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  • 121 rate

    1. noun
    1) (proportion) Rate, die

    increase at a rate of 50 a week — [um] 50 pro Woche anwachsen

    rate of inflation/absentee rate — Inflations-/Abwesenheitsrate, die

    2) (tariff) Satz, der

    interest/ taxation rate, rate of interest/taxation — Zins-/Steuersatz, der

    3) (amount of money) Gebühr, die

    rate [of pay] — Lohnsatz, der

    letter/parcel rate — Briefporto, das/Paketgebühr, die

    4) (speed) Geschwindigkeit, die; Tempo, das

    at a or the rate of 50 mph — mit [einer Geschwindigkeit von] 80 km/h

    at a good/fast/dangerous rate — zügig/mit hoher Geschwindigkeit/gefährlich schnell

    5) (Brit.): (local authority levy)

    [local or council] rates — Gemeindeabgaben

    6) (coll.)

    at any rate — (at least) zumindest; wenigstens; (whatever happens) auf jeden Fall

    at this rate we won't get any work done — so kriegen wir gar nichts fertig (ugs.)

    at the rate you're going,... — (fig.) wenn du so weitermachst,...

    2. transitive verb
    1) (estimate worth of) schätzen [Vermögen]; einschätzen [Intelligenz, Leistung, Fähigkeit]

    rate somebody/something highly — jemanden/etwas hoch einschätzen

    2) (consider) betrachten; rechnen ( among zu)

    be rated the top tennis player in Europe — als der beste Tennisspieler Europas gelten

    3) (Brit.): (value)

    the house is rated at £100 a year — die Grundlage für die Berechnung der Gemeindeabgaben für das Haus beträgt 100 Pfund pro Jahr

    4) (merit) verdienen [Auszeichnung, Erwähnung]
    3. intransitive verb
    * * *
    [reit] 1. noun
    1) (the number of occasions within a given period of time when something happens or is done: a high (monthly) accident rate in a factory.) die Rate
    2) (the number or amount of something (in relation to something else); a ratio: There was a failure rate of one pupil in ten in the exam.) die Quote
    3) (the speed with which something happens or is done: He works at a tremendous rate; the rate of increase/expansion.) die Geschwindigkeit
    4) (the level (of pay), cost etc (of or for something): What is the rate of pay for this job?) der Satz
    2. verb
    (to estimate or be estimated, with regard to worth, merit, value etc: I don't rate this book very highly; He doesn't rate very highly as a dramatist in my estimation.) einschätzen, gelten als
    - academic.ru/60358/rating">rating
    - at this
    - at that rate
    - rate of exchange
    * * *
    [reɪt]
    I. n
    1. (speed) Geschwindigkeit f
    at a fast/slow \rate schnell/langsam
    at a tremendous \rate rasend schnell
    at one's own \rate in seinem eigenen Rhythmus [o Tempo]
    \rate of fall PHYS Fallgeschwindigkeit f
    \rate of flow TECH Durchflussmenge f
    \rate of growth Wachstumsrate f
    2. (measure) Maß nt, Menge f
    in the winter months there is usually a rise in the \rate of absenteeism in den Wintermonaten kommt es gewöhnlich zu einer Zunahme der Ausfälle
    growth/inflation \rate Wachstums-/Inflationsrate f
    mortality \rate Sterblichkeitsrate f, Sterblichkeitsziffer f
    unemployment \rate Arbeitslosenrate f, Arbeitslosenzahlen pl
    3. (payment) Satz m
    we agreed a \rate with the painter before he started work wir haben einen Stundensatz mit dem Maler vereinbart, bevor er mit der Arbeit begann
    the going \rate die übliche Bezahlung
    4. (premium payable) Zinssatz m; (excise payable) Steuersatz m
    fixed/variable \rate fester/variabler Zinssatz
    high/low \rate of interest/taxation [or interest/taxation \rate] hoher/niedriger Zins-/Steuersatz
    interest \rates have risen again die Zinsen sind wieder gestiegen
    the country has a high taxation \rate in dem Land sind die Steuern sehr hoch
    5. FIN (amount of interest paid) Rate f
    \rate of return Rendite f
    6. FIN (value of a currency) Kurs m, Wechselkurs m
    exchange \rate [or \rate of exchange] Wechselkurs m
    to calculate costs on a fixed exchange \rate die Kosten berechnen anhand eines festen Wechselkurses
    cross \rate Kreuzkurs m
    forward \rate Devisenterminkurs m
    managed \rate FIN kontrollierter Kurs
    seller's \rate Verkaufskurs m
    7. BRIT, AUS ( dated: local tax)
    ▪ \rates pl Haus- und Grundsteuern pl
    8. COMPUT Rate f
    9.
    ▶ at any \rate (whatever happens) auf jeden Fall; (at least) zumindest, wenigstens
    I don't think they liked my idea — at any \rate, they didn't show much enthusiasm ich glaube nicht, dass sie meine Idee gut fanden — zumindest zeigten sie keine große Begeisterung
    ▶ at this \rate unter diesen Umständen
    ▶ at a \rate of knots ( fam) in null Komma nichts fam
    II. vt
    ▪ to \rate sb/sth jdn/etw einschätzen
    how do you \rate the new government? was halten Sie von der neuen Regierung?
    she is \rated very highly by the people she works for die Leute, für die sie arbeitet, halten große Stücke auf sie
    she \rates him among her closest friends sie zählt ihn zu ihren engsten Freunden
    ▪ to \rate sb as sth:
    how do you \rate him as a footballer? was hältst du von ihm als Fußballer? fam; ( fam)
    what do you think of her as a singer? — I don't really \rate her wie findest du sie als Sängerin? — nicht so toll fam
    2. (be worthy of)
    to \rate a mention der Rede wert [o erwähnenswert] sein
    3. BRIT, AUS ( dated: value)
    ▪ to \rate sth den besteuerbaren Wert einer S. gen schätzen, etw veranlagen
    they \rate the property in this area very heavily Immobilienbesitz in dieser Gegend wird sehr hoch besteuert
    ▪ to \rate sth etw abschätzen
    III. vi
    ▪ to \rate as sth als etw gelten
    that \rates as the worst film I've ever seen das war so ziemlich der schlechteste Film, den ich jemals gesehen habe
    * * *
    I [reɪt]
    1. n
    1) (= ratio, proportion, frequency) Rate f; (= speed) Tempo nt

    an hour/14 feet per minute —

    rate, at a rate of knots (inf) — in irrsinnigem Tempo (inf); (move also) mit hundert Sachen

    if you continue at this rate (lit, fig) — wenn du so weitermachst, wenn du in diesem Tempo weitermachst

    at the rate you're going you'll be dead before long — wenn du so weitermachst, bist du bald unter der Erde

    at any rate —

    at that rate, I suppose I'll have to agree — wenn das so ist, muss ich wohl zustimmen

    2) (COMM, FIN) Satz m; (ST EX) Kurs m

    rate of pay for overtime — Satz m für Überstunden

    postage/advertising/insurance rates — Post-/Werbe-/Versicherungsgebühren pl

    to pay sb at the rate of £10 per hour — jdm einen Stundenlohn von £ 10 bezahlen

    3) pl (dated Brit = municipal tax) Gemeindesteuern pl, Kommunalsteuern pl
    See:
    → water rate
    2. vt
    1) (= estimate value or worth of) (ein)schätzen

    to rate sb/sth among... — jdn/etw zu... zählen or rechnen

    to rate sb/sth as sth — jdn/etw für etw halten

    he is generally rated as a great statesman — er gilt allgemein als großer Staatsmann

    to rate sb/sth highly — jdn/etw hoch einschätzen

    Shearer was rated at £1,000,000 — Shearers Preis wurde auf £ 1.000.000 geschätzt

    2) (Brit LOCAL GOVERNMENT) veranlagen

    a shop rated at £1,000 per annum — ein Laden, dessen steuerbarer Wert £ 1.000 pro Jahr ist

    3) (= deserve) verdienen

    I think he rates a pass ( mark) — ich finde, seine Leistung kann man mit "ausreichend" oder besser bewerten

    4) (inf: think highly of) gut finden (inf)

    I really/don't really rate him — ich finde ihn wirklich gut/mag ihn nicht besonders

    3. vi
    (= be classed)

    to rate as... — gelten als...

    to rate among... — zählen zu...

    II
    vt (liter)
    See:
    = berate
    * * *
    rate1 [reıt]
    A s
    1. (Verhältnis)Ziffer f, Quote f, Rate f:
    rate of growth (inflation) WIRTSCH Wachstums-(Inflations)rate;
    rate of increase WIRTSCH Zuwachsrate;
    at the rate of im Verhältnis von ( → A 2, A 6)
    2. (Steuer- etc)Satz m, Kurs m, Tarif m:
    rate of exchange WIRTSCH Umrechnungs-, Wechselkurs;
    rate of interest Zinssatz, -fuß m;
    carry a high rate of interest hoch verzinst werden;
    rate of issue Ausgabekurs;
    rate of the day Tageskurs;
    railroad (bes Br railway) rates pl Eisenbahntarif;
    at the rate of zum Satze von ( → A 1, A 6)
    3. (festgesetzter) Preis, Betrag m:
    at a cheap (high) rate zu einem niedrigen (hohen) Preis;
    at that rate unter diesen Umständen;
    a) auf jeden Fall, unter allen Umständen,
    b) wenigstens, mindestens
    4. (Post-, Strom- etc)Gebühr f, Porto n, (Gas-, Strom)Preis m, (Wasser)Geld n
    5. Br Kommunalsteuer f, Gemeindeabgabe f:
    rates and taxes Kommunal- und Staatssteuern
    6. (relative) Geschwindigkeit ( auch PHYS, TECH), Tempo n:
    rate of energy PHYS Energiemenge f pro Zeiteinheit;
    rate of flow TECH Durchflussgeschwindigkeit oder -menge f;
    rate of an engine Motorleistung f;
    at the rate of mit einer Geschwindigkeit von ( → A 1, A 2)
    7. Grad m, (Aus)Maß n:
    at a fearful rate in erschreckendem Ausmaß
    8. Klasse f, Rang m, Grad m: → first-rate, etc
    9. SCHIFF
    a) (Schiffs)Klasse f
    b) Dienstgrad m (eines Matrosen)
    10. Gang m oder Abweichung f (einer Uhr)
    B v/t
    1. (ab-, ein)schätzen, taxieren (at auf akk), bewerten, einstufen
    2. jemanden einschätzen, beurteilen:
    rate sb highly jemanden hoch einschätzen
    3. betrachten als, halten für:
    he is rated a rich man er gilt als reicher Mann
    4. rechnen, zählen ( beide:
    among zu):
    5. einen Preis etc bemessen, ansetzen, Kosten veranschlagen:
    rate up höher einstufen oder versichern
    6. Br
    a) (zur Kommunalsteuer) veranlagen
    b) besteuern
    7. SCHIFF
    a) ein Schiff klassen
    b) einen Seemann einstufen
    8. eine Uhr regulieren
    9. etwas wert sein, verdienen
    C v/i
    1. angesehen werden, gelten ( beide:
    as als):
    rate high (low) (with) hoch (niedrig) im Kurs stehen (bei), viel (wenig) gelten (bei);
    rate above (below) (einkommensmäßig etc) rangieren oder stehen über (dat) (unter dat)
    2. zählen ( among zu)
    rate2 [reıt] v/t ausschimpfen
    * * *
    1. noun
    1) (proportion) Rate, die

    increase at a rate of 50 a week — [um] 50 pro Woche anwachsen

    rate of inflation/absentee rate — Inflations-/Abwesenheitsrate, die

    2) (tariff) Satz, der

    interest/ taxation rate, rate of interest/taxation — Zins-/Steuersatz, der

    3) (amount of money) Gebühr, die

    rate [of pay] — Lohnsatz, der

    letter/parcel rate — Briefporto, das/Paketgebühr, die

    4) (speed) Geschwindigkeit, die; Tempo, das

    at a or the rate of 50 mph — mit [einer Geschwindigkeit von] 80 km/h

    at a good/fast/dangerous rate — zügig/mit hoher Geschwindigkeit/gefährlich schnell

    5) (Brit.): (local authority levy)

    [local or council] rates — Gemeindeabgaben

    6) (coll.)

    at any rate — (at least) zumindest; wenigstens; (whatever happens) auf jeden Fall

    at the rate you're going,... — (fig.) wenn du so weitermachst,...

    2. transitive verb
    1) (estimate worth of) schätzen [Vermögen]; einschätzen [Intelligenz, Leistung, Fähigkeit]

    rate somebody/something highly — jemanden/etwas hoch einschätzen

    2) (consider) betrachten; rechnen ( among zu)
    3) (Brit.): (value)

    the house is rated at £100 a year — die Grundlage für die Berechnung der Gemeindeabgaben für das Haus beträgt 100 Pfund pro Jahr

    4) (merit) verdienen [Auszeichnung, Erwähnung]
    3. intransitive verb
    * * *
    (of exchange) n.
    Devisenkurs m.
    Kurs -e m. (stocks) n.
    Kurs -e (Aktien) m. n.
    Anteil -e m.
    Frequenz -en f.
    Kurs -e (Aktien...) m.
    Quote -n f.
    Rate -n (Zuwachs-) f.
    Tarif -e m.
    Verhältnis n. v.
    bewerten v.
    einstufen v.

    English-german dictionary > rate

  • 122 give

    A n élasticité f ; this surface has more give cette surface amortit mieux les chocs.
    B vtr ( prét gave ; pp given)
    1 ( hand over) [person] donner [object, money, medal, prize, punishment, hand, arm] (to à) ; offrir [present, drink, sandwich] (to à) ; to give sb sth gen donner qch à qn ; (politely, as gift) offrir qch à qn ; give it me!, give me it! donne-moi ça! ; give him a drink donne-lui à boire ; to give sb sth for offrir qch à qn pour [birthday, Christmas] ; how much ou what will you give me for it? combien m'en donnes-tu? ; I'll give you 50 cents for it je t'en donne 50 cents ; I'd give anything for/to do je donnerais n'importe quoi pour/pour faire ; what wouldn't I give for…! je donnerais cher pour…! ; to give sb sth as offrir qch à qn comme [present, token, symbol] ; to give sb sth to carry/look after donner qch à qn à porter/surveiller ;
    2 ( cause to have) to give sb [sth], to give [sth] to sb donner [qch] à qn [headache, indigestion, vertigo, nightmares, satisfaction] ; transmettre or passer [qch] à qn [disease, infection, virus] ; he's given me his cough il m'a passé sa toux ; to give sb pleasure faire plaisir à qn ;
    3 (provide, produce) donner [milk, flavour, result, answer, sum] ; apporter [heat, light, vitamin, nutrient] ; faire [total] ; blue and yellow give (you) green le bleu et le jaune donnent le vert ; the number was given to three decimal places/in metric units le nombre était donné jusqu'à la troisième décimale/en unités du système métrique ;
    4 (allow, accord) [authority] accorder [custody, grant, bursary] ; laisser qch à qn [seat] ; [hotelier] donner [room] ; to give sb sth donner or accorder qch à qn [time, time period] (to do pour faire) ; give me a minute donne-moi une minute ; to give sb enough room laisser suffisamment de place à qn ; I'll give him another hour, then I'm calling the police je lui donne or accorde encore une heure, et j'appelle la police ; she gave him a week to decide elle lui a donné or accordé une semaine pour décider ; he was given six months to live on lui a donné six mois à vivre ; how long do you give the new boss/their marriage? combien de temps donnes-tu au nouveau patron/à leur mariage? ; it is not given to all of us to do sout il n'est pas donné à tout le monde de faire ; she can sing, I'll give her that elle sait chanter, je lui reconnais au moins ça ; it's original, I'll give you that c'est original, je te l'accorde ; she could give her opponent five years elle a au moins cinq ans de plus que son adversaire ; the polls give Labour a lead les Travaillistes sont en tête dans les sondages ;
    5 Med to give sb sth, to give sth to sb donner qch à qn [treatment, medicine] ; greffer qch à qn [organ] ; poser qch à qn [artificial limb, pacemaker] ; faire qch à qn [facelift, injection, massage] ; can you give me something for the pain? pouvez-vous me donner quelque chose contre la douleur? ;
    6 ( communicate) gen, Telecom donner [advice, information, appointment] ; to give sb sth passer qch à qn [extension, number, department] ; give me the sales manager, please passez-moi le directeur commercial, s'il vous plaît ; I was given to understand ou believe that on m'a laissé entendre que ;
    7 ( give birth to) she gave him two sons elle lui donna deux fils.
    C vi ( prét gave ; pp given)
    1 ( contribute) donner, faire un don ; to give to sth ( habitually) faire des dons à qch ; she never gives to charity elle ne donne jamais rien aux organisations caritatives ; ‘please give generously’ ‘merci (de vos dons)’ ;
    2 (bend, flex) [mattress, sofa] s'affaisser (under sous) ; [shelf, bridge, floorboard] fléchir (under sous) ; [branch] ployer (under sous) ; [leather, fabric] s'assouplir ;
    3 (yield, break) = give way ;
    4 (concede, yield) [person, side] céder ; something has to give ça va finir par craquer.
    D v refl ( prét gave ; pp given) to give oneself to ( devote oneself) se consacrer à [cause, good works] ; euph ( sexually) se donner à [person].
    don't give me that ○ ! ne (me) raconte pas d'histoires! ; give or take an inch (or two) à quelques centimètres près ; give me a nice cup of tea any day ou every time ○ ! rien ne vaut une bonne tasse de thé! ; if this is the big city, give me a village every time ○ si c'est ça la ville, alors vive les petits villages ; ‘I give you the bride and groom!’ ‘je bois à la santé du marié et de la mariée!’ ; I'll give you something to cry about ○ ! tu vas savoir pourquoi tu pleure! ; I'll give you something to complain about ○ ! je vais t'apprendre à te plaindres! ; more money? I'll give you more money! ○ je vais t'en donner, moi, de l'argent! ; to give and take faire des concessions ; to give as good as one gets rendre coup pour coup ; to give it all one's got ○ (y) mettre le paquet ; to give sb what for ○ passer un savon à qn ○ ; what gives? ○ qu'est-ce qui se passe?
    ■ give away:
    ▶ give away [sth], give [sth] away
    1 (as gift, offer, charity) donner [item, sample, ticket] (to à) ; distribuer [samples, tickets] ; we're practically giving them away! à ce prix-là, c'est donné! ; they're not exactly giving it away iron on ne peut pas dire que c'est donné ; we've got 100 copies to give away! il y a 100 exemplaires à gagner! ;
    2 ( reveal) révéler [secret, answer, story, ending] (to à) ; the flavour gives it away on le sent au goût ;
    3 (waste, lose carelessly) laisser échapper [match, goal, advantage] (to au bénéfice de) ;
    ▶ give [sb] away, give away [sb]
    1 ( betray) [expression, fingerprints] trahir ; [person] dénoncer [person] (to à) ; to give oneself away se trahir (by doing en faisant) ;
    2 ( in marriage) conduire [qn] à l'autel.
    ■ give back:
    ▶ give [sth] back, give back [sth]
    1 (restore, return) rendre [possession, appetite, sight, freedom] (to à) ; give it back! rends (-moi) ça! ; …or we'll give you your money back …ou vous serez remboursé ;
    2 ( reflect) renvoyer [echo, sound, light].
    ▶ give forth [sth] dégager [smell] ; émettre [sound].
    ■ give in:
    ▶ give in
    1 (to temptation, threat, person) céder (to à) ;
    2 ( stop trying) abandonner ; I give in-tell me! je donne ma langue au chat ○, dis-le moi! ;
    ▶ give in [sth], give [sth] in rendre [homework, essay] ; remettre [ticket, key, petition].
    ■ give off:
    ▶ give off [sth] émettre [signal, scent, radiation, light] ; dégager [heat, fumes, oxygen] ; he was giving off hostile signals il montrait des signes d'hostilité.
    ■ give onto:
    ▶ give onto [sth] donner sur [street, yard etc].
    ■ give out:
    ▶ give out [strength, battery, ink, fuel, supplies] s'épuiser ; [engine, machine] tomber en panne ;
    ▶ give out [sth], give [sth] out
    1 ( distribute) distribuer [books, leaflets, gifts] (to à) ;
    2 ( emit) = give off ;
    3 ( announce) donner [information, details].
    ■ give over:
    ▶ give over ○ arrêter ; give over! arrête! ; to give over doing ○ arrêter de faire ;
    ▶ give over [sth], give [sth] over
    1 affecter or réserver [place, room] (to à) ;
    2 consacrer [time, life] (to à) ; the rest of the day was given over to le reste de la journée était consacré à ;
    3 ( hand over) remettre [qch] à [person] ;
    1 ( devote oneself) se consacrer à [good works, writing] ;
    2 ( let oneself go) s'abandonner à [despair, joy] ;
    3 ( hand oneself to) se rendre à [police].
    ■ give up:
    ▶ give up abandonner ; do you give up? tu abandonnes? ; I give up! ( exasperated) j'abandonne! ; don't give up! tiens bon! ; to give up on laisser tomber [diet, crossword, pupil, patient] ; ne plus compter sur [friend, partner, associate] ; I've given up on him je ne compte plus sur lui! ;
    ▶ give up [sth], give [sth] up
    1 ( renounce or sacrifice) renoncer à [vice, habit, social life, throne, title, claim] ; sacrifier [free time, Saturdays etc] ; quitter [job, work] ; to give up smoking/drinking cesser de fumer/de boire ; to give everything up for sb renoncer à tout pour qn ; to give up one's free time for sth consacrer son temps libre à qch ;
    2 (abandon, drop) abandonner [search, hope, struggle, school subject] ; renoncer à [idea, thought] ; to give up trying/writing cesser d'essayer/d'écrire ;
    3 ( surrender) céder [seat, place, territory] ; remettre [passport, key] ; livrer [secret, treasure] ;
    ▶ give up [sb], give [sb] up
    1 ( hand over) livrer (to à) ; to give oneself up se livrer, se rendre (to à) ;
    2 GB ( stop expecting to arrive) ne plus attendre ; I'd given you up! je ne t'attendais plus! ;
    3 ( stop expecting to recover) considérer [qn] comme perdu ;
    4 ( discontinue relations with) laisser tomber [lover] ; délaisser [friend].
    ■ give way:
    1 ( collapse) [bridge, table, chair, wall, ceiling] s'effondrer (under sous) ; [fence, cable, rope] céder (under sous) ; his legs gave way under the weight/when he heard the news ses jambes se sont dérobées sous le poids/sous lui quand il a appris la nouvelle ;
    2 GB ( when driving) céder le passage (to à) ;
    3 (concede, yield) céder ; to give way to ( yield to) céder à [pressure, demands, person, fear, temptation, urge] ; s'abandonner à [despair, base instincts] ; ( be replaced by) faire place à [sunshine, relief, new methods].

    Big English-French dictionary > give

  • 123 on

    on [ɒn]
    sur ⇒ 1A (a)-(d), 1A (f), 1B (a), 1C (a), 1C (d), 1D (a)-(c), 1D (j) à ⇒ 1A (c), 1D (f), 1D (h), 1D (i), 1D (j), 1F (c), 1F (f) en ⇒ 1A (c), 1F (g) par rapport à ⇒ 1C (e) selon ⇒ 1D (d) de ⇒ 1F (d) allumé ⇒ 3 (a) ouvert ⇒ 3 (a) en marche ⇒ 3 (a) de garde ⇒ 3 (c) de service ⇒ 3 (c)
    A.
    ∎ the vase is on the shelf le vase est sur l'étagère;
    ∎ put it on the shelf mets-le sur l'étagère;
    ∎ on the floor par terre;
    ∎ on the ceiling au plafond;
    ∎ there are posters on the walls il y a des affiches aux ou sur les murs;
    ∎ there was blood on the walls il y avait du sang sur les murs;
    ∎ a coat was hanging on the hook un manteau était accroché à la patère;
    ∎ the post with the seagull on it le poteau sur lequel il y a la mouette;
    ∎ he has a ring on his finger il a une bague au doigt;
    ∎ to lie on one's back/side être allongé sur le dos/côté;
    ∎ on this side de ce côté;
    ∎ on the other side of the page de l'autre côté de la page;
    ∎ on page four à la quatrième page, à la page quatre;
    ∎ on the left/right à gauche/droite
    ∎ I had nothing to write on je n'avais rien sur quoi écrire;
    ∎ red on a green background rouge sur un fond vert
    (c) (indicating general location, area)
    ∎ he works on a building site il travaille sur un chantier;
    ∎ they live on a farm ils habitent une ferme;
    ∎ there's been an accident on the M1 il y a eu un accident sur la M1;
    ∎ room on the second floor chambre au second (étage);
    ∎ on Arran/the Isle of Wight sur Arran/l'île de Wight;
    ∎ on Corsica/Crete en Corse/Crète;
    ∎ on Majorca/Minorca à Majorque/Minorque
    ∎ I kissed him on the cheek je l'ai embrassé sur la joue;
    ∎ someone tapped me on the shoulder quelqu'un m'a tapé sur l'épaule
    ∎ the village is right on the lake/sea le village est juste au bord du lac/de la mer
    (f) (indicating movement, direction)
    ∎ the mirror fell on the floor la glace est tombée par terre;
    ∎ to climb on(to) a wall grimper sur un mur;
    ∎ they marched on the capital ils marchèrent sur la capitale;
    ∎ don't tread on it ne marchez pas dessus
    B.
    ∎ I only had £10 on me je n'avais que 10 livres sur moi;
    ∎ she's got a gun on her elle est armée
    ∎ he had a scornful smile on his face il affichait un sourire plein de mépris
    C.
    (a) (indicating purpose of money, time, effort spent) sur;
    ∎ I spent hours on that essay j'ai passé des heures sur cette dissertation;
    ∎ she spent £1,000 on her new stereo elle a dépensé 1000 livres pour acheter sa nouvelle chaîne hi-fi;
    ∎ to put money on a horse parier ou miser sur un cheval;
    ∎ what are you working on at the moment? sur quoi travaillez-vous en ce moment?
    ∎ I am here on business je suis ici pour affaires;
    ∎ to be on strike être en grève;
    ∎ he's off on a trip to Brazil il part pour un voyage au Brésil;
    ∎ to go on safari faire un safari;
    ∎ she was sent on a course on l'a envoyée suivre des cours;
    ∎ I'm on nights next week je suis de nuit la semaine prochaine;
    ∎ he's on lunch/a break il est en train de déjeuner/faire la pause;
    ∎ she's been on the committee for years ça fait des années qu'elle siège au comité
    (c) (indicating special interest, pursuit)
    ∎ she's keen on music elle a la passion de la musique;
    ∎ he's good on modern history il excelle en histoire moderne;
    ∎ she's very big on equal opportunities l'égalité des chances, c'est son cheval de bataille
    ∎ on a large/small scale sur une grande/petite échelle
    (e) (compared with) par rapport à;
    ∎ imports are up/down on last year les importations sont en hausse/en baisse par rapport à l'année dernière;
    ∎ it's an improvement on the old system c'est une amélioration par rapport à l'ancien système
    D.
    (a) (about, on the subject of) sur;
    ∎ a book/film on the French Revolution un livre/film sur la Révolution française;
    ∎ we all agree on that point nous sommes tous d'accord sur ce point;
    ∎ I need some advice on a legal matter j'ai besoin de conseils sur un point légal;
    ∎ could I speak to you on a matter of some delicacy? pourrais-je vous parler d'une affaire assez délicate?;
    ∎ the police have nothing on him la police n'a rien sur lui
    (b) (indicating person, thing affected) sur;
    ∎ it has no effect on them cela n'a aucun effet sur eux;
    ∎ a tax on alcohol une taxe sur les boissons alcoolisées;
    ∎ try it on your parents essaie-le sur tes parents;
    ∎ the government must act on inflation le gouvernement doit prendre des mesures contre l'inflation;
    ∎ he has survived two attempts on his life il a échappé à deux tentatives d'assassinat;
    ∎ it's unfair on women c'est injuste envers les femmes;
    ∎ the joke's on you! c'est toi qui as l'air ridicule!
    ∎ I cut my finger on a piece of glass je me suis coupé le doigt sur un morceau de verre
    ∎ everyone will be judged on their merits chacun sera jugé selon ses mérites;
    ∎ candidates are selected on their examination results les candidats sont choisis en fonction des résultats qu'ils ont obtenus à l'examen
    (e) (indicating reason, motive for action)
    ∎ on impulse sur un coup de tête;
    ∎ the police acted on information from abroad la police est intervenue après avoir reçu des renseignements de l'étranger;
    ∎ I shall refuse on principle je refuserai par principe
    (f) (included in, forming part of)
    ∎ your name isn't on the list votre nom n'est pas sur la liste;
    ∎ the books on the syllabus les livres au programme;
    ∎ on the agenda à l'ordre du jour
    (g) (indicating method, system)
    ∎ they work on a rota system ils travaillent par roulement;
    ∎ reorganized on a more rational basis réorganisé sur une base plus rationnelle
    ∎ on foot/horseback à pied/cheval;
    ∎ on the bus/train dans le bus/train;
    ∎ she arrived on the midday bus/train elle est arrivée par le bus/train de midi;
    ∎ on a bicycle à bicyclette
    ∎ to play a tune on the flute jouer un air à la flûte;
    ∎ who's on guitar/on drums? qui est à la guitare/à la batterie?
    ∎ , Television & Theatre I heard it on the radio/on television je l'ai entendu à la radio/à la télévision;
    ∎ it's the first time she's been on television c'est la première fois qu'elle passe à la télévision;
    ∎ what's on the other channel or side? qu'est-ce qu'il y a sur l'autre chaîne?;
    ∎ on stage sur scène
    ∎ it's all on computer tout est sur ordinateur;
    ∎ on file sur fichier
    E.
    INDICATING DATE, TIME ETC
    ∎ on the 6th of July le 6 juillet;
    ∎ on or about the 12th vers le 12;
    ∎ on Christmas Day le jour de Noël;
    ∎ I'll see her on Monday je la vois lundi;
    ∎ on Monday morning lundi matin;
    ∎ I don't work on Mondays je ne travaille pas le lundi;
    ∎ on a Monday morning in February un lundi matin (du mois) de février;
    ∎ on a fine day in June par une belle journée de juin;
    ∎ on time à l'heure;
    ∎ every hour on the hour à chaque heure;
    ∎ it's just on five o'clock il est cinq heures pile;
    ∎ just on a year ago (approximately) il y a près d'un an
    F.
    ∎ have a drink on me prenez un verre, c'est moi qui offre;
    ∎ the drinks are on me/the house! c'est ma tournée/la tournée du patron!;
    ∎ you can get it on the National Health ≃ c'est remboursé par la Sécurité sociale
    ∎ to live on one's private income/a student grant vivre de ses rentes/d'une bourse d'études;
    ∎ you can't live on such a low wage on ne peut pas vivre avec des revenus aussi modestes;
    ∎ familiar they're on the dole or on unemployment benefit ils vivent du chômage ou des allocations de chômage□ ;
    ∎ to retire on a pension of £5,000 a year prendre sa retraite avec une pension de 5000 livres par an
    ∎ it works on electricity ça marche à l'électricité
    ∎ they live on cereals ils se nourrissent de céréales;
    ∎ we dined on oysters and champagne nous avons dîné d'huîtres et de champagne
    (e) (indicating drugs, medicine prescribed)
    ∎ is she on the pill? est-ce qu'elle prend la pilule?;
    ∎ I'm still on antibiotics je suis toujours sous antibiotiques;
    ∎ the doctor put her on tranquillizers le médecin lui a prescrit des tranquillisants;
    ∎ he's on insulin/heroin il prend de l'insuline/de l'héroïne;
    ∎ he's on drugs il se drogue;
    ∎ familiar figurative what's he on? il se sent bien?
    ∎ he'll deal with it on his return il s'en occupera à son retour;
    ∎ looters will be shot on sight les pillards seront abattus sans sommation;
    ∎ on the death of his mother à la mort de sa mère;
    ∎ on my first/last visit lors de ma première/dernière visite;
    ∎ on the count of three à trois
    ∎ on hearing the news en apprenant la nouvelle;
    ∎ on completing the test candidates should… quand ils auront fini l'examen les candidats devront…
    ∎ the lid wasn't on le couvercle n'était pas mis;
    ∎ put the top back on afterwards remets le capuchon ensuite
    ∎ why have you got your gloves on? pourquoi as-tu mis tes gants?;
    ∎ the woman with the blue dress on la femme en robe bleue;
    ∎ what had she got on? qu'est-ce qu'elle portait?, comment était-elle habillée?;
    ∎ he's got nothing on il est nu
    ∎ to read on continuer à lire;
    ∎ the car drove on la voiture ne s'est pas arrêtée;
    ∎ they walked on ils poursuivirent leur chemin;
    ∎ from now or this moment or this time on désormais;
    ∎ from that day on à partir ou dater de ce jour;
    ∎ well on in years d'un âge avancé;
    ∎ earlier/later/further on plus tôt/tard/loin;
    ∎ on with the show! que le spectacle continue!
    ∎ I've got a lot on this week je suis très occupé cette semaine;
    ∎ have you got anything on tonight? tu fais quelque chose ce soir?
    (e) (functioning, running)
    ∎ put or turn or switch the television on allume la télévision;
    ∎ turn the tap on ouvre le robinet;
    ∎ the lights had been left on les lumières étaient restées allumées;
    ∎ the tap had been left on le robinet était resté ouvert;
    ∎ the car had its headlights on les phares de la voiture étaient allumés
    ∎ I have a bet on j'ai fait un pari
    ∎ to be or go on about sth parler de qch sans arrêt□ ;
    ∎ he's on about his new car again le voilà reparti sur sa nouvelle voiture;
    ∎ what's she on about? qu'est-ce qu'elle raconte?;
    ∎ he's always on about the war/teenagers il n'arrête pas de déblatérer sur la guerre/les adolescents;
    ∎ my parents are always on at me about my hair mes parents n'arrêtent pas de m'embêter avec mes cheveux;
    ∎ I've been on at them for months to get it fixed cela fait des mois que je suis sur leur dos pour qu'ils le fassent réparer
    (a) (working → electricity, light, radio, TV) allumé; (→ gas, tap) ouvert; (→ engine, machine) en marche; (→ handbrake) serré; (→ alarm) enclenché;
    ∎ the radio was on very loud la radio hurlait;
    ∎ make sure the switches are in the "on" position vérifiez que les interrupteurs sont sur (la position) "marche";
    ∎ the "on" button le bouton de mise en marche
    (b) (happening, under way)
    ∎ to be on (actor) être en scène;
    ∎ we're on in ten minutes c'est à nous dans dix minutes;
    ∎ there's a conference on next week il y a une conférence la semaine prochaine;
    ∎ the meeting is on right now la réunion est en train de se dérouler;
    ∎ the match is still on (on TV) le match n'est pas terminé; (going ahead) le match n'a pas été annulé;
    ∎ it's on at the local cinema ça passe au cinéma du quartier;
    ∎ the play was on for weeks la pièce a tenu l'affiche pendant des semaines;
    ∎ your favourite TV programme is on tonight il y a ton émission préférée à la télé ce soir;
    ∎ there's nothing good on (on TV, radio) il n'y a rien de bien;
    ∎ is the party still on? est-ce que la soirée se fait toujours?;
    ∎ is our deal still on? est-ce que notre affaire tient toujours?;
    ∎ the kettle's on for tea j'ai mis de l'eau à chauffer pour le thé;
    ∎ hurry up, your dinner's on dépêche-toi, ton dîner va être prêt
    (c) (on duty → in hospital, surgery) de garde; (→ in shop, administration) de service;
    ∎ I'm on at three o'clock, then off at nine o'clock je commence à trois heures et je finis à neuf heures
    ∎ the odds are twenty to one on la cote est de vingt contre un
    ∎ such behaviour just isn't on! une telle conduite est tout à fait inadmissible!□ ;
    ∎ British it's not on! ça va pas du tout!
    (f) familiar (feasible, possible)
    ∎ we'll never be ready by tomorrow, it just isn't on nous ne serons jamais prêts pour demain, c'est tout bonnement impossible
    ∎ are you still on for dinner tonight? ça marche toujours pour le dîner de ce soir?;
    ∎ shall we say £10? - you're on! disons 10 livres? - d'accord ou tope là!;
    ∎ if you wash the dishes, I'll dry them - you're on! si tu fais la vaisselle, je l'essuie - ça marche!
    ∎ to be on (menstruating) avoir ses ragnagnas
    ∎ we went out together on and off for a year on a eu une relation irrégulière pendant un an
    sans arrêt;
    ∎ he goes on and on about his minor ailments il nous rebat les oreilles avec ses petits problèmes de santé;
    ∎ the play dragged on and on la pièce n'en finissait plus

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > on

  • 124 Adams, William Bridges

    [br]
    b. 1797 Madeley, Staffordshire, England
    d. 23 July 1872 Broadstairs, Kent, England
    [br]
    English inventory particularly of road and rail vehicles and their equipment.
    [br]
    Ill health forced Adams to live abroad when he was a young man and when he returned to England in the early 1830s he became a partner in his father's firm of coachbuilders. Coaches during that period were steered by a centrally pivoted front axle, which meant that the front wheels had to swing beneath the body and were therefore made smaller than the rear wheels. Adams considered this design defective and invented equirotal coaches, built by his firm, in which the front and rear wheels were of equal diameter and the coach body was articulated midway along its length so that the front part pivoted. He also applied himself to improving vehicles for railways, which were developing rapidly then.
    In 1843 he opened his own engineering works, Fairfield Works in north London (he was not related to his contemporary William Adams, who was appointed Locomotive Superintendent to the North London Railway in 1854). In 1847 he and James Samuel, Engineer to the Eastern Counties Railway, built for that line a small steam inspection car, the Express, which was light enough to be lifted off the track. The following year Adams built a broad-gauge steam railcar, the Fairfield, for the Bristol \& Exeter Railway at the insistance of the line's Engineer, C.H.Gregory: self-propelled and passenger-carrying, this was the first railcar. Adams developed the concept further into a light locomotive that could haul two or three separate carriages, and light locomotives built both by his own firm and by other noted builders came into vogue for a decade or more.
    In 1847 Adams also built eight-wheeled coaches for the Eastern Counties Railway that were larger and more spacious than most others of the day: each in effect comprised two four-wheeled coaches articulated together, with wheels that were allowed limited side-play. He also realized the necessity for improvements to railway track, the weakest point of which was the joints between the rails, whose adjoining ends were normally held in common chairs. Adams invented the fishplated joint, first used by the Eastern Counties Railway in 1849 and subsequently used almost universally.
    Adams was a prolific inventor. Most important of his later inventions was the radial axle, which was first applied to the leading and trailing wheels of a 2–4–2 tank engine, the White Raven, built in 1863; Adams's radial axle was the forerunner of all later radial axles. However, the sprung tyres with which White Raven was also fitted (an elastic steel hoop was interposed between wheel centre and tyre) were not perpetuated. His inventiveness was not restricted to engineering: in matters of dress, his adoption, perhaps invention, of the turn-down collar at a time when men conventionally wore standup collars had lasting effect.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    Adams took out some thirty five British patents, including one for the fishplate in 1847. He wrote copiously, as journalist and author: his most important book was English Pleasure Carriages (1837), a detailed description of coachbuilding, together with ideas for railway vehicles and track. The 1971 reprint (Bath: Adams \& Dart) has a biographical introduction by Jack Simmons.
    Further Reading
    C.Hamilton Ellis, 1958, Twenty Locomotive Men, Shepperton: Ian Allan, Ch. 1. See also England, George.
    PJGR

    Biographical history of technology > Adams, William Bridges

  • 125 Borsig, Johann Carl Friedrich August

    [br]
    b. 25 June 1804 Breslau, Germany (now Wroclaw, Poland)
    d. 7 July 1854 Berlin, Germany
    [br]
    German pioneer manufacturer of locomotives and rails.
    [br]
    Borsig established a small works at Berlin in 1837 that ten years later had expanded sufficiently to employ 1,200 people. In that year it produced sixty-seven locomotives. Borsig copied the long-boiler type then popular in Britain and which had been exported to Germany by British manufacturers: it became the standard goods engine in Germany for many years, and the name Borsig became one of the famous names of locomotive building. In 1847 Borsig established an iron-works near Berlin that from 1851 started to produce good-quality rails; German railways previously had to import these from Britain.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    J.Marshall, 1978, A Biographical Dictionary of Railway Engineers, Newton Abbot: David \& Charles.
    PJGR

    Biographical history of technology > Borsig, Johann Carl Friedrich August

  • 126 Izod, Edwin Gilbert

    SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy
    [br]
    b. 17 July 1876 Portsmouth, England
    d. 2 October 1946 England
    [br]
    English engineer who devised the notched-bar impact test named after him.
    [br]
    After a general education at Vickery's School at Southsea, Izod (who pronounced his name Izzod, not Izod) started his career as a premium apprentice at the works of Maudslay, Sons and Field at Lambeth in January 1893. When in 1995 he was engaged in the installation of machinery in HMS Renown at Pembroke, he gained some notoriety for his temerity in ordering Rear Admiral J.A.Fisher, who had no pass, out of the main engine room. He subsequently worked at Portsmouth Dockyard where the battleships Caesar and Gladiator were being engined by Maudslay's. From 1898 to 1900 Izod worked as a Demonstrator in the laboratories of University College London, and he was then engaged by Captain H. Riall Sankey as his Personal Assistant at the Rugby works of Willans and Robinson. Soon after going to Rugby, Izod was asked by Sankey to examine a failed gun barrel and try to ascertain why it burst in testing. Conventional mechanical testing did not reveal any significant differences in the properties of good and bad material. Izod found, however, that, when specimens from the burst barrel were notched, gripped in a vice, and then struck with a hammer they broke in a brittle manner, whereas sounder material merely bent plastically. From these findings his well-known notched-bar impact test emerged. His address to the British Association in September 1903 described the test and his testing machine, and was subsequently published in Engineering. Izod never claimed any priority for this method of test, and generously acknowledged his predecessors in this field, Swedenborg, Fremont, Arnold and Bent Russell. The Izod Test was rapidly adopted by the English-speaking world, although Izod himself, being a busy man, did little to publicize his work, which was introduced to the engineering world largely through the efforts of Captain Sankey. Izod became Assistant Managing Director at Willans, and in 1910 was appointed Chief Consulting Mechanical and Electrical Engineer to the Central Mining Corporation at Johannesburg. He became Managing Director of the Rand Mines in 1918, and returned to the UK in 1927 to become the Managing Director of Weymann Motor Bodies Ltd of Addlestone. As Chairman of this company he extended its activitiesconsiderably.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    MBE. Member of the Iron and Steel Institute.
    Further Reading
    1903, "Testing brittleness of steel", Engineering (25 September): 431–2.
    ASD

    Biographical history of technology > Izod, Edwin Gilbert

  • 127 Maudslay, Henry

    [br]
    b. 22 August 1771 Woolwich, Kent, England
    d. 15 February 1831 Lambeth, London, England
    [br]
    English precision toolmaker and engineer.
    [br]
    Henry Maudslay was the third son of an ex-soldier and storekeeper at Woolwich Arsenal. At the age of 12 he was employed at the Arsenal filling cartridges; two years later he was transferred to the woodworking department, adjacent to the smithy, to which he moved when 15 years old. He was a rapid learner, and three years later Joseph Bramah took him on for the construction of special tools required for the mass-production of his locks. Maudslay was thus employed for the next eight years. He became Bramah's foreman, married his housekeeper, Sarah Tindale, and, unable to better himself, decided to leave and set up on his own. He soon outgrew his first premises in Wells Street and moved to Margaret Street, off Oxford Street, where some examples of his workmanship were displayed in the window. These caught the attention of a visiting Frenchman, de Bacquancourt; he was a friend of Marc Isambard Brunel, who was then in the early stages of designing the block-making machinery later installed at Portsmouth dockyard.
    Brunel wanted first a set of working models, as he did not think that the Lords of the Admiralty would be capable of understanding engineering drawings; Maudslay made these for him within the next two years. Sir Samuel Bentham, Inspector-General of Naval Works, agreed that Brunel's system was superior to the one that he had gone some way in developing; the Admiralty approved, and an order was placed for the complete plant. The manufacture of the machinery occupied Maudslay for the next six years; he was assisted by a draughtsman whom he took on from Portsmouth dockyard, Joshua Field (1786–1863), who became his partner in Maudslay, Son and Field. There were as many as eighty employees at Margaret Street until, in 1810, larger premises became necessary and a new works was built at Lambeth Marsh where, eventually, there were up to two hundred workers. The new factory was flanked by two houses, one of which was occupied by Maudslay, the other by Field. The firm became noted for its production of marine steam-engines, notably Maudslay's table engine which was first introduced in 1807.
    Maudslay was a consummate craftsman who was never happier than when working at his bench or at a machine tool; he was also one of the first engineers to appreciate the virtues of standardization. Evidence of this appreciation is to be found in his work in the development of the Bramah lock and then on the machine tools for the manufacture of ship's blocks to Marc Brunel's designs; possibly his most important contribution was the invention in 1797 of the metal lathe. He made a number of surface plates of the finest quality. The most celebrated of his numerous measuring devices was a micrometer-based machine which he termed his "Lord Chancellor" because, in the machine shop, it represented the "final court of appeal", measuring to one-thousandth of an inch.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    1934–5, "Maudslay, Sons \& Field as general engineers", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 15, London.
    1963, Engineering Heritage, Vol. 1, London: Institution of Mechanical Engineers. L.T.C.Rolt, 1965, Tools for the Job, London: Batsford.
    W.Steeds, 1969, A History of Machine Tools 1700–1910, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    IMcN

    Biographical history of technology > Maudslay, Henry

  • 128 Sickels, Frederick Ellsworth

    [br]
    b. 20 September 1819 Gloucester County, New Jersey, USA
    d. 8 March 1895 Kansas City, Missouri, USA
    [br]
    American inventor of a steam-inlet cut-off valve mechanism for engines and steam steering apparatus for ships.
    [br]
    Sickels was educated in New York City, where his father was a practising physician. As he showed mechanical aptitude, at the age of 16 he joined the Harlem Railroad as a rod man, and a year later became a machinist in the Allaire Works in New York, studying physics and mechanics in his spare time. He perfected his cut-off mechanism for drop valves in 1841 and patented it the following year. The liberating mechanism allowed the valve to fall quickly onto its seat and so eliminated "wire-drawing" of the steam, and Sickels arranged a dashpot to prevent the valve hitting the seat violently. Through further improvements patented in 1843 and 1845, he gained a considerable fortune, but he subsequently lost it through fighting patent infringements because his valve gear was copied extensively.
    In 1846 he turned his attention to using a steam engine to assist the steering in ships. He filed a patent application in 1849 and completed a machine in 1854, but he could not find any ship owner willing to try it until 1858, when it was fitted to the August. A patent was granted in 1860, but as no American ship owners showed interest Sickels went to England, where he obtained three British patents; once again, however, he found no interest. He returned to the United States in 1867 and continued his fruitless efforts until he was financially ruined. He patented improved compound engines in 1875 and also contributed improvements in sinking pneumatic piles. He turned to civil engineering and engaged in railway and bridge construction in the west. In about 1890 he was made Consulting Engineer to the National Water Works Company of New York and in 1891 became Chief Engineer of its operations at Kansas City.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    Dictionary of American Biography, 1935, Vol. XVII, New York: C.Scribner's Sons. C.T.Porter, 1908, Engineering Reminiscences, reprinted 1985, Bradley, Ill.: Lindsay Publications (comments on his cut-off valve gear).
    H.G.Conway, 1955–6, "Some notes on the origins of mechanical servo systems", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 29 (comments on his steam steering apparatus).
    RLH

    Biographical history of technology > Sickels, Frederick Ellsworth

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