christian content 1 Ti 6:20; 2 Ti 2:16 (as v.l. in both pass. καινοφωνίαι contemporary jargon, unless this is simply a phonetic variant or itacism, since in this period αι was pronounced as ε).—M-M. TW.

κράτιστος, η, ον (Hom. et al.; IBM III/2, 482A, 6 et al.; pap, LXX, EpArist, Philo, Joseph. Isolated superl. of κρατύς ‘strong, mighty’) strongly affirmative honorary form of address, most noble, most excellent, used in address of pers. of varied social status. Of the governor of Judea (on formula of address to officials, s. Magie 31; 112; Hahn 259; OSeeck in Pauly-W. V 2006f; OHirschfeld, Kleine Schriften 1913, 651, 5; 654; Wilcken, Her. 20, 1885, 469ff; WSchubart, Einf. in d. Papyruskunde 1918, 259. Cp. PHerrmann, Inschriften von Sardeis: Chiron 23, ’93, 236 n. 13.—Jos., Ant. 20, 12; whether the Lat. rendering ‘vir egregius’ was applied in the first cent. to highly placed officials cannot be determined with certainty) Ac 23:26; 24:3; 26:25. In a form of polite address with no official connotation (Theophr., Char. 5; Dionys. Hal., De Orat. Ant. 1 ὦ κράτιστε Ἀμμαῖε; Jos., Vi. 430 κράτιστε ἀνδρῶν Ἐπαφρόδιτε [a freedman of Domitian, to whom Joseph. dedicated his Antiquities and his books against Apion]; likew. C. Ap. 1, 1 [but 2, 1 τιμιώτατέ μοι Ἐ.; 2, 296 simply his name]. κ. is also found in dedications Diosc., Mat. Med. I 3, 1f; Hermog., Inv. 3 p. 126, 2f; Artem. 236, 2f P.; Galen X 78; XIV 295; XIX 8 Kühn.—B-D-F §60, 2) Lk 1:3; Dg 1:1. S. Zahn, Einl. II³ 340; 365; 390, Ev. des Lk.^{3, 4} 1920, 56f; Cadbury, Making of Luke-Acts 314f; LAlexander, The Preface to Luke’s Gospel ’93 132f; 188–90 (the social status of Luke’s addressee remains undetermined).—M-M.