enliven

κατ-ᾴδω, un[var] contr. [suff] κατ-αείδω,

A sing to: hence,

I trans., charm, appease by singing, τινα D.H.4.29, Plu.2.745e, Luc.JTr.39, Philops. 31: c. dat., sing a spell or incantation ([etym.] ἐπῳδή) to..,

καταείδοντες.. τῷ ἀνέμῳ Hdt.7.191

:—[voice] Pass., to be induced by charms to do a thing, c. inf., Ael.NA5.25 (dub. l.).

b κ. δεῖπνον enliven a repast by song, Id.VH7.2.

2 sing in mockery, Luc.DMort.2.2:—[voice] Pass., to have another sing before one, Id.Bis Acc.16.

3 fill with song,

τὰς λόχμας Longus 1.9

: c. gen.,

ἀηδὼν κ. τῶν ἐρημαίων Χωρίων Ael.NA 1.43

.

II c. acc. cogn., sing by way of incantation,

κατῇδε βάρβαρα μέλη μαγεύουσ' E.IT 1337

.

III intr., sing from above or sing throughout a place, of birds or insects, Ael.VH3.1, NA1.20.

λαμβάνω (Hom.+) impf. ἐλάμβανον; fut. λήμψομαι (PTurin II, 3, 48; POxy 1664, 12; on the μ s. Mayser 194f; Thackeray 108ff; B-D-F §101; W-S. §5, 30; Mlt-H. 106; 246f; Reinhold 46f; WSchulze, Orthographica 1894.—On the middle s. B-D-F §77); 2 aor. ἔλαβον, impv. λάβε (B-D-F §101 p. 53 s.v. λαμβάνειν; W-S. §6, 7d; Mlt-H. 209 n. 1), impv. 3 pl. λαβέτωσαν (LXX; GJs 4:2); pf. εἴληφα (DRinge, Glotta 62, ’84, 125–28), 2 sing. εἴληφας and εἴληφες Rv 11:17 v.l. (W-S. §13, 16 note; Mlt-H. 221), ptc. εἰληφώς. Pass.: fut. 3 pl. ληφθήσονται Jdth 6:9; aor. εἰλήφθην LXX; pf. 3 sing. εἴληπται; plpf. 3 sg. εἴληπτο (Just., D. 132, 3). For Attic inscriptional forms s. Threatte II 645. In the following divisions, nos. 1–9 focus on an active role, whereas 10 suggests passivity.

① to get hold of someth. by laying hands on or grasping someth., directly or indirectly, take, take hold of, grasp, take in hand ἄρτον (Diod S 14, 105, 3 ῥάβδον; TestSol 2:8 D τὴν σφραγῖδα; TestJob 23:10 ψαλίδα) Mt 26:26a; Mk 14:22a; Ac 27:35. τ. βιβλίον (Tob 7:14) Rv 5:8f. τ. κάλαμον Mt 27:30. λαμπάδας take (in hand) (Strattis Com. [V B.C.], Fgm. 37 K. λαβόντες λαμπάδας) 25:1, 3. λαβέτωσαν ἀνὰ λαμπάδα GJs 7:2. μάχαιραν draw the sword (Gen 34:25; Jos., Vi. 173 [cp. JosAs 23:2 τὴν ῥομφαίαν]) Mt 26:52. Abs. λάβετε take (this) Mt 26:26b; Mk 14:22b.— Take hold of (me) GHb 356, 39=ISm 3:2.—ἔλαβέ με ἡ μήτηρ μου τὸ ἅγιον πνεῦμα ἐν μιᾷ τῶν τριχῶν μου my mother, the Holy Spirit, took me by one of my hairs GHb 20, 63. Ἐλισάβεδ … λαβουμένη (λαβοῦσα codd.) αὐτὸν ἀνέβη ἐν τῇ ὀρεινῇ E. took (John) and went up into the hill-country GJs 22:3. λαβών is somet. used somewhat pleonastically to enliven the narrative, as in Hom. (Od. 24, 398) and dramatists (Soph., Oed. R. 1391 et al.), but also in accord w. Hebr. usage (JViteau, Étude sur le Grec du NT 1893, 191; Dalman, Worte 16ff; Wlh., Einleitung² 1911, 14; B-D-F §419, 1 and 2; s. Rob. 1127; s., e.g., ApcBar 2:1 λαβών με ἤγαγε; Josh 2:4; Horapollo 2, 88 τούτους λαβὼν κατορύττει) Mt 13:31, 33; Mk 9:36; Lk 13:19, 21; J 12:3; Ac 9:25; 16:3; Hs 5, 2, 4. The ptc. can here be rendered by the prep. with (B-D-F §418, 5; Rob. 1127) λαβὼν τὴν σπεῖραν ἔρχεται he came with a detachment J 18:3 (cp. Soph., Trach. 259 στρατὸν λαβὼν ἔρχεται; ApcrEsd 6, 17 p. 31, 24 Tdf. λαβὼν … στρατιὰν ἀγγέλων). λαβὼν τὸ αἷμα … τὸν λαὸν ἐρράντισε with the blood he sprinkled the people Hb 9:19 (cp. ParJer 9:32 λαβόντες τὸν λίθον ἔθηκαν ἐπὶ τὸ μνῆμα αὐτοῦ ‘they crowned his tomb with a stone’; Mel., P. 14, 88 λαβόντες δὲ τὸ … αἶμα). Different is the periphrastic aor. ptc. use of λ. w. ἔχει: Dg 10:6 ἃ παρὰ τοῦ θεοῦ λαβὼν ἔχει what the pers. has received fr. God (cp. Eur., Bacchae 302 μεταλαβὼν ἔχει; Goodwin §47; Gildersleeve, Syntax §295; Schwyzer I, 812). Freq. parataxis takes the place of the ptc. constr. (B-D-F §419, 5) ἔλαβε τὸν Ἰησοῦν καὶ ἐμαστίγωσεν (instead of λαβὼν τ. Ἰ. ἐ.) he had Jesus scourged J 19:1. λαβεῖν τὸν ἄρτον … καὶ βαλεῖν throw the bread Mt 15:26; Mk 7:27. ἔλαβον τὰ ἱμάτια αὐτοῦ καὶ ἐποίησαν τέσσερα μέρη they divided his garments into four parts J 19:23.—In transf. sense ἀφορμὴν λ. find opportunity Ro 7:8, 11 (s. ἀφορμή); ὑπόδειγμα λ. take as an example Js 5:10; so also λ. alone, λάβωμεν Ἐνώχ 1 Cl 9:3.—Of the cross as a symbol of the martyr’s death take upon oneself Mt 10:38 (cp. Pind., P. 2, 93 [171] λ. ζυγόν). We may class here ἔλαβεν τὰ ἱμάτια αὐτοῦ he put his clothes on J 13:12 (cp. Hdt. 2, 37; 4, 78; GrBar 9:7 τὸν ὄφιν ἔλαβεν ἔνδυμα). Prob. sim. μορφὴν δούλου λ. put on the form of a slave Phil 2:7.—Of food and drink take (cp. Bel 37 Theod.) Mk 15:23. ὅτε ἔλαβεν τὸ ὄξος J 19:30; λαβὼν τροφὴν ἐνίσχυσεν Ac 9:19; τροφὴν … λα[βεῖν] AcPl Ha 1, 19. (βρέφος) ἔλαβε μασθὸν ἐκ τῆς μητρὸς αὐτοῦ Μαρίας (the infant) took the breast of his mother Mary GJs 19:2.—1 Ti 4:4 (s. 10b below) could also belong here.

② to take away, remove (τὴν ψυχήν ApcEsdr 6:16 p. 31, 23 Tdf.) with or without the use of force τὰ ἀργύρια take away the silver coins (fr. the temple) Mt 27:6. τὰς ἀσθενείας diseases 8:17. τὸν στέφανον Rv 3:11. τὴν εἰρήνην ἐκ τῆς γῆς remove peace from the earth 6:4 (λ. τι ἐκ as UPZ 125, 13 ὸ̔ εἴληφεν ἐξ οἴκου; 2 Ch 16:2; TestSol 4:15 D; TestAbr B 7 p. 111, 12 [Stone p. 70]; Mel., P. 55, 403).

③ to take into one’s possession, take, acquire τὶ someth. τὸν χιτῶνα Mt 5:40. οὐδὲ ἕν J 3:27. ἑαυτῷ βασιλείαν obtain kingly power for himself Lk 19:12 (cp. Jos., Ant. 13, 220). λ. γυναῖκα take a wife (Eur., Alc. 324; X., Cyr. 8, 4, 16; Gen 4:19; 6:2; Tob 1:9; TestSol 26:1; TestJob 45:3; ParJer 8:3; Jos., Ant. 1, 253; Just., D. 116, 3; 141, 4) Mk 12:19–21; 22 v.l.; Lk 20:28–31 (s. also the vv.ll. in 14:20 and 1 Cor 7:28). Of his life, that Jesus voluntarily gives up, in order to take possession of it again on his own authority J 10:18a. [ἀπολείπ]ετε τὸ σκότος, λάβεται τὸ φῶς [abandon] the darkness, seize the light AcPl Ha 8, 32. ἑαυτῷ τ. τιμὴν λ. take the honor upon oneself Hb 5:4.—Lay hands on, seize w. acc. of the pers. who is seized by force (Hom. et al.; LXX; mid. w. gen. Just., A II, 2, 10, D. 105, 3) Mt 21:35, 39; Mk 12:3, 8. Of an evil spirit that seizes the sick man Lk 9:39 (cp. PGM 7, 613 εἴλημπται ὑπὸ τοῦ δαίμονος; TestSol 17:2 εἰ λήμψομαί τινα, εὐθέως ἀναιρῶ αὐτὸν τῷ ξίφει; Jos., Ant. 4, 119 ὅταν ἡμᾶς τὸ τοῦ θεοῦ λάβῃ πνεῦμα; Just., A I, 18, 4 ψυχαῖς ἀποθανόντων λαμβανόμενοι).—Esp. of feelings, emotions seize, come upon τινά someone (Hom. et al.; Ex 15:15; Wsd 11:12; Jos., Ant. 2, 139; 14, 57) ἔκστασις ἔλαβεν ἅπαντας amazement seized (them) all Lk 5:26. φόβος 7:16. Sim. πειρασμὸς ὑμᾶς οὐκ εἴληφεν εἰ μὴ ἀνθρώπινος 1 Cor 10:13.—Of hunting and fishing: catch (X., Cyr. 1, 4, 9; Aelian, VH 4, 14) οὐδέν Lk 5:5=J 21:6 v.l. Fig. εἴ τις λαμβάνει (ὑμᾶς) if someone puts something over on you, takes advantage of you 2 Cor 11:20 (the exx. cited in Field, Notes, 184f refer to material plunder, whereas Paul appears to point to efforts of his opposition to control the Corinthians’ thinking for their own political purposes; also s. CLattey, JTS 44, ’43, 148); in related vein δόλῳ τινὰ λ. catch someone by a trick 12:16.

④ to take payment, receive, accept, of taxes, etc. collect the two-drachma tax Mt 17:24; tithes Hb 7:8f; portion of the fruit as rent Mt 21:34. τὶ ἀπό τινος someth. fr. someone (Plut., Mor. 209d, Aem. Paul. 5, 9) 17:25. παρὰ τῶν γεωργῶν λ. ἀπὸ τῶν καρπῶν collect a share of the fruit fr. the vinedressers Mk 12:2.—τὶ παρά τινος someth. fr. someone (Aristarch. Sam. p. 352, 4; Jos., Ant. 5, 275; Just., D. 22, 11; Tat. 19, 1) οὐ παρὰ ἀνθρώπου τὴν μαρτυρίαν λ. the testimony which I receive is not from a human being or I will not accept mere human testimony (PSI 395, 6 [241 B.C.] σύμβολον λαβὲ παρʼ αὐτῶν=have them give you a receipt) J 5:34; cp. vs. 44; 3:11, 32f.

⑤ to include in an experience, take up, receive τινὰ someone εἰς into (Wsd 8:18) lit. εἰς τὸ πλοῖον take someone (up) into the boat J 6:21. εἰς οἰκίαν receive someone into one’s house 2J 10. εἰς τὰ ἴδια into his own home J 19:27. Receive someone in the sense of recognizing the other’s authority J 1:12; 5:43ab; 13:20abcd.—οἱ ὑπηρέται ῥαπίσμασιν αὐτὸν ἔλαβον Mk 14:65 does not mean ‘the servants took him into custody with blows’ (BWeiss, al.), but is a colloquialism (s. B-D-F §198, 3, w. citation of AcJo 90 [Aa II 196, 1] τί εἰ ῥαπίσμασίν μοι ἔλαβες; ‘what if you had laid blows on me?’) the servants treated him to blows (Moffatt: ‘treated him to cuffs and slaps’), or even ‘got’ him w. blows, ‘worked him over’ (perh. a Latinism; Cicero, Tusc. 2, 14, 34 verberibus accipere. B-D-F §5, 3b; s. Rob. 530f); the v.l. ἔβαλον is the result of failure to recognize this rare usage. καλῶς ἔλαβόν σε; have (the young women) treated you well? Hs 9, 11, 8.

⑥ to make a choice, choose, select πᾶς ἀρχιερεὺς ἐξ ἀνθρώπων λαμβανόμενος who is chosen fr. among human beings Hb 5:1 (cp. Num 8:6; Am 2:11; Just., D. 130, 3). The emphasis is not on gender but the human status of the chief priest in contrast to that of the unique Messiah vs. 5.

⑦ to accept as true, receive τὶ someth. fig. τὰ ῥήματά τινος receive someone’s words (and use them as a guide) J 12:48; 17:8; AcPl Ha 1, 6 (s. καρδία 1bβ). τὸν λόγον receive the teaching Mt 13:20; Mk 4:16 (for μετὰ χαρᾶς λ. cp. PIand 13, 18 ἵνα μετὰ χαρᾶς σε ἀπολάβωμεν).

⑧ to enter into a close relationship, receive, make one’s own, apprehend/comprehend mentally or spiritually (Soph., Pla. et al.) of the mystical apprehension of Christ (opp. κατελήμφθην ὑπὸ Χριστοῦ) ἔλαβον (i.e. Χριστόν) I have made (him) my own Phil 3:12.

⑨ Special uses: the OT is the source of λαμβάνειν πρόσωπον show partiality/favoritism (s. πρόσωπον 1bα end) Lk 20:21; Gal 2:6; B 19:4; D 4:3.—θάρσος λ. take courage s. θάρσος; πεῖράν τινος λ. try someth. (Pla., Prot. 342a; 348a, Gorg. 448a; X., Cyr. 6, 1, 28; Polyb. 1, 75, 7; 2, 32, 5; 5, 100, 10; Aelian, VH 12, 22; Dt 28:56; Jos., Ant. 8, 166; diff. Dio Chrys. 50, 6) Hb 11:29 (this expr. has a different mng. in vs. 36; s. 10b below).—συμβούλιον λαμβάνειν consult (with someone), lit. ‘take counsel’, is a Latinism (consilium capere; s. B-D-F §5, 3b; Rob. 109) Mt 27:7; 28:12; w. ὅπως foll. 22:15; foll. by κατά τινος against someone and ὅπως 12:14; foll. by κατά τινος and ὥστε 27:1. οὐ λήψῃ βουλὴν πονηρὰν κατὰ τοῦ πλησίον σου D 2:6.

⑩ to be a receiver, receive, get, obtain

ⓐ abs. λαβών (of a hungry hog) when it has received someth. B 10:3. (Opp. αἰτεῖν, as Appian, Fgm. [I p. 532–36 Viereck-R.] 23 αἰτεῖτε καὶ λαμβάνετε; PGM 4, 2172) Mt 7:8; Lk 11:10; J 16:24. (Opp. διδόναι as Thu. 2, 97, 4 λαμβάνειν μᾶλλον ἢ διδόναι; Ael. Aristid. 34 p. 645 D.; Herm. Wr. 5, 10b; Philo, Deus Imm. 57; SibOr 3, 511) Mt 10:8; Ac 20:35; B 14:1; but in D 1:5 λ. rather has the ‘active’ sense accept a donation (as ἵνα λάβῃ ἐξουσίαν TestJob 8:2).

ⓑ w. acc. of thing τὶ someth. (Da 2:6; OdeSol 11:4 σύνεσιν; TestJob 24:9 τρεῖς ἄρτους al.; ApcEsdr 5:13 p. 30, 11 Tdf. τὴν ψυχήν) τὸ ψωμίον receive the piece of bread J 13:30. ὕδωρ ζωῆς δωρεάν water of life without cost Rv 22:17. μισθόν (q.v. 1 and 2a) Mt 10:41ab; J 4:36; 1 Cor 3:8, 14; AcPlCor 2:36 (TestSol 1:2, 10). Money: ἀργύρια Mt 28:15; ἀνὰ δηνάριον a denarius each Mt 20:9f. ἐλεημοσύνην Ac 3:3. βραχύ τι a little or a bite J 6:7; eternal life Mk 10:30 (Jos., C. Ap. 2, 218 βίον ἀμείνω λαβεῖν); the Spirit (schol. on Plato 856e ἄνωθεν λαμβάνειν τὸ πνεῦμα) J 7:39; Ac 2:38; cp. Gal 3:14; 1 Cor 2:12; 2 Cor 11:4; forgiveness of sin Ac 10:43 (Just., D. 54, 1); grace Ro 1:5; cp. 5:17; the victor’s prize 1 Cor 9:24f; the crown of life Js 1:12 (cp. Wsd 5:16 λ. τὸ διάδημα). συμφύγιον/σύμφυτον καὶ ὅπλον εὐδοκίας λάβωμεν Ἰησοῦν χριστόν the sense of this clause, restored from AcPl Ha 8, 23–24 and AcPl Ox 1602, 33–35 (=BMM recto 29–31) emerges as follows: and let us take Jesus Christ as our refuge/ally and shield, the assurance of God’s goodwill toward us. The early and late rain Js 5:7. ἔλεος receive mercy Hb 4:16 (Just., D. 133, 1). λ. τὸ ὄνομα τοῦ υἱοῦ (θεοῦ) receive the name of the Son of God (in baptism) Hs 9, 12, 4. διάδοχον receive a successor Ac 24:27 (cp. Pliny the Younger, Ep. 9, 13 successorem accipio). τὴν ἐπισκοπὴν αὐτοῦ λαβέτω ἕτερος let another man receive his position 1:20 (Ps 108:8). τόπον ἀπολογίας λ. (τόπος 4) 25:16. λ. τι μετὰ εὐχαριστίας receive someth. w. thankfulness 1 Ti 4:4 (but s. 1 above, end.—On the construction with μετά cp. Libanius, Or. 63 p. 392, 3 F. μετὰ ψόγου λ.). τί ἔχεις ὅ οὐκ ἔλαβες; what have you that you did not receive? 1 Cor 4:7 (Alciphron 2, 6, 1 τί οὐ τῶν ἐμῶν λαβοῦσα ἔχεις;). Of punishments (cp. δίκην λ. Hdt. 1, 115; Eur., Bacch. 1312. ποινάς Eur., Tro. 360. πληγάς Philyllius Com. [V B.C.] 11 K.; GrBar 4:15 καταδίκην; Jos., Ant. 14, 336 τιμωρίαν) λ. περισσότερον κρίμα receive a punishment that is just so much more severe Mt 23:13 [14] v.l. (cp. κρίμα 4b); Mk 12:40; Lk 20:47; cp. Js 3:1. οἱ ἀνθεστηκότες ἑαυτοῖς κρίμα λήμψονται those who oppose will bring punishment upon themselves Ro 13:2. πεῖράν τινος λ. become acquainted with, experience, suffer someth. (X., An. 5, 8, 15; Polyb. 6, 3, 1; 28, 9, 7; 29, 3, 10; Diod S 12, 24, 4 τὴν θυγατέρα ἀπέκτεινεν, ἵνα μὴ τῆς ὕβρεως λάβῃ πεῖραν; 15, 88, 4; Jos., Ant. 2, 60; Preisigke, Griech. Urkunden des ägypt. Museums zu Kairo [1911] 2, 11; 3, 11 πεῖραν λ. δαίμονος) μαστίγων πεῖραν λ. Hb 11:36 (the phrase in a diff. mng. vs. 29; s. 9b above).

ⓒ Also used as a periphrasis for the passive: οἰκοδομὴν λ. be edified 1 Cor 14:5. περιτομήν be circumcised J 7:23 (Just., D. 23, 5 al.). τὸ χάραγμα receive a mark = be marked Rv 14:9, 11; 19:20; 20:4. καταλλαγήν be reconciled Ro 5:11. ὑπόμνησίν τινος be reminded of = remember someth. 2 Ti 1:5 (Just., D 19, 6 μνήμην λαμβάνητε); λήθην τινὸς λ. forget someth. (Timocles Com. [IV B.C.], Fgm. 6, 5 K.; Aelian, VH 3, 18 end, HA 4, 35; Jos., Ant. 2, 163; 202; 4, 304; Just., D. 46, 5 ἵνα μὴ λήθη ὑμᾶς λαμβάνῃ τοῦ θεοῦ) 2 Pt 1:9; χαρὰν λ. experience joy, rejoice Hv 3, 13, 2 ; GJs 12:2; ἀρχὴν λ. be begun, have its beginning (Pla et al.; Polyb. 1, 12, 9; Sext. Emp., Phys. 1, 366; Aelian, VH 2, 28; 12, 53; Dio Chrys. 40, 7; Philo, Mos. 1, 81 τρίτον [σημεῖον] … τὴν ἀρχὴν τοῦ γίνεσθαι λαβὸν ἐν Αἰγύπτῳ; Just., D. 46, 4 τὴν ἀρχὴν λαβούσης ἀπὸ Ἀβραὰμ τῆς περιτομῆς; Ath. 19, 2 ἑτέραν ἀρχὴν τοῦ κόσμου λαβόντος) Hb 2:3; ApcPt Rainer ln. 19.—λ. τι ἀπό τινος receive someth. from someone (Epict. 4, 11, 3 λ. τι ἀπὸ τῶν θεῶν; Herm. Wr. 1, 30; ApcMos 19 ὅτε δὲ ἔλαβεν ἀπʼ ἐμοῦ τὸν ὄρκον; Just., D. 78, 10 τῶν λαβόντων χάριν ἀπὸ τοῦ θεοῦ) 1J 2:27; 3:22. Also τὶ παρά τινος (Pisander Epicus [VI B.C.] Fgm. 5 [in Athen. 11, 469d]; Diod S 5, 3, 4 λαβεῖν τι παρὰ τῶν θεῶν; TestAbr A 5 p. 82, 8 [Stone p. 12] λαβὼν τὴν εὐχὴν παρʼ αὐτῶν; Just., A I, 60, 3 ἐνέργειαν τὴν παρὰ τοῦ θεοῦ λεγομένην λαβεῖν τὸν Μωυσέα.—παρά A3aβ) J 10:18b; Ac 2:33; 3:5; 20:24; Js 1:7; 2J 4; Rv 2:28. λ. τὸ ἱκανὸν παρὰ τοῦ Ἰάσονος receive bail from Jason Ac 17:9 (s. ἱκανός 1). λ. τι ὑπό τινος be given someth. by someone 2 Cor 11:24. κλῆρον καὶ μερισμὸν λαμβάνοντες AcPl Ha 8, 18/Ox 1602, 22f [λαβόντες]=BMM recto 23f (s. κλῆρος 2). λ. τι ἔκ τινος receive someth. fr. a quantity of someth.: ἐκ τοῦ πληρώματος αὐτοῦ ἐλάβομεν χάριν from his fullness we have received favor J 1:16. ἐκ τοῦ πνεύματος αὐτοῦ ἐλάβετε Hs 9, 24, 4.—λ. ἐξ ἀναστάσεως τοὺς νεκροὺς αὐτῶν (s. ἀνάστασις 2a) Hb 11:35. On ἐν γαστρὶ εἴληφα (LXX) GJs 4:2 and 4 s. γαστήρ 2 and συλλαμβάνω 3.—B. 743. Schmidt, Syn. III 203–33. DELG. M-M. EDNT. TW. Sv.

πορεύω (Pind.+; ApcSed 15:5=p. 136, 32 Ja. οἱ πορεύοντες) in our lit. only as mid. and pass. πορεύομαι (Trag., Hdt.+) impf. ἐπορευόμην; fut. πορεύσομαι; 1 aor. ἐπορεύθην; pf. ptc. πεπορευομένος. On the fut. aspect of the pres. s. B-D-F §323, 3; Rob. 869. On the durative sense of the pres. impv. πορεύου in contrast to the aor. πορεύθητι s. B-D-F §336, 1; also Rob. 855f; 890.

① to move over an area, gener. with a point of departure or destination specified, go, proceed, travel, w. indication of the point of departure: ἀπό τινος depart from someone (cp. X., An. 4, 4, 17 ‘from the camp of Tiribazus’) Mt 25:41 (impv.); Lk 4:42b. ἐντεῦθεν 13:31 (impv.). ἐκεῖθεν Mt 19:15. W. indication of place to which: εἴς τι (X., Hell. 7, 4, 10; Is 22:15 εἴς τι πρός τινα; JosAs 28:5 εἰς τὴν ὕλην; ApcMos 10; Just., A II, 2, 6) to, in, into, toward Mt 2:20; 17:27; Mk 16:12; Lk 1:39; 4:42a; 9:56 (εἰς ἑτέραν κώμην, cp. Jos., Vi. 231); 22:33 (εἰς φυλακήν); J 7:35b; Ac 1:11; 19:21; 20:1, 22 (πορεύομαι=I am going, I am about to go); 22:5, 10; Ro 15:24, 25 (I am going, I am about to go); IPol 7:2; 8:2; Hv 1, 1, 3; 2, 1, 1. εἰς τὸν οἶκόν σου Lk 5:24; cp. AcPl Ha 4, 3 εἰς τὴν οἰκίαν. Of fish π. εἰς τὸ βάθος dive into the depth B 10:10b. Also of passing into the beyond, in a good sense of Paul and Peter: π. εἰς τὸν ἅγιον τόπον 1 Cl 5:7 v.l.; εἰς τὸν ὀφειλόμενον (ὀφείλω 2aα) τόπον τῆς δόξης 5:4 (so of Peter in Ac 12:17: WSmaltz, JBL 71, ’52, 211–16; s. Bruce, Acts on var. traditions), and in a bad sense of Judas the informer εἰς τὸ τόπον τὸν ἴδιον Ac 1:25. εἰς τὰ ἔθνη to the gentiles 18:6. ἐπὶ Καίσαρα π. go to Caesar, appear before the Emperor (ἐπί 10) 25:12. πρός τινα to someone (Soph., Ant. 892; Pla., Clit. 410c; Theophr., Char. 2, 1; Diog. L. 8, 43; Gen 26:26; TestAbr B 4 p. 109, 9 [Stone p. 66]; Just., A II, 2, 19) Mt 25:9; 26:14; Lk 11:5; 15:18; 16:30; J 14:12, 28; 16:28 (pres. w. fut. aspect in the three J pass. I am about to go); Ac 27:3; 1 Cl 31:4. σύν τινι with someone Lk 7:6; Ac 10:20; 26:13; 1 Cor 16:4b. ἐπί τι after someth. (ἐπί 4bα) Lk 15:4; (up) to someth. (ἐπί 4bγ) Mt 22:9; Ac 8:26; 9:11, also ἕως ἐπί τι 17:14. W. ἕως and gen. of place 23:23 (TestAbr A 2 p. 79, 1 [Stone p. 6,1]). W. διά and gen. of place through (X., An. 4, 7, 15) Mt 12:1; Mk 9:30 v.l. ποῦ (instead of ποῖ) J 7:35a. οὗ (instead of ὅποι, as 1 Macc 13:20) Lk 24:28a; 1 Cor 16:6. π. τῇ ὁδῷ go one’s way, proceed on one’s journey 1 Cl 12:4; also ἐπορεύετο τὴν ὁδὸν αὐτοῦ Ac 8:39 (cp. Josh 3:4; X. An. 2, 2, 11 πορεύεσθαι μακροτέραν [sc. ὁδόν]; Jos., Ant. 1, 282). π. ἐν τῇ ὁδῷ go along the road Lk 9:57; also π. κατὰ τὴν ὁδόν Ac 8:36; AcPl Ant 13, 19f (=Aa I 237, 4).—W. purpose indicated by an inf. (Gen 37:25; JosAs 25:2) Lk 2:3; 14:19, 31; J 14:2. Also ἵνα 11:11.—Somet. the place fr. which or to which is easily supplied fr. the context: θέλετε πορεύεσθαι you wish to go (i.e. to the house of the non-believer/non-Christian who has invited you) 1 Cor 10:27. πορ. (i.e. εἰς Ἰερουσαλήμ) 16:4a. πορ. (i.e. εἰς Δαμασκόν) Ac 22:6.—The aor. ptc. of πορ. is oft. used pleonastically to enliven the narrative (B-D-F §419, 2.—4 Km 5:10; Josh 23:16; GrBar 15:4; Jos., Ant. 7, 318); in any case the idea of going or traveling is not emphasized Mt 9:13; 11:4; 18:12; 21:6; 22:15; 25:16; 27:66; 28:7; Mk 16:10; Lk 7:22; 9:13; 13:32; 14:10 al.—Abs. (X., An. 5, 3, 2; TestAbr B 3 p. 107, 5 [Stone p. 62] καὶ ἀναστάντες ἐπορεύοντο) ἐπορεύθησαν they set out Mt 2:9. πορεύθητι καὶ πορεύεται go!, and he goes (cp. PGM 1, 185 πορεύου καὶ ἀπελεύσεται) 8:9; Lk 7:8 (opp. ἔρχεσθαι, as Epict. 1, 25, 10 Ἀγαμέμνων λέγει μοι ‘πορεύου …’. πορεύομαι. ‘ἔρχου’. ἔρχομαι; TestJob 34:5 ἐγὼ πορεύσομαι ἐληλύθημεν γὰρ ἵνα …).—Lk 10:37; be on the way, be journeying Lk 10:38; 13:33; Ac 9:3.—ἔμπροσθέν τινος (UPZ 78, 15 [159 B.C.] ἔμπροσθεν αὐτῶν ἐπορευόμην; Josh 3:6): ἔ. αὐτῶν πορεύεται he goes in front of them J 10:4 (schol. on Apollon. Rhod. 1, 577 προπορεύεται ὁ ποιμήν); cp. B 11:4 (Is 45:2). μὴ πορευθῆτε ὀπίσω αὐτῶν do not go after them Lk 21:8 (ὀπίσω 2a). προθύμως (+ μετὰ σπουδῆς v.l.) ἐπορεύετο he walked on with alacrity MPol 8:3.—πορεύου=go your way (Diog. L. 4, 11): πορεύου εἰς εἰρήνην Lk 7:50; 8:48 or ἐν εἰρήνῃ Ac 16:36 s. εἰρήνη 2a.—In imagery, of life gener. (Dio Chrys. 58 [75], 1 διὰ τ. βίου); abs. πορευόμενοι as they pass by (Jülicher, Gleichn. 529) Lk 8:14 (another mng.: step by step).—GKilpatrick, JTS 48, ’47, 61–63 (in synopt. gosp.).

② to conduct oneself, live, walk (cp. Soph., Oed. Rex 884; LXX; PsSol 18:10) w. ἔν τινι foll.: (En 99:10 ἐν ὁδοῖς δικαιοσύνης; TestReub 1:6; 4:1 ἐν ἁπλότητι καρδίας; TestIss 3:1; TestAsh 4:5) ἐν ὁδῷ θανάτου B 19:2. ἐν ἀληθείᾳ (Tob 3:5 BA; Pr 28:6) Hm 3:4. ἐν ἀκακίᾳ καὶ ἁπλότητι v 2, 3, 2. ἐν ἀσελγείαις κτλ. 1 Pt 4:3. ἐν τῇ ἁγνότητι ταύτῃ Hm 4, 4, 4. ἐν ὁσιότητι 1 Cl 60:2. ἐν ταῖς ἐντολαῖς τοῦ κυρίου (cp. Ps 118:1 ἐν νόμῳ κυρίου) Lk 1:6; cp. Pol 2:2; 4:1; Hs 6, 1, 1–4. ἐν τοῖς προστάγμασιν 5, 1, 5.—κατά τι (Num 24:1; Wsd 6:4) κατὰ τὰς ἐπιθυμίας according to the passions 2 Pt 3:3; Jd 16, 18.—τῇ ὀρθῇ ὁδῷ πορ. follow the straight way Hm 6, 1, 2 (on the dat. s. B-D-F §198, 5; Rob. 521 and SIG 313, 20; LXX [reff. in Johannessohn, Kasus 57f]). ταῖς ὁδοῖς αὐτῶν Ac 14:16. τῇ ὁδῷ τοῦ Κάϊν Jd 11. τῷ φόβῳ τοῦ κυρίου live in the fear of the Lord Ac 9:31. ταῖς ἐντολαῖς μου Hs 7, 6f. ταῖς ἐπιθυμίαις τοῦ αἰῶνος τούτου 8, 11, 3.—πορ. ὀπίσω τινός in the sense ‘seek a close relation with’ (cp. Judg 2:12; 3 Km 11:10; Sir 46:10) οἱ ὀπίσω σαρκὸς ἐν ἐπιθυμίᾳ μιασμοῦ πορευόμενοι follow (i.e. indulge) their physical nature in desire that defiles 2 Pt 2:10. ὀπίσω τῶν ἐπιθυμιῶν Hv 3, 7, 3.

③ go to one’s death, a euphemistic fig. ext. of 1 (cp. Lk 22:33 εἰς θάνατον πορεύεσθαι): die (SyrBar 14:2; Julian, Letter 14 p. 385d) Lk 22:22. (For the figure of death as a journey s. RLattimore, Themes in Gk. and Lat. Epitaphs: Illinois Studies in Language and Literature 28 nos. 1–2, §43 [=ed. 1962, 169–71]).—DELG s.v. πόρος II. M-M s.v. πορεύομαι. TW.

προσέρχομαι mid. dep.; impf. προσηρχόμην; fut. προσελεύσομαι; 2 aor. προσῆλθον (also προσῆλθα B-D-F §81, 3; Mlt-H. 208); pf. προσελήλυθα; plpf. 1 pl. προσεληλύθειμεν (Just., A II, 2, 3) (Aeschyl., Hdt.+) prim. ‘come, go to, approach’.

① to move towards

ⓐ of physical movement come/go to, approach (esp. oft. in Mt, about 50 times; s. JEdwards, JBL 106, ’87, 65–74) w. dat. of pers. (X., Cyr. 1, 4, 27; Aelian, VH 9, 3, end; En 14:25; Jos., Ant. 12, 19; Just., D. 2, 4 al.) Mt 5:1; 8:5; 9:14 al.; Lk 23:52; J 12:21; Ac 9:1; 10:28 ‘visit’; 18:2; MPol 16:1; GJs 20:4 (deStrycker; without dat. Tdf.). W. dat. of place (Herodian 2, 6, 5) Hb 12:18, 22; AcPl Ha 11, 13; εἰς Ἱερουσαλήμ 8, 30. Abs. Mt 4:11; Lk 9:42; Ac 8:29; 20:5 v.l. (s. CMaurer, TZ, 3, ’47, 321–37). MPol 4. Uncertain AcPl Ha 2, 2. The ptc. is freq. used w. verbs denoting an activity, to enliven the narrative προσελθὼν εἶπεν (cp. BGU 587, 2 [II B.C.]; Jos., Ant. 9, 194) Mt 4:3; 8:19; 18:21; see also 13:10; 15:12; 25:20, 22, 24; Mk 6:35; 14:45; Lk 9:12. πρ. προσεκύνει Mt 8:2; 9:18 v.l., et al. πρ. ἔπεσεν 26:39 v.l.; cp. Mk 14:35 v.l., et al. (s. προέρχομαι 1). Foll. by inf. denoting purpose (1 Macc 2:23) προσῆλθον οἱ μαθηταὶ αὐτοῦ ἐπιδεῖξαι his disciples came up to show Mt 24:1. προσερχομένου αὐτοῦ κατανοῆσαι Ac 7:31. Cp. 12:13.

ⓑ of approach to or entry into a deity’s presence, transf. sense of 1a: approach (Cass. Dio 56, 9, 2 τοῖς θεοῖς προσερχώμεθα; PGiss 20, 24=Mitt-Wilck. I/2, 94; Jer 7:16; Sir 1:28 μὴ προσέλθῃς αὐτῷ [=τῷ κυρίῳ] ἐν καρδίᾳ δισσῇ; Philo, Plant. 64, Deus Imm. 8; Tat. 18, 2; Ath. 18, 1) πρ. τῷ θεῷ Hb 7:25; 11:6; cp. 1 Cl 23:1; 29:1. W. dat. of place τῷ θρόνῳ τῆς χάριτος Hb 4:16. Also abs. προσέρχεσθαι means come to God in a cultic sense. 10:1, 22. Some hold that πρ. in Hb may connote the forensic idea ‘appear in court’ (POxy 40, 4 [II/III A.D.]; 2783, 25 [III A.D.]; PRyl 234, 6 [II A.D.]). The cultic aspect prob. furnishes the clue to the abs. πυκνότερον προσερχόμενοι 2 Cl 17:3.—To Jesus 1 Pt 2:3 (of proselytes, FDanker, ZNW 58, ’67, 95f; w. πρός as Lucian, Ver. Hist. 2, 28; Ex 34:32; Josh 14:6).

ⓒ of inanimate things, come upon transf. sense of 1a (Soph. et al.; cp. Eur., Or. 859 προσῆλθεν ἐλπίς; BGU 614, 21) πρ. τινί someth. comes upon or over someone φρίκη μοι προσῆλθεν Hv 3, 1, 5. ὑμῖν ἰσχυρότης 3, 12, 3. Without a dat., which is easily supplied fr. the context m 5, 1, 3.

② to apply oneself to someth., turn to, occupy oneself with a thing (Diod S 1, 95, 1 τοῖς νόμοις; Plut., Cato Min. 764 [12, 2]; Epict. 4, 11, 24; pap; Sir 4:15 v.l.; 6:19, 26; Philo, Agr. 123, Migr. Abr. 86 ἀρετῇ; Just., D. 112, 5 τοῖς προφητικοῖς λόγοις; PYale 83, 15) οὐ προσελεύσῃ ἐπὶ προσευχήν σου D 4:14; devote onself to εἴ τις μὴ προσέρχεται ὑγιαίνουσιν λόγοις 1 Ti 6:3 (s. προσέχω 2b). πρ. τῷ θελήματι αὐτοῦ (=τοῦ θεοῦ) 1 Cl 33:8.—M-M. TW.

ἄρα (Hom.+ [s. Kühner-G. II p. 317ff]) transitional/inferential (illative) particle; in older Gk. (Hom., Hdt., Pla., X. et al. [Aristot., Mech. 851a 22 is corrupt]) never at the beginning of its clause (Denniston 41). Strengthened to ἄρα γε Gen 26:9; Mt 7:20; 17:26; Ac 17:27.—LfgrE s.v.; Rob. 1189f and index; s. also Denniston 32–43.

① marker of an inference made on the basis of what precedes

ⓐ in declarative statement, and w. colloqu. flavor so, then, consequently, you see (B-D-F §451, 2) Ac 11:18. εὑρίσκω ἄ. τὸν νόμον so I find the law Ro 7:21. οὐδὲν ἄρα νῦν κατάκριμα so there is no condemnation now 8:1. γινώσκετε ἄρα you may be sure, then Gal 3:7. After ἐπεί: for otherwise (B-D-F §456, 3) 1 Cor 5:10; 7:14. After εἰ: if then, if on the other hand (SIG 834, 12; Gen 18:3; s. B-D-F §454, 2) 15:15 (εἴπερ ἄρα— really is also prob. here); Hv 3, 4, 3; 3, 7, 5; Hs 6, 4, 1; 8, 3, 3; 9, 5, 7; s. εἰ 6a.

ⓑ freq. in questions which draw an inference fr. what precedes; but oft. simply to enliven the question (Jos., Ant. 6, 200; B-D-F §440, 2) τίς ἄρα who then Mt 18:1; 19:25; 24:45; Mk 4:41; Lk 8:25; 12:42; 22:23. τί ἄ. what then Mt 19:27; Lk 1:66; Ac 12:18; Hm 11:2; GJs 13:1; AcPl Ha 5, 20; 7, 2 and 3 (cp. GrBar 4:12). εἰ ἄρα then (X., An. 3, 2, 22) Ac 7:1 v.l.; οὐκ ἄ. are you not, then Ac 21:38; μήτι ἄ. 2 Cor 1:17. After οὖν 1 Cl 35:3; B 15:7. S. also 3 below.

② to express result

ⓐ then, as a result w. suggestion of emphasis (Herm. Wr. 11, 13 ed. Nock; B-D-F §451, 2d) Mt 12:28; Lk 11:20; 1 Cor 15:14; 2 Cor 5:14; Gal 2:21; 3:29; 5:11; Hb 12:8; 2 Cl 14:4; B 6:19; IEph 8:1. Also 1 Cor 15:18 ἄ. is used to emphasize a further result, and continues the apodosis of vs. 17.

ⓑ at the beg. of a sentence: so, as a result, consequently Lk 11:48; Ro 10:17; 2 Cor 7:12; Hb 4:9. Strengthened to ἄρα γε (Gen 26:9) Mt 7:20; 17:26; to ἄρα οὖν (never elided) so then; here ἄ. expresses the inference and οὖν the transition Ro 5:18; 7:3, 25 (s. ἆρα); 8:12; 9:16, 18; 14:12, 19; Gal 6:10; Eph 2:19; 1 Th 5:6; 2 Th 2:15; 2 Cl 8:6; 14:3; B 9:6; 10:2; ITr 10.

③ to express someth. tentative, perhaps, conceivably.—KClark, Gingrich Festschr. ’72, 70–84 (w. survey fr. LXX to Mod. Gk.): in addition to its inferential mng., ἄρα is employed in the context of the tentative, the uncertain, the unresolved, the contingent, e.g. possibly Ac 12:18; conceivably Mk 4:41, or it may be rendered by a phrase: would you say? Mt 24:45 (on these three last pass. s. 1b).—Also in indirect questions εἰ ἄ. whether (perhaps) (PPetr II, 13 [19] 9; Num 22:11) Mk 11:13; Ac 5:8 D; 8:22; 17:27 (εἰ ἄρα γε); s. εἰ 6a.—JGrimm, Die Partikel ἄρα im frühen griech. Epos, Glotta 40, ’62, 3–41; Denniston 32–43; JBlomqvist, Gk. Particles in Hell. Prose, diss. Lund, ’69.—EDNT. M-M.

ἰδού demonstrative or presentative particle that draws attention to what follows (Soph.+). It is actually the aor. mid. impv. of εἶδον, ἰδοῦ, except that it is accented w. the acute when used as a particle (Schwyzer I 799) ‘(you) see, look, behold’ (for var. renderings see e.g. ESiegman, CBQ 9, ’47, 77f, fr. RKnox’s transl.).

① prompter of attention, behold, look, see. Like הִנֵּה it somet. serves to enliven a narrative

ⓐ by arousing the attention of hearers or readers (in 1 Cl, 2 Cl, and B only in quots. fr. the OT) Lk 22:10; J 4:35; 1 Cor 15:51; 2 Cor 5:17; Js 5:9; Jd 14; Rv 1:7; 9:12; 11:14; Hv 1, 3, 4 al.

ⓑ by introducing someth. new or unusual

α. after a gen. abs., in order to introduce someth. new, which calls for special attention in the situation generally described by the gen. abs.: Mt 1:20; 2:1, 13; 9:18; 12:46; 17:5; 26:47; 28:11.

β. with other constructions: καὶ ἰδού Mt 2:9; 3:16; 4:11; 8:2, 24, 29, 32, 34; 9:2, 3, 20 al.; Lk 1:20, 31, 36; 2:25; 9:30, 38; 10:25 al.; Ac 12:7; 16:1; PEg² 32. Also someth. quite extraordinary and yet ὡς ἀποθνῄσκοντες κ. ἰδοὺ ζῶμεν 2 Cor 6:9; cp. Mt 7:4; Ac 27:24 (contrary to all appearances).

γ. introducing whole stories: Mt 13:3.

δ. in the middle of a statement, and at the same time enlivening it Mt 23:34; Ac 2:7; 13:11; 20:22, 25.

ε. w. emphasis on the size or importance of someth. (freq. omitted in transl., but w. some loss of mng.) ἰ. ἡμεῖς ἀφήκαμεν πάντα Mt 19:27; Mk 10:28. ἰ. δέκα κ. ὀκτὼ ἔτη eighteen long years Lk 13:16 (cp. BGU 948, 6 ἡ μήτηρ σου ἀσθενεῖ, ἰδοὺ δέκα τρεῖς μῆνες; Dt 8:4); vs. 7; 15:29; 19:8; 2 Cor 12:14.—καὶ ἰ. ἐγὼ μεθʼ ὑμῶν εἰμι πάσας τὰς ἡμέρας Mt 28:20; cp. 20:18; 23:38; Lk 2:34; 6:23; 13:30 al.

ⓒ as a call to closer consideration and contemplation remember, consider, etc. Mt 10:16; 11:8; 22:4; Mk 14:41; Lk 2:48; 7:25; Hv 2, 3, 4. Likew. ἰδοὺ γάρ Lk 1:44, 48; 2:10; Ac 9:11; 2 Cor 7:11; AcPl Ha 6, 19. The citing of examples Js 3:4f; 5:4, 7, 11 belongs here. Variants in 3:3 include ἴδε (q.v.) and ἰδοῦ; the text has εἰ δέ.

② marker of strong emphasis, see used w. a noun without a finite verb, as in our colloquial ‘see!’ ‘what do you know!’ ‘of all things!’ ‘wonder of wonders!’ The term can be rendered here or there is (are), here or there was (were) or there comes (came), but oral rendition requires emphasis so as to express the nuance in the source text (old Attic ins in Meisterhans³-Schw. p. 203 ἰδοὺ χελιδῶν; Epict. 4, 11, 35; UPZ 78, 25 [159 B.C.]; LXX) καὶ ἰ. φωνὴ ἐκ τ. οὐρανῶν and, see, a voice came from heaven or and a voice came right from heaven Mt 3:17. καὶ ἰ. ἄνθρωπος and there was a man Mt 12:10. ἰ. ἄνθρωπος φάγος Look! A glutton! 11:19; Lk 7:34; cp. 5:12, 18; 7:37; 11:31; 13:11; 17:21a; 19:2, 20; 22:38, 47; 23:50; Ac 8:27 (WCvanUnnik, ZNW 47, ’56, 181–91), 36; 2 Cor 6:2; Rv 12:3; 21:3. ἰ. ὁ νυμφίος here is the bridegroom Mt 25:6. ἰ. ὁ ἄνθρωπος here is the man J 19:5. In Rv as a formula εἶδον κ. ἰδού 4:1; 6:2, 5, 8; 7:9; 14:14; cp. 19:11. The godly pers. answers ἰ. ἐγώ here I am to the divine call, in order to signify willingness to obey God’s command (1 Km 3:4; TestJob 3:2) Ac 9:10. (In Mt ἰ. is found 62 times, in Mk 7 times [and also as v.l. Mk 13:23 and 15:35], in Lk 57 times, in J 4 times [including once in a quot.], in Ac 23 times, in Paul 9 times [including once in a quot.], Hb 4 times in quotations, Js 6 times, Jd once, 1 Pt once in a quot., Rv 26 times; it is not found at all in 1–3J, 2 Pt, Eph, Phil, Col, 1 and 2 Th, Pastorals, Phlm, Dg, Ign, Pol). S. Mlt. 11, w. note 1; MJohannessohn, ZVS 64, ’37, 145–260; 66, ’39, 145–95; 67, ’40, 30–84 (esp. on καὶ ἰδού); PVannutelli, Synoptica 2, ’38, xlvi–lii: ἰδού in the Syn. Gosp.; PFiedler, D. Formel ‘Und Siehe’ im NT: Studien z. A. u. NT 20, ’69; AVargas-Machucha, (καὶ) ἰδού en el estilo narrativo de Mt, Biblica 50, ’69, 233–44. See ἴδε.—DELG s.v. ἰδεῖν. M-M.