-
41 camion
грузовой автомобиль
—
[ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]EN
lorry
A large motor vehicle designed to carry heavy loads, especially one with a flat platform. (Source: CED)
[http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]Тематики
EN
DE
FR
Франко-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > camion
-
42 convention bilaterale
двусторонняя конвенция
—
[ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]EN
bilateral convention
An international agreement, especially one dealing with a specific matter, involving two or both sides, factions, or the like. (Source: RRDA)
[http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]Тематики
EN
DE
FR
Франко-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > convention bilaterale
-
43 crique
- слиточная рванина
- расслой
- небольшой залив
- деформационная рванина
- Дефекты поверхности, образовавшиеся в процессе деформации
деформационная рванина
Дефект поверхности в виде раскрытого разрыва, расположенного поперек или под углом к направлению наибольшей вытяжки металла при прокатке или ковке, образовавшийся вследствие пониженной пластичности металла.
Примечания:
1. Причина пониженной пластичности обусловлена технологией выплавки металла или нарушением режимов нагрева или деформации.
2. На микрошлифе в зоне дефекта наблюдаются разветвленные разрывы металла.
[ ГОСТ 21014-88]Недопустимые, нерекомендуемые
Тематики
EN
DE
FR
небольшой залив
—
[ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]EN
creek
A narrow inlet or bay, especially of the sea. (Source: CED)
[http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]Тематики
EN
DE
FR
расслой
Дефект при формовании металлического порошка, заключающийся в появлении трещин в порошковой формовке во время цикла формования.
[ ГОСТ 17359-82]Тематики
EN
DE
FR
слиточная рванина
Дефект поверхности в виде разрыва, образовавшегося в начале прокатки (ковки) по участкам слитка, пораженным дефектами.
Примечание. Дефект обусловлен нарушением технологии выплавки и разливки металла.
[ ГОСТ 21014-88]Недопустимые, нерекомендуемые
Тематики
EN
DE
FR
Ндп. Сотовая рвань
D. Brandriss Von Blocken, Queraufbrüche
E. Ingot hot tear
F. Crique
Дефект поверхности в виде разрыва, образовавшегося в начале прокатки (ковки) по участкам слитка, пораженным дефектами.
Примечание. Дефект обусловлен нарушением технологии выплавки и разливки металла
Источник: ГОСТ 21014-88: Прокат черных металлов. Термины и определения дефектов поверхности оригинал документа
Дефекты поверхности, образовавшиеся в процессе деформации
Ндп. Рвань
D. Brandriss
Е. Hot tears
F. Crique
Дефект поверхности в виде раскрытого разрыва, расположенного поперек или под углом к направлению наибольшей вытяжки металла при прокатке или ковке, образовавшийся вследствие пониженной пластичности металла.
Примечания:
1. Причина пониженной пластичности обусловлена технологией выплавки металла или нарушением режимов нагрева или деформации.
2. На микрошлифе в зоне дефекта наблюдаются разветвленные разрывы металла.
Источник: ГОСТ 21014-88: Прокат черных металлов. Термины и определения дефектов поверхности оригинал документа
82. Расслой
D. Pressriss
E. Pressing crack
F. Crique
Источник: ГОСТ 17359-82: Порошковая металлургия. Термины и определения оригинал документа
Ндп. Рвань
D. Brandriss
Е. Hot tears
F. Crique
Источник: ГОСТ 21014-88: Прокат черных металлов. Термины и определения дефектов поверхности оригинал документа
Франко-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > crique
-
44 courant admissible, m
(длительный) допустимый ток
Максимальное значение электрического тока, который может протекать длительно по проводнику, устройству или аппарату при определенных условиях без превышения определенного значения их температуры в установившемся режиме
[ ГОСТ Р МЭК 60050-826-2009]
Этот ток обозначают IZ
[ ГОСТ Р 50571. 1-2009 ( МЭК 60364-1: 2005)]EN
(continuous) current-carrying capacity
ampacity (US)
maximum value of electric current which can be carried continuously by a conductor, a device or an apparatus, under specified conditions without its steady-state temperature exceeding a specified value
[IEV number 826-11-13]
ampacity
The current in amperes that a conductor can carry continuously under the conditions of use without exceeding its temperature rating.
[National Electrical Cod]FR
courant (permanent) admissible, m
valeur maximale du courant électrique qui peut parcourir en permanence, un conducteur, un dispositif ou un appareil, sans que sa température de régime permanent, dans des conditions données, soit supérieure à la valeur spécifiée
[IEV number 826-11-13]Ampacity, the term is defined as the maximum amount of current a cable can carry before sustaining immediate or progressive deterioration. Also described as current rating or current-carrying capacity, is the RMS electric current which a device can continuously carry while remaining within its temperature rating. The ampacity of a cable depends on:
- its insulation temperature rating;
- conductor electrical properties for current;
- frequency, in the case of alternating currents;
- ability to dissipate heat, which depends on cable geometry and its surroundings;
- ambient temperature.
Electric wires have some resistance, and electric current flowing through them causes voltage drop and power dissipation, which heats the cable. Copper or aluminum can conduct a large amount of current before melting, but long before the conductors melt, their insulation would be damaged by the heat.
The ampacity for a power cable is thus based on physical and electrical properties of the material & construction of the conductor and of its insulation, ambient temperature, and environmental conditions adjacent to the cable. Having a large overall surface area may dissipate heat well if the environment can absorb the heat.
In a long run of cable, different conditions govern, and installation regulations normally specify that the most severe condition along the run governs the cable's rating. Cables run in wet or oily locations may carry a lower temperature rating than in a dry installation. Derating is necessary for multiple circuits in close proximity. When multiple cables are near, each contributes heat to the others and diminishes the amount of cooling air that can flow past the individual cables. The overall ampacity of the insulated conductors in a bundle of more than 3 must be derated, whether in a raceway or cable. Usually the de-rating factor is tabulated in a nation's wiring regulations.
Depending on the type of insulating material, common maximum allowable temperatures at the surface of the conductor are 60, 75 and 90 degrees Celsius, often with an ambient air temperature of 30°C. In the U.S., 105°C is allowed with ambient of 40°C, for larger power cables, especially those operating at more than 2 kV. Likewise, specific insulations are rated 150, 200 or 250°C.
The allowed current in cables generally needs to be decreased (derated) when the cable is covered with fireproofing material.
For example, the United States National Electric Code, Table 310-16, specifies that up to three 8 AWG copper wires having a common insulating material (THWN) in a raceway, cable, or direct burial has an ampacity of 50 A when the ambient air is 30°C, the conductor surface temperature allowed to be 75°C. A single insulated conductor in air has 70 A rating.
Ampacity rating is normally for continuous current, and short periods of overcurrent occur without harm in most cabling systems. The acceptable magnitude and duration of overcurrent is a more complex topic than ampacity.
When designing an electrical system, one will normally need to know the current rating for the following:- Wires
- Printed Circuit Board traces, where included
- Fuses
- Circuit breakers
- All or nearly all components used
Some devices are limited by power rating, and when this power rating occurs below their current limit, it is not necessary to know the current limit to design a system. A common example of this is lightbulb holders.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampacity]
Тематики
- электротехника, основные понятия
Синонимы
EN
DE
- Dauerstrombelastbarkeit, f
- Strombelastbarkeit, f
FR
- courant admissible, m
- courant permanent admissible, m
Франко-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > courant admissible, m
-
45 courant permanent admissible, m
(длительный) допустимый ток
Максимальное значение электрического тока, который может протекать длительно по проводнику, устройству или аппарату при определенных условиях без превышения определенного значения их температуры в установившемся режиме
[ ГОСТ Р МЭК 60050-826-2009]
Этот ток обозначают IZ
[ ГОСТ Р 50571. 1-2009 ( МЭК 60364-1: 2005)]EN
(continuous) current-carrying capacity
ampacity (US)
maximum value of electric current which can be carried continuously by a conductor, a device or an apparatus, under specified conditions without its steady-state temperature exceeding a specified value
[IEV number 826-11-13]
ampacity
The current in amperes that a conductor can carry continuously under the conditions of use without exceeding its temperature rating.
[National Electrical Cod]FR
courant (permanent) admissible, m
valeur maximale du courant électrique qui peut parcourir en permanence, un conducteur, un dispositif ou un appareil, sans que sa température de régime permanent, dans des conditions données, soit supérieure à la valeur spécifiée
[IEV number 826-11-13]Ampacity, the term is defined as the maximum amount of current a cable can carry before sustaining immediate or progressive deterioration. Also described as current rating or current-carrying capacity, is the RMS electric current which a device can continuously carry while remaining within its temperature rating. The ampacity of a cable depends on:
- its insulation temperature rating;
- conductor electrical properties for current;
- frequency, in the case of alternating currents;
- ability to dissipate heat, which depends on cable geometry and its surroundings;
- ambient temperature.
Electric wires have some resistance, and electric current flowing through them causes voltage drop and power dissipation, which heats the cable. Copper or aluminum can conduct a large amount of current before melting, but long before the conductors melt, their insulation would be damaged by the heat.
The ampacity for a power cable is thus based on physical and electrical properties of the material & construction of the conductor and of its insulation, ambient temperature, and environmental conditions adjacent to the cable. Having a large overall surface area may dissipate heat well if the environment can absorb the heat.
In a long run of cable, different conditions govern, and installation regulations normally specify that the most severe condition along the run governs the cable's rating. Cables run in wet or oily locations may carry a lower temperature rating than in a dry installation. Derating is necessary for multiple circuits in close proximity. When multiple cables are near, each contributes heat to the others and diminishes the amount of cooling air that can flow past the individual cables. The overall ampacity of the insulated conductors in a bundle of more than 3 must be derated, whether in a raceway or cable. Usually the de-rating factor is tabulated in a nation's wiring regulations.
Depending on the type of insulating material, common maximum allowable temperatures at the surface of the conductor are 60, 75 and 90 degrees Celsius, often with an ambient air temperature of 30°C. In the U.S., 105°C is allowed with ambient of 40°C, for larger power cables, especially those operating at more than 2 kV. Likewise, specific insulations are rated 150, 200 or 250°C.
The allowed current in cables generally needs to be decreased (derated) when the cable is covered with fireproofing material.
For example, the United States National Electric Code, Table 310-16, specifies that up to three 8 AWG copper wires having a common insulating material (THWN) in a raceway, cable, or direct burial has an ampacity of 50 A when the ambient air is 30°C, the conductor surface temperature allowed to be 75°C. A single insulated conductor in air has 70 A rating.
Ampacity rating is normally for continuous current, and short periods of overcurrent occur without harm in most cabling systems. The acceptable magnitude and duration of overcurrent is a more complex topic than ampacity.
When designing an electrical system, one will normally need to know the current rating for the following:- Wires
- Printed Circuit Board traces, where included
- Fuses
- Circuit breakers
- All or nearly all components used
Some devices are limited by power rating, and when this power rating occurs below their current limit, it is not necessary to know the current limit to design a system. A common example of this is lightbulb holders.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampacity]
Тематики
- электротехника, основные понятия
Синонимы
EN
DE
- Dauerstrombelastbarkeit, f
- Strombelastbarkeit, f
FR
- courant admissible, m
- courant permanent admissible, m
Франко-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > courant permanent admissible, m
-
46 document d'urbanisme
документ городского развития
—
[ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]EN
urban development document
A written or printed text furnishing proposals or procedures for the improvement of living conditions, especially housing, for the inhabitants of a city or densely populated area. (Source: RHW)
[http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]Тематики
EN
DE
FR
Франко-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > document d'urbanisme
-
47 vallée
долина
—
[ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]EN
valley
Any low-lying land bordered by higher ground; especially an elongate, relatively large, gently sloping depression of the Earth's surface, commonly situated between two mountains or between ranges of hills or mountains, and often containing a stream with an outlet. It is usually developed by stream erosion, but may be formed by faulting. (Source: BJGEO)
[http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]Тематики
EN
DE
FR
Франко-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > vallée
-
48 cheptel sur pied
домашний скот
—
[ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]EN
livestock
Cattle, horses, and similar animals kept for domestic use especially on a farm. (Source: CED)
[http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]Тематики
EN
DE
FR
Франко-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > cheptel sur pied
-
49 route
дорога
Комплекс транспортных и инженерных сооружений, предназначенных для движения определенных видов сухопутного транспорта
[Терминологический словарь по строительству на 12 языках (ВНИИИС Госстроя СССР)]Тематики
- дороги, мосты, тоннели, аэродромы
EN
DE
FR
курс
Направление, которое стремится сохранить движущееся судно.
[ ГОСТ Р 52682-2006]Тематики
- средства навигации, наблюдения, управления
EN
DE
FR
шоссе
—
[ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]EN
highway
A public road especially an important road that joins cities or towns together. (Source: CAMB)
[http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]Тематики
EN
DE
FR
Франко-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > route
-
50 arboriculture
древоводство
—
[ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]EN
arboriculture
The planting and care of woody plants, especially trees. (Source: AMHER)
[http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]Тематики
EN
DE
FR
Франко-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > arboriculture
-
51 gare ferroviaire
железнодорожная станция
—
[ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]EN
railway station
A place along a route or line at which a train stops to pick up or let off passengers or goods, especially with ancillary buildings and services. (Source: CED)
[http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]Тематики
EN
DE
FR
Франко-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > gare ferroviaire
-
52 tourbičre
заболоченная местность
—
[ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]EN
moor
A tract of unenclosed waste ground, usually covered with heather, coarse grass, bracken, and moss. (Source: CED)
[http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]Тематики
EN
DE
FR
трясина
—
[ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]EN
bog
A commonly used term in Scotland and Ireland for a stretch waterlogged, spongy ground, chiefly composed of decaying vegetable matter, especially of rushes, cotton grass, and sphagnum moss. (Source: WHIT)
[http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]Тематики
EN
DE
FR
Франко-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > tourbičre
-
53 droit rural
- закон, касающийся сельских районов
закон, касающийся сельских районов
—
[ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]EN
rural law
A binding rule or body of rules prescribed by a government pertaining to matters of importance to residents of sparsely populated regions, especially agricultural and other economic issues. (Source: RUR)
[http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]Тематики
EN
DE
FR
Франко-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > droit rural
-
54 législation environnementale sur l'agriculture
законодательство в области сельского хозяйства
—
[ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]EN
environmental legislation on agriculture
A binding rule or body of rules prescribed by a government to regulate any aspect of farm and livestock production that poses a threat to ecological integrity and human health, especially the use of pesticides, fertilizers and land. (Source: TOE / BLD)
[http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]Тематики
EN
DE
FR
Франко-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > législation environnementale sur l'agriculture
-
55 réserve naturelle
заповедник природный
Заповедник, являющийся уникальным участком природы
[Терминологический словарь по строительству на 12 языках (ВНИИИС Госстроя СССР)]EN
DE
FR
природный заповедник
—
[ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]EN
nature reserve
Areas allocated to preserve and protect certain animals and plants, or both. They differ from national park, which are largely a place for public recreation, because they are provided exclusively to protect species for their own sake. Endangered species are increasingly being kept in nature reserves to prevent them from extinction, particularly in India, Indonesia and some African countries. Natural reserves were used once to preserve the animals that landowners hunted, but, in the 19th century, they became places where animals were kept to prevent them from dying out. Special refuges and sanctuaries are also often designated to protect certain species or groups of wild animals or plants, especially if their numbers and distribution have been significantly reduced. They also serve as a place for more plentiful species to rest, breed or winter. Many parts of the world also have marine and aquatic reserves to protect different species of sea or freshwater plant and animal life. (Source: WRIGHT)
[http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]Тематики
EN
DE
FR
Франко-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > réserve naturelle
-
56 enquęte d'utilité publique
запрос по поводу общественной полезности
—
[ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]EN
public benefit inquiry
An investigation, especially a formal one conducted into a matter of public utility by a body constituted for that purpose by a government, local authority, or other organization. (Source: CED)
[http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]Тематики
EN
DE
FR
Франко-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > enquęte d'utilité publique
-
57 augmentation de la salinité de l'eau
засоление воды
—
[ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]EN
water salination
Process by which water becomes more salty, found especially in hot countries where irrigation is practised. (Source: PHC)
[http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]Тематики
EN
DE
FR
Франко-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > augmentation de la salinité de l'eau
-
58 espace de loisirs
зона отдыха
—
[ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]EN
recreational area
A piece of publicly owned land, especially in a town, used for sports and games. (Source: CAMB)
[http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]Тематики
EN
DE
FR
Франко-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > espace de loisirs
-
59 parc zoologique
зоологический сад
—
[ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]EN
zoological garden
Area in which animals, especially wild animals, are kept so that people can go and look at them, or study them. (Source: CAMB)
[http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]Тематики
EN
DE
FR
Франко-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > parc zoologique
-
60 infestation des cultures
инвазия посевов сельскохозяйственных культур
—
[ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]EN
infestation of crops
Invasion of crop by parasites. Among vertebrate animals, many crop pests are mammals, especially in the order of rodents and birds. Among invertebrates, certain species of gastropods and a large number of roundworms from the class of nematodes harm crops. The most varied and numerous species of crop pests are arthropods-insects, arachnids and some species of millipedes and crustaceans. Diseases vary from viral, bacterial, and nutritional to fungal, environmental and non-specific. The FAO has estimated that annual worldwide losses done by plant pests and diseases amount to approximately 20-25% of the potential worldwide yield of food crops. (Source: RRDA / WPR)
[http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]Тематики
EN
DE
FR
Франко-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > infestation des cultures
См. также в других словарях:
especially — ► ADVERB 1) in particular. 2) to a great extent; very much. USAGE The words especially and specially are not interchangeable, although both can mean ‘particularly’. Only especially means ‘in particular’, as in he despised them all, especially… … English terms dictionary
Especially — Es*pe cial*ly, adv. In an especial manner; chiefly; particularly; peculiarly; in an uncommon degree. [1913 Webster] … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
especially — index a fortiori, particularly Burton s Legal Thesaurus. William C. Burton. 2006 … Law dictionary
especially — c.1400, from ESPECIAL (Cf. especial) + LY (Cf. ly) (2) … Etymology dictionary
especially — [adv] exceptionally, particularly abnormally, above all, before all else, chiefly, conspicuously, curiously, eminently, exclusively, expressly, extraordinarily, in particular, in specie, mainly, markedly, notably, oddly, outstandingly, peculiarly … New thesaurus
especially — [e spesh′əl ē, i spesh′əl ē] adv. particularly; mainly; to a marked degree; unusually … English World dictionary
especially — es|pe|cial|ly W1S1 [ıˈspeʃəli] adv 1.) [sentence adverb] used to emphasize that something is more important or happens more with one particular thing than with others = ↑particularly ▪ I never liked long walks, especially in winter. ▪ Art books… … Dictionary of contemporary English
especially — es|pe|cial|ly [ ı speʃli ] adverb *** 1. ) used when mentioning conditions that make something more relevant, important, or true: PARTICULARLY: It was a very cold house, especially in the winter. especially because/since: He did not want to upset … Usage of the words and phrases in modern English
especially — /I speSFli/ also specially spoken adverb 1 (sentence adverb) used to emphasize that something is more important or happens more with one particular thing than with others: Crime is growing at a rapid rate, especially in urban areas. 2 (+ adj/adv) … Longman dictionary of contemporary English
especially */*/*/ — UK [ɪˈspeʃ(ə)lɪ] / US adverb 1) used when mentioning conditions that make something more relevant, important, or true It was a very cold house, especially in winter. especially as/because/since: He did not want to upset his father, especially as… … English dictionary
especially — especial, especially, special, specially 1. There is no longer any great difficulty with especial because special has all but driven it out, although it is still used occasionally to refer principally to exceptional personal qualities or… … Modern English usage