duties

καταφθείρω fut. καταφθερῶ 2 Ch 17:7; aor. κατέφθειρα LXX; pf. κατέφθαρκα LXX. Pass.: 2 fut. καταφθαρήσομαι; 2 aor. κατεφθάρην; pf. ptc. κατεφθαρμένος (s. next entry and φθείρω; Aeschyl., Pla., et al.; ins, pap, LXX; TestAsh 7:2; EpArist; Philo, Deus Imm. 141; 142; Just., D. 31, 5 [Da 7:19]).

① destroy (Aeschyl., LXX) pass. be destroyed (Polyb. 2, 64, 3; Lev 26:39; 2 Km 14:14 v.l.; 2 Macc 5:14) 2 Pt 2:12 v.l. (cp. the portent Plut., Demetr. 894 [12, 3]).

② ruin, corrupt τινά someone; of grief παρὰ πάντα τὰ πνεύματα κ. τὸν ἄνθρωπον it ruins a man more than all the (other) spirits Hm 10, 1, 2. Pass. be ruined, become useless (SIG 1157, 74 [I B.C.] δένδρα; pap) ἀπό τινος for someth. ἀπὸ τῶν βιωτικῶν πράξεων for the duties of everyday life Hv 1, 3, 1b; cp. Hs 6, 2, 4. κ. ὑπό τινος εἴς τι: εἰς θάνατον be injured by someone so that one dies Hs 9, 26, 6. κατεφθαρμένος τὸν νοῦν depraved in mind 2 Ti 3:8 (Menand., Epitr. 692 S. p. 347 [502 Kö.] καταφθαρεὶς τὸν βίον). Abs. Hv 1, 3, 1a; m 10, 1, 4; Hs 9, 14, 3; 9, 26, 4.—M-M. TW. Spicq.

λατρεύω fut. λατρεύσω; 1 aor. ἐλάτρευσα (Trag. et al. in var. senses, ‘work for pay, be in servitude, render cultic service’; ins, LXX; ApcMos 13; En, Philo, SibOr 4, 104; Just.) serve, in our lit. only of the carrying out of religious duties, esp. of a cultic nature, by human beings: λ. θεῷ (Eur., Ion 152; Plut., Mor. 405c; 407e; Philo, Spec. Leg. 1, 300 ὅλῃ τ. ψυχῇ; cp. En 10:21; Orig., C. Cels. 5, 11, 39 [w. προσκυνέω]) Mt 4:10; Lk 4:8 (both Dt 6:13); 1:74; Ac 7:7 (cp. Ex 3:12); 24:14; 27:23; Hb 9:14; Rv 7:15; 22:3; Pol 2:1. τῷ ὀνόματι (θεοῦ) 1 Cl 45:7; τῷ διαβόλῳ λ. serve the devil (in reality) ISm 9:1. Of the Jews λ. ἀγγέλοις PtK 2 p. 14, 26. Of image-worship (Ex 20:5; 23:24; Ezk 20:32; En 99:7; Just., A I, 53, 6; Theoph. Ant. 2, 34 p. 184, 26; 3, 9 p. 222, 23) Ac 7:42; Ro 1:25; εἰδώλοις AcPl Ha 2, 32.—W. indication of the manner in which the service (τῷ θεῷ) is performed (cp. τὴν ἀληθῆ λαθρείαν λ. τῷ θεῷ Orig., C. Cels. 2, 2, 42) (τῷ θεῷ) ἐν καθαρᾷ συνειδήσει serve (God) w. a clear conscience 2 Ti 1:3. (διὰ χάριτος) λ. εὐαρέστως τῷ θεῷ μετὰ εὐλαβείας καὶ δέους (in thankfulness) serve God acceptably with reverence and awe Hb 12:28. (τῷ θεῷ) λ. ἐν τῷ πνεύματί μου ἐν τῷ εὐαγγελίῳ I serve (God) with my spirit in the gospel Ro 1:9 (cp. Phil 3:3 v.l.).—Without the dat. of the one to whom service is given: ἐν ἐκτενείᾳ νύκτα κ. ἡμέραν λ. serve (God) earnestly night and day Ac 26:7. νηστείαις κ. δεήσεσιν λ. νύκτα κ. ἡμέραν serve (God) night and day w. fasting and prayer Lk 2:37. οἱ πνεύματι θεοῦ λατρεύοντες those who worship by the Spirit of God Phil 3:3 (HKoester, NTS 8, ’62, 320f: work as a missionary in the Spirit of God). ὁ λατρεύων the worshiper (who is concerned w. the rituals prescribed by Mosaic ordinance) Hb 9:9; 10:2.—Hb also adds to λ. in the dat. the holy objects by means of which the priest renders service 8:5; 13:10.—WBrandt, Dienst u. Dienen im NT ’31; CCranfield, Interpretation 12, ’58, 387–98; BReicke, NT Studies: TManson memorial vol., ’59, 194–209.—DELG s.v. λάτρον. M-M. EDNT. TW.

μαλακίζομαι (s. μαλακός) perf. mid.-pass. 3 sing. μεμαλάκισται; 1 aor. pass. ἐμαλακίσθην (usually w. a neg. connotation ‘be softened, be made effeminate, show cowardice’ Thu.+; SIG² 850, 24; PSI 420, 16 [III B.C.]; PPetr II, 19, 2, 6 [III B.C.]; Sb 158; LXX, Test12Patr; JosAs 29:9; Philo; Jos., Bell. 4, 43, Ant. 6, 365; 18, 205) to be in a weakened condition, be/become weak, discouraged, sick μαλακισθέντες ἀπὸ τῶν βιωτικῶν πραγμάτων weakened by the duties of everyday life Hv 3, 11, 3 (μαλακίζεσθαι ἀπό as TestGad 1:4 v.l.).—μεμαλάκισται διὰ τὰς ἀνομίας ἡμῶν he was made to suffer for our misdeeds 1 Cl 16:5; cp. 5:2 (both Is 53:5).—DELG s.v. μαλακός. M-M. s.v. μαλακία.

νηφάλιος, ία, ον (νήφω; Aeschyl. et al.; Plut.; SIG 1040, 26), late form νηφαλέος, α, ον (v.l.; Herodian Gr. I 114, 17 et al.; Philo, Leg. All. 3, 82; Etym. Mag. p. 261, 52; 262, 2; AcJ 69 [p. 184, 10]. On the accent s. Kühner-Bl. II p. 297, 11; B-D-F §35, 3; Mlt-H. 76; 362) of pers. (cp. Philo, Sobr. 2, Mos. 1, 187; Jos., Ant. 3, 279)

① pert. to being very moderate in the drinking of an alcoholic beverage, temperate, sober (so Dibelius/Conzelmann, Hermeneia comm. ad loc. On the topic of moderation in drinking wine s. Theognis 467–510. For prohibition of strong drink to priests when engaging in official duties s. Lev 10:8) 1 Ti 3:2 (opp. πάροινος vs. 3. The latter term is in a series chiefly composed of negatives that contrast with the positive virtues in vs. 2), 11 (cp. Tit 2:3 and the sterotyped ‘anus’ [‘hag’] who is given to drink in Lat. lit.: Ovid, Fasti 3, 765f et al.; VRoswach, Classical World 88, ’94, 113f; Arnott, Alexis p. 504) Tit 2:2. Others interpret metaph.

② pert. to being restrained in conduct, self-controlled, level-headed fig. ext. of 1 (s. next entry): 1 Ti 3:2, 11; Tit 2:2.—DELG s.v. νήφω. M-M. TW.

οἰκουργέω (οἰκουργός) to carry out responsibilities in a household, be domestic, tend to things in the house τὰ κατὰ τὸν οἶκον οἰκ. fulfill one’s household responsibilities 1 Cl 1:3 (Trag., et al. use the verb οἰκουρεῖν, which the Jerus. ms. restores by erasure in Clement’s text). Not to be equated with οἰκοδεσποτέω ‘manage a household’ 1 Ti 5:14 (s. the distinction between οἰκουρός and οἰκονόμος Cass. Dio 56, 3 [s. next entry]). Both the Semitic and Hellenic ideal was for women to remain at home and discharge domestic duties. Appropriate to the role of a respectable woman was observance of οἰκουρίαν καὶ τὸν σέμνον βίον ‘tending to things at home and leading a sedate life’ Alciphron 3, 22 [58]; in the OT, contrast the ‘virtuous’ woman who is busy at home Pr 31 and the ‘loose’ woman who does not remain at home 7:11.—S. DELG s.v. ἔργον I 2 p. 364. M-M. s.v.-ός; Field, Notes, 220–21.

οἰκουργός, όν (οἶκος, ἔργον; for οἰκουρός Aristoph. et al.; the form w. γ is found elsewh. only in Soranus p. 18, 2 v.l. [for οἰκουρός]: οἰκουργὸν καὶ καθέδριον διάγειν βίον) pert. to carrying out household responsibilities, busy at home, carrying out household duties, of women Tit 2:5 (cp. Philo, Exsecr. 139 σώφρονας κ. οἰκουροὺς κ. φιλάνδρους; Cass. Dio 56, 3). S. the preceding entry; also Field, Notes, 220–22 and foll. entry.—S. DELG s.v. ἔργον I 2 p. 364. M-M.

πράσσω impf. ἔπρασσον; fut. πράξω; 1 aor. ἔπραξα; pf. πέπραχα. Pass.: 1 aor. ἐπράχθην; pf. ptc. πεπραγμένος (Hom.+ [the Attic form πράττω Ac 17:7 v.l.; 19:36 v.l.; Col 4:9 v.l., cp. Gignac I 151; for ins Threatte II 650f]; ins, pap, LXX, EpArist, Philo, Joseph., Test12Patr; Just., D. 35, 7 opp. λόγος).

① to bring about or accomplish someth. through activity, trans.

ⓐ do, accomplish (oft. used without distinction betw. itself and ποιεῖν, as Diod S 16, 27, 1 ἔξεστιν αὐτῷ πράττειν ὸ̔ βούλεται. Cp. Ro 1:32; 2:3; IMg 7:1). τὶ someth. προσέχετε ἑαυτοῖς … τί μέλλετε πράσσειν Ac 5:35; πάντα πρ. IMg 4; 6:1; cp. 7:1; ITr 2:2 al. πρᾶξιν πράσσειν (s. also farther below) do a deed, do someth. Hs 5, 2, 11; τὰ πνευματικὰ πρ. do spiritual things IEph 8:2a. ἄξια τῆς μετανοίας ἔργα πρ. do deeds that are consistent with repentance, act in a manner consistent etc. Ac 26:20. τὴν δικαιοσύνην 2 Cl 19:3 (cp. Xenophanes 1, 16 Diehl² τὰ δίκαια πρήσσειν). εἴτε ἀγαθὸν εἴτε φαῦλον 2 Cor 5:10; cp. Ro 9:11.—1 Cor 9:17; Eph 6:21; Phil 4:9.—Pass. οὐ γάρ ἐστιν ἐν γωνίᾳ πεπραγμένον τοῦτο Ac 26:26.—Mostly of actions that are not praiseworthy (TestAbr B 10 p. 115, 8 [Stone p. 78] εἴ τι ἔπραξεν ἐκ νεότητος αὐτῆς; ApcEsdr 4:24 μικρὸν θέλημα πράξας) do, commit τὶ someth. Lk 22:23; 23:41a; Ro 1:32ab; 2:1–3; 7:15; 2 Cor 12:21 (ᾗ by attraction for ἥν); Gal 5:21; 1 Cl 35:6; 2 Cl 4:5; 10:5; Hm 3:3; D 1:5 (περὶ ὧν = περὶ τούτων ἅ). τὸ ἔργον τοῦτο πρ. 1 Cor 5:2 (Herodas 3, 62; cp. 82 ἔργα πράσσειν=commit evil deeds; τὸ ἔργον πρ. as Jos., Vi. 47). τὴν πολυτέλειαν τῶν ἐθνῶν πρ. Hs 1:10; ἄτοπον τι πρ. Lk 23:41b (ἄτοπος 2). (τὸ) κακόν (Pr 13:10 κακά; Jos., Ant. 19, 193) Ro 7:19; 13:4. τὸ πονηρόν Hm 10, 2, 4. πονηρά 2 Cl 8:2; 19:2. πονηρὰ ἔργα Hs 6, 3, 5; cp. 6. πονηρίαν 8, 8, 2. προπετές τι Ac 19:36. (τὰ) φαῦλα J 3:20; 5:29. πρᾶξιν πράσσειν commit a(n evil) deed (πρᾶξις 4b) Hm 4, 2, 2; 10, 2, 3 (ᾗ by attraction for ἥν); pl. Hs 8, 9, 4; 8, 10, 4. ἄλλα τινὰ πράσσοντες ἀνάξια θεοῦ while doing certain other things unworthy of God IEph 7:1. ἄξιον θανάτου πράσσειν τι do someth. worthy of death Ac 25:11, 25; 26:31; pass. οὐδὲν ἄξιον θανάτου ἐστὶν πεπραγμένον αὐτῷ (by him, B-D-F §191; Rob. 534; cp. Demosth. 29, 1 τὰ τούτῳ πεπραγμένα; Diod S 17, 1, 2; Appian, Bell. Civ. 3, 44 §180 τὰ Καίσαρι πεπραγμένα; Chariton 2, 5, 8 πέπρακταί σοί τι δεινόν=a terrible deed has been committed by you; Syntipas p. 17, 1 τὰ πραχθέντα μοι; PTebt 23, 8 [119 or 114 B.C.] πέπρακταί σοι; Jos., Ant. 14, 161 τὰ Ἡρῴδῃ πεπραγμένα; Ath. 20, 2 τὰ πραχθέντα αὐτοῖς. Other exx. in Mlt-H. 459; Schmid IV 612) Lk 23:15. πρὸς τὸ ὄνομα Ἰησοῦ πολλὰ ἐναντία πρᾶξαι Ac 26:9 (ἐναντία πρ. as X., Cyr. 8, 7, 24). μηδὲν πράξῃς σεαυτῷ κακόν do yourself no harm 16:28.—Ign. is fond of combinations w. κατά and the acc. μηδὲν κατʼ ἐριθείαν πρ. IPhld 8:2; κατὰ θεόν τι πρ. 4; κατὰ σάρκα τι πρ. do someth. in the (physical) body IEph 8:2b; likew. 16:2 do someth. that involves the physical i.e. in contrast to corruption of the gospel, as false teachers do.—More in the sense practice, busy oneself with, mind τὶ someth. τὰ περίεργα magic Ac 19:19. τὰ ἴδια one’s own affairs 1 Th 4:11 (ἴδιος 4b and Soph., El. 678 σὺ μὲν τὰ σαυτῆς πρᾶσσε; X., Mem. 2, 9, 1 τὰ ἑαυτοῦ πρ.). τὰ πολλὰ πρ. busy oneself with many things Hs 4:5; νόμον πρ. observe the law Ro 2:25.

ⓑ collect taxes, duties, interest (Hdt. et al.; Theophr., Char. 6, 10; ins, pap, LXX; Jos., Ant. 9, 233 al.) τὶ someth. Lk 19:23. W. connotation in the direction of ‘extort’ 3:13 (cp. OGI 519, 22 τὰ μὴ ὀφειλόμενα αὐτοῖς παραπράσσουσιν).

② to engage in activity or behave in a certain way, intr. act, behave κατὰ ἄγνοιαν πρ. Ac 3:17; ἀπέναντι τῶν δογμάτων πρ. act contrary to the decrees 17:7 (opp. εὖ πράσσειν); καθὰ πράσσομεν in our actions IMg 10:1. εὖ πράσσειν act rightly, do well (Just., A I, 28, 3 [-ττ-]; cp. POxy 1067, 3 [III A.D.] καλῶς πρ. and Appian, Hann. 2, §3 πρ. κακῶς) IEph 4:2; ISm 11:3; prob. also Ac 15:29 because of the focus on performance of decretal specifications (cp. the formulation εὖ ποίησετε … ἀποδεχάμενα IMagnMai 91d, 8–10; Danker, Benefactor 311f; s. εὖ and 3 below).

③ to experience what is going on, be, be situated, intr. (Pind., Hdt.; pap) εὖ πρ. be well off (s. εὖ 1) so perh. Ac 15:29 (cp. POxy 120, 27 [IV A.D.]; s. 2 above; w. either interp. there is envisaged a positive effect on the beneficiaries resulting from their compliance). ἵνα εἰδῆτε … τί πράσσω in order that you may know … how (lit. ‘in respect to what’) I am getting along Eph 6:21 (Soph., Oed. R. 74 τί πράσσει; Pla., Tht. 174b; BGU 93, 32 δήλωσόν μοι, τί ἔπραξας; 821, 8; Jos., Ant. 6, 176; 19, 239).—B. 537f. DELG. Schmidt, Syn. I 397–423. M-M. TW. Sv.

πρεσβύτερος, α, ον (Hom.+; comp. of πρέσβυς)

① pert. to being relatively advanced in age, older, old

ⓐ of an individual person older of two ὁ υἱὸς ὁ πρ. (cp. Aelian, VH 9, 42; TestJob 15:2 τῷ ἀδελφῷ τῷ πρεσβυτέρῳ; JosAs; Just., A II, 6, 1) Lk 15:25; of Manasseh (w. Ephraim) B 13:5. In contrast to the younger generation οἱ πρεσβύτεροι the older ones J 8:9. Opp. οἱ νεανίσκοι Ac 2:17 (Jo 3:1). Opp. νεώτεροι (s. νεός 3aβ) 1 Ti 5:1 (similar advice, containing a contrast betw. πρ. and νεώτ., from ins and lit. in MDibelius, Hdb. ad loc.); 1 Pt 5:5 (though here the πρεσβύτεροι are not only the older people, but at the same time, the ‘elders’; s. 2bβ). The same double mng. is found for πρεσβύτεροι in 1 Cl 1:3 beside νέοι, while in 3:3; 21:6, beside the same word, the concept of being old is the dominant one (as Jos., C. Ap. 2, 206). On the disputed pass. Hv 3, 1, 8 (οἱ νεανίσκοι … οἱ πρεσβύτεροι) cp. MDibelius, Hdb. ad loc.—Fem. πρεσβυτέρα old(er) woman (opp. νεωτέρα, as Gen 19:31) 1 Ti 5:2.—With no ref. to younger persons, w. complete disappearance of the comparative aspect: πρεσβύτερος an old man (Jos., Ant. 13, 226; 292 [as a witness of events in the past, as Ps.-Pla., Virt. 3, 377b; 4, 377c]) Hv 3, 12, 2; cp. 3, 11, 3. The personified church is called λίαν πρεσβυτέρα very old 3, 10, 3; cp. 3, 11, 2. She appears as ἡ πρ. the elderly woman 2, 1, 3; 3, 1, 2; 3, 10, 6; 9 and has τὰς τρίχας πρεσβυτέρας the hair of an old woman 3, 10, 4; 5; 3, 12, 1.

ⓑ of a period of time (Petosiris, Fgm. 3 and 4 mention οἱ πρεσβύτεροι and οἱ νεώτεροι. In both instances the context shows that the reference is to astrologers from earlier and more recent times) οἱ πρεσβύτεροι the men of old, our ancestors Hb 11:2. ἡ παράδοσις τῶν πρεσβυτέρων the tradition of the ancients (cp. Iambl., Vi. Pyth. 35, 253 τῶν π. συγγράμματα) Mt 15:2; Mk 7:3, 5 (ELohse, D. Ordination im Spätjudentum u. NT, ’51, 50–56: scholars).

② an official (cp. Lat. senator), elder, presbyter

ⓐ among the Jews (the congregation of a synagogue in Jerusalem used πρεσβύτεροι to denote its officers before 70 A.D.: SEG VIII, 170, 9; cp. Dssm., LO 378–80 [LAE 439–41]).

α. for members of local councils in individual cities (cp. Josh 20:4; Ruth 4:2; 2 Esdr 10:14; Jdth 8:10; 10:6) Lk 7:3; 1 Cl 55:4.—Schürer II, 185.

β. for members of a group in the Sanhedrin (Schürer II, 206–8; JJeremias, Jerusalem z. Zt. Jesu II B 1: Die gesellschaftl. Oberschicht 1929, 88ff). They are mentioned together w. (the) other groups: ἀρχιερεῖς (Ac 4:5 has ἄρχοντες for this), γραμματεῖς, πρεσβύτεροι (the order is not always the same) Mt 16:21; 26:3 v.l.; 27:41; Mk 8:31; 11:27; 14:43, 53; 15:1; Lk 9:22; 20:1.—Only ἀρχιερεῖς (Ac 4:8 has for this ἄρχοντες τοῦ λαοῦ) and πρεσβύτεροι (τοῦ λαοῦ: cp. Ex 19:7; Num 11:16b, 24; 1 Macc 7:33; 12:35; Just., D. 40, 4 al.) Mt 21:23; 26:3, 47, 59 v.l.; 27:1, 3, 12, 20; 28:(11), 12; Lk 22:52 (here, as an exception, οἱ στρατηγοὶ τοῦ ἱεροῦ); Ac 4:23; 23:14; 25:15; cp. 24:1. Also οἱ πρεσβύτεροι καὶ οἱ ἱερεῖς GPt 7:25 (for this combination cp. Jos., Ant. 11, 83; 12, 406).—Only πρεσβύτεροι and γραμματεῖς Mt 26:57; Ac 6:12.—The use of πρεσβύτερος as a title among the Jews of the Diaspora appears quite late, except for the allusions in the LXX (cp. Schürer III/1, 102; MAMA III [Cilicia], 344; 448 [cp. ZNW 31, ’32, 313f]. Whether πρεσβύτερος is to be understood in the older Roman inscriptions [CIJ 378] as a title [so CIJ p. lxxxvi], remains doubtful).

ⓑ among the Christians (for their use of the word as a title one must bear in mind not only the Jewish custom, but also its use as a t.t. among the ἔθνη, in connection w. associations of the ‘old ones’ [FPoland, Geschichte des griech. Vereinswesens 1909, 98ff] and to designate civic as well as religious officials [Dssm., B 153ff=BS 154–57, NB 60ff=BS 233–35, also LO 315, 5; HHausschildt, ZNW 4, 1903, 235ff; MStrack, ibid. 213ff; HLietzmann, ZWT 55, 1914, 116–32 [=Kl. Schr. I ’58, 156–69]; MDibelius, exc. on 1 Ti 5:17ff; RAlastair-Campbell, The Elders, Seniority within Earliest Christianity ’94.].—BGU 16, 6 [159 A.D.] πρεσβύτεροι ἱερεῖς θεοῦ Σοκνοπαίου; 347, 6; PVindBosw 1, 31 [87 A.D.].—As honorary title: Iren. 4, 26, 5 [Harv. II 238, 3]. The Engl. word ‘priest’ comes fr. πρεσβύτερος via Lat. presbyter; later Christian usage is largely, if not entirely, responsible for this development; s. OED s.v. ‘priest’ B).

α. Ac 11:30; 14:23; 15:2, 4, 6, 22f; 16:4 (in all the places in Ac 15 and 16 mention is made of οἱ ἀπόστολοι καὶ οἱ πρεσβύτεροι in the Jerusalem church); 20:17; 21:18; 1 Ti 5:17, 19 (Nicol. Dam.: 90 Fgm. 103a Jac. νεωτέρῳ πρεσβυτέρου καταμαρτυρεῖν οὐκ ἔξεστι); Tit 1:5; Js 5:14; 1 Pt 5:1, 5 (s. 1a above); 1 Cl 44:5; 47:6; 54:2; 57:1. WWrede, Untersuchungen zum 1 Cl 1891, 8ff.—Acc. to 2 Cl 17:3, 5 exhortation and preaching in the church services were among their duties.—In Ign. the πρεσβύτεροι come after the bishop, to whom they are subordinate IMg 2; 3:1; 6:1, or betw. the bishop and the deacons IPhld inscr.; 10:2; IPol 6:1, or the higher rank of the bishop in comparison to them is made plain in some other way ITr 3:1; 12:2 (s. πρεσβυτέριον b; cp. Hippol., Ref. 9, 12, 22).—Polycarp—an ἐπίσκοπος, accord. to the title of the Ep. bearing his name—groups himself w. πρεσβύτεροι in Pol inscr., and further takes the presence of presbyters in Philippi for granted (beside deacons, though no ἐπίσκοπος is mentioned; cp. Hdb. on Pol inscr.) Pol 5:3.

β. Just how we are to understand the words ὁ πρεσβύτερος, applied to himself by the author of the two smallest Johannine letters 2J 1; 3J 1, remains in doubt. But in any case it is meant to indicate a position of great dignity the elder.—HWindisch, exc. on 3J, end; ESchwartz, Über den Tod der Söhne Zebedaei 1904, 47; 51; HWendt, ZNW 23, 1924, 19; EKäsemann, ZTK 48, ’51, 292–311; DWatson, NTS 35, ’89, 104–30, rhetorical analysis of 2J.—ὁ πρ. and οἱ πρ. are mentioned by Papias in these much-discussed passages: 2:3, 4, 5, 7, 14, 15. For some of the lit. s. the note on JKleist’s transl. ’48, p. 207 n. 18.

γ. In Rv there are 24 elders sitting on thrones about the throne of God; they form a heavenly council of elders (cp. Is 24:23) 4:4, 10; 5:5–14; 7:11, 13; 11:16; 14:3; 19:4. The elders have been understood as glorified human beings of some kind or astral deities (or angels) (for the var. views s. RCharles, ICC Rv I 128–33; JMichl, D. 24 Ältesten in d. Apk. d. hl. J. ’38); the number 24 has been referred to the following: the 24 priestly classes of the Jews (1 Ch 24:7–18; Jos., Ant. 7, 365–67) whose heads were called ‘elders’ (Yoma 1, 5; Tamid 1, 1; Middoth 1, 8); the 24 stars which, according to Babylonian belief, stood half on the north and half on the south of the zodiac (Diod S 2, 31, 4; POsl 4, 19: HGunkel, Z. religionsgesch. Verständnis des NT 1903, 42f; Boll 35f); the 24 hours of the day, represented as old men w. shining garments and w. crowns (acc. to the Test. of Adam [ed. CBezold, TNöldeke Festschr. 1906, 893–912]: JWellhausen, Analyse der Offb. Joh. 1907, p. 9, 1; NMorosof, Offb. Joh. 1912, 32); the 24 Yazatas in the state of the gods in heaven, acc. to Persian thought (Bousset). It is certainly an open question whether, or how far, the writer of Rv had any of these things in mind.—On the presbyters, and esp. on the question how ἐπίσκοπος and πρεσβύτερος were originally related to each other (a question which is raised particularly in the pastorals; cp. MDibelius, Hdb. exc. after 1 Ti 3:7 section 2 [w. lit.] and before 5:17), s. the lit. s.v. ἐπίσκοπος.—BEaston, Pastoral Epistles ’47, 188–97; WMichaelis, Das Ältestenamt ’53; GBornkamm, πρεσβύτερος; RCampbell, The Elders ’94.—B. 1472. DELG s.v. πρέσβυς. M-M. EDNT. TW.

τέκνον, ου, τό (τίκτω ‘engender, bear’; Hom.+ ‘child’)

① an offspring of human parents, child

ⓐ without ref. to sex Mt 10:21a (on the complete dissolution of family ties s. Lucian, Cal. 1; GrBar 4:17; ApcEsdr 3:14 p. 27, 23 Tdf.; Just., A I, 27, 3f; Orig., C. Cels. 6, 43, 25 [Job’s children]); Mk 13:12a; Lk 1:7; Ac 7:5; Rv 12:4. Pl. Mt 7:11; 10:21b; 18:25; 19:29; 22:24 (=σπέρμα, cp. Dt 25:5f, but σπ. and τ. are contrasted Ro 9:7); Mk 13:12b; Lk 1:17; 14:26; 1 Cor 7:14 (on the baptism of children s. HWood, EncRelEth II 392ff; JLeipoldt, D. urchr. Taufe 1928, 73–78; AOepke, LIhmels Festschr. 1928, 84–100, ZNW 29, 1930, 81–111 [against him HWindisch, ZNW 28, 1929, 118–42]; JJeremias, Hat d. Urkirche d. Kindertaufe geübt? ’38; 2d ed. ’49; Die Kindert. in d. ersten 4 Jhdtn. ’58; revisited D. Anfänge d. Kindert. ’62; s. also ZNW 40, ’42, 243–45. KAl-and, D. Saülingst. im NT u. in d. alten Kirche ’62, 2d ed. ’63; Die Stellung d. Kinder in d. frühe christl. Gemeinden, und ihre Taufe ’67. KBarth, Z. kirchl. Lehre v. d. Taufe² ’43; D. Taufe als Begründung d. christlichen Lebens in Kirchliche Dogmatik IV, 4, ’67; for discussion of Barth’s views, s. EJüngel, K. Barths Lehre v. d. Taufe ’68; KViering (ed.), Zu K. Barth’s Lehre v. d. Taufe ’71; K. Aland, Taufe u. Kindertaufe ’71; HHubert, D. Streit um d. Kindertaufe, ’72. FFr̓vig, TTK 11, ’40, 124–31; EMolland, NorTT 43, ’42, 1–23; F-JLeenhardt, Le Baptème chrétien ’46; OCullmann, D. Tauflehre d. NT ’48; P-HMenoud, Verbum Caro 2, ’48, 15–26; HSchlier, TLZ 72, ’47, 321–26; GFleming, Baptism in the NT ’49; GBeasley-Murray, Baptism in the New Testament ’62; WKümmel, TRu 18, ’50, 32–47; GDelling, D. Taufe im NT ’63; EDinkler, Die Taufaussagen d. NT ’71 [in: KViering, s. above, 60–153]; JDidier, Le baptême des enfants ’59; HKraft, Texte z. Gesch. d. Taufe bes. d. Kindert. i. d. alten Kirche, Kl. T. no. 174, 2d ed. ’69); 2 Cor 12:14ab (simile); 1 Th 2:7 (simile), 11 (simile); 1 Ti 3:4, 12; 5:4 al. In the table of household duties (s. MDibelius Hdb. exc. after Col 4:1; KWeidinger, Die Haustafeln 1928) Eph 6:1 (τὰ τέκνα voc.), 4; Col 3:20 (τὰ τ. voc.), 21. In the case of φονεῖς τέκνων B 20:2; D 5:2, what follows shows that murders of their own children are meant.—The unborn fetus is also called τέκνον B 19:5; D 2:2 (like παιδίον: Hippocr., π. σαρκ. 6 vol. VIII 592 L. On Jesus’ attitude toward children, cp. JKalogerakos, Aristoteles’ Bild von der Frau: ΠΛΑΤΩΝ 46, ’94, 159–83, esp. p. 174 and notes [cp. Aristot., EN 1161b].).

ⓑ The sex of the child can be made clear by the context, son (Herodian 7, 10, 7; PGen 74, 1ff; PAmh 136, 1f; POxy 930, 18; Jos., Ant. 14, 196; Just., D. 56, 5; 134, 4) Mt 21:28a; Phil 2:22 (simile); Rv 12:5; GJs 22;3. The voc. τέκνον as an affectionate address to a son Mt 21:28b; Lk 2:48; 15:31. In a more general sense the pl. is used for

② descendants from a common ancestor, descendants, posterity Ῥαχὴλ κλαίουσα τὰ τέκνα αὐτῆς Mt 2:18 (Jer 38:15).—27:25; Ac 2:39; 13:33. A rich man is addressed by his ancestor Abraham as τέκνον Lk 16:25. τὰ τέκνα τῆς σαρκός the physical descendants Ro 9:8a.

③ one who is dear to another but without genetic relationship and without distinction in age, child

ⓐ in the voc. gener. as a form of familiar address my child, my son (Herodian 1, 6, 4; ParJer 5:30; Achilles Tat. 8, 4, 3. Directed to fully grown persons, Vi. Aesopi G 60 P., where a peasant addresses Aesop in this way) Mt 9:2; Mk 2:5.

ⓑ of a spiritual child in relation to master, apostle, or teacher (PGM 4, 475.—Eunap. p. 70 the sophist applies this term to his students) 2 Ti 1:2; Phlm 10. τέκνον ἐν κυρίῳ 1 Cor 4:17. τέκ. ἐν πίστει 1 Ti 1:2. τέκ. κατὰ κοινὴν πίστιν Tit 1:4. Pl. 1 Cor 4:14; 2 Cor 6:13; 3J 4. In direct address (voc.): sing. (on dir. address in the sing. cp. Sir 2:1 and oft.; Herm. Wr. 13, 2ab; PGM 13, 226; 233; 742; 755.—S. also Norden, Agn. Th. 290f; Boll 138f): 1 Ti 1:18; 2 Ti 2:1; D 3:1, 3–6; 4:1. Pl.: Mk 10:24; B 15:4.—1 Cl 22:1 understands the τέκνα of Ps 33:12 as a word of Christ to Christians. Cp. B 9:3. The address in Gal 4:19 is intended metaphorically for children for whom Paul is once more undergoing the pains of childbirth.—The adherents of false teachers are also called their τέκνα Rv 2:23.

ⓒ of the members of a congregation 2J 1; 4; 13. In Hermas the venerable lady, who embodies the Christian communities, addresses the believers as τέκνα Hv 3, 9, 1. In Gal 4:31 οὐκ ἐσμὲν παιδίσκης τέκνα ἀλλὰ τῆς ἐλευθέρας posts a dramatic image = ‘we belong not to a community dependent on the rules of Sinai, but to one that adheres to the promises made to Abraham’.

④ one who has the characteristics of another being, child

ⓐ of those who exhibit virtues of ancient worthies: children of Abraham Mt 3:9; Lk 3:8; J 8:39; Ro 9:7. True Christian women are children of Sarah 1 Pt 3:6.

ⓑ of those who exhibit characteristics of transcendent entities: the believers are (τὰ) τέκνα (τοῦ) θεοῦ (cp. Is 63:8; Wsd 16:21; SibOr 5, 202; Just., D. 123, 9; 124, 1. On the subj. matter s. HHoltzmann, Ntl. Theologie I² 1911, 54; Bousset, Rel.³ 377f; ADieterich, Mithrasliturgie 1903, 141ff; Hdb. on J 1:12; WGrundmann, Die Gotteskindschaft in d. Gesch. Jesu u. ihre relgesch. Voraussetzungen ’38; WTwisselmann, D. Gotteskindsch. der Christen nach dem NT ’39; SLegasse, Jésus et L’enfant [synopt.], ’69), in Paul as those adopted by God Ro 8:16f, 21; 9:7, 8b (opp. σπέρμα); Phil 2:15, s. also Eph 5:1; in John as those begotten by God J 1:12; 11:52; 1J 3:1f, 10a; 5:2. Corresp. τὰ τέκνα τοῦ διαβόλου 1J 3:10b (on this subj. s. Hdb. on J 8:44).—Cp. Ac 17:28, where the idea of kinship w. deity is complex because of semantic components not shared by polytheists and those within Israelite tradition.—Cp. 6 below.

⑤ inhabitants of a city, children, an Hebraistic expression (Rdm.² p. 28; Mlt-H. 441; s. Jo 2:23; Zech 9:13; Bar 4:19, 21, 25 al.; 1 Macc 1:38; PsSol 11:2) Mt 23:37; Lk 13:34; 19:44; Gal 4:25.

⑥ a class of persons with a specific characteristic, children of. τ. is used w. abstract terms (for this Hebraism s. prec.; ἀνάγκης, ἀγνοίας Just., A I, 61, 10) τέκνα ἀγάπης B 9:7; ἀγ. καὶ εἰρήνης 21:9 (ἀγάπη 1bα). εὐφροσύνης 7:1 (s. εὐφροσύνη). δικαιοσύνης AcPlCor 2:19. κατάρας 2 Pt 2:14 (s. κατάρα). ὀργῆς Eph 2:3; AcPlCor 2:19. ὑπακοῆς 1 Pt 1:14. φωτός Eph 5:8; cp. IPhld 2:1. On the ‘children of wisdom’, i.e. those who attach themselves to her and let themselves be led by her Mt 11:19 v.l.; Lk 7:35 s. δικαιόω 2bα. Cp. 4b above.—Billerbeck I 219f, 371–74; BHHW II 947–49; III 1935–37.—DELG s.v. τίκτω. Frisk. M-M. EDNT. TW. Sv.

τέλος, ους, τό (Hom.+)

① a point of time marking the end of a duration, end, termination, cessation (Nicol. Dam.: 90 Fgm. 130 §139 Jac. τέλος τ. Βίου Καίσαρος; TestAbr A 1 p. 78, 5 [Stone p. 4] τῆς ζωῆς; Maximus Tyr. 13, 9d ἀπιστίας) τῆς βασιλείας αὐτοῦ οὐκ ἔσται τέλος Lk 1:33. μήτε ἀρχὴν ἡμερῶν μήτε ζωῆς τέλος ἔχων Hb 7:3. τὸ τέλος τοῦ καταργουμένου the end of the fading (splendor) 2 Cor 3:13. τέλος νόμου Χριστός Ro 10:4 (perh. 3 below). πάντων τὸ τέλος ἤγγικεν the end of all things is near 1 Pt 4:7. τὸ τ. Ἰερουσαλήμ GPt 7:25. τὸ τέλος κυρίου Js 5:11 is oft. (fr. Augustine to ABischoff, ZNW 7, 1906, 274–79) incorrectly taken to mean the end=the death (this is what τέλος means e.g. TestAbr A 4, p. 81, 14 [Stone p. 10]; Appian, Syr. 64 §342, Bell. Civ. 1, 107 §501; 3, 98 §408; Arrian, Anab. 3, 22, 2; 7, 24, 1) of the Lord Jesus (s. 3 below). τ̣ὸ̣ [τέλο]ς (or τ̣ε̣[λο]ς) τῶν φαινο[με]νων (Till’s rdg. of Ox 1081, 29f after the Coptic SJCh 90, 6, in place of τ̣ὸ̣ [φῶ]ς τῶν φαινο[μέ]νων) the end of the things that are apparent. τέλος ἔχειν have an end, be at an end (X., An. 6, 5, 2; Pla., Phdr. 241d, Rep. 3, 392c; Diod S 14, 18, 8; 16, 91, 2) Mk 3:26 (opp. στῆναι). The possibility of repenting ἔχει τέλος is at an end Hv 2, 2, 5. Of the consummation that comes to prophecies when they are fulfilled (Xenophon Eph. 5, 1, 13; Jos., Ant. 2, 73; 4, 125; 10, 35; SibOr 3, 211): revelations Hv 3, 3, 2. So perh. τὸ περὶ ἐμοῦ τέλος ἔχει the references (in the Scriptures) to me are being fulfilled Lk 22:37; also prob. is my life’s work is at an end (cp. Diod S 20, 95, 1 τέλος ἔχειν of siege-machines, the construction of which entailed a great deal of hard work: be completed; Plut., Mor. 615e; Jos., Vi. 154).

② the last part of a process, close, conclusion, esp. of the last things, the final act in the cosmic drama (Sb 8422, 10 [7 B.C.] τοῦτο γάρ ἐστι τέλος; TestAbr A 13 p. 92, 19 [Stone p. 32] τῆς κρίσεως ἐκείνης τὸ τέλος; ApcEsdr 3:13 ἐγγύς ἐστιν τὸ τέλος; Iren., 1, 10, 3 [Harv. I 96, 8] περὶ τοῦ τ. καὶ τῶν μέλλόντων)

ⓐ Mt 24:6, 14; Mk 13:7; Lk 21:9; PtK 2 p. 13, 22. Perh. 1 Cor 15:24, if ἔσται is to be supplied w. εἶτα τὸ τέλος then the end will come (so JHéring, RHPR 12, ’33, 300–320; s. below, bα and 4). ἔχει τέλος the end is here Hv 3, 8, 9. On τὰ τέλη τῶν αἰώνων 1 Cor 10:11 s. αἰών 2b and 5 below; also MBogle, ET 67, ’56, 246f: τ.=‘mystery’.—PVolz, D. Eschatologie d. jüd. Gemeinde im ntl. Zeitalter ’34; Bousset, Rel.³ 202–301; EHaupt, Die eschatol. Aussagen Jesu in den synopt. Evangelien 1895; HSharman, The Teaching of Jesus about the Future acc. to the Synopt. Gospels 1909; FSpitta, Die grosse eschatol. Rede Jesu: StKr 82, 1909, 348–401; EvDobschütz, The Eschatology of the Gospels 1910, Zur Eschatol. der Ev.: StKr 84, 1911, 1–20; PCorssen, Das apokalypt. Flugblatt in der synopt. überl.: Wochenschr. für klass. Philol. 32, 1915, nos. 30f; 33f; DVölter, Die eschat. Rede Jesu: SchTZ 32, 1915, 180–202; KWeiss (s. τελέω 1); JWeiss, Das Urchristent. 1917, 60–98; JJeremias, Jesus als Weltvollender 1930; WKümmel, Die Eschatologie der Ev.: ThBl 15, ’36, 225–41, Verheissg. u. Erfüllg. ’45; CCadoux, The Historic Mission of Jesus ’41 (eschat. of the synoptics); HPreisker, Das Ethos des Urchristentums ’49; AStrobel, Untersuchungen zum eschat. Verzögerungsproblem, ’61. Billerb. IV 799–976. S. also ἀνάστασις 2b, end.—In contrast to ἀρχή: B 1:6ab; IEph 14:1ab; IMg 13:1. Of God Rv 1:8 v.l.; 21:6; 22:13 (Ar. 4, 2; Just., D. 7, 2; Mel., P. 105, 113f; s. also ἀρχή 2).

ⓑ adverbial expressions

α. adv. acc. τὸ τέλος finally (Pla. et al.; BGU 1024 VII, 23; B-D-F §160; s. Rob. 486–88; Theoph. Ant. 1, 14 [p. 92, 8].—The customary use in this case is τέλος without the art.: ViAm 1 [p. 81, 11 Sch.]) 1 Pt 3:8. εἶτα τὸ τέλος 1 Cor 15:24 is classed here by Hofmann²; FBurkitt, JTS 17, 1916, 384f; KBarth, Die Auferstehung der Toten² 1926, 96 (s. 2a above and 4 below).

β. to the end, to the last: ἄχρι τέλους Hb 6:11; Rv 2:26; ἕως τέλους (Da 6:27 Theod.; JosAs 12:3) 1 Cor 1:8; 2 Cor 1:13 (here, too, it means to the end=until the parousia [Windisch, Sickenberger, NRSV] rather than ‘fully’ [Ltzm., Hdb.; RSV ’46]); Hs 9, 27, 3; μέχρι τέλους (Phocylides [VI B.C.] 17 Diehl³ ἐξ ἀρχῆς μέχρι τέλους; Chariton 4, 7, 8; Appian, Mithrid. 112 §550; Polyaenus 4, 6, 11; POxy 416, 3; PTebt 420, 18; Wsd 16:5; 19:1; Jos., Vi. 406) Hb 3:6 v.l., 14; Dg 10:7. S. also εἰς τέλος (γ below).

γ. εἰς τέλος in the end, finally (Hdt. 3, 40 et al.; PTebt 38, 11 [113 B.C.]; 49, 12; Gen 46:4; GrBar 13:2; Ps.-Clem., Hom. 18, 2) Lk 18:5. σωθῆναι 2 Cl 19:3.—To the end, until the end (Epict. 1, 7, 17; Jos., Ant. 19, 96; JosAs 23:5) Mt 10:22; 24:13; Mk 13:13; IEph 14:2; IRo 10:3.—Forever, through all eternity (Dionys. Hal. 13, 88, 3; Ps 9:19; 76:9; 1 Ch 28:9; Da 3:34) ἔφθασεν ἐπʼ αὐτοὺς ἡ ὀργὴ εἰς τέλος 1 Th 2:16 (s. also below and cp. TestLevi 6:11, concerning which there is a variety of opinion). εἰς τέλος ἀπολέσαι τὴν ζωήν lose one’s life forever Hs 8, 8, 5b.—Decisively, extremely, fully, altogether (Polyb. 1, 20, 7; 10; 12, 27, 3 and oft.; Diod S 18, 57, 1 ταπεινωθέντες εἰς τ.=ruined utterly; Lucian, Philop. 14; Appian, Bell. Mithr. 44 §174; OGI 90, 12 [II B.C.]; PTebt 38, 11 [II B.C.]; 49, 11; 793 [s. οὖς 1]; Josh 8:24; 2 Ch 12:12; Ps 73:1; Job 6:9; PsSol 1:1; TestAbr A 13 p. 92, 23 [Stone p. 32]; ApcMos 19; Jos., Vi. 24; Just., A I, 44, 12; Diodorus on Ps 51:7: MPG 33, 1589b εἰς τέλος τουτέστι παντελῶς) 1 Th 2:16 ( forever is also prob.; s. above); B 4:7; 10:5; 19:11. ἱλαρὰ εἰς τέλος ἦν she was quite cheerful Hv 3, 10, 5. Cp. 3, 7, 2; m 12, 2, 3; Hs 6, 2, 3; 8, 6, 4; 8, 8, 2; 5a; 8, 9, 3; 9, 14, 2.—For εἰς τέλος ἠγάπησεν αὐτούς J 13:1 s. εἰς 3.

δ. ἐν τέλει at the end (opp. πρὸ αἰώνων) IMg 6:1.

③ the goal toward which a movement is being directed, end, goal, outcome (Dio Chrys. 67 [17], 3; Epict. 1, 30, 4; 3, 24, 7; Maximus Tyr. 20, 3b; Jos., Ant. 9, 73; TestAsh 1:3; ἡ θεία παίδευσις καὶ εἰσαγωγὴν ἔχει καὶ προκοπὴν καὶ τ. Did., Gen. 69, 9) Mt 26:58. τὸ τέλος κυρίου the outcome which the Lord brought about in the case of Job’s trials Js 5:11 (Diod S 20, 13, 3 τὸ δαιμόνιον τοῖς ὑπερηφάνως διαλογιζομένοις τὸ τέλος τῶν κατελπισθέντων εἰς τοὐναντίον μετατίθησιν=the divinity, in the case of the arrogant, turns the outcome of what they hoped for to the opposite.—On Js 5:11 s. 1 above). τὸ τέλος τῆς παραγγελίας ἐστὶν ἀγάπη the instruction has love as its aim 1 Ti 1:5 (Ἐπίκουρος … λέγων τὸ τ. τῆς σοφίας εἶναι ἡδονήν Hippol., Ref. 1, 22, 4. τ.=‘goal’ or ‘purpose’: Epict. 1, 20, 15; 4, 8, 12; Diog. L. 2, 87; Just., D. 2, 6). Perh. this is the place for Ro 10:4, in the sense that Christ is the goal and the termination of the law at the same time, somewhat in the sense of Gal 3:24f (schol. on Pla., Leg. 625d τέλος τῶν νόμων=goal of the laws; Plut., Mor. 780e δίκη … νόμου τέλος ἐστί; FFlückiger, TZ 11, ’55, 153–57; difft. RJewett, Int 39, ’85, 341–56, Christ as goal but without repudiation of the law; cp. SBechtler, CBQ 56, ’94, 288–308); s. 1.—Esp. also of the final goal toward which pers. and things are striving, of the outcome or destiny which awaits them in accordance w. their nature (TestAsh 6:4; Philo, Exs. 162, Virt. 182; Just., A II, 3, 7; Ath., R. 24 p. 77, 19; Aelian, VH 3, 43; Alciphron 4, 7, 8; Procop. Soph., Ep. 154; τὸ τ. ὁρόμου Orig., C. Cels. 7, 52, 6) τὸ τέλος ἐκείνων θάνατος … τὸ τέλος ζωὴν αἰώνιον Ro 6:21f. Cp. 2 Cor 11:15; Phil 3:19 (HKoester, NTS 8, ’61/62, 325f): perh. a play on a mystery term; 1 Pt 4:17 (cp. 2 Macc 7:30–38); Hb 6:8. κομιζόμενοι τὸ τέλος τῆς πίστεως 1 Pt 1:9. τέλος τὰ πράγματα ἔχει all things have a goal or final destiny (i.e. death or life) IMg 5:1 (τέλος ἔχειν as Plut., Mor. 382e; Polyaenus 4, 2, 11 τέλος οὐκ ἔσχεν ἡ πρᾶξις=did not reach its goal; Jos., C. Ap. 2, 181, Ant. 17, 185.—Ael. Aristid. 52 p. 597 D.: τὸ τέλος πάντων πραγμάτων). εἰς τέλος εἶναι be at = reach the goal IRo 1:1 (εἰς for ἐν; s. εἰς 1aδ).

④ last in a series, rest, remainder (Aristot. De Gen. Anim. 1, 18 p. 725b, 8; Is 19:15. Of a military formation Arrian, Tact. 10, 5; 18, 4), if τὸ τέλος 1 Cor 15:24 is to be taken, w. JWeiss and Ltzm., of a third and last group (τάγμα 1b; s. 2a and 2bα above).

⑤ revenue obligation, (indirect) tax, toll-tax, customs duties (X., Pla. et al.; ins, pap; 1 Macc 10:31; 11:35; Jos., Ant. 12, 141) ἀποδιδόναι τὸ τέλος Ro 13:7b; cp. a (w. φόρος as Appian, Sicil. 2, 6, Bell. Civ. 2, 13 §47; Vi. Aesopi W 92; Ps.-Clem., Hom. 10, 22. Pl. w. εἰσφοραί Theoph. Ant. 1, 10 [p. 80, 19]). λαμβάνειν τέλη ἀπό τινος Mt 17:25 (w. κῆνσος; Just., A I, 27, 2).—τὰ τέλη τ. αἰώνων 1 Cor 10:11 is transl. the (spiritual) revenues of the ages by ASouter (Pocket Lex. of the NT 1916, s.v. τέλος) and PMacpherson, ET 55, ’43/44, 222 (s. 2a above).—GDelling, TW VIII, 50–88: τέλος and related words, also ZNW 55, ’64, 26–42=Studien zum NT, ’70, 17–31.—B. 802; 979. Schmidt, Syn. IV 496–523. DELG. M-M. EDNT. TW. Sv.

ἐξουσιάζω (s. prec. entry) 1 fut. ἐξουσιάσω LXX; TestSol 1:5; 1 aor. 3 sg. ἐξουσίασεν Eccl 5:18; fut. pass. ἐξουσιασθήσομαι (Aristot., Eth. Eud. 1, 5 p. 1216a, 2; Dionys. Hal. 9, 44, 6; ins, only late pap, LXX; TestSol 1:5) to have the right of control, have the right/power for someth. or over someone ὁ ἐξουσιάζων one who is in authority (Eccl 10:4, 5; TestSol C 9:8) Lk 22:25. Specif. the right or power to do with someth. as one sees fit (IG XIV, 79, 4) w. gen. of that over which one has the power (CIG III, 4584, 4 θυγατέρα αὐτῶν μὴ ἐξουσιάζειν τοῦ μνήματος) of husband and wife w. ref. to their marital duties ἐ. τοῦ ἰδίου σώματος have power over her (his) own body 1 Cor 7:4. Paul uses the pass. in wordplay w. ἔξεστιν: οὐκ ἐξουσιασθήσομαι ὑπό τινος I will not be mastered/authorized by anything 6:12.—M-M. TW.

ἐπίκειμαι impf. ἐπεκείμην (Hom.+).

① to be at or in a place in contact with a surface, lie upon ἐπί τινι someth. (Paus. 5, 10, 2) of a stone J 11:38 (JSwetnam, CBQ 28, ’66, 155–73). ἐπί τινος on someth. (Cass. Dio 67, 16; Herm. Wr. 1, 13b) of the brass serpent B 12:7. τὰ στόματα αὐτῶν ἐπικείμενα τῷ ὕδατι καὶ μὴ πίνοντα (I saw how) their (the goats’) mouths were at the water but not drinking GJs 18:3. Abs. ὀψάριον ἐπικείμενον fish lying on it J 21:9 (cp. PTebt 47, 25 [113 B.C.]; PGrenf II, 57, 9 τ. ἐπικειμένην σποράν; 2 Macc 1:21).—In imagery be on of the image on a coin IMg 5:2.

② to act upon through force or pressure

ⓐ of personal force, act of pushing press around, press upon, be urgent w. dat. of pers. (X., An. 4, 3, 7; Arrian, An. 1, 14, 5; Aesop, fab. 140 P.= 249 H.; Job 19:3; 21:27; Jos., Ant. 6, 334 al.) Lk 5:1.

ⓑ of impersonal force confront χειμῶνος ἐπικειμένου since a storm lay upon us Ac 27:20 (cp. Plut., Timol. 250 [28, 7]; Wsd 17:20 v.l.). ἀνάγκη μοι ἐπίκειται necessity is laid upon me 1 Cor 9:16 (cp. Il. 6, 459; SibOr 3, 572). ἀγὼν ἡμῖν ἐπίκειται a conflict confronts us 1 Cl 7:1; μέγας ἐπίκειται πιρασμός a serious temptation confronts (Paul) AcPl Ha 8, 22. In a somewhat weakened sense stand before (Achilles Tat. 2, 16, 2) ὁ τοκετός μοι ἐπίκειται the pains of birth (typical of the tortures to come) are upon me IRo 6:1.

③ to have the force of obligation, be imposed, be incumbent (Lucian, Cal. 17; Ar. 7:3 θάνατος; 1 Macc 6:57; Just., D. 53, 4 τὸν … νόμον ἐπικείμενον ἔχετε; TestJob 15:3 and Just., A I, 12, 3 τὰ ἐπικείμενα) δικαιώματα ἐπικείμενα regulations imposed Hb 9:10. διακονίαι ἐπίκεινταί τινι duties are imposed on someone 1 Cl 40:5. ἵνα μὴ κατέξω τ̣ὰ [προς]|τεταγμένα καὶ ἐπεικίμ̣[εν]α so that I do not default on my assignments and obligations AcPl Ha 7, 15.

④ keep on doing someth., be urgent about ἐπέκειντο αἰτούμενοι they urgently demanded Lk 23:23 (cp. Hdt. 5, 104; Jos., Ant. 18, 184 πολλῷ μᾶλλον ἐπέκειτο ἀξιῶν; also 20, 110).

⑤ exist as possibility, be open τούτοις ἐπίκειται μετάνοια repentance is open to them Hs 8, 7, 2 v.l.—M-M. TW.

ὀφείλω impf. ὤφειλον; fut. ὀφειλήσω LXX; our lit. has only the pres. and impf. (Hom.+).

① to be indebted to someone in a financial sense, owe someth. to someone, be indebted to τινί τι Mt 18:28a; Lk 16:5. W. acc. of debt (Appian, Bell. Civ. 2, 8 §26; Jos., Ant. 13, 56) Mt 18:28b; Lk 7:41; 16:7; Phlm 18 (CMartin, in: Persuasive Artistry, ed. DWatson, ’91, 321–37). τὸ ὀφειλόμενον the sum that is owed (X.; Pla.; CPR I, 228, 5. In pap. the pl. is more freq. found in this mng.) Mt 18:30. πᾶν τὸ ὀφ. αὐτῷ the whole amount that he owed him vs. 34.

② to be under obligation to meet certain social or moral expectations, owe

ⓐ gener.

α. owe, be indebted τινί τι (to) someone (for) someth. (Alciphron 4, 13, 1 Νύμφαις θυσίαν ὀφ.; Jos., C. Ap. 2, 295) πόσα αὐτῷ ὀφείλομεν ὅσια; for how many holy deeds are we indebted to (Jesus Christ)? 2 Cl 1:3. μηδενὶ μηδὲν ὀφείλετε εἰ μὴ τὸ ἀλλήλους ἀγαπᾶν owe nothing to anyone except to love each other Ro 13:8 (AFridrichsen, StKr 102, 1930, 294–97. For initiative in kindness cp. Thu. 2, 40 ‘we acquire friends not by receiving benefits but by conferring them’). τὴν ὀφειλομένην εὔνοιαν the goodwill that one owes, a euphemism for pleasing one’s spouse conjugally 1 Cor 7:3 v.l. εἰς τὸν ὀφειλόμενον τόπον τῆς δόξης to the glorious place that he deserved 1 Cl 5:4. εἰς τὸν ὀφειλόμενον αὐτοῖς τόπον εἰσὶ παρὰ τῷ κυρίῳ Pol 9:2,—Subst. τὰ ὀφειλόμενα (s. 1 above) duties, obligations ποιεῖν fulfill GPt 12:53.

β. be obligated. w. inf. foll. one must, one ought (Hom. [Il. 19, 200] et al.; ins, pap; 4 Macc 11:15; 16:19; Philo, Agr. 164, Spec. Leg. 1, 101; TestJos 14:6; Just., A I, 4, 4 al.; Mel., P. 76, 550; Iren., Did.) ὸ̔ ὠφείλομεν ποιῆσαι πεποιήκαμεν Lk 17:10. κατὰ τ. νόμον ὀφείλει ἀποθανεῖν J 19:7. Cp. 13:14; Ro 15:1, 27; 1 Cor 7:36; 9:10; 11:10; Eph 5:28; 2 Th 1:3; 2:13; Hb 2:17; 5:3, 12; 1J 2:6; 3:16; 4:11; 3J 8; 1 Cl 38:4; 40:1; 48:6; 51:1; 2 Cl 4:3; B 1:7; 2:1, 9f; 4:6; 5:3; 6:18; 7:1, 11; 13:3; Pol 5:1; 6:2; Hs 8, 9, 4 v.l.; 9, 13, 3; 9, 18, 2; 9, 28, 5. Negat. one ought not, one must not (Jos., Vi. 149; Ar. 13, 5) Ac 17:29; 1 Cor 11:7; 1 Cl 56:2; Hm 4, 1, 3; 8; Hs 5, 4, 2; 9, 18, 1. Cp. 2 Cl 4:3. οὐκ ὀφείλει τὰ τέκνα τ. γονεῦσι θησαύριζειν children are under no obligation to lay up money for their parents 2 Cor 12:14.

ⓑ Rabbinic usage has given rise to certain peculiarities

α. ὀφ. used absolutely [חַיָּב]: ὀφείλει he is obligated, bound (by his oath) Mt 23:16, 18.

β. commit a sin (s. ὀφείλημα 2; but cp. also SIG 1042, 15 ἁμαρτίαν ὀφιλέτω Μηνὶ Τυράννῳ) w. dat. against someone ἀφίομεν παντὶ ὀφείλοντι ἡμῖν Lk 11:4.

③ to be constrained by circumstance, (best rendered by an auxiliary verb) have to, ought ἐπεὶ ὠφείλετε ἄρα ἐκ τοῦ κόσμου ἐξελθεῖν then you would have to come out of the world altogether 1 Cor 5:10.—ἐγὼ ὤφειλον ὑφʼ ὑμῶν συνίστασθαι I ought to have been recommended by you 2 Cor 12:11 (B-D-F §358, 1; Rob. 920). For the semantic perspective of Paul as creditor instead of debtor cp. the use of ὀφείλημα Ro 4:4. Paul’s sophisticated use here of diction that was in common use in reciprocity discourse is of a piece with the context in which irony plays a decisive role.—B. 641. DELG. M-M. EDNT. TW.