document+type

τύπ-ος [pron. full] [ῠ], ὁ, ([etym.] τύπτω)

A blow, τ. ἀντίτυπος Orac. ap. Hdt.1.67; beat of horses' hoofs, v.l. for κτὺπος in X.Eq.11.12;

αἰθερίου πατάγοιο τ. βρονταῖον ἀκούων Nonn.D.20.351

; so perh.

νάβλα τ. Sopat.16

.

II the effect of a blow or of pressure:

1 impression of a seal,

τύποι σφενδόνης χρυσηλάτου E.Hipp. 862

, cf. Pl.Tht. 192a, 194b, Chrysipp.Stoic.2.23, Luc.Alex.21;

τ. ἐνσημήνασθαί τινι Pl.R. 377b

; stamp on a coin,

τὰ ἀκριβῆ τὸν τ. Luc.Hist.Conscr.10

, cf. Hero *Mens.60, Hsch. s.v. Κυζικηνοι στατῆρες; on a branding-iron,

ὄ τ. τοῦ καυτῆρος ἔστω ἀλώπηξ ἢ πίθηκος Luc.Pisc.46

: generally, print, impression,

χύτρας τύπον ἀρθείσης ἐν σποδῷ μὴ ἀπολιπεῖν, ἀλλὰ συγχεῖν Plu.2.727c

, cf. 982b, Iamb.Protr.21. κθ', Gp.2.20.1; στίβου γ' οὐδεὶς τ. no footprint, S.Ph.29 (v.l. κτύπος) ; ὡς ἡδὺς ἐν πόρπακι σὸς (sc. τοῦ βραχίονος) κεῖται τύπος thy imprint, (O arm), E.Tr. 1196 (σῷ cj. Dobree); τ. ὀδόντων imprint of teeth, AP6.57.5 (Paul. Sil.); print,

βάλω τὸν δάκτυλόν μου εἰς τὸν τ. τῶν ἥλων Ev.Jo.20.25

;

οἱ τ. τῶν πληγῶν Ath.13.585c

.

b impressions supposed by Democr. and Epicur. to be made on the air by things seen, and to travel through space, Thphr. Sens.52, Epicur.Ep.1p.9U., Nat.2.6, al.;

ὁ θεὸς.. πνεῦμα ἐνεκέρασεν [τοῖς ὀφθαλμοῖς] οὕτως ἰσχυρὸν καὶ φιλότεχνον ὥστε ἀναμάσσεσθαι τοὺς τ. τῶν ὁρωμένων Arr.Epict.2.23.3

.

2 hollow mould or matrix,

καθάπερ ἐν τύπῳ τὰ σχήματα πλασθῆναι Arist.PA 676b9

, cf.Pr. 892b2; used by κοροπλάθοι, D.Chr.60.9, Procl. in Ti.1.335, 394 D., cf. Hsch. s.v. χοάνη; by fruit-growers, to shape the fruit while growing, Gp. 10.9.3; die used in striking coins, metaph.,

Κύπριος χαρακτήρ τ' ἐν γυναικείοις τύποις εἰκὼς πέπληκται τεκτόνων πρὸς ἀρσένων A.Supp. 282

.

3 engraved mark, engraving, δέλτον χαλκῆν τύπους ἔχουσαν ἀρχαίων γραμμάτων engravings of letters, i. e. engraved letters, Plu.Alex.17, cf. Pl.Phdr. 275a;

τὰ γεγραμμένα τύποις Id.Ep. 343a

; τὸ μέτρον τοῦ ποδὸς ὑποτέτακται τούτοις τοῖς τ. the length of the foot is subjoined in this engraving, Rev.Bibl.35.285 ([place name] Jerusalem).

4 the depression between the underlip and chin, Poll.2.90.

5 pip on dice, Id.9.95.

III cast or replica made in a mould,

τ. κατάμακτος IG22.1534.87

; τ. ἔγμακτος ib.64.

IV figure worked in relief, whether made by moulding, modelling, or sculpture,

αἱμασιὴ ἐγγεγλυμμένη τύποισι Hdt.2.138

, cf. 106, 136, 148, 153;

θεοῦ τ. μὴ ἐπίγλυφε δακτυλίῳ Iamb.Protr.21

.κγ;

σιδηρονώτοις ἀσπίδος τύποις E.Ph. 1130

;

χρυσοκόλλητοι τ. Id.Rh. 305

;

τ. ἀργυροῦς IG22.1533.30

, 11(2).161 B77, cf. 115 (Delos, iii B. C.); τύπους ἐργάσασθαι καὶ παρέχειν ib.42(1).102.36 (Epid., iv B. C.); tablet bearing a relief, καθελέσθαι τοὺς τ. καὶ εἴ τι ἄλλο ἐστὶν ἀργυροῦν ἢ χρυσοῦν ib. 22.839.30, cf. 56, al.;

τ. Ἔρωτα ἔχων ἐπειργασμένον Paus.6.23.5

;

τῶν τ' ἄλλων ὧν τύπος εἰκόν' ἔχει IG2.2378

, cf. 22.2021.8, 3.1330.5;

ἐνταῦθά εἰσιν ἐπὶ τύπου γυναικῶν εἰκόνες Paus.9.11.3

; πεποιημένα ἐν τύπῳ in relief, Id.2.19.17; typos scalpsit, Plin.HN35.128; impressā argillā typum fecit, ib. 151; πρὸς Ναυσίαν περὶ τοῦ τ., title of speech by Lysias, Suid. s.v. λιθουργική; Γάλλοι.. ἔχοντες προστηθίδια καὶ τύπους Plb. 21.37.6, cf. 21.6.7.

V carved figure, image,

ποιεῦνται ξύλινον τ. ἀνθρωποειδέα, ποιησάμενοι δὲ ἐσεργνῦσι τὸν νεκρόν Hdt.2.86

;

τ. ποιησάμενος λίθινον ἔστησε· ζῷον δέ οἱ ἐνῆν ἀνὴρ ἱππεύς Id.3.88

; χρυσέων ξοάνων τύποι, periphr. for χρύσεα ξόανα, E.Tr. 1074(lyr.); γραφαῖς καὶ τ. paintings and statues, Plb.9.10.12; γραπτοὶ τ. prob. painted pediment-figures, E.Fr. 764, cf. Isoc.9.74, AP7.730 (Pers.); idol, graven image, LXX Am.5.26, J.AJ1.19.10.

2 exact replica, image, as children are called the τύποι of their parents, Artem. 2.45; τ. λογίου Ἑρμοῦ, of Demosthenes, Aristid.2.307 J.

VI form, shape,

οὐλῆς Arist.GA 721b32

;

σώματος Id.Phgn. 806a32

;

προσώπου Id.Mir. 832b15

; ἀγγείου Crates Gramm. ap. Ath.11.495b;

τὸν ἄρτον ἔχειν ἴδιον τ. OGI56.73

(Canopus, iii B. C.);

οἱ τ. τῶν γραμμάτων D.H.Dem.52

;

ὁ τ. τῶν χαρακτήρων Plu.2.577f

;

τοὺς τ. τῶν συλλαμβανομένων Sor.1.39

; Ἱππομέδοντος σχῆμα καὶ μέγας τ., periphr. for H. himself, A.Th. 488;

Γοργείοισιν εἰκάσω τ. Id.Eu.49

; ὄμφακος τ., = ὄμφαξ, S.Fr.255.5;

βραχιόνων ἡβητὴς τ. E.Heracl. 858

;

κάλλος ἔχουσα τύποισι

features,

IG14.2135

([place name] Rome), cf. Max. Tyr. 31.3, Adam. 1.4.

2 thing having a shape, οὐλοφυεῖς.. τ. χθονὸς ἐξανέτελλον undifferentiated forms rose from the earth, Emp.62.4; τ. τις πορφυροῦς κατὰ χρόαν, τῷ σχήματι ἐμφερὴς κιβωρίου θύλακι (viz. the placenta) Sor.1.57.

3 form of expression, style,

ὁ πραγματικὸς τ. [τοῦ Ξενοφῶντος] D.H.Pomp.4

;

ὁ τ. τῆς γραφῆς Longin.

ap. Porph. Plot.19;

ὁ τ. ὁ πολιτικός Hermog.Id.2.11

; οὐδ' ἀληθινοῦ τύπου μέτεστι τῷ ἀνδρί ibid.;

ὁ διὰ τῶν συμβόλων προτρεπτικὸς τ. Iamb.Protr.21

;

ὁ αἰνιγματώδης τ. Id.VP23.103

.

4 Gramm., mode of formation, form,

τ. πατρωνυμικῶν D.T.634.29

;

τ. παθητικός A.D.Synt.278.25

.

VII archetype, pattern, model, capable of exact repetition in numerous instances,

αὑτὸν ἐκμάττειν.. εἰς τοὺς τῶν κακιόνων τ. Pl.R. 396e

; οἰκισταῖς (sc. πόλεως) τοὺς μὲν τ. προσήκει εἰδέναι, ἐν οἷς δεῖ μυθολογεῖν τοὺς ποιητάς.., οὐ μὴν αὐτοῖς γε ποιητέον μύθους·.. οἱ τ. περὶ θεολογίας τίνες ἂν εἶεν; ib. 379a, cf. 380c.

2 character recognizable in a number of instances, general character, type, πάντα ὅσα τοῦ τ.

τούτου Id.Tht. 171e

;

τοῦ αὐτοῦ μετέχοντα τύπου Id.R. 402d

;

τοῦτον τὸν τ. ἔχοντα Id.Phlb. 51d

.

3 type or form of disease (esp. fever) with reference to the order and spacing of its attacks and intervals, Gal.7.463, cf. 475,490,512.

VIII general impression, vague indication, γίνεται ἀμυδρὸς ὁ τ. τῆς ῥάχεως (in the foetus) Diocl.Fr.175; τ. ἀμυδροί, opp. ἀκριβὲς εἶδος, Gal.6.5; ἕως ἂν ὁ τ. ἐνῇ τοῦ πράγματος as long as there is an approximate indication of the thing, Pl.Cra. 432e; of the general type or schema corresponding with a name, Epicur.Fr. 255.

2 outline, sketch, general idea,

ὅσον τοὺς τ. ὑφηγεῖσθαι Pl.R. 403e

;

περιγραφὴ καὶ τύποι Id.Lg. 876e

;

ἔχεις τὸν τ. ὧν λέγω Id.R. 491c

;

τοὺς τ. μόνον εἰπόντες περὶ αὐτῶν Arist.Pol. 1341b31

;

ἐξηγεῖσθαι τύποις Pl.Lg. 816c

;

ὁ τ. τῆς φιλοσοφίας τοιοῦτός τίς ἐστιν Isoc.15.186

, cf. Phld.Rh.2.166 S.;

ὁ τ. τῆς ὅλης πραγματείας Epicur.Ep.1p.3U.

; pl., ib.p.4 U.;

δέονται.. ὑγρᾶς διαίτης, ἧς τὸν τ. ἀρτίως ὑπέγραψα Gal.6.397

; τύπῳ, ἐν τύπῳ, in outline, in general,

ὡς ἐν τύπῳ, μὴ δι' ἀκριβείας, εἰρῆσθαι Pl.R. 414a

; ἵνα τύπῳ λάβωμεν αὐτάς ib. 559a;

ἐν ἑνὶ περιλαβόντα εἰπεῖν αὐτὰ οἷόν τινι τύπῳ Id.Lg. 718c

;

τύπῳ, καὶ οὐκ ἀκριβῶς Arist.EN 1104a1

; παχυλῶς καὶ τ. ἐνδείκνυσθαι ib. 1094b20; τ. καὶ ἐπὶ κεφαλαίου λέγομεν ib. 1107b14;

ὡς ἐν τ. Id.Pol. 1323a10

; ὅσον τύπῳ in outline only, Id.Top. 101a22;

ὡς τύπῳ λαβεῖν Thphr.Char.1.1

.

3 outline,

ταῦτα ὅσα εἴρηται καθάπερ ἐν γραφαῖς ἀχρόοις γραμμῇ μόνῃ τύποι ἀνδρῶν εἰκασμένοι εἰσί Adam.2.61

.

IX prescribed form, model to be imitated,

ἢν ἁμάρτωσι τοῦ πατρικοῦ τ. τοῦ ἐπιμελέος Democr.228

;

οὗτος.. εἷς ἂν εἴη τῶν περὶ θεοὺς νόμων καὶ τύπων, ἐν ᾧ δεήσει τοὺς λέγοντας λέγειν καὶ τοὺς ποιοῦντας ποιεῖν Pl.R. 380c

, cf. 383c; ἐν τοῖς τ. οἷς ἐνομοθετησάμεθα ib. 398b; εἰς ἀρχήν τε καὶ τ. τινὰ τῆς δικαιοσύνης ib. 443c;

τ. εὐσεβείας.. παισὶν.. ἐκτέθεικα OGI383.212

(Nemrud Dagh, i B. C.);

ὥστε γενέσθαι ὑμᾶς τύπον πᾶσι τοῖς πιστεύουσιν ἐν τῇ Μακεδονίᾳ 1 Ep.Thess.1.7

;

κατὰ τὸν τ. τὸν δεδειγμένον σοι LXX Ex.25.39(40)

, cf. Act.Ap.7.44.

2 general instruction,

δόντες τοὺς τ. τούτους ὑπὲρ τῆς ὅλης διοικήσεως, ἐξέπεμπον τοὺς δέκα Plb.21.24.9

; general principle in law,

τ. ἐστὶν καθ' ὃν ἔκρεινα πολλάκις PRyl.75.8

(ii A. D.).

b rule of life, religion, ἐξεταστέον ποταπῷ χρῆται τύπῳ ὁ νοσῶν (e. g. whether Jewish or Egyptian) Erot.Fr.33.

3 rough draft of a book,

βιβλίον γεγραμμενον ἐν τύποις Gal.18(2).875

, cf. 15.587,624, Anon. ap.Phot.Bibl.p.491 B.; draft of an official letter, τύπον ποιεῖ he drafted a letter, UPZ14.135 (ii B. C.);

τ. χειρογραφίας PMich.Teb. 123r

ii 38 (i A. D.); τ. ἐπιστολικοί models of letters, Epist.Charact. tit.

4 form of a document,

ἔστιν δὲ ὁ τ. τῆς εἰθισμένης διαγραφῆς ὁ ὑποκείμενος PMich.Zen. 9v

.3 (iii B. C.);

σωματισθῆναι.. τύπῳ τῷδε· τί ἑκάστῳ ὑπάρχει κτλ. POxy.1460.12

(iii A. D.);

κατὰ τὸν αὐτὸν τ. PFlor. 279.16

(vi A. D.).

5 text of a document,

ὁ μὲν τῆς ἐπιστολῆς τ. οὕτως ἐγέγραπτο LXX 3 Ma.3.30

, cf. Aristeas 34, Act.Ap.23.25, prob. cj. in LXX 1 Ma.15.2.

6 written decision, θεῖος τ. an imperial rescript, Cod.Just. 1.2.20, al., Just.Nov. 113 tit., cf. PMasp.32.41 (vi A. D.); αἰτῆσαι θεῖον καὶ πραγματικὸν τ. Mitteis Chr.319.47 (vi A. D.); given by a bishop, Sammelb.7449.14 (v A. D.); by the ἔκδικος, PSI9.1075.11 (v A. D.); by others,

χρὴ.. δοῦναι τ. εἰς τὴν συγχώρησιν POxy.1911.145

(vi A. D.): in pl., of the acta of a πάγαρχος, ib.1829.2, 12 (vi A. D.).

X as law-term, summons, writ,

οἱ τ. γράμμα εἰσὶν ἀγορᾶς, ἐρήμην ἐπαγγέλλον τῷ οὐκ ἀποδιδόντι Philostr.VS1.25.9

;

δίκης λῆξις εἴη ἂν ὁ νῦν καλούμενος τ. Poll.8.29

.

τύπος, ου, ὁ (Aeschyl., Hdt.+; ins in var. senses: New Docs 4, 41f; loanw. in rabb.).

① a mark made as the result of a blow or pressure, mark, trace (Posidon.: 169 Fgm. 1 Jac.; Anth. Pal. 6, 57, 5 ὀδόντων; Athen. 13, 49, 585c τῶν πληγῶν; Diog. L. 7, 45; 50 of a seal-ring; ViJer 13 [p. 73, 10 Sch.]; Philo, Mos. 1, 119; Jos., Bell. 3, 420; PGM 4, 1429; 5, 307.—ὁ ἐκ τῆς αἰσθήσεως τ. ἐν διανοίᾳ γινόμενος Did., Gen. 217, 19) τῶν ἥλων J 20:25ab (v.l. τὸν τόπον).—This may be the place for οἱ τύποι τῶν λίθων Hs 9, 10, 1f (taking a stone out of the ground leaves a hole that bears the contours of the stone, but in effect the stone has made the impression; s. KLake, Apost. Fathers II, 1917; MDibelius, Hdb. But s. 4 below).

② embodiment of characteristics or function of a model, copy, image (cp. Artem. 2, 85 the children are τύπ. of their parents.—Cp. ὁ γὰρ ἥλιος ἐν τύπῳ θεοῦ ἐστιν Theoph. Ant. 2, 15 [p. 138, 8]) the master is a τύπος θεοῦ image of God to the slave B 19:7; D 4:11. The supervisor/bishop is τύπος τοῦ πατρός ITr 3:1; cp. IMg 6:1ab (in both instances here, τύπον is Zahn’s conjecture, favored by Lghtf., for τόπον, which is unanimously read by Gk. and Lat. mss., and which can be retained, with Funk, Hilgenfeld, Krüger, Bihlmeyer).

③ an object formed to resemble some entity, image, statue of any kind of material (Hdt. 3, 88,3 τύπ. λίθινος. Of images of the gods Herodian 5, 5, 6; Jos., Ant. 1, 311 τ. τύπους τῶν θεῶν; 15, 329; SibOr 3, 14) Ac 7:43 (Am 5:26).

④ a kind, class, or thing that suggests a model or pattern, form, figure, pattern (Aeschyl. et al.; Pla., Rep. 387c; 397c) ἐποίησεν ἡμᾶς ἄλλον τύπον he has made us people of a different stamp B 6:11. τύπος διδαχῆς pattern of teaching Ro 6:17 (cp. διδαχή 2; Iambl., Vi. Pyth. 23, 105 τὸν τύπον τῆς διδασκαλίας.—The use of τύπος for the imperial ‘rescripts’ [e.g. OGI 521, 5; s. note 4, esp. the reff. for θεῖος τύπος] appears too late to merit serious consideration.—JKürzinger, Biblica 39, ’58, 156–76; ELee, NTS 8, ’61/62, 166–73 [‘mold’]). Of the form (of expression) (Dionys. Hal., Ad Pomp. 4, 2 Rad.; PLips 121, 28 [II A.D.]; POxy 1460, 12) γράψας ἐπιστολὴν ἔχουσαν τὸν τύπον τοῦτον (cp. EpArist 34 ἐπιστολὴ τὸν τύπον ἔχουσα τοῦτον) somewhat as follows, after this manner, to this effect (so numerous versions) Ac 23:25, but s. next.—On τοὺς τύπους τῶν λίθων ἀναπληροῦν Hs 9, 10, 1 s. ἀναπληρόω 3 and 1 above.

⑤ the content of a document, text, content (Iambl., Vi. Pyth. 35, 259 τύπος τ. γεγραμμένων; 3 Macc 3:30; PFlor 278 II, 20 [III A.D.] τῷ αὐτῷ τύπῳ κ. χρόνῳ=of the same content and date) Ac 23:25 (EpArist 34 ἐπιστολὴ τὸν τύπον ἔχουσα τοῦτον). Cp. POxy 3366, 28 (of a copy of a letter), 32 (the original). S. New Docs 1, 77f (with caution against confusing rhetorical practice in composition of speeches and the inclusion of letters whose value lay in their verbatim expression). For a difft. view s. 4 above; more ambivalently Hemer, Acts 347f.

⑥ an archetype serving as a model, type, pattern, model (Pla., Rep. 379a περὶ θεολογίας)

ⓐ technically design, pattern (Diod S 14, 41, 4) Ac 7:44; Hb 8:5 (cp. on both Ex 25:40).

ⓑ in the moral life example, pattern (OGI 383, 212 [I B.C.] τ. εὐσεβείας; SibOr 1, 380; Did., Gen. 125, 27; in a pejorative sense 4 Macc 6:19 ἀσεβείας τύπ.) τύπος γίνου τῶν πιστῶν 1 Ti 4:12.—Phil 3:17; 1 Th 1:7; 2 Th 3:9; Tit 2:7; 1 Pt 5:3; IMg 6:2.—S. ESelwyn, 1 Pt ’46, 298f.

ⓒ of the types given by God as an indication of the future, in the form of persons or things (cp. Philo, Op. M. 157; Iren. 1, 6, 4 [Harv. I 74, 3]); of Adam: τύπος τοῦ μέλλοντος (Ἀδάμ) a type of the Adam to come (i.e. of Christ) Ro 5:14. Cp. 1 Cor 10:6, 11 v.l.; B 7:3, 7, 10f; 8:1; 12:2, 5f, 10; 13:5. χριστὸς Ἰησοῦς … ἑαυτὸν τύπον ἔδειξε Jesus Christ showed himself as the prime exemplar of the resurrection AcPlCor 2:6 (cp. Just., D. 40, 1 τύπος ἦν τοῦ χριστοῦ). Also of the pictorial symbols that Hermas sees, and their deeper meaning Hv 3, 11, 4. The vision serves εἰς τύπον τῆς θλίψεως τῆς ἐπερχομένης as a symbol or foreshadowing of the tribulation to come 4, 1, 1; cp. 4, 2, 5; 4, 3, 6. The two trees are to be εἰς τύπον τοῖς δούλοις τοῦ θεοῦ Hs 2:2a; cp. b.—ἐν τύπῳ χωρίου Ῥωμαίων IRo ins is a conjecture by Zahn for ἐν τόπῳ χ. Ῥ., which is read by all mss. and makes good sense.—AvBlumenthal, Τύπος u. παράδειγμα: Her 63, 1928, 391–414; LGoppelt, Typos. D. typolog. Deutung des AT im Neuen ’39; RBultmann, TLZ 75, ’50, cols. 205–12; AFridrichsen et al., The Root of the Vine (typology) ’53; GLampe and KWoollcombe, Essays in Typology, ’57; KOstmeyer, NTS 46, ’00, 112–31.—New Docs 1, 77f; 4, 41. DELG s.v. τύπτω B. M-M. EDNT. TW. Spicq. Sv.

λύω impf. ἔλυον; fut. λύσω LXX; 1 aor. ἔλυσα. Pass.: impf. ἐλυόμην; 1 fut. λυθήσομαι; 1 aor. ἐλύθην; pf. λέλυμαι, 2 sg. λέλυσαι, ptc. λελυμένος (Hom.+).

① to undo someth. that is used to tie up or constrain someth., loose, untie bonds (Da 5:12 Theod.), fetters (Lucian, Dial. Mar. 14, 3; Job 39:5 δεσμούς; Philo, Somn. 1, 181; Hippol., Ref. 5, 19, 20) or someth. similar.

ⓐ lit. τὰ δεσμά AcPl Ha 3, 14; τὸν ἱμάντα Mk 1:7; Lk 3:16; J 1:27. τὴν ζώνην MPol 13, 2 (JosAs 10:11; 13:3); σφραγῖδας break (Polyaenus 5, 2, 12) Rv 5:2, 5 v.l. (of the broken seals of a will: BGU 326 II, 21 ἡ διαθήκη ἐλύθη; POxy 715, 19.—λύω of the opening of a document: ParJer 7:21 λῦσον τὴν ἐπιστολὴν ταύτην; 7:36; Plut., Dio 31, 4 [a letter]; Vi. Aesopi W 92 P.)

ⓑ fig. ἐλύθη ὁ δεσμὸς τ. γλώσσης αὐτοῦ Mk 7:35; cp. Lk 1:63 D. λύε πάντα σύνδεσμον ἀδικίας loose every unjust fetter B 3:3 (Is 58:6).

② to set free someth. tied or similarly constrained, set free, loose, untie

ⓐ lit. a pers., animal, or thing that is bound or tied: a prisoner (Jos., Bell. 2, 28, Ant. 13, 409; Ps 145:7) Ac 22:30; cp. vs. 29 v.l.; ISm 6:2 (cp. b below); AcPl Ha 3, 6. Angels that are bound Rv 9:14f. Also more gener. (IAndrosIsis, Kyme 48 ἐγὼ τοὺς ἐν δεσμοῖς λύω) release, set free prisoners Ac 24:26 v.l.; τοὺς δεσμίους AcPl Ha 11, 9. Of Satan, bound and imprisoned in an abyss Rv 20:3. λυθήσεται ὁ σατανᾶς ἐκ τῆς φυλακῆς αὐτοῦ vs. 7.—Of Lazarus, bound in grave-clothes λύσατε αὐτόν unbind him J 11:44 (Vi. Aesopi I 83 λύσατε αὐτόν=take off his fetters).—Of animals (X., An. 3, 4, 35) a colt that is tied up Mt 21:2; Mk 11:2, 4f; Lk 19:30f, 33ab (perh. these passages suggest a kind of commandeering of transport indicated by the term ἀγγαρεύω JDerrett, NovT 13, ’71, 241–58), τὸν βοῦν ἀπὸ τῆς φάτνης untie the ox from the manger Lk 13:15 (λ. ἀπό as Quint. Smyrn. 4, 373; Is 5:27; Jer 47:4).—λ. τὸ ὑπόδημα untie the sandal Ac 7:33 (Ex 3:5; Josh 5:15); 13:25.—Pass. τὰς τρίχας λελυμέναι with unbound hair Hs 9, 9, 5; cp. τὰς τρίχας λελυμένας Hs 9, 13, 8.

ⓑ fig. free, set free, release ἀπό τινος (TestJos 15:6; Cyranides p. 97, 12) λυθῆναι ἀπὸ τ. δεσμοῦ τούτου be set free from this bond Lk 13:16. λέλυσαι ἀπὸ γυναικός; are you free from a wife, i.e. not bound to a wife? 1 Cor 7:27 (a previous state of being ‘bound’ need not be assumed; cp. Chion, Ep. 7, 3 λελυμένως=[speak] in an unrestrained manner. See also Simplicius in Epict. p. 129, 3: ‘one who does not found a family is εὔλυτος’, i.e. free). The pf. pass. ptc. IMg 12:1 is the negation of δέδεμαι i.e. unbound. On ISm 6:2 s. comm. by WBauer. ἐκ instead of ἀπό: λ. τινὰ ἐκ τῶν ἁμαρτιῶν free someone from sins Rv 1:5. τινὰ ἐκ χειρὸς σιδήρου 1 Cl 56:9 (Job 5:20). Bonds from pers. loose, remove (Χριστὸς) λύσει ἀφʼ ὑμῶν πάντα δεσμόν IPhld 8:1.

③ to reduce someth. by violence into its components, destroy (Iren. 1, 8, 1 [Harv. I 67, 9]), of a building tear down (Il. 16, 10; X., An. 2, 4, 17f; Herodian 7, 1, 7; 1 Esdr 1:52; Jos., Bell. 6, 32; SibOr 3, 409) τ. ναὸν τοῦτον J 2:19. τὸ μεσότοιχον Eph 2:14 (in imagery).—ἡ πρύμνα ἐλύετο the stern began to break up Ac 27:41 (PLond III 1164h, 19 p. 164 [III A.D.] uses λ. of the dismantling of a ship). Of the parts of the universe, as it is broken up and destroyed in the final conflagration 2 Pt 3:10–12 (cp. Just., D. 5, 4; Tat. 25, 2).—Of a meeting (Il. 1, 305; Od. 2, 257; Apollon. Rhod. 1, 708; X., Cyr. 6, 1, 2; Diod S 19, 25, 7; EpArist 202; Jos., Ant. 14, 388 λυθείσης τ. βουλῆς) λυθείσης τ. συναγωγῆς when the meeting of the synagogue had broken up Ac 13:43.—λυθεῖσα Ox 1081, 3 as edited (so also Otero I 82, no. 3) is incorrectly read instead of ἐ]ληλύθεισαν, s. s.v. ἔρχομαι 1aζ.

④ to do away with, destroy, bring to an end, abolish (Socrat., Ep. 28, 2 and 4 ‘dispel’ slanders; Tat. 13, 1 ψυχὴ … λύεται μετὰ τοῦ σώματος; Mel., P. 43, 301 ὁ τύπος ἐλύθη=the type was abolished [when the antitype made its appearance]) λ. τὰ ἔργα τ. διαβόλου destroy the works of the devil 1J 3:8. Pass. ἐλύετο πᾶσα μαγεία all magic began to be dissolved IEph 19:3. λύεται ὁ ὄλεθρος ἐν τ. ὁμονοίᾳ his destructiveness comes to an end through the unity 13:1.—λ. τ. ὠδῖνας τ. θανάτου must mean in its context: (God) brought the pangs to an end (IG IV², 128, 49 [280 B.C.] ἔλυσεν ὠδῖνα; Lycophron vs. 1198 ὠδῖνας ἐξέλυσε γονῆς; Himerius, Or. 64 [=Or. 18], 1 λυθῆναι τὰς ὠδῖνας of the cessation of labor pains; Job 39:2; Aelian, HA 12, 5 τοὺς τῶν ὠδίνων λῦσαι δεσμούς; Eutecnius 3 p. 30, 26), so that the ‘birth’ which is to bring Christ to light may attain its goal (Haenchen ad loc.) Ac 2:24 (but s. θάνατος 1bβ; originally it is probable that ‘the bonds of death’ went with ‘loose’); Pol 1:2—Of commandments, laws, statements repeal, annul, abolish (Hdt. 1, 29, 1 νόμον. Text fr. Nysa in Diod S 1, 27, 4 ὅσα ἐγὼ ἐνομοθέτησα, οὐδεὶς αὐτὰ δύναται λῦσαι; Ael. Aristid. 30 p. 573 D.: νόμους; Achilles Tat. 3, 3, 5; SIG 355, 21; 1219, 12; Jos., Ant. 11, 140) ἐντολήν Mt 5:19. τὸ σάββατον abolish the Sabbath J 5:18 (in John, Jesus is accused not of breaking the Sabbath, but of doing away w. it as an ordinance). Pass. (Dio Chrys. 58 [75], 10 τ. νόμου λυθέντος) 7:23; 10:35 (RJungkuntz, CTM 35, ’64, 556–65 [J 10:34–6]).—λύειν τὸν Ἰησοῦν annul (the true teaching about) Jesus (by spurning it); (cp. Alex. Aphr., Fat. 26, II 2 p. 196, 18 λ. τινὰ τῶν Ζήνωνος λόγων=certain teachings of Zeno; opp. ὁμολογεῖν: s. Iren. 1, 9, 3 [Harv. I 85, 10]) 1J 4:3 v.l. (for the rdg. λύει s. Iren. 3, 16, 8 [Harv. II 90, 3]; Cl. Al., Fgm. 35 p. 218, 10ff Stählin; Orig. XI [GCS] 152, 28; Socrates, HE 7, 32; EHarnack, SBBerlAk 1915, 556–61=Studien I ’31, 132–37; A Rahlfs, TLZ 40, 1915, 525; OPiper, JBL 66, ’47, 440–44 [exorcistic, break a spell]).

⑤ On the combination and contrast of δέειν and λύειν Mt 16:19; 18:18 s. δέω 4; also GLambert, Vivre et Penser, IIIe s., ’43/44, 91–103.—B. 1239f. M-M. EDNT. TW. Sv.

υἱός, οῦ, ὁ (Hom.+; loanw. in rabb.) prim. ‘son’

① a male who is in a kinship relationship either biologically or by legal action, son, offspring, descendant

ⓐ the direct male issue of a person, son τέξεται υἱόν Mt 1:21; GJs 14:2 (cp. Mel., P. 8, 53 ὡς γὰρ υἱὸς τεχθείς). Cp. Mt 1:23 (Is 7:14) and 25; 10:37 (w. θυγάτηρ); Mk 12:6a; Lk 1:13, 31, 57; 11:11; 15:11 (on this JEngel, Die Parabel v. Verlorenen Sohn: ThGl 18, 1926, 54–64; MFrost, The Prodigal Son: Exp. 9th ser., 2, 1924, 56–60; EBuonaiuti, Religio 11, ’35, 398–402); Ac 7:29; Ro 9:9 (cp. Gen 18:10); Gal 4:22 al. W. gen. Mt 7:9; 20:20f; 21:37ab; Mk 6:3; 9:17; Lk 3:2; 4:22; 15:19; J 9:19f; Ac 13:21; 16:1; 23:16; Gal 4:30abc (Gen 21:10abc); Js 2:21; AcPlCor 2:29. Also ἐγὼ Φαρισαῖός εἰμι υἱὸς Φαρισαίων Ac 23:6 is prob. a ref. to direct descent. μονογενὴς υἱός (s. μονογενής 1) Lk 7:12. ὁ υἱὸς ὁ πρωτότοκος (πρωτότοκος 1) 2:7.

ⓑ the immediate male offspring of an animal (Ps 28:1 υἱοὺς κριῶν; Sir 38:25. So Lat. filius: Columella 6, 37, 4) in our lit. only as foal ἐπὶ πῶλον υἱὸν ὑποζυγίου Mt 21:5 (cp. Zech 9:9 πῶλον νέον).

ⓒ human offspring in an extended line of descent, descendant, son Ἰωσὴφ υἱὸς Δαυίδ Mt 1:20 (cp. Jos., Ant. 11, 73); s. 2dα below. υἱοὶ Ἰσραήλ (Ἰσραήλ 1) Mt 27:9; Lk 1:16; Ac 5:21; 7:23, 37; 9:15; 10:36; Ro 9:27; 2 Cor 3:7, 13; Hb 11:22 al.; AcPlCor 2:32. οἱ υἱοὶ Λευί (Num 26:57) Hb 7:5. υἱὸς Ἀβραάμ Lk 19:9. υἱοὶ Ἀδάμ 1 Cl 29:2 (Dt 32:8). υἱοι Ῥουβήλ GJs 6:3.

ⓓ one who is accepted or legally adopted as a son (Herodian 5, 7, 1; 4; 5; Jos, Ant. 2, 263; 20, 150) Ac 7:21 (cp. Ex 2:10).—J 19:26.

② a pers. related or closely associated as if by ties of sonship, son, transf. sense of 1

ⓐ of a pupil, follower, or one who is otherw. a spiritual son (SIG 1169, 12 οἱ υἱοὶ τοῦ θεοῦ=the pupils and helpers [40] of Asclepius; sim. Maximus Tyr. 4, 2c; Just., D. 86, 6 οἱ υἱοὶ τῶν προφητῶν.—Some combination w. παῖδες is the favorite designation for those who are heirs of guild-secrets or who are to perpetuate a skill of some kind: Pla., Rep. 3, 407e, Leg. 6, 769b; Dionys. Hal., Comp. Verbi 22 p. 102, 4 Us./Rdm. ῥητόρων παῖδες; Lucian, Anach. 19, Dial. Mort. 11, 1 Χαλδαίων π.=dream-interpreters, Dips. 5 ἱατρῶν π., Amor. 49; Himerius, Or. 48 [=Or. 14], 13 σοφῶν π.): the ‘sons’ of the Pharisees Mt 12:27; Lk 11:19. Peter says Μᾶρκος ὁ υἱός μου 1 Pt 5:13 (perh. w. a component of endearment; s. Μᾶρκος). As a familiar form of address by a cherished mentor Hb 12:5 (Pr 3:11; ParJer 5:28; 7:24). υἱοὶ καὶ θυγατέρες B 1:1.

ⓑ of the individual members of a large and coherent group (cp. the υἷες Ἀχαιῶν in Homer; also PsSol 2:3 οἱ υἱοὶ Ἰερουσαλήμ; Dio Chrys. 71 [21], 15; LXX) οἱ υἱοὶ τοῦ λαοῦ μου 1 Cl 8:3 (scripture quot. of unknown origin). υἱοὶ γένους Ἀβραάμ Ac 13:26. οἱ υἱοὶ τῶν ἀνθρώπων (Gen 11:5; Ps 11:2, 9; 44:3; TestLevi 3:10; TestZeb 9:7; GrBar 2:4) the sons of men=humans (cp. dγ below) Mk 3:28; Eph 3:5; 1 Cl 61:2 (of the earthly rulers in contrast to the heavenly king).

ⓒ of one whose identity is defined in terms of a relationship with a person or thing

α. of those who are bound to a personality by close, non-material ties; it is this personality that has promoted the relationship and given it its character: son(s) of: those who believe are υἱοὶ Ἀβραάμ, because Abr. was the first whose relationship to God was based on faith Gal 3:7. In a special sense the devout, believers, are sons of God, i.e., in the light of the social context, people of special status and privilege (cp. PsSol 17:27; Just., D, 124, 1; Dio Chrys. 58 [75], 8 ὁ τοῦ Διὸς ὄντως υἱός; Epict. 1, 9, 6; 1, 3, 2; 1, 19, 9; Sextus 58; 60; 135; 376a; Dt 14:1; Ps 28:1; 72:15; Is 43:6 [w. θυγατέρες μου]; 45:11; Wsd 2:18; 5:5; 12:21 al.; Jdth 9:4, 13; Esth 8:12q; 3 Macc 6:28; SibOr 3, 702) Mt 5:45; Lk 6:35; Ro 8:14, 19 (‘Redeemer figures’ EFuchs, Die Freiheit des Glaubens, ’49, 108; against him EHommel in ThViat 4, ’52, 118, n. 26); 9:26 (Hos 2:1); 2 Cor 6:18 (w. θυγατέρες, s. Is 43:6 cited above); Gal 3:26 (cp. PsSol 17:27); 4:6a, 7ab (here the υἱός is the κληρονόμος and his opposite is the δοῦλος); Hb 2:10 (JKögel, Der Sohn u. die Söhne: Eine exeget. Studie zu Hb 2:5–18, 1904); 12:5–8 (in vs. 8 opp. νόθος, q.v.); Rv 21:7; 2 Cl 1:4; B 4:9. Corresp. there are sons of the devil (on this subj. cp. Hdb. on J 8:44) υἱὲ διαβόλου Ac 13:10. οἱ υἱοὶ τοῦ πονηροῦ (masc.) Mt 13:38b. τοῦ υἱοῦ τοῦ ἐν Ἅιδου ApcPt Rainer. In υἱοί ἐστε τῶν φονευσάντων τοὺς προφήτας Mt 23:31 this mng. is prob. to be combined w. sense 1c. The expr. υἱοὶ θεοῦ Mt 5:9 looks to the future (s. Betz, SM ad loc.; cp. KKöhler, StKr 91, 1918, 189f). Lk 20:36a signifies a status akin to that of angels (Ps 88:7; θεῶν παῖδες as heavenly beings: Maximus Tyr. 11, 5a; 12a; 13, 6a.—Hierocles 3, 424 the ἄγγελοι are called θεῶν παῖδες; HWindisch, Friedensbringer-Gottessöhne: ZNW 24, 1925, 240–60, discounts connection w. angels and contends for the elevation of the ordinary followers of Jesus to the status of Alexander the Great in his role as an εἰρηνηποιός [cp. Plut., Mor. 329c]; for measured critique of this view s. Betz, SM 137–42.).

β. υἱός w. gen. of thing, to denote one who shares in it or who is worthy of it, or who stands in some other close relation to it, oft. made clear by the context; this constr. is prob. a Hebraism in the main, but would not appear barbaric (B-D-F §162, 6; Mlt-H. 441; Dssm., B p. 162–66 [BS 161–66]; PASA II 1884, no. 2 υἱὸς πόλεως [time of Nero; on this type of formulation SEG XXXIX, 1864]; IMagnMai 167, 5; 156, 12) οἱ υἱοὶ τοῦ αἰῶνος τούτου (αἰών 2a) Lk 16:8a (opp. οἱ υἱοί τοῦ φωτός vs. 8b); 20:34. τῆς ἀναστάσεως υἱοί (to Mediterranean publics the functional equivalent of ἀθάνατοι ‘immortals’; cp. ἀνάστασις 2b) 20:36b. υἱοὶ τῆς ἀνομίας (ἀνομία 1; cp. CD 6:15) Hv 3, 6, 1; ApcPt 1:3; τῆς ἀπειθείας (s. ἀπείθεια) Eph 2:2; 5:6; Col 3:6; τῆς ἀπωλείας ApcPt 1:2. ὁ υἱὸς τῆς ἀπωλείας of Judas the informer J 17:12 (cp. similar expressions in Eur., Hec. 425; Menand., Dyscolus 88f: s. FDanker, NTS 7, ’60/61, 94), of the end-time adversary 2 Th 2:3. υἱοὶ τῆς βασιλείας (βασιλεία 1bη; s. SEG XXXIX, 1864 for related expressions) Mt 8:12; 13:38a. υἱοὶ βροντῆς Mk 3:17 (s. Βοανηργές). υἱὸς γεέννης (s. γέεννα) Mt 23:15; τ. διαθήκης (PsSol 17:15) Ac 3:25; εἰρήνης Lk 10:6. υἱοὶ τοῦ νυμφῶνος (s. νυμφών) Mt 9:15; Mk 2:19; Lk 5:34. υἱὸς παρακλήσεως Ac 4:36 (s. Βαρναβᾶς). υἱοὶ (τοῦ) φωτός (Hippol., Ref. 6, 47, 4 in gnostic speculation) Lk 16:8b (opp. υἱοὶ τοῦ αἰῶνος τούτου); J 12:36. υἱοὶ φωτός ἐστε καὶ υἱοὶ ἡμέρας 1 Th 5:5 (EBuonaiuti, ‘Figli del giorno e della luce’ [1 Th 5:5]: Rivista storico-critica delle Scienze teol. 6, 1910, 89–93).

ⓓ in various combinations as a designation of the Messiah and a self-designation of Jesus

α. υἱὸς Δαυίδ son of David of the Messiah (PsSol 17:21) Mt 22:42–45; Mk 12:35–37; Lk 20:41–44; B 12:10c. Specif. of Jesus as Messiah Mt 1:1a; 9:27; 12:23; 15:22; 20:30f; 21:9, 15; Mk 10:47f; Lk 18:38f.—WWrede, Jesus als Davidssohn: Vorträge u. Studien 1907, 147–77; WBousset, Kyrios Christos² 1921, 4, Rel.³ 226f; ELohmeyer, Gottesknecht u. Davidssohn ’45, esp. 68; 72; 77; 84; TNicklin, Gospel Gleanings ’50, 251–56; WMichaelis, Die Davidsohnschaft Jesu usw., in D. histor. Jesus u. d. kerygm. Christus, ed. Ristow and Matthiae, ’61, 317–30; LFisher, ECColwell Festschr. ’68, 82–97.

β. ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ, υἱὸς θεοῦ (the) Son of God (for the phrase s. JosAs 6:2 al. Ἰωσὴφ ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ; there is no undisputed evidence of usage as messianic title in pre-Christian Judaism [s. Dalman, Worte 219–24, Eng. tr. 268–89; Bousset, Kyrios Christos² 53f; EHuntress, ‘Son of God’ in Jewish Writings Prior to the Christian Era: JBL 54, ’35, 117–23]; cp. 4Q 246 col. 2, 1 [JFitzmyer, A Wandering Aramean ’79, 90–93; JCollins, BRev IX/3, ’93, 34–38, 57]. Among polytheists on the other hand, sons of the gods in a special sense [s. Just., A I, 21, 1f] are not only known to myth and legend, but definite historical personalities are also designated as such. Among them are famous wise men such as Pythagoras and Plato [HUsener, Das Weihnachtsfest² 1911, 71ff], and deified rulers, above all the Roman emperors since the time of Augustus [oft. in ins and pap: Dssm., B 166f=BS 166f, LO 294f=LAE 346f; Thieme 33]. According to Memnon [I B.C./ I A.D.]: 434 Fgm. 1, 1, 1 Jac., Clearchus [IV B.C.] carried his boasting so far as Διὸς υἱὸν ἑαυτὸν ἀνειπεῖν. Also, persons who were active at that time as prophets and wonder-workers laid claim to the title υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ, e.g. the Samaritan Dositheus in Origen, C. Cels. 6, 11; sim. an Indian wise man who calls himself Διὸς υἱός Arrian, Anab. 7, 2, 3; cp. Did., Gen. 213, 18 ὁ Ἀβρὰμ υἱὸς θεοῦ διὰ δικαιοσύνην. S. GWetter, ‘Der Sohn Gottes’ 1916; Hdb. exc. on J 1:34; s. also Clemen² 76ff; ENorden, Die Geburt des Kindes 1924, 75; 91f; 132; 156f; EKlostermann, Hdb. exc. on Mk 1:11 [4th ed. ’50]; M-JLagrange, Les origines du dogme paulinien de la divinité de Christ: RB 45, ’36, 5–33; HPreisker, Ntl. Zeitgesch. ’37, 187–208; HBraun, ZTK 54, ’57, 353–64; ANock, ‘Son of God’ in Paul. and Hellen. Thought: Gnomon 33, ’61, 581–90 [=Essays on Religion and the Anc. World II, ’72, 928–39]—originality in Paul’s thought): Ps 2:7 is applied to Jesus υἱός μου εἶ σύ, ἐγὼ σήμερον γεγέννηκά σε Lk 3:22 D; GEb 18, 37.—Ac 13:33; Hb 1:5a; 5:5; 1 Cl 36:4. Likew. Hos 11:1 (w. significant changes): Mt 2:15, and 2 Km 7:14: Hb 1:5b. The voice of God calls him ὁ υἱός μου ὁ ἀγαπητός (s. ἀγαπητός 1) at his baptism Mt 3:17; Mk 1:11; Lk 3:22; GEb 18, 37 and 39 and at the Transfiguration Mt 17:5; Mk 9:7; Lk 9:35 (here ἐκλελεγμένος instead of ἀγαπ.); 2 Pt 1:17. Cp. J 1:34. The angel at the Annunciation uses these expressions in referring to him: υἱὸς ὑψίστου Lk 1:32; GJs 11:3 and υἱὸς θεοῦ Lk 1:35 (Ar. 15, 1 ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ τοῦ ὑψίστου. Cp. Just., A I, 23, 2 μόνος ἰδίως υἱὸς τῷ θεῷ γεγέννηται). The centurion refers to him at the crucifixion as υἱὸς θεοῦ Mt 27:54; Mk 15:39; GPt 11:45; cp. vs. 46 (CMann, ET 20, 1909, 563f; JPobee, The Cry of the Centurion, A Cry of Defeat: CFDMoule Festschr. ’70, 91–102; EJohnson, JSNT 31, ’87, 3–22 [an indefinite affirmation of Jesus]). The high priest asks εἰ σὺ εἶ ὁ Χριστὸς ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ Mt 26:63 (DCatchpole, NTS 17, ’71, 213–26). Passers-by ask him to show that he is God’s Son 27:40; sim. the devil 4:3, 6; Lk 4:3, 9. On the other hand, evil spirits address him as the Son of God Mt 8:29; Mk 3:11; 5:7; Lk 4:41; 8:28; and disciples testify that he is Mt 14:33; 16:16. S. also Mk 1:1 (s. SLegg, Ev. Sec. Marc. ’35).—Jesus also refers to himself as Son of God, though rarely apart fr. the Fourth Gosp.: Mt 28:19 (the Risen Lord in the trinitarian baptismal formula); Mt 21:37f=Mk 12:6 (an allusion in the parable of the vinedressers).—Mt 27:43; Mk 13:32; Rv 2:18. The main pass. is the so-called Johannine verse in the synoptics Mt 11:27=Lk 10:22 (s. PSchmiedel, PM 4, 1900,1–22; FBurkitt, JTS 12, 1911, 296f; HSchumacher, Die Selbstoffenbarung Jesu bei Mt 11:27 [Lk 10:22] 1912 [lit.]; Norden, Agn. Th. 277–308; JWeiss, Heinrici Festschr. 1914, 120–29, Urchristentum 1917, 87ff; Bousset, Kyrios Christos² 1921, 45ff; EMeyer I 280ff; RBultmann, Gesch. d. synopt. Trad.² ’31, 171f; MDibelius, Die Formgeschichte des Evangeliums² ’33, 259; MRist, Is Mt 11:25–30 a Primitive Baptismal Hymn? JR 15, ’35, 63–77; TArvedson, D. Mysterium Christi: E. Studie zu Mt 11:25–30, ’37; WDavies, ‘Knowledge’ in the Dead Sea Scrolls and Mt 11:25–30, HTR 45, ’53, 113–39; WGrundmann, Sohn Gottes, ZNW 47, ’56, 113–33; JBieneck, Sohn Gottes als Christusbez. der Synopt. ’51; PWinter, Mt 11:27 and Lk 10:22: NovT 1, ’56, 112–48; JJocz, Judaica 13, ’57, 129–42; OMichel/OBetz, Von Gott Gezeugt, Beih. ZNW [Jeremias Festschr.] 26, ’60, 3–23 [Qumran]).—Apart fr. the synoptics, testimony to Jesus as the Son of God is found in many parts of our lit. Oft. in Paul: Ro 1:3, 4, 9; 5:10; 8:3, 29, 32; 1 Cor 1:9; 15:28; 2 Cor 1:19; Gal 1:16; 2:20; 4:4; Eph 4:13; Col 1:13; 1 Th 1:10. Cp. Ac 9:20. In Hb: 1:2, 8; 4:14; 5:8; 6:6; 7:3, 28; 10:29. In greatest frequency in John (cp. Herm. Wr. 1, 6 the Λόγος as υἱὸς θεοῦ. Likew. Philo, Agr. 51 πρωτόγονος υἱός, Conf. Lingu. 146 υἱὸς θεοῦ.—Theoph. Ant. 2, 1 [p. 154, 12] ὁ λόγος ὁ τοῦ θεοῦ, ὅς ἐστιν καὶ υἱὸς αὐτοῦ; Iren. 3, 12, 2 [Harv. II 55, 2]): J 1:49; 3:16–18 (s. μονογενής 2), 35f; 5:19–26; 6:40; 8:35f; 10:36; 11:4, 27; 14:13; 17:1; 19:7; 20:31; 1J 1:3, 7; 2:22–24; 3:8, 23; 4:9f, 14f; 5:5, 9–13, 20; 2J 3, 9.—B 5:9, 11; 7:2, 9; 12:8; 15:5; Dg 7:4; 9:2, 4; 10:2 (τὸν υἱὸν αὐτοῦ τὸν μονογενῆ; also ApcEsdr 6:16 p. 31, 22 Tdf.; ApcSed 9:1f); IMg 8:2; ISm 1:1; MPol 17:3; Hv 2, 2, 8; Hs 5, 2, 6 (ὁ υἱὸς αὐτοῦ ὁ ἀγαπητός); 8; 11; 5, 4, 1; 5, 5, 2; 3; 5; 5, 6, 1; 2; 4; 7 (on the Christology of the Shepherd s. Dibelius, Hdb. on Hs 5, also ALink and JvWalter [πνεῦμα 5cα]); Hs 8, 3, 2; 8, 11, 1. Cp. 9, 1, 1; 9, 12, 1ff.—In trinitarian formulas, in addition to Mt 28:19, also IMg 13:1; EpilMosq 5; D 7:1, 3.—The deceiver of the world appears w. signs and wonders ὡς υἱὸς θεοῦ D 16:4 (ApcEsdr 4:27 p. 28, 32 Tdf. ὁ λέγων• Ἐγώ εἰμι ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ [of Antichrist]).—EKühl, Das Selbstbewusstsein Jesu 1907, 16–44; GVos, The Self-disclosure of Jesus 1926.—EBurton, ICC Gal 1921, 404–17; TNicklin, Gospel Gleanings ’50, 211–36; MHengel, The Son of God (tr. JBowden) ’76; DJones, The Title υἱὸς θεοῦ in Acts: SBLSP 24, ’85, 451–63.

γ. ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου lit. ‘the son of the man’ (the pl. form οἱ υἱοὶ τῶν ἀνθρώπων appears freq. in the LXX to render בְּנֵי אָדָם = mortals, e.g. Gen 11:5; Ps 10:4; 11:2; cp. ὁ υἱὸς τῆς ἀπολείας J 17:12 [s. 2cβ]) ‘the human being, the human one, the man’ in our lit. only as a byname in ref. to Jesus and in an exclusive sense the Human One, the Human Being, one intimately linked with humanity in its primary aspect of fragility yet transcending it, traditionally rendered ‘the Son of Man.’ The term is found predom. in the gospels, where it occurs in the synoptics about 70 times (about half as oft. if parallels are excluded), and in J 12 times (s. EKlostermann, Hdb. exc. on Mk 8:31). In every case the title is applied by Jesus to himself. Nowhere within a saying or narrative about him is it found in an address to him: Mt 8:20; 9:6; 10:23; 11:19; 12:8, 32, 40; 13:37, 41; 16:13, 27f; 17:9, 12, 22; 18:10 [11] v.l.; 19:28; 20:18, 28; 24:27, 30, 37, 39, 44; 25:13 v.l., 31; 26:2, 24ab, 45, 64; Mk 2:10, 28; 8:31, 38; 9:9, 12, 31; 10:33, 45; 13:26; 14:21ab, 41, 62; Lk 5:24; 6:5, 22; 7:34; 9:22, 26, 44, 56 v.l., 58; 11:30; 12:8, 10, 40; 17:22, 24, 26, 30; 18:8, 31; 19:10; 21:27, 36; 22:22, 48, 69; 24:7.—John (FGrosheide, Υἱὸς τ. ἀνθρ. in het Evang. naar Joh.: TSt 35, 1917, 242–48; HDieckmann, D. Sohn des Menschen im J: Scholastik 2, 1927, 229–47; HWindisch, ZNW 30, ’31, 215–33; 31, ’32, 199–204; WMichaelis, TLZ 85, ’60, 561–78 [Jesus’ earthly presence]) 1:51; 3:13, 14; 5:27 (BVawter, Ezekiel and John, CBQ 26, ’64, 450–58); 6:27, 53, 62; 8:28; 9:35; 12:23, 34; 13:31. Whether the component of fragility (suggested by OT usage in ref. to the brief span of human life and the ills to which it falls heir) or high status (suggested by traditions that appear dependent on Da 7:13, which refers to one ‘like a human being’), or a blend of the two dominates a specific occurrence can be determined only by careful exegesis that in addition to extra-biblical traditions takes account of the total literary structure of the document in which it occurs. Much neglected in the discussion is the probability of prophetic association suggested by the form of address Ezk 2:1 al. (like the OT prophet [Ezk 3:4–11] Jesus encounters resistance).—On Israelite thought contemporary w. Jesus and alleged knowledge of a heavenly being looked upon as a ‘Son of Man’ or ‘Man’, who exercises Messianic functions such as judging the world (metaph., pictorial passages in En 46–48; 4 Esdr 13:3, 51f) s. Bousset, Rel.³ 352–55; NMessel, D. Menschensohn in d. Bilderreden d. Hen. 1922; ESjöberg, Kenna 1 Henok och 4 Esra tanken på den lidande Människosonen? Sv. Ex. Årsb. 5, ’40, 163–83, D. Menschensohn im äth. Hen. ’46. This view is in some way connected w. Da 7:13; acc. to some it derives its real content fr. an eschatological tradition that ultimately goes back to Iran (WBousset, Hauptprobleme der Gnosis 1907, 160–223; Reitzenstein, Erlösungsmyst. 119ff, ZNW 20, 1921, 18–22, Mysterienrel.³ 418ff; Clemen² 72ff; CKraeling, Anthropos and Son of Man: A Study in the Religious Syncretism of the Hellenistic Orient 1927); acc. to this tradition the First Man was deified; he will return in the last times and usher in the Kingdom of God.—Outside the gospels: Ac 7:56 (v.l. τοῦ θεοῦ; GKilpatrick, TZ 21, ’65, 209); Rv 1:13; 14:14 (both after Da 7:13; sim. allusion to Da in Just., D. 31, 1). The quot. fr. Ps 8:5 in Hb 2:6 prob. does not belong here, since there is no emphasis laid on υἱὸς ἀνθρώπου. In IEph 20:2 Jesus is described as υἱὸς ἀνθρώπου καὶ υἱὸς θεοῦ. Differently B 12:10 Ἰησοῦς, οὐχὶ υἱὸς ἀνθρώπου ἀλλὰ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ Jesus, not a man’s son, but Son of God.—HLietzmann, Der Menschensohn 1896; Dalman, Worte 191–219 (Eng. tr., 234–67); Wlh., Einl.² 123–30; PFiebig, Der Menschensohn 1901; NSchmidt, The Prophet of Nazareth 1905, 94–134, Recent Study of the Term ‘Son of Man’: JBL 45, 1926, 326–49; FTillmann, Der Menschensohn 1907; EKühl, Das Selbstbewusstsein Jesu 1907, 65ff; HHoltzmann, Das messianische Bewusstsein Jesu, 1907, 49–75 (lit.), Ntl. Theologie² I 1911, 313–35; FBard, D. Sohn d. Menschen 1908; HGottsched, D. Menschensohn 1908; EAbbott, ‘The Son of Man’, etc., 1910; EHertlein, Die Menschensohnfrage im letzten Stadium 1911, ZNW 19, 1920, 46–48; JMoffatt, The Theology of the Gospels 1912, 150–63; WBousset, Kyrios Christos² 1921, 5–22 (the titles of the works by Wernle and Althaus opposing his first edition [1913], as well as Bousset’s answer, are found s.v. κύριος, end); DVölter, Jesus der Menschensohn 1914, Die Menschensohnfrage neu untersucht 1916; FSchulthess, ZNW 21, 1922, 247–50; Rtzst., Herr der Grösse 1919 (see also the works by the same author referred to above in this entry); EMeyer II 335ff; HGressmann, ZKG n.s. 4, 1922, 170ff, D. Messias 1929, 341ff; GDupont, Le Fils d’Homme 1924; APeake, The Messiah and the Son of Man 1924; MWagner, Der Menschensohn: NKZ 36, 1925, 245–78; Guillaume Baldensperger, Le Fils d’Homme: RHPR 5, 1925, 262–73; WBleibtreu, Jesu Selbstbez. als der Menschensohn: StKr 98/99, 1926, 164–211; AvGall, Βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ 1926; OProcksch, D. Menschensohn als Gottessohn: Christentum u. Wissensch. 3, 1927, 425–43; 473–81; CMontefiore, The Synoptic Gospels² 1927 I 64–80; ROtto, Reich Gottes u. Menschensohn ’34, Eng. tr. The Kgdm. of God and the Son of Man, tr. Filson and Woolf² ’43; EWechssler, Hellas im Ev. ’36, 332ff; PParker, The Mng. of ‘Son of Man’: JBL 60, ’41, 151–57; HSharman, Son of Man and Kingdom of God ’43; JCampbell, The Origin and Mng. of the Term Son of Man: JTS 48, ’47, 145–55; HRiesenfeld, Jésus Transfiguré ’47, 307–13 (survey and lit.); TManson, ConNeot 11, ’47, 138–46 (Son of Man=Jesus and his disciples in Mk 2:27f); GDuncan, Jesus, Son of Man ’47, 135–53 (survey); JBowman, ET 59, ’47/48, 283–88 (background); MBlack, ET 60, ’48f, 11–15; 32–36; GKnight, Fr. Moses to Paul ’49, 163–72 (survey); TNicklin, Gospel Gleanings ’50, 237–50; TManson (Da, En and gospels), BJRL 32, ’50, 171–93; TPreiss, Le Fils d’Homme: ÉThR 26/3, ’51, Life in Christ, ’54, 43–60; SMowinckel, He That Cometh, tr. Anderson, ’54, 346–450; GIber, Überlieferungsgesch. Unters. z. Begriff des Menschensohnes im NT, diss. Heidelb. ’53; ESjöberg, D. verborgene Menschensohn in den Ev. ’55; WGrundmann, ZNW 47, ’56, 113–33; HRiesenfeld, The Mythological Backgrd. of NT Christology, CHDodd Festschr. ’56, 81–95; PhVielhauer, Gottesreich u. Menschensohn in d. Verk. Jesu, GDehn Festschr. ’57, 51–79; ESidebottom, The Son of Man in J, ET 68, ’57, 231–35; 280–83; AHiggins, Son of Man- Forschung since (Manson’s) ‘The Teaching of Jesus’: NT Essays (TW Manson memorial vol.) ’59, 119–35; HTödt, D. Menschensohn in d. synopt. Überl. ’59 (tr. Barton ’65); JMuilenburg, JBL 79, ’60, 197–209 (Da, En); ESchweizer, JBL 79, ’60, 119–29 and NTS 9, ’63, 256–61; BvIersel, ‘Der Sohn’ in den synopt. Jesusworten, ’61 (community?); MBlack, BJRL 45, ’63, 305–18; FBorsch, ATR 45, ’63, 174–90; AHiggins, Jesus and the Son of Man, ’64; RFormesyn, NovT 8, ’66, 1–35 (barnasha=‘I’); SSandmel, HSilver Festschr. ’63, 355–67; JJeremias, Die älteste Schicht der Menschensohn-Logien, ZNW 58, ’67, 159–72; GVermes, MBlack, Aram. Approach³, ’67, 310–30; BLindars, The New Look on the Son of Man: BJRL 63, ’81, 437–62; WWalker, The Son of Man, Some Recent Developments CBQ 45, ’83, 584–607; JDonahue, Recent Studies on the Origin of ‘Son of Man’ in the Gospels, CBQ 48, ’86, 584–607; DBurkitt, The Nontitular Son of Man, A History and Critique: NTS 40, ’94 504–21 (lit.); JEllington, BT 40, ’89, 201–8; RGordon, Anthropos: 108–13.—B. 105; DELG. M-M. EDNT. TW. Sv.