dicam

Hercŭles, is and i (the latter in Cic. Ac. 2, 34, 108 Goer.; cf. Plin. ap. Charis. p. 107 P.:

Herculei,

Cat. 55, 13), m., = Hêraklês, Etrusc. HERCLE (whence, by the insertion of a connecting vowel, the Latin form arose; cf. Alcumena for Alkmênê; v. also under B. the voc. hercle), son of Jupiter and Alcmena, husband of Dejanira, and, after his deification, of Hebe, the god of strength, and the guardian of riches, to whom, therefore, tithes were offered; he was also the guide of the Muses (Musagetes); the poplar was sacred to him, Cic. N. D. 3, 16, 42; Varr. ap. Serv. Verg. A. 8, 564; Varr. L. L. 6, § 54 Müll.; Plaut. Stich. 1, 3, 80; 2, 2, 62; Ov. M. 8, 364; 9, 13 sq.; Hor. C. 3, 14, 1; 4, 5, 36; Suet. Aug. 29; cf. with Ov. F. 6, 797 sq.:

neque Herculi quisquam decumam vovit umquam, si sapiens factus esset,

Cic. N. D. 3, 36, 88:

superavit aerumnis suis aerumnas Herculis,

Plaut. Pers. 1, 1, 2: Herculis Columnae, the Pillars of Hercules, i. e. the promontories between which is the Strait of Gibraltar, Plin. 2, 67, 67, § 167; Curt. 10, 1, 8 et saep.—In gen. plur.:

et Herculum et Mercuriorum disciplinae,

Tert. Spect. 11 fin. —Prov.: Herculi quaestum conterere, i. e. to squander everything (even the tithes of Hercules), Plaut. Most. 4, 2, 68:

personam Herculis et cothurnos aptare infantibus,

Quint. 6, 1, 36.—

Transf., analog. with the Greek Hêrakleis and Hêrakles, in voc. hercŭles, and more freq. hercŭle or hercle; also with a prefixed me: mĕ-hercŭles, mehercŭle (also separately: me hercule), and mĕhercle, as an oath or asseveration, by Hercules!

Hercules and mehercules:

et, hercules, hae quidem exstant,

Cic. Brut. 16, 61; cf. Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 4, 1; Poll. ib. 10, 33, 7:

licet, hercules, undique omnes in me terrores impendeant,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 11, 31; Vell. 2, 52, 2:

neque, mehercules, hoc indigne fero,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 48, 141:

cui, mehercules, hic multum tribuit,

id. Fam. 6, 5, 3; Planc. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 18, 3:

at, mehercules, narrabit quod quis voluerit,

Phaedr. 3, 17, 8.—

Hercule and mehercule, by Hercules! (in class. prose most freq.; cf.

also: impetratum est a consuetudine, ut peccare suavitatis causa liceret: et pomeridianas quadrigas quam postmeridianas libentius dixerim, et mehercule quam mehercules,

Cic. Or. 47, 157):

et hercule ita fecit,

id. Lael. 11, 37:

et hercule,

id. Fam. 2, 18, 2; Quint. 2, 5, 4; 2, 16, 12; 10, 2, 3;

12, 6, 4 al.: ac me quidem, ut hercule etiam te ipsum, Laeli, cognitio ipsa rerum delectat,

Cic. Rep. 1, 13:

non hercule, Scipio, dubito quin, etc.,

id. ib. 1, 23; id. Quint. 3, 13; id. Att. 2, 7, 3:

sed hercule facile patior datum tempus, in quo, etc.,

id. ib. 16, 16, C, 10; Quint. 1, 4, 7; 12, 1, 7:

atqui nactus es, sed me hercule otiosiorem opera quam animo,

Cic. Rep. 1, 9:

dicam me hercule,

id. ib. 1, 19:

non me hercule, inquit,

id. ib. 1, 38:

non mehercule,

Quint. 6, 1, 43; 6, 3, 74:

cognoscere me hercule, inquit, etc.,

Cic. Rep. 1, 48 Mai. N. cr.:

ita mehercule attendi, nec satis intellexi, etc.,

id. Leg. 3, 14, 33 Mos. N. cr.; id. Verr. 2, 3, 62, § 144:

vere mehercule hoc dicam,

id. Planc. 26, 64: et mehercule ego antea mirari solebam, etc., id. Verr. 2, 4, 14, § 33; id. Att. 5, 16, 3:

mihi mehercule magnae curae est aedilitas tua,

id. Fam. 2, 11, 2:

servi mehercule mei, si me isto pacto metuerent, etc.,

id. Cat. 1, 7, 17.—

Hercle and mehercle (the former esp. freq. in Plaut. and Ter.; the latter very rare): malo hercle magno suo convivat, Enn. ap. Non. 474, 22 (Sat. v. 1 Vahl.):

obsecro hercle, quantus et quam validus est,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 143; id. ib. 173:

tanto hercle melior,

id. Bacch. 2, 2, 33:

mihi quidem hercle non fit verisimile,

Ter. And. 1, 3, 20:

nescio hercle,

id. Eun. 2, 3, 13; id. Phorm. 1, 2, 87:

perii hercle,

id. Eun. 5, 2, 66; 5, 6, 14; id. Heaut. 4, 4, 14:

non hercle,

id. Phorm. 5, 7, 76:

per hercle rem mirandam (i. e. permirandam) Aristoteles dicit,

Gell. 3, 6, 1.—With intensive particles:

heu hercle,

Plaut. Rud. 3, 5, 41:

scite hercle sane,

id. Trin. 3, 3, 53; cf.:

sane quidem hercle,

Cic. Leg. 2, 4, 8:

minime, minime hercle vero!

Plaut. Trin. 3, 3, 23; cf.:

minime hercle,

Cic. Lael. 9, 30:

haudquaquam hercle, Crasse, mirandum est, etc.,

id. de Or. 3, 22, 82:

pulchre mehercle dictum et sapienter,

Ter. Eun. 3, 1, 26; 1, 1, 22.

Derivv.

Hercŭlĕus, a, um, adj., of or belonging to Hercules, Herculean:

domiti Herculea manu Telluris juvenes,

Hor. C. 2, 12, 6:

labor,

id. ib. 1, 3, 36:

coronae arbos,

i. e. the poplar, Verg. G. 2, 66; cf.:

umbra populi,

id. A. 8, 276:

leo,

the lion's skin worn by Hercules, Val. Fl. 1, 263:

Oete,

on which Hercules burned himself, Luc. 3, 178:

hospes,

i. e. Croto, by whom Hercules was hospitably entertained, Ov. M. 15, 8:

ternox,

in which Hercules was begotten, Stat. Th. 12, 301:

hostis,

i. e. Telephus, son of Hercules, Ov. R. Am. 47:

gens,

i. e. the family of the Fabians sprung from Hercules, id. F. 2, 237; so,

penates,

Sil. 7, 44:

sacrum,

instituted by Evander in honor of Hercules, Verg. A. 8, 270:

Trachin,

built by Hercules, Ov. M. 11, 627:

urbs,

the city of Herculaneum, built by Hercules, id. ib. 15, 711.—Hence also:

litora,

near Herculaneum, Prop. 1, 11, 2:

Tibur,

i. e. where Hercules was worshipped, Mart. 1, 13, 1; 4, 62:

astrum,

i. e. the constellation of the Lion, id. 8, 55, 15: fretum, i. e. the Pillars of Hercules, (Strait of Gibraltar), Sil. 1, 199;

also: metae,

Luc. 3, 278.—

Hercŭlā-nĕus, a, um, adj., the same: pars, i. e. the tithes (dedicated to Hercules), the tenth part, Plaut. Truc. 2, 7, 11.—Also to denote things large of their kind:

formicae,

Plin. 30. 4, 10, §

29: urtica,

id. 21, 15, 55, § 92:

nodus,

Sen. Ep. 87, 33:

nymphaea,

App. Herb. 67:

sideritis,

id. ib. 72:

machaera,

Capitol. Pertin. 8.—

Hercŭlānus, a, um, adj., the same: pes, i. e. long, large (cf. in the preced.), Gell. 1, 1, 3.—

Acc. to the Gr. form Hēraclēus or Hēra-clĭus, a, um, adj., = Hêrakleios or Hêraklios, the same:

fabulae,

Juv. 1, 52 (al. acc. to the MSS. Herculeias).—

Hēraclī-des, ae, m., = Hêrakleidês, a male descendant of Hercules, Heraclid:

exclusi ab Heraclīdis Orestis liberi,

Vell. 1, 2 fin. —

Hercŭlĭus, i, m., a surname of the emperor Maximinianus, and hence, Her-cŭlĭāni, ōrum, m., his guards, Amm. 22, 3, 2; 25, 6, 2.

ille (old orthog., olle), a, ud ( ollus, a, um, Enn. ap. Varr. L. L. 7, § 42 Müll.; Verg. A. 5, 197; in dramat. poets often ĭlle, v. Corss. Ausspr. II. p. 624), gen. illīus (usu. illĭus in epic and lyric poets; Cic. de Or. 3, 47, 183; illīus in the time of Quint; cf. Ritschl, Opusc. 2, 683 sqq.; 696; gen. sing. m. illi, Cato ap. Prisc. p. 694; dat. sing. f. olli, Verg. A. 1, 254; Cato, R. R. 153 and 154; abl. plur. ‡ ab oloes = ab illis, Paul. ex Fest. p. 19 Müll.); pron. demonstr. [Etym. dub., v. Corss. Beitr. p. 301], points (opp. hic) to something more remote, or which is regarded as more remote, and, in contrast with hic and iste, to something near or connected with a third person, that; he, she, it ( absol.).

In gen.

With substantives: ille vir haud magna cum re sed plenus fidei, Enn. ap. Cic. de Sen. 1, 1 (Ann. v. 342 Vahl.): si quid vos per laborem recte feceritis, labor ille a vobis cito recedet... nequiter factum illud apud vos semper manebit, Cato ap. Gell. 16, 1 fin.:

sol me ille admonuit,

that sun, Cic. de Or. 3, 55, 209:

in illa tranquillitate atque otio jucundissime vivere,

id. Rep. 1, 1:

cum omnis arrogantia odiosa est, tum illa ingenii atque eloquentiae multo molestissima,

id. Div. in Caecil. 11, 36:

in illa vita,

id. ib. 1, 3:

illum Aurora nitentem Luciferum portet,

Tib. 1, 3, 93.—

Absol.: illos bono genere gnatos, Cato ap. Gell. 10, 3, 17:

ergo ille, cives qui id cogit, etc.,

Cic. Rep. 1, 2:

tum ille, Non sum, inquit, nescius, etc.,

id. de Or. 1, 11, 45; cf. id. Rep. 1, 9; 1, 10:

illum ab Alexandrea discessisse nemo nuntiat,

id. Att. 11, 17, 3; cf.:

de illius Alexandrea discessu nihil adhuc rumoris,

id. ib. 11, 18, 1:

ne illi sanguinem nostrum largiantur,

Sall. C. 52, 12.—In neutr. with gen.:

Galba erat negligentior, quam conveniret principi electo atque illud aetatis,

Suet. Galb. 14:

illud horae,

id. Ner. 26.—

With other pronouns:

itaque cum primum audivi, ego ille ipse factus sum: scis quem dicam,

Cic. Fam. 2, 9, 1; cf.:

qui cum illis una ipsum illum Carneadem diligenter audierat,

id. de Or. 1, 11, 45:

ille quoque ipse confessus est,

Cels. 1, 3:

huic illi legato,

Cic. Fl. 22, 52:

hunc illum fatis Portendi generum,

Verg. A. 7, 255; cf.:

hic est enim ille vultus semper idem quem, etc.,

Cic. Tusc. 3, 15, 31:

hic est ille status quantitatis,

Quint. 7, 4, 15:

est idem ille tyrannus deterrimum genus,

Cic. Rep. 1, 42:

eandem illam (sphaeram),

id. ib. 1, 14:

cum et idem qui consuerunt et idem illud alii desiderent,

id. Off. 2, 15 fin.:

illum reliquit alterum apud matrem domi,

Plaut. Men. prol. 26.—

Opp. to hic, to indicate that object which is the more remote, either as regards the position of the word denoting it, or as it is conceived of by the writer; v. hic, I. D.—

Pleon., referring back to a subject or object already mentioned in the same sentence:

sic oculos, sic ille manus, sic ora ferebat,

Verg. A. 3, 490; cf. Cic. de Or. 1, 20, 91:

non ille timidus perire, etc.,

Hor. C. 4, 9, 51; id. S. 2, 3, 204:

Parmenides, Xenophanes, minus bonis quamquam versibus, sed tamen illi versibus increpant, etc.,

Cic. Ac. 2, 23, 74.

In partic.

Pregn., that, to indicate some well-known or celebrated object, equivalent to the ancient, the wellknown, the famous: si Antipater ille Sidonius, quem tu probe, Catule, meministi, Cic. de Or. 3, 50, 194:

Xenophon, Socraticus ille,

id. ib. 2, 14, 58:

auditor Panaetii illius,

id. ib. 1, 11, 45:

a qua (gratia) te flecti non magis potuisse demonstras, quam Herculem Xenophontium illum a voluptate,

id. Fam. 5, 12, 3:

ut ex eodem Ponto Medea illa quondam profugisse dicitur,

id. de Imp. Pomp. 9, 22:

magno illi Alexandro simillimus,

Vell. 2, 41:

honestum illud Solonis est,

Cic. de Sen. 14, 50:

illa verba,

Quint. 10, 7, 2:

velocitas,

id. ib. 8.—

Particular phrases.

Hic... ille, this... that, the one... the other, of single objects in opp. to the whole: non dicam illinc hoc signum ablatum esse et illud;

hoc dico, nullum te Aspendi signum, Verres, reliquisse,

Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 20, § 53.—

Ille aut or et ille, that or that, such and such:

quaesisse, num ille aut ille defensurus esset,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 21, 59:

commendo vobis illum et illum,

Suet. Caes. 41.—

Ille quidem... sed (autem, etc.), certainly, to be sure, indeed, etc.,... but still:

philosophi quidam, minime mali illi quidem, sed, etc.,

Cic. Off. 3, 9, 39:

ludo autem et joco uti illo quidem licet, sed, etc.,

id. ib. 1, 29, 103:

Q. Mucius enucleate ille quidem et polite, ut solebat, nequaquam autem, etc.,

id. Brut. 30, 115:

alter bellum comparat, non injustum ille quidem, suis tamen civibus exitiabile,

id. Att. 10, 4, 3:

sequi illud quidem, verum, etc.,

id. Fat. 18, 41.—

Ex illo, from that time, since then ( poet. and very rare):

ex illo fluere et retro sublapsa referri Spes Danaūm,

Verg. A. 2, 169 (for which in full:

tempore jam ex illo casus mihi cognitus urbis Trojanae,

id. ib. 1, 623):

solis ex illo vivit in antris,

Ov. M. 3, 394:

scilicet ex illo Junonia permanet ira,

id. H. 14, 85.— Hence, advv.

illā (sc. viā=ab hac parte), in that way, in that direction, there (very rare):

nunc ego me illa per posticum ad congerrones conferam,

Plaut. Most. 3, 3, 27; id. Mil. 2, 3, 17:

hac vel illa cadit,

Plin. Ep. 2, 17, 18:

ac ne pervium illa Germanicis exercitibus foret, obsaepserat,

Tac. H. 3, 8; 5, 18; id. A. 2, 17:

ipsum quin etiam Oceanum illa tentavimus,

id. G. 34:

forte revertebar festis vestalibus illa, qua, etc.,

Ov. F. 6, 395 Merk. (vulg. illac).—

illō (sc. loco), to that place, thither (class.).

Lit., with verbs of motion, = illuc:

principio ut illo advenimus, ubi primum terram tetigimus,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 48:

neque enim temere praeter mercatores illo adit quisquam,

Caes. B. G. 4, 20, 3:

nam illo non saxum, non materies advecta est,

Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 56, § 147; Sen. Q. N. 4, 2, 28; Plin. 18, 33, 76, § 328: To. Vin' huc vocem? Do. Ego illo accessero, Plaut. Pers. 4, 4, 26:

positiones huc aut illo versae,

Sen. Q. N. 2, 11, 1.—

Transf.

To that end, thereto:

haec omnia Caesar eodem illo pertinere arbitrabatur, ut, etc.,

to that very purpose, Caes. B. G. 4, 11, 4:

spectat,

Dig. 47, 10, 7.—

Post-class. for ibi, there, Dig. 48, 5, 23.—

illim, adv., an early form (cf.: istim, exim) for illinc (i. e. illim-ce), from that place, thence (ante-class. and a few times in Cic.): sarculum hinc illo profectus illim redisti rutrum, Pompon. ap. Non. 18, 21 (Fragm. Com. v. 90 Rib.); Plaut. Poen. 5, 2, 98; Ter. Hec. 3, 1, 17; Lucr. 3, 879:

illim equidem Gnaeum profectum puto,

Cic. Att. 9, 14, 2 (al. illinc):

quid illim afferatur,

id. ib. 7, 13, b, 7 (al. illinc); id. ib. 11, 17, 3:

omnem se amorem abjecisse illim atque in hanc transfudisse,

i. e. from her, id. Phil. 2, 31, 77; id. Harusp. Resp. 20, 42.

Hercŭles, is and i (the latter in Cic. Ac. 2, 34, 108 Goer.; cf. Plin. ap. Charis. p. 107 P.:

Herculei,

Cat. 55, 13), m., = Hêraklês, Etrusc. HERCLE (whence, by the insertion of a connecting vowel, the Latin form arose; cf. Alcumena for Alkmênê; v. also under B. the voc. hercle), son of Jupiter and Alcmena, husband of Dejanira, and, after his deification, of Hebe, the god of strength, and the guardian of riches, to whom, therefore, tithes were offered; he was also the guide of the Muses (Musagetes); the poplar was sacred to him, Cic. N. D. 3, 16, 42; Varr. ap. Serv. Verg. A. 8, 564; Varr. L. L. 6, § 54 Müll.; Plaut. Stich. 1, 3, 80; 2, 2, 62; Ov. M. 8, 364; 9, 13 sq.; Hor. C. 3, 14, 1; 4, 5, 36; Suet. Aug. 29; cf. with Ov. F. 6, 797 sq.:

neque Herculi quisquam decumam vovit umquam, si sapiens factus esset,

Cic. N. D. 3, 36, 88:

superavit aerumnis suis aerumnas Herculis,

Plaut. Pers. 1, 1, 2: Herculis Columnae, the Pillars of Hercules, i. e. the promontories between which is the Strait of Gibraltar, Plin. 2, 67, 67, § 167; Curt. 10, 1, 8 et saep.—In gen. plur.:

et Herculum et Mercuriorum disciplinae,

Tert. Spect. 11 fin. —Prov.: Herculi quaestum conterere, i. e. to squander everything (even the tithes of Hercules), Plaut. Most. 4, 2, 68:

personam Herculis et cothurnos aptare infantibus,

Quint. 6, 1, 36.—

Transf., analog. with the Greek Hêrakleis and Hêrakles, in voc. hercŭles, and more freq. hercŭle or hercle; also with a prefixed me: mĕ-hercŭles, mehercŭle (also separately: me hercule), and mĕhercle, as an oath or asseveration, by Hercules!

Hercules and mehercules:

et, hercules, hae quidem exstant,

Cic. Brut. 16, 61; cf. Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 4, 1; Poll. ib. 10, 33, 7:

licet, hercules, undique omnes in me terrores impendeant,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 11, 31; Vell. 2, 52, 2:

neque, mehercules, hoc indigne fero,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 48, 141:

cui, mehercules, hic multum tribuit,

id. Fam. 6, 5, 3; Planc. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 18, 3:

at, mehercules, narrabit quod quis voluerit,

Phaedr. 3, 17, 8.—

Hercule and mehercule, by Hercules! (in class. prose most freq.; cf.

also: impetratum est a consuetudine, ut peccare suavitatis causa liceret: et pomeridianas quadrigas quam postmeridianas libentius dixerim, et mehercule quam mehercules,

Cic. Or. 47, 157):

et hercule ita fecit,

id. Lael. 11, 37:

et hercule,

id. Fam. 2, 18, 2; Quint. 2, 5, 4; 2, 16, 12; 10, 2, 3;

12, 6, 4 al.: ac me quidem, ut hercule etiam te ipsum, Laeli, cognitio ipsa rerum delectat,

Cic. Rep. 1, 13:

non hercule, Scipio, dubito quin, etc.,

id. ib. 1, 23; id. Quint. 3, 13; id. Att. 2, 7, 3:

sed hercule facile patior datum tempus, in quo, etc.,

id. ib. 16, 16, C, 10; Quint. 1, 4, 7; 12, 1, 7:

atqui nactus es, sed me hercule otiosiorem opera quam animo,

Cic. Rep. 1, 9:

dicam me hercule,

id. ib. 1, 19:

non me hercule, inquit,

id. ib. 1, 38:

non mehercule,

Quint. 6, 1, 43; 6, 3, 74:

cognoscere me hercule, inquit, etc.,

Cic. Rep. 1, 48 Mai. N. cr.:

ita mehercule attendi, nec satis intellexi, etc.,

id. Leg. 3, 14, 33 Mos. N. cr.; id. Verr. 2, 3, 62, § 144:

vere mehercule hoc dicam,

id. Planc. 26, 64: et mehercule ego antea mirari solebam, etc., id. Verr. 2, 4, 14, § 33; id. Att. 5, 16, 3:

mihi mehercule magnae curae est aedilitas tua,

id. Fam. 2, 11, 2:

servi mehercule mei, si me isto pacto metuerent, etc.,

id. Cat. 1, 7, 17.—

Hercle and mehercle (the former esp. freq. in Plaut. and Ter.; the latter very rare): malo hercle magno suo convivat, Enn. ap. Non. 474, 22 (Sat. v. 1 Vahl.):

obsecro hercle, quantus et quam validus est,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 143; id. ib. 173:

tanto hercle melior,

id. Bacch. 2, 2, 33:

mihi quidem hercle non fit verisimile,

Ter. And. 1, 3, 20:

nescio hercle,

id. Eun. 2, 3, 13; id. Phorm. 1, 2, 87:

perii hercle,

id. Eun. 5, 2, 66; 5, 6, 14; id. Heaut. 4, 4, 14:

non hercle,

id. Phorm. 5, 7, 76:

per hercle rem mirandam (i. e. permirandam) Aristoteles dicit,

Gell. 3, 6, 1.—With intensive particles:

heu hercle,

Plaut. Rud. 3, 5, 41:

scite hercle sane,

id. Trin. 3, 3, 53; cf.:

sane quidem hercle,

Cic. Leg. 2, 4, 8:

minime, minime hercle vero!

Plaut. Trin. 3, 3, 23; cf.:

minime hercle,

Cic. Lael. 9, 30:

haudquaquam hercle, Crasse, mirandum est, etc.,

id. de Or. 3, 22, 82:

pulchre mehercle dictum et sapienter,

Ter. Eun. 3, 1, 26; 1, 1, 22.

Derivv.

Hercŭlĕus, a, um, adj., of or belonging to Hercules, Herculean:

domiti Herculea manu Telluris juvenes,

Hor. C. 2, 12, 6:

labor,

id. ib. 1, 3, 36:

coronae arbos,

i. e. the poplar, Verg. G. 2, 66; cf.:

umbra populi,

id. A. 8, 276:

leo,

the lion's skin worn by Hercules, Val. Fl. 1, 263:

Oete,

on which Hercules burned himself, Luc. 3, 178:

hospes,

i. e. Croto, by whom Hercules was hospitably entertained, Ov. M. 15, 8:

ternox,

in which Hercules was begotten, Stat. Th. 12, 301:

hostis,

i. e. Telephus, son of Hercules, Ov. R. Am. 47:

gens,

i. e. the family of the Fabians sprung from Hercules, id. F. 2, 237; so,

penates,

Sil. 7, 44:

sacrum,

instituted by Evander in honor of Hercules, Verg. A. 8, 270:

Trachin,

built by Hercules, Ov. M. 11, 627:

urbs,

the city of Herculaneum, built by Hercules, id. ib. 15, 711.—Hence also:

litora,

near Herculaneum, Prop. 1, 11, 2:

Tibur,

i. e. where Hercules was worshipped, Mart. 1, 13, 1; 4, 62:

astrum,

i. e. the constellation of the Lion, id. 8, 55, 15: fretum, i. e. the Pillars of Hercules, (Strait of Gibraltar), Sil. 1, 199;

also: metae,

Luc. 3, 278.—

Hercŭlā-nĕus, a, um, adj., the same: pars, i. e. the tithes (dedicated to Hercules), the tenth part, Plaut. Truc. 2, 7, 11.—Also to denote things large of their kind:

formicae,

Plin. 30. 4, 10, §

29: urtica,

id. 21, 15, 55, § 92:

nodus,

Sen. Ep. 87, 33:

nymphaea,

App. Herb. 67:

sideritis,

id. ib. 72:

machaera,

Capitol. Pertin. 8.—

Hercŭlānus, a, um, adj., the same: pes, i. e. long, large (cf. in the preced.), Gell. 1, 1, 3.—

Acc. to the Gr. form Hēraclēus or Hēra-clĭus, a, um, adj., = Hêrakleios or Hêraklios, the same:

fabulae,

Juv. 1, 52 (al. acc. to the MSS. Herculeias).—

Hēraclī-des, ae, m., = Hêrakleidês, a male descendant of Hercules, Heraclid:

exclusi ab Heraclīdis Orestis liberi,

Vell. 1, 2 fin. —

Hercŭlĭus, i, m., a surname of the emperor Maximinianus, and hence, Her-cŭlĭāni, ōrum, m., his guards, Amm. 22, 3, 2; 25, 6, 2.

Hercŭles, is and i (the latter in Cic. Ac. 2, 34, 108 Goer.; cf. Plin. ap. Charis. p. 107 P.:

Herculei,

Cat. 55, 13), m., = Hêraklês, Etrusc. HERCLE (whence, by the insertion of a connecting vowel, the Latin form arose; cf. Alcumena for Alkmênê; v. also under B. the voc. hercle), son of Jupiter and Alcmena, husband of Dejanira, and, after his deification, of Hebe, the god of strength, and the guardian of riches, to whom, therefore, tithes were offered; he was also the guide of the Muses (Musagetes); the poplar was sacred to him, Cic. N. D. 3, 16, 42; Varr. ap. Serv. Verg. A. 8, 564; Varr. L. L. 6, § 54 Müll.; Plaut. Stich. 1, 3, 80; 2, 2, 62; Ov. M. 8, 364; 9, 13 sq.; Hor. C. 3, 14, 1; 4, 5, 36; Suet. Aug. 29; cf. with Ov. F. 6, 797 sq.:

neque Herculi quisquam decumam vovit umquam, si sapiens factus esset,

Cic. N. D. 3, 36, 88:

superavit aerumnis suis aerumnas Herculis,

Plaut. Pers. 1, 1, 2: Herculis Columnae, the Pillars of Hercules, i. e. the promontories between which is the Strait of Gibraltar, Plin. 2, 67, 67, § 167; Curt. 10, 1, 8 et saep.—In gen. plur.:

et Herculum et Mercuriorum disciplinae,

Tert. Spect. 11 fin. —Prov.: Herculi quaestum conterere, i. e. to squander everything (even the tithes of Hercules), Plaut. Most. 4, 2, 68:

personam Herculis et cothurnos aptare infantibus,

Quint. 6, 1, 36.—

Transf., analog. with the Greek Hêrakleis and Hêrakles, in voc. hercŭles, and more freq. hercŭle or hercle; also with a prefixed me: mĕ-hercŭles, mehercŭle (also separately: me hercule), and mĕhercle, as an oath or asseveration, by Hercules!

Hercules and mehercules:

et, hercules, hae quidem exstant,

Cic. Brut. 16, 61; cf. Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 4, 1; Poll. ib. 10, 33, 7:

licet, hercules, undique omnes in me terrores impendeant,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 11, 31; Vell. 2, 52, 2:

neque, mehercules, hoc indigne fero,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 48, 141:

cui, mehercules, hic multum tribuit,

id. Fam. 6, 5, 3; Planc. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 18, 3:

at, mehercules, narrabit quod quis voluerit,

Phaedr. 3, 17, 8.—

Hercule and mehercule, by Hercules! (in class. prose most freq.; cf.

also: impetratum est a consuetudine, ut peccare suavitatis causa liceret: et pomeridianas quadrigas quam postmeridianas libentius dixerim, et mehercule quam mehercules,

Cic. Or. 47, 157):

et hercule ita fecit,

id. Lael. 11, 37:

et hercule,

id. Fam. 2, 18, 2; Quint. 2, 5, 4; 2, 16, 12; 10, 2, 3;

12, 6, 4 al.: ac me quidem, ut hercule etiam te ipsum, Laeli, cognitio ipsa rerum delectat,

Cic. Rep. 1, 13:

non hercule, Scipio, dubito quin, etc.,

id. ib. 1, 23; id. Quint. 3, 13; id. Att. 2, 7, 3:

sed hercule facile patior datum tempus, in quo, etc.,

id. ib. 16, 16, C, 10; Quint. 1, 4, 7; 12, 1, 7:

atqui nactus es, sed me hercule otiosiorem opera quam animo,

Cic. Rep. 1, 9:

dicam me hercule,

id. ib. 1, 19:

non me hercule, inquit,

id. ib. 1, 38:

non mehercule,

Quint. 6, 1, 43; 6, 3, 74:

cognoscere me hercule, inquit, etc.,

Cic. Rep. 1, 48 Mai. N. cr.:

ita mehercule attendi, nec satis intellexi, etc.,

id. Leg. 3, 14, 33 Mos. N. cr.; id. Verr. 2, 3, 62, § 144:

vere mehercule hoc dicam,

id. Planc. 26, 64: et mehercule ego antea mirari solebam, etc., id. Verr. 2, 4, 14, § 33; id. Att. 5, 16, 3:

mihi mehercule magnae curae est aedilitas tua,

id. Fam. 2, 11, 2:

servi mehercule mei, si me isto pacto metuerent, etc.,

id. Cat. 1, 7, 17.—

Hercle and mehercle (the former esp. freq. in Plaut. and Ter.; the latter very rare): malo hercle magno suo convivat, Enn. ap. Non. 474, 22 (Sat. v. 1 Vahl.):

obsecro hercle, quantus et quam validus est,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 143; id. ib. 173:

tanto hercle melior,

id. Bacch. 2, 2, 33:

mihi quidem hercle non fit verisimile,

Ter. And. 1, 3, 20:

nescio hercle,

id. Eun. 2, 3, 13; id. Phorm. 1, 2, 87:

perii hercle,

id. Eun. 5, 2, 66; 5, 6, 14; id. Heaut. 4, 4, 14:

non hercle,

id. Phorm. 5, 7, 76:

per hercle rem mirandam (i. e. permirandam) Aristoteles dicit,

Gell. 3, 6, 1.—With intensive particles:

heu hercle,

Plaut. Rud. 3, 5, 41:

scite hercle sane,

id. Trin. 3, 3, 53; cf.:

sane quidem hercle,

Cic. Leg. 2, 4, 8:

minime, minime hercle vero!

Plaut. Trin. 3, 3, 23; cf.:

minime hercle,

Cic. Lael. 9, 30:

haudquaquam hercle, Crasse, mirandum est, etc.,

id. de Or. 3, 22, 82:

pulchre mehercle dictum et sapienter,

Ter. Eun. 3, 1, 26; 1, 1, 22.

Derivv.

Hercŭlĕus, a, um, adj., of or belonging to Hercules, Herculean:

domiti Herculea manu Telluris juvenes,

Hor. C. 2, 12, 6:

labor,

id. ib. 1, 3, 36:

coronae arbos,

i. e. the poplar, Verg. G. 2, 66; cf.:

umbra populi,

id. A. 8, 276:

leo,

the lion's skin worn by Hercules, Val. Fl. 1, 263:

Oete,

on which Hercules burned himself, Luc. 3, 178:

hospes,

i. e. Croto, by whom Hercules was hospitably entertained, Ov. M. 15, 8:

ternox,

in which Hercules was begotten, Stat. Th. 12, 301:

hostis,

i. e. Telephus, son of Hercules, Ov. R. Am. 47:

gens,

i. e. the family of the Fabians sprung from Hercules, id. F. 2, 237; so,

penates,

Sil. 7, 44:

sacrum,

instituted by Evander in honor of Hercules, Verg. A. 8, 270:

Trachin,

built by Hercules, Ov. M. 11, 627:

urbs,

the city of Herculaneum, built by Hercules, id. ib. 15, 711.—Hence also:

litora,

near Herculaneum, Prop. 1, 11, 2:

Tibur,

i. e. where Hercules was worshipped, Mart. 1, 13, 1; 4, 62:

astrum,

i. e. the constellation of the Lion, id. 8, 55, 15: fretum, i. e. the Pillars of Hercules, (Strait of Gibraltar), Sil. 1, 199;

also: metae,

Luc. 3, 278.—

Hercŭlā-nĕus, a, um, adj., the same: pars, i. e. the tithes (dedicated to Hercules), the tenth part, Plaut. Truc. 2, 7, 11.—Also to denote things large of their kind:

formicae,

Plin. 30. 4, 10, §

29: urtica,

id. 21, 15, 55, § 92:

nodus,

Sen. Ep. 87, 33:

nymphaea,

App. Herb. 67:

sideritis,

id. ib. 72:

machaera,

Capitol. Pertin. 8.—

Hercŭlānus, a, um, adj., the same: pes, i. e. long, large (cf. in the preced.), Gell. 1, 1, 3.—

Acc. to the Gr. form Hēraclēus or Hēra-clĭus, a, um, adj., = Hêrakleios or Hêraklios, the same:

fabulae,

Juv. 1, 52 (al. acc. to the MSS. Herculeias).—

Hēraclī-des, ae, m., = Hêrakleidês, a male descendant of Hercules, Heraclid:

exclusi ab Heraclīdis Orestis liberi,

Vell. 1, 2 fin. —

Hercŭlĭus, i, m., a surname of the emperor Maximinianus, and hence, Her-cŭlĭāni, ōrum, m., his guards, Amm. 22, 3, 2; 25, 6, 2.

Hercŭles, is and i (the latter in Cic. Ac. 2, 34, 108 Goer.; cf. Plin. ap. Charis. p. 107 P.:

Herculei,

Cat. 55, 13), m., = Hêraklês, Etrusc. HERCLE (whence, by the insertion of a connecting vowel, the Latin form arose; cf. Alcumena for Alkmênê; v. also under B. the voc. hercle), son of Jupiter and Alcmena, husband of Dejanira, and, after his deification, of Hebe, the god of strength, and the guardian of riches, to whom, therefore, tithes were offered; he was also the guide of the Muses (Musagetes); the poplar was sacred to him, Cic. N. D. 3, 16, 42; Varr. ap. Serv. Verg. A. 8, 564; Varr. L. L. 6, § 54 Müll.; Plaut. Stich. 1, 3, 80; 2, 2, 62; Ov. M. 8, 364; 9, 13 sq.; Hor. C. 3, 14, 1; 4, 5, 36; Suet. Aug. 29; cf. with Ov. F. 6, 797 sq.:

neque Herculi quisquam decumam vovit umquam, si sapiens factus esset,

Cic. N. D. 3, 36, 88:

superavit aerumnis suis aerumnas Herculis,

Plaut. Pers. 1, 1, 2: Herculis Columnae, the Pillars of Hercules, i. e. the promontories between which is the Strait of Gibraltar, Plin. 2, 67, 67, § 167; Curt. 10, 1, 8 et saep.—In gen. plur.:

et Herculum et Mercuriorum disciplinae,

Tert. Spect. 11 fin. —Prov.: Herculi quaestum conterere, i. e. to squander everything (even the tithes of Hercules), Plaut. Most. 4, 2, 68:

personam Herculis et cothurnos aptare infantibus,

Quint. 6, 1, 36.—

Transf., analog. with the Greek Hêrakleis and Hêrakles, in voc. hercŭles, and more freq. hercŭle or hercle; also with a prefixed me: mĕ-hercŭles, mehercŭle (also separately: me hercule), and mĕhercle, as an oath or asseveration, by Hercules!

Hercules and mehercules:

et, hercules, hae quidem exstant,

Cic. Brut. 16, 61; cf. Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 4, 1; Poll. ib. 10, 33, 7:

licet, hercules, undique omnes in me terrores impendeant,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 11, 31; Vell. 2, 52, 2:

neque, mehercules, hoc indigne fero,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 48, 141:

cui, mehercules, hic multum tribuit,

id. Fam. 6, 5, 3; Planc. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 18, 3:

at, mehercules, narrabit quod quis voluerit,

Phaedr. 3, 17, 8.—

Hercule and mehercule, by Hercules! (in class. prose most freq.; cf.

also: impetratum est a consuetudine, ut peccare suavitatis causa liceret: et pomeridianas quadrigas quam postmeridianas libentius dixerim, et mehercule quam mehercules,

Cic. Or. 47, 157):

et hercule ita fecit,

id. Lael. 11, 37:

et hercule,

id. Fam. 2, 18, 2; Quint. 2, 5, 4; 2, 16, 12; 10, 2, 3;

12, 6, 4 al.: ac me quidem, ut hercule etiam te ipsum, Laeli, cognitio ipsa rerum delectat,

Cic. Rep. 1, 13:

non hercule, Scipio, dubito quin, etc.,

id. ib. 1, 23; id. Quint. 3, 13; id. Att. 2, 7, 3:

sed hercule facile patior datum tempus, in quo, etc.,

id. ib. 16, 16, C, 10; Quint. 1, 4, 7; 12, 1, 7:

atqui nactus es, sed me hercule otiosiorem opera quam animo,

Cic. Rep. 1, 9:

dicam me hercule,

id. ib. 1, 19:

non me hercule, inquit,

id. ib. 1, 38:

non mehercule,

Quint. 6, 1, 43; 6, 3, 74:

cognoscere me hercule, inquit, etc.,

Cic. Rep. 1, 48 Mai. N. cr.:

ita mehercule attendi, nec satis intellexi, etc.,

id. Leg. 3, 14, 33 Mos. N. cr.; id. Verr. 2, 3, 62, § 144:

vere mehercule hoc dicam,

id. Planc. 26, 64: et mehercule ego antea mirari solebam, etc., id. Verr. 2, 4, 14, § 33; id. Att. 5, 16, 3:

mihi mehercule magnae curae est aedilitas tua,

id. Fam. 2, 11, 2:

servi mehercule mei, si me isto pacto metuerent, etc.,

id. Cat. 1, 7, 17.—

Hercle and mehercle (the former esp. freq. in Plaut. and Ter.; the latter very rare): malo hercle magno suo convivat, Enn. ap. Non. 474, 22 (Sat. v. 1 Vahl.):

obsecro hercle, quantus et quam validus est,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 143; id. ib. 173:

tanto hercle melior,

id. Bacch. 2, 2, 33:

mihi quidem hercle non fit verisimile,

Ter. And. 1, 3, 20:

nescio hercle,

id. Eun. 2, 3, 13; id. Phorm. 1, 2, 87:

perii hercle,

id. Eun. 5, 2, 66; 5, 6, 14; id. Heaut. 4, 4, 14:

non hercle,

id. Phorm. 5, 7, 76:

per hercle rem mirandam (i. e. permirandam) Aristoteles dicit,

Gell. 3, 6, 1.—With intensive particles:

heu hercle,

Plaut. Rud. 3, 5, 41:

scite hercle sane,

id. Trin. 3, 3, 53; cf.:

sane quidem hercle,

Cic. Leg. 2, 4, 8:

minime, minime hercle vero!

Plaut. Trin. 3, 3, 23; cf.:

minime hercle,

Cic. Lael. 9, 30:

haudquaquam hercle, Crasse, mirandum est, etc.,

id. de Or. 3, 22, 82:

pulchre mehercle dictum et sapienter,

Ter. Eun. 3, 1, 26; 1, 1, 22.

Derivv.

Hercŭlĕus, a, um, adj., of or belonging to Hercules, Herculean:

domiti Herculea manu Telluris juvenes,

Hor. C. 2, 12, 6:

labor,

id. ib. 1, 3, 36:

coronae arbos,

i. e. the poplar, Verg. G. 2, 66; cf.:

umbra populi,

id. A. 8, 276:

leo,

the lion's skin worn by Hercules, Val. Fl. 1, 263:

Oete,

on which Hercules burned himself, Luc. 3, 178:

hospes,

i. e. Croto, by whom Hercules was hospitably entertained, Ov. M. 15, 8:

ternox,

in which Hercules was begotten, Stat. Th. 12, 301:

hostis,

i. e. Telephus, son of Hercules, Ov. R. Am. 47:

gens,

i. e. the family of the Fabians sprung from Hercules, id. F. 2, 237; so,

penates,

Sil. 7, 44:

sacrum,

instituted by Evander in honor of Hercules, Verg. A. 8, 270:

Trachin,

built by Hercules, Ov. M. 11, 627:

urbs,

the city of Herculaneum, built by Hercules, id. ib. 15, 711.—Hence also:

litora,

near Herculaneum, Prop. 1, 11, 2:

Tibur,

i. e. where Hercules was worshipped, Mart. 1, 13, 1; 4, 62:

astrum,

i. e. the constellation of the Lion, id. 8, 55, 15: fretum, i. e. the Pillars of Hercules, (Strait of Gibraltar), Sil. 1, 199;

also: metae,

Luc. 3, 278.—

Hercŭlā-nĕus, a, um, adj., the same: pars, i. e. the tithes (dedicated to Hercules), the tenth part, Plaut. Truc. 2, 7, 11.—Also to denote things large of their kind:

formicae,

Plin. 30. 4, 10, §

29: urtica,

id. 21, 15, 55, § 92:

nodus,

Sen. Ep. 87, 33:

nymphaea,

App. Herb. 67:

sideritis,

id. ib. 72:

machaera,

Capitol. Pertin. 8.—

Hercŭlānus, a, um, adj., the same: pes, i. e. long, large (cf. in the preced.), Gell. 1, 1, 3.—

Acc. to the Gr. form Hēraclēus or Hēra-clĭus, a, um, adj., = Hêrakleios or Hêraklios, the same:

fabulae,

Juv. 1, 52 (al. acc. to the MSS. Herculeias).—

Hēraclī-des, ae, m., = Hêrakleidês, a male descendant of Hercules, Heraclid:

exclusi ab Heraclīdis Orestis liberi,

Vell. 1, 2 fin. —

Hercŭlĭus, i, m., a surname of the emperor Maximinianus, and hence, Her-cŭlĭāni, ōrum, m., his guards, Amm. 22, 3, 2; 25, 6, 2.

nŏvus, a, um, adj. [Sanscr. navas; Gr. neos, i. e. neWos; cf.: noverca, nuntius, denuo, nuper; Germ. neu; Engl. new], new, not old, young, fresh, recent, etc. (v. antiquus init.; cf.: recens, novellus).

Lit.

In gen.:

civitates condere novas,

Cic. Rep. 1, 7, 12:

nova et a nobis inventa ratio,

id. ib. 1, 8, 13; cf.:

nihil novi vobis afferam neque quod a me sit cogitatum aut inventum,

id. ib. 1, 14, 21:

novus veteri exercitus jungitur,

Liv. 7, 7; cf.

miles,

Sall. J. 87, 2:

imperator,

id. ib. 44, 2:

novum de integro proelium,

Liv. 24, 16:

Camillus,

id. 22, 14:

consules,

Suet. Caes. 15:

serpens,

which has cast its old skin, Ov. M. 9, 266:

caro,

fresh meat, Juv. 11, 85.—Special phrases.

Novae tabernae, or simply Novae (sub Novis), the new shops; many of the shops of the money-changers in the Forum were burned down A. U. C. 543, and those built on their sites were called Novae, those which remained standing Veteres (v. vetus), Liv. 26, 27; 3, 48:

sub Novis,

Cic. de Or. 2, 66, 266; cf.: sub Novis dicta pars in foro aedificiorum, quod vocabulum ei pervetustum, Varr. L. L. 6, § 59 Müll.—

Novae tabulae, new account-books, by making which old debts were cancelled, Cic. Off. 2, 23, 84; id. Phil. 6, 4, 11; id. Att. 5, 21, 13; 14, 21, 4; Caes. B. C. 3, 1; 3, 21:

tum Catilina polliceri tabulas novas, proscriptionem locupletium,

Sall. C. 21, 2.—Hence, trop.:

beneficiorum novae tabulae,

i. e. forgetfulness of benefits, Sen. Ben. 1, 4, 6.—

Novus homo, or homo novus, the first of his family who obtained a curule office, a man newly ennobled, an upstart, Cic. Off. 1, 39, 138:

adeptus es, quod non multi homines novi,

Cic. Fam. 5, 18, 1; cf.:

in Q. Pompeio, novo homine et fortissimo viro,

id. Mur. 7, 16 sq.:

M. Catoni, homini ignoto et novo,

id. Rep. 1, 1, 1; cf.:

hic novus Arpinas, ignobilis, et modo Romae Municipalis eques,

Juv. 8, 237:

nova nupta,

a bride, Juv. 2, 120.— Plur. subst.: nŏvi, ōrum, m., recent writers: est et quod appellatur a novis noêma, Quint. 8, 5, 12:

novorum lectio,

id. 2, 5, 26; 5, 4, 1.—

Novae res, new things, novelties:

nihil te ad me postea scripsisse demiror, praesertim tam novis rebus,

Cic. Fam. 7, 18, 4.—Also subst.: nŏvum, i, n., a new thing, a novelty; news:

novum attulerint, quod fit nusquam gentium,

Plaut. Cas. prol. 70:

num quidnam inquit novi?

Cic. de Or. 2, 3, 13:

si quid novi vel sero invenissem,

Quint. 2, 5, 3.— Plur.:

novorum interpositione priora confundere,

Quint. 10, 3, 32; 8, 3, 60.—But, in gen., novae res signifies political innovations, a revolution:

Q. Servilius Ahala Sp. Maelium novis rebus studentem manu suā occidit,

Cic. Cat. 1, 1, 3:

rerum novarum causam quaerere,

id. Agr. 2, 33, 91:

plebes novarum rerum cupida,

Sall. C. 28, 4:

cuncta plebes novarum rerum studio Catilinae incepta probabat,

id. ib. 37, 1:

novarum rerum avidi,

id. J. 19, 1.—In a double sense: Segulium neglegamus, qui res novas quaerit: non quo veterem comederit—nullam enim habuit—sed hanc ipsam recentem novam devorārit, innovations and new wealth, Cic. Fam. 11, 21, 2.—

In partic.

New, novel, strange, singular, unusual, unheard of:

flagitia ingentia, nova, capitalia,

Ter. Ad. 4, 7, 3:

nihil dicam aut inauditum vobis aut cuiquam novum,

Cic. de Or. 1, 31, 137; cf.:

novum crimen et ante hunc diem inauditum,

id. Lig. 1, 1:

nova tibi haec sunt et inopinata?

id. Verr. 2, 2, 8, § 24; id. Att. 6, 1, 5:

novam in feminā virtutem novo genere honoris donavere,

Liv. 2, 13; Verg. A. 3, 591:

nova monstra,

Hor. C. 1, 2, 6:

si res agi videtur nova, magna, atrox,

Quint. 4, 1, 33.—

New in any thing, unused, unaccustomed, inexperienced ( poet. and in post-Aug. prose):

et rudis ad partus et nova miles oram,

Ov. H. 11, 48.—

With dat.:

novus dolori,

Sil. 6, 254; Tac. Agr. 16.—

With inf.:

nova ferre jugum cervix,

Sil. 16, 332.—

Nova Via structa esse dicitur regnante Ser. Tullio, Paul. ex Fest. p. 174 Mull.; v. Müll. ib. p. 389, a; cf.:

vocabulum pervetustum ut Novae viae, quae via jam diu vetus,

Varr. L. L. 6, § 59 Müll.—

Recent:

tu cognovisti omnia, novissima et antiqua,

Vulg. Psa. 138, 5.—

In eccl. Lat., renewed by grace:

nova creatura,

Vulg. 2 Cor. 5, 17:

induite novum hominem,

ib. Eph. 4, 24.—

Transf., in the sup.: nŏvissĭmus, a, um, the latest, last, hindermost, extreme (syn.:

extremus, proximus, recentissimus): a quo (sc. novo) etiam extremum novissimum quoque dici coeptum vulgo, quod meā memoriā ut Aelius sic senes aliquot, nimium novum verbum quod esset, vitabant,

Varr. L. L. 6, § 59 Müll.:

histriones,

Cic. Rosc. Com. 11, 30; Brut. ap. Cic. Fam. 11, 1, 3; Cass. ib. 12, 13, 1:

qui ex iis novissimus venit, necatur,

Caes. B. G. 5, 56:

novissimum agmen,

the rear, id. ib. 1, 15; 7, 68. —So as subst.: nŏvissĭmi, ōrum, the rear of an army, the soldiers in the last line:

novissimis praesidio esse,

Caes. B. G. 1, 20:

novissimos adorti magnam multitudinem conciderunt,

id. ib. 2, 11:

dixitque novissima verba,

Verg. A. 4, 650:

novissima cauda,

i. e. the end of, Ov. M. 3, 681; 13, 963:

luna,

Plin. 2, 13, 10, § 56.—

Like Engl. last, extreme, highest:

exempla,

the extreme penalty, the penalty of death, Tac. A. 12, 20; 15, 44; and absol.:

a summā spe, novissima exspectabat,

id. ib. 6, 50:

novissimum casum experitur,

id. ib. 12, 33.—

Esp. in eccl. Lat.

Youngest:

liberorum,

Vulg. Jos. 6, 26.—

Lowest in rank or fortune:

de novissimis populi,

Vulg. 3 Reg. 13, 33.—

As subst.

Sing.: nŏvissĭmum, i, n., the end.

Of place:

terrae,

Vulg. 1 Macc. 3, 9:

a summo ad novissimum,

the bottom, id. Isa. 56, 11.—

Of time:

habent spem in novissimo,

Vulg. Prov. 23, 18.—

Plur.: nŏvissĭma, ōrum, n.

Of place, the bottom, depths:

abyssi,

Vulg. Job. 38, 16.—

Of time:

habebis in novissimis spem,

Vulg. Prov. 24, 14; cf.:

novissima hominis illius,

the end, id. Luc. 11, 26.—Hence, adv. (not in Cic.) in two forms.

Form nŏvē, newly, in a new or unusual manner:

ornata ut lepide! ut concinne! ut nove!

Plaut. Ep. 2, 2, 38: ne quid ambigue, ne quid nove dicamus, * Auct. Her. 1, 9, 15:

verba nove aut insigniter dicta,

Gell. 19, 7, 2; cf. id. 17, 2, 13; Sen. Contr. 1, 4 fin. —

Form nŏvĭter, newly:

BASILICA IVLIA A SE NOVITER REPARATA,

Inscr. Orell. 24 (A. D. 377):

amor noviter venit,

Fulg. Myth. 3, 1 med. — Sup.: nŏvissĭmē.

Of time, recently, lately, a short time ago: mater cum novissime aegrotāsset, Val. Antias. ap. Charis. p. 186 P.:

quod novissime nobiscum foedus fecissent,

id. ib.:

novissime, memoriā nostrā, argentum aere solutum est,

Sall. C. 33, 2:

liber quem novissime tibi misi,

Plin. Ep. 8, 3, 1:

eloquendi rationem novissime repertam,

Quint. 12 praef. § 3.—

Of succession, lastly, last of all, finally:

dicam primum... deinde... novissime,

Sen. Ira, 3, 5, 2:

primum... post haec... novissime,

Quint. 3, 6, 24; cf.:

primum... post haec... novissime,

id. 11, 2, 41:

vel... vel... vel novissime,

id. 7, 1, 37:

et... et... et novissime,

id. 2, 4, 10:

cum plura interrogāsset... novissime id inferebat,

id. 5, 11, 3:

novissime cum, etc. (= postremo),

in the last fight, Hirt. B. G. 8, 48, 3.

nŏvus, a, um, adj. [Sanscr. navas; Gr. neos, i. e. neWos; cf.: noverca, nuntius, denuo, nuper; Germ. neu; Engl. new], new, not old, young, fresh, recent, etc. (v. antiquus init.; cf.: recens, novellus).

Lit.

In gen.:

civitates condere novas,

Cic. Rep. 1, 7, 12:

nova et a nobis inventa ratio,

id. ib. 1, 8, 13; cf.:

nihil novi vobis afferam neque quod a me sit cogitatum aut inventum,

id. ib. 1, 14, 21:

novus veteri exercitus jungitur,

Liv. 7, 7; cf.

miles,

Sall. J. 87, 2:

imperator,

id. ib. 44, 2:

novum de integro proelium,

Liv. 24, 16:

Camillus,

id. 22, 14:

consules,

Suet. Caes. 15:

serpens,

which has cast its old skin, Ov. M. 9, 266:

caro,

fresh meat, Juv. 11, 85.—Special phrases.

Novae tabernae, or simply Novae (sub Novis), the new shops; many of the shops of the money-changers in the Forum were burned down A. U. C. 543, and those built on their sites were called Novae, those which remained standing Veteres (v. vetus), Liv. 26, 27; 3, 48:

sub Novis,

Cic. de Or. 2, 66, 266; cf.: sub Novis dicta pars in foro aedificiorum, quod vocabulum ei pervetustum, Varr. L. L. 6, § 59 Müll.—

Novae tabulae, new account-books, by making which old debts were cancelled, Cic. Off. 2, 23, 84; id. Phil. 6, 4, 11; id. Att. 5, 21, 13; 14, 21, 4; Caes. B. C. 3, 1; 3, 21:

tum Catilina polliceri tabulas novas, proscriptionem locupletium,

Sall. C. 21, 2.—Hence, trop.:

beneficiorum novae tabulae,

i. e. forgetfulness of benefits, Sen. Ben. 1, 4, 6.—

Novus homo, or homo novus, the first of his family who obtained a curule office, a man newly ennobled, an upstart, Cic. Off. 1, 39, 138:

adeptus es, quod non multi homines novi,

Cic. Fam. 5, 18, 1; cf.:

in Q. Pompeio, novo homine et fortissimo viro,

id. Mur. 7, 16 sq.:

M. Catoni, homini ignoto et novo,

id. Rep. 1, 1, 1; cf.:

hic novus Arpinas, ignobilis, et modo Romae Municipalis eques,

Juv. 8, 237:

nova nupta,

a bride, Juv. 2, 120.— Plur. subst.: nŏvi, ōrum, m., recent writers: est et quod appellatur a novis noêma, Quint. 8, 5, 12:

novorum lectio,

id. 2, 5, 26; 5, 4, 1.—

Novae res, new things, novelties:

nihil te ad me postea scripsisse demiror, praesertim tam novis rebus,

Cic. Fam. 7, 18, 4.—Also subst.: nŏvum, i, n., a new thing, a novelty; news:

novum attulerint, quod fit nusquam gentium,

Plaut. Cas. prol. 70:

num quidnam inquit novi?

Cic. de Or. 2, 3, 13:

si quid novi vel sero invenissem,

Quint. 2, 5, 3.— Plur.:

novorum interpositione priora confundere,

Quint. 10, 3, 32; 8, 3, 60.—But, in gen., novae res signifies political innovations, a revolution:

Q. Servilius Ahala Sp. Maelium novis rebus studentem manu suā occidit,

Cic. Cat. 1, 1, 3:

rerum novarum causam quaerere,

id. Agr. 2, 33, 91:

plebes novarum rerum cupida,

Sall. C. 28, 4:

cuncta plebes novarum rerum studio Catilinae incepta probabat,

id. ib. 37, 1:

novarum rerum avidi,

id. J. 19, 1.—In a double sense: Segulium neglegamus, qui res novas quaerit: non quo veterem comederit—nullam enim habuit—sed hanc ipsam recentem novam devorārit, innovations and new wealth, Cic. Fam. 11, 21, 2.—

In partic.

New, novel, strange, singular, unusual, unheard of:

flagitia ingentia, nova, capitalia,

Ter. Ad. 4, 7, 3:

nihil dicam aut inauditum vobis aut cuiquam novum,

Cic. de Or. 1, 31, 137; cf.:

novum crimen et ante hunc diem inauditum,

id. Lig. 1, 1:

nova tibi haec sunt et inopinata?

id. Verr. 2, 2, 8, § 24; id. Att. 6, 1, 5:

novam in feminā virtutem novo genere honoris donavere,

Liv. 2, 13; Verg. A. 3, 591:

nova monstra,

Hor. C. 1, 2, 6:

si res agi videtur nova, magna, atrox,

Quint. 4, 1, 33.—

New in any thing, unused, unaccustomed, inexperienced ( poet. and in post-Aug. prose):

et rudis ad partus et nova miles oram,

Ov. H. 11, 48.—

With dat.:

novus dolori,

Sil. 6, 254; Tac. Agr. 16.—

With inf.:

nova ferre jugum cervix,

Sil. 16, 332.—

Nova Via structa esse dicitur regnante Ser. Tullio, Paul. ex Fest. p. 174 Mull.; v. Müll. ib. p. 389, a; cf.:

vocabulum pervetustum ut Novae viae, quae via jam diu vetus,

Varr. L. L. 6, § 59 Müll.—

Recent:

tu cognovisti omnia, novissima et antiqua,

Vulg. Psa. 138, 5.—

In eccl. Lat., renewed by grace:

nova creatura,

Vulg. 2 Cor. 5, 17:

induite novum hominem,

ib. Eph. 4, 24.—

Transf., in the sup.: nŏvissĭmus, a, um, the latest, last, hindermost, extreme (syn.:

extremus, proximus, recentissimus): a quo (sc. novo) etiam extremum novissimum quoque dici coeptum vulgo, quod meā memoriā ut Aelius sic senes aliquot, nimium novum verbum quod esset, vitabant,

Varr. L. L. 6, § 59 Müll.:

histriones,

Cic. Rosc. Com. 11, 30; Brut. ap. Cic. Fam. 11, 1, 3; Cass. ib. 12, 13, 1:

qui ex iis novissimus venit, necatur,

Caes. B. G. 5, 56:

novissimum agmen,

the rear, id. ib. 1, 15; 7, 68. —So as subst.: nŏvissĭmi, ōrum, the rear of an army, the soldiers in the last line:

novissimis praesidio esse,

Caes. B. G. 1, 20:

novissimos adorti magnam multitudinem conciderunt,

id. ib. 2, 11:

dixitque novissima verba,

Verg. A. 4, 650:

novissima cauda,

i. e. the end of, Ov. M. 3, 681; 13, 963:

luna,

Plin. 2, 13, 10, § 56.—

Like Engl. last, extreme, highest:

exempla,

the extreme penalty, the penalty of death, Tac. A. 12, 20; 15, 44; and absol.:

a summā spe, novissima exspectabat,

id. ib. 6, 50:

novissimum casum experitur,

id. ib. 12, 33.—

Esp. in eccl. Lat.

Youngest:

liberorum,

Vulg. Jos. 6, 26.—

Lowest in rank or fortune:

de novissimis populi,

Vulg. 3 Reg. 13, 33.—

As subst.

Sing.: nŏvissĭmum, i, n., the end.

Of place:

terrae,

Vulg. 1 Macc. 3, 9:

a summo ad novissimum,

the bottom, id. Isa. 56, 11.—

Of time:

habent spem in novissimo,

Vulg. Prov. 23, 18.—

Plur.: nŏvissĭma, ōrum, n.

Of place, the bottom, depths:

abyssi,

Vulg. Job. 38, 16.—

Of time:

habebis in novissimis spem,

Vulg. Prov. 24, 14; cf.:

novissima hominis illius,

the end, id. Luc. 11, 26.—Hence, adv. (not in Cic.) in two forms.

Form nŏvē, newly, in a new or unusual manner:

ornata ut lepide! ut concinne! ut nove!

Plaut. Ep. 2, 2, 38: ne quid ambigue, ne quid nove dicamus, * Auct. Her. 1, 9, 15:

verba nove aut insigniter dicta,

Gell. 19, 7, 2; cf. id. 17, 2, 13; Sen. Contr. 1, 4 fin. —

Form nŏvĭter, newly:

BASILICA IVLIA A SE NOVITER REPARATA,

Inscr. Orell. 24 (A. D. 377):

amor noviter venit,

Fulg. Myth. 3, 1 med. — Sup.: nŏvissĭmē.

Of time, recently, lately, a short time ago: mater cum novissime aegrotāsset, Val. Antias. ap. Charis. p. 186 P.:

quod novissime nobiscum foedus fecissent,

id. ib.:

novissime, memoriā nostrā, argentum aere solutum est,

Sall. C. 33, 2:

liber quem novissime tibi misi,

Plin. Ep. 8, 3, 1:

eloquendi rationem novissime repertam,

Quint. 12 praef. § 3.—

Of succession, lastly, last of all, finally:

dicam primum... deinde... novissime,

Sen. Ira, 3, 5, 2:

primum... post haec... novissime,

Quint. 3, 6, 24; cf.:

primum... post haec... novissime,

id. 11, 2, 41:

vel... vel... vel novissime,

id. 7, 1, 37:

et... et... et novissime,

id. 2, 4, 10:

cum plura interrogāsset... novissime id inferebat,

id. 5, 11, 3:

novissime cum, etc. (= postremo),

in the last fight, Hirt. B. G. 8, 48, 3.

nŏvus, a, um, adj. [Sanscr. navas; Gr. neos, i. e. neWos; cf.: noverca, nuntius, denuo, nuper; Germ. neu; Engl. new], new, not old, young, fresh, recent, etc. (v. antiquus init.; cf.: recens, novellus).

Lit.

In gen.:

civitates condere novas,

Cic. Rep. 1, 7, 12:

nova et a nobis inventa ratio,

id. ib. 1, 8, 13; cf.:

nihil novi vobis afferam neque quod a me sit cogitatum aut inventum,

id. ib. 1, 14, 21:

novus veteri exercitus jungitur,

Liv. 7, 7; cf.

miles,

Sall. J. 87, 2:

imperator,

id. ib. 44, 2:

novum de integro proelium,

Liv. 24, 16:

Camillus,

id. 22, 14:

consules,

Suet. Caes. 15:

serpens,

which has cast its old skin, Ov. M. 9, 266:

caro,

fresh meat, Juv. 11, 85.—Special phrases.

Novae tabernae, or simply Novae (sub Novis), the new shops; many of the shops of the money-changers in the Forum were burned down A. U. C. 543, and those built on their sites were called Novae, those which remained standing Veteres (v. vetus), Liv. 26, 27; 3, 48:

sub Novis,

Cic. de Or. 2, 66, 266; cf.: sub Novis dicta pars in foro aedificiorum, quod vocabulum ei pervetustum, Varr. L. L. 6, § 59 Müll.—

Novae tabulae, new account-books, by making which old debts were cancelled, Cic. Off. 2, 23, 84; id. Phil. 6, 4, 11; id. Att. 5, 21, 13; 14, 21, 4; Caes. B. C. 3, 1; 3, 21:

tum Catilina polliceri tabulas novas, proscriptionem locupletium,

Sall. C. 21, 2.—Hence, trop.:

beneficiorum novae tabulae,

i. e. forgetfulness of benefits, Sen. Ben. 1, 4, 6.—

Novus homo, or homo novus, the first of his family who obtained a curule office, a man newly ennobled, an upstart, Cic. Off. 1, 39, 138:

adeptus es, quod non multi homines novi,

Cic. Fam. 5, 18, 1; cf.:

in Q. Pompeio, novo homine et fortissimo viro,

id. Mur. 7, 16 sq.:

M. Catoni, homini ignoto et novo,

id. Rep. 1, 1, 1; cf.:

hic novus Arpinas, ignobilis, et modo Romae Municipalis eques,

Juv. 8, 237:

nova nupta,

a bride, Juv. 2, 120.— Plur. subst.: nŏvi, ōrum, m., recent writers: est et quod appellatur a novis noêma, Quint. 8, 5, 12:

novorum lectio,

id. 2, 5, 26; 5, 4, 1.—

Novae res, new things, novelties:

nihil te ad me postea scripsisse demiror, praesertim tam novis rebus,

Cic. Fam. 7, 18, 4.—Also subst.: nŏvum, i, n., a new thing, a novelty; news:

novum attulerint, quod fit nusquam gentium,

Plaut. Cas. prol. 70:

num quidnam inquit novi?

Cic. de Or. 2, 3, 13:

si quid novi vel sero invenissem,

Quint. 2, 5, 3.— Plur.:

novorum interpositione priora confundere,

Quint. 10, 3, 32; 8, 3, 60.—But, in gen., novae res signifies political innovations, a revolution:

Q. Servilius Ahala Sp. Maelium novis rebus studentem manu suā occidit,

Cic. Cat. 1, 1, 3:

rerum novarum causam quaerere,

id. Agr. 2, 33, 91:

plebes novarum rerum cupida,

Sall. C. 28, 4:

cuncta plebes novarum rerum studio Catilinae incepta probabat,

id. ib. 37, 1:

novarum rerum avidi,

id. J. 19, 1.—In a double sense: Segulium neglegamus, qui res novas quaerit: non quo veterem comederit—nullam enim habuit—sed hanc ipsam recentem novam devorārit, innovations and new wealth, Cic. Fam. 11, 21, 2.—

In partic.

New, novel, strange, singular, unusual, unheard of:

flagitia ingentia, nova, capitalia,

Ter. Ad. 4, 7, 3:

nihil dicam aut inauditum vobis aut cuiquam novum,

Cic. de Or. 1, 31, 137; cf.:

novum crimen et ante hunc diem inauditum,

id. Lig. 1, 1:

nova tibi haec sunt et inopinata?

id. Verr. 2, 2, 8, § 24; id. Att. 6, 1, 5:

novam in feminā virtutem novo genere honoris donavere,

Liv. 2, 13; Verg. A. 3, 591:

nova monstra,

Hor. C. 1, 2, 6:

si res agi videtur nova, magna, atrox,

Quint. 4, 1, 33.—

New in any thing, unused, unaccustomed, inexperienced ( poet. and in post-Aug. prose):

et rudis ad partus et nova miles oram,

Ov. H. 11, 48.—

With dat.:

novus dolori,

Sil. 6, 254; Tac. Agr. 16.—

With inf.:

nova ferre jugum cervix,

Sil. 16, 332.—

Nova Via structa esse dicitur regnante Ser. Tullio, Paul. ex Fest. p. 174 Mull.; v. Müll. ib. p. 389, a; cf.:

vocabulum pervetustum ut Novae viae, quae via jam diu vetus,

Varr. L. L. 6, § 59 Müll.—

Recent:

tu cognovisti omnia, novissima et antiqua,

Vulg. Psa. 138, 5.—

In eccl. Lat., renewed by grace:

nova creatura,

Vulg. 2 Cor. 5, 17:

induite novum hominem,

ib. Eph. 4, 24.—

Transf., in the sup.: nŏvissĭmus, a, um, the latest, last, hindermost, extreme (syn.:

extremus, proximus, recentissimus): a quo (sc. novo) etiam extremum novissimum quoque dici coeptum vulgo, quod meā memoriā ut Aelius sic senes aliquot, nimium novum verbum quod esset, vitabant,

Varr. L. L. 6, § 59 Müll.:

histriones,

Cic. Rosc. Com. 11, 30; Brut. ap. Cic. Fam. 11, 1, 3; Cass. ib. 12, 13, 1:

qui ex iis novissimus venit, necatur,

Caes. B. G. 5, 56:

novissimum agmen,

the rear, id. ib. 1, 15; 7, 68. —So as subst.: nŏvissĭmi, ōrum, the rear of an army, the soldiers in the last line:

novissimis praesidio esse,

Caes. B. G. 1, 20:

novissimos adorti magnam multitudinem conciderunt,

id. ib. 2, 11:

dixitque novissima verba,

Verg. A. 4, 650:

novissima cauda,

i. e. the end of, Ov. M. 3, 681; 13, 963:

luna,

Plin. 2, 13, 10, § 56.—

Like Engl. last, extreme, highest:

exempla,

the extreme penalty, the penalty of death, Tac. A. 12, 20; 15, 44; and absol.:

a summā spe, novissima exspectabat,

id. ib. 6, 50:

novissimum casum experitur,

id. ib. 12, 33.—

Esp. in eccl. Lat.

Youngest:

liberorum,

Vulg. Jos. 6, 26.—

Lowest in rank or fortune:

de novissimis populi,

Vulg. 3 Reg. 13, 33.—

As subst.

Sing.: nŏvissĭmum, i, n., the end.

Of place:

terrae,

Vulg. 1 Macc. 3, 9:

a summo ad novissimum,

the bottom, id. Isa. 56, 11.—

Of time:

habent spem in novissimo,

Vulg. Prov. 23, 18.—

Plur.: nŏvissĭma, ōrum, n.

Of place, the bottom, depths:

abyssi,

Vulg. Job. 38, 16.—

Of time:

habebis in novissimis spem,

Vulg. Prov. 24, 14; cf.:

novissima hominis illius,

the end, id. Luc. 11, 26.—Hence, adv. (not in Cic.) in two forms.

Form nŏvē, newly, in a new or unusual manner:

ornata ut lepide! ut concinne! ut nove!

Plaut. Ep. 2, 2, 38: ne quid ambigue, ne quid nove dicamus, * Auct. Her. 1, 9, 15:

verba nove aut insigniter dicta,

Gell. 19, 7, 2; cf. id. 17, 2, 13; Sen. Contr. 1, 4 fin. —

Form nŏvĭter, newly:

BASILICA IVLIA A SE NOVITER REPARATA,

Inscr. Orell. 24 (A. D. 377):

amor noviter venit,

Fulg. Myth. 3, 1 med. — Sup.: nŏvissĭmē.

Of time, recently, lately, a short time ago: mater cum novissime aegrotāsset, Val. Antias. ap. Charis. p. 186 P.:

quod novissime nobiscum foedus fecissent,

id. ib.:

novissime, memoriā nostrā, argentum aere solutum est,

Sall. C. 33, 2:

liber quem novissime tibi misi,

Plin. Ep. 8, 3, 1:

eloquendi rationem novissime repertam,

Quint. 12 praef. § 3.—

Of succession, lastly, last of all, finally:

dicam primum... deinde... novissime,

Sen. Ira, 3, 5, 2:

primum... post haec... novissime,

Quint. 3, 6, 24; cf.:

primum... post haec... novissime,

id. 11, 2, 41:

vel... vel... vel novissime,

id. 7, 1, 37:

et... et... et novissime,

id. 2, 4, 10:

cum plura interrogāsset... novissime id inferebat,

id. 5, 11, 3:

novissime cum, etc. (= postremo),

in the last fight, Hirt. B. G. 8, 48, 3.

nŏvus, a, um, adj. [Sanscr. navas; Gr. neos, i. e. neWos; cf.: noverca, nuntius, denuo, nuper; Germ. neu; Engl. new], new, not old, young, fresh, recent, etc. (v. antiquus init.; cf.: recens, novellus).

Lit.

In gen.:

civitates condere novas,

Cic. Rep. 1, 7, 12:

nova et a nobis inventa ratio,

id. ib. 1, 8, 13; cf.:

nihil novi vobis afferam neque quod a me sit cogitatum aut inventum,

id. ib. 1, 14, 21:

novus veteri exercitus jungitur,

Liv. 7, 7; cf.

miles,

Sall. J. 87, 2:

imperator,

id. ib. 44, 2:

novum de integro proelium,

Liv. 24, 16:

Camillus,

id. 22, 14:

consules,

Suet. Caes. 15:

serpens,

which has cast its old skin, Ov. M. 9, 266:

caro,

fresh meat, Juv. 11, 85.—Special phrases.

Novae tabernae, or simply Novae (sub Novis), the new shops; many of the shops of the money-changers in the Forum were burned down A. U. C. 543, and those built on their sites were called Novae, those which remained standing Veteres (v. vetus), Liv. 26, 27; 3, 48:

sub Novis,

Cic. de Or. 2, 66, 266; cf.: sub Novis dicta pars in foro aedificiorum, quod vocabulum ei pervetustum, Varr. L. L. 6, § 59 Müll.—

Novae tabulae, new account-books, by making which old debts were cancelled, Cic. Off. 2, 23, 84; id. Phil. 6, 4, 11; id. Att. 5, 21, 13; 14, 21, 4; Caes. B. C. 3, 1; 3, 21:

tum Catilina polliceri tabulas novas, proscriptionem locupletium,

Sall. C. 21, 2.—Hence, trop.:

beneficiorum novae tabulae,

i. e. forgetfulness of benefits, Sen. Ben. 1, 4, 6.—

Novus homo, or homo novus, the first of his family who obtained a curule office, a man newly ennobled, an upstart, Cic. Off. 1, 39, 138:

adeptus es, quod non multi homines novi,

Cic. Fam. 5, 18, 1; cf.:

in Q. Pompeio, novo homine et fortissimo viro,

id. Mur. 7, 16 sq.:

M. Catoni, homini ignoto et novo,

id. Rep. 1, 1, 1; cf.:

hic novus Arpinas, ignobilis, et modo Romae Municipalis eques,

Juv. 8, 237:

nova nupta,

a bride, Juv. 2, 120.— Plur. subst.: nŏvi, ōrum, m., recent writers: est et quod appellatur a novis noêma, Quint. 8, 5, 12:

novorum lectio,

id. 2, 5, 26; 5, 4, 1.—

Novae res, new things, novelties:

nihil te ad me postea scripsisse demiror, praesertim tam novis rebus,

Cic. Fam. 7, 18, 4.—Also subst.: nŏvum, i, n., a new thing, a novelty; news:

novum attulerint, quod fit nusquam gentium,

Plaut. Cas. prol. 70:

num quidnam inquit novi?

Cic. de Or. 2, 3, 13:

si quid novi vel sero invenissem,

Quint. 2, 5, 3.— Plur.:

novorum interpositione priora confundere,

Quint. 10, 3, 32; 8, 3, 60.—But, in gen., novae res signifies political innovations, a revolution:

Q. Servilius Ahala Sp. Maelium novis rebus studentem manu suā occidit,

Cic. Cat. 1, 1, 3:

rerum novarum causam quaerere,

id. Agr. 2, 33, 91:

plebes novarum rerum cupida,

Sall. C. 28, 4:

cuncta plebes novarum rerum studio Catilinae incepta probabat,

id. ib. 37, 1:

novarum rerum avidi,

id. J. 19, 1.—In a double sense: Segulium neglegamus, qui res novas quaerit: non quo veterem comederit—nullam enim habuit—sed hanc ipsam recentem novam devorārit, innovations and new wealth, Cic. Fam. 11, 21, 2.—

In partic.

New, novel, strange, singular, unusual, unheard of:

flagitia ingentia, nova, capitalia,

Ter. Ad. 4, 7, 3:

nihil dicam aut inauditum vobis aut cuiquam novum,

Cic. de Or. 1, 31, 137; cf.:

novum crimen et ante hunc diem inauditum,

id. Lig. 1, 1:

nova tibi haec sunt et inopinata?

id. Verr. 2, 2, 8, § 24; id. Att. 6, 1, 5:

novam in feminā virtutem novo genere honoris donavere,

Liv. 2, 13; Verg. A. 3, 591:

nova monstra,

Hor. C. 1, 2, 6:

si res agi videtur nova, magna, atrox,

Quint. 4, 1, 33.—

New in any thing, unused, unaccustomed, inexperienced ( poet. and in post-Aug. prose):

et rudis ad partus et nova miles oram,

Ov. H. 11, 48.—

With dat.:

novus dolori,

Sil. 6, 254; Tac. Agr. 16.—

With inf.:

nova ferre jugum cervix,

Sil. 16, 332.—

Nova Via structa esse dicitur regnante Ser. Tullio, Paul. ex Fest. p. 174 Mull.; v. Müll. ib. p. 389, a; cf.:

vocabulum pervetustum ut Novae viae, quae via jam diu vetus,

Varr. L. L. 6, § 59 Müll.—

Recent:

tu cognovisti omnia, novissima et antiqua,

Vulg. Psa. 138, 5.—

In eccl. Lat., renewed by grace:

nova creatura,

Vulg. 2 Cor. 5, 17:

induite novum hominem,

ib. Eph. 4, 24.—

Transf., in the sup.: nŏvissĭmus, a, um, the latest, last, hindermost, extreme (syn.:

extremus, proximus, recentissimus): a quo (sc. novo) etiam extremum novissimum quoque dici coeptum vulgo, quod meā memoriā ut Aelius sic senes aliquot, nimium novum verbum quod esset, vitabant,

Varr. L. L. 6, § 59 Müll.:

histriones,

Cic. Rosc. Com. 11, 30; Brut. ap. Cic. Fam. 11, 1, 3; Cass. ib. 12, 13, 1:

qui ex iis novissimus venit, necatur,

Caes. B. G. 5, 56:

novissimum agmen,

the rear, id. ib. 1, 15; 7, 68. —So as subst.: nŏvissĭmi, ōrum, the rear of an army, the soldiers in the last line:

novissimis praesidio esse,

Caes. B. G. 1, 20:

novissimos adorti magnam multitudinem conciderunt,

id. ib. 2, 11:

dixitque novissima verba,

Verg. A. 4, 650:

novissima cauda,

i. e. the end of, Ov. M. 3, 681; 13, 963:

luna,

Plin. 2, 13, 10, § 56.—

Like Engl. last, extreme, highest:

exempla,

the extreme penalty, the penalty of death, Tac. A. 12, 20; 15, 44; and absol.:

a summā spe, novissima exspectabat,

id. ib. 6, 50:

novissimum casum experitur,

id. ib. 12, 33.—

Esp. in eccl. Lat.

Youngest:

liberorum,

Vulg. Jos. 6, 26.—

Lowest in rank or fortune:

de novissimis populi,

Vulg. 3 Reg. 13, 33.—

As subst.

Sing.: nŏvissĭmum, i, n., the end.

Of place:

terrae,

Vulg. 1 Macc. 3, 9:

a summo ad novissimum,

the bottom, id. Isa. 56, 11.—

Of time:

habent spem in novissimo,

Vulg. Prov. 23, 18.—

Plur.: nŏvissĭma, ōrum, n.

Of place, the bottom, depths:

abyssi,

Vulg. Job. 38, 16.—

Of time:

habebis in novissimis spem,

Vulg. Prov. 24, 14; cf.:

novissima hominis illius,

the end, id. Luc. 11, 26.—Hence, adv. (not in Cic.) in two forms.

Form nŏvē, newly, in a new or unusual manner:

ornata ut lepide! ut concinne! ut nove!

Plaut. Ep. 2, 2, 38: ne quid ambigue, ne quid nove dicamus, * Auct. Her. 1, 9, 15:

verba nove aut insigniter dicta,

Gell. 19, 7, 2; cf. id. 17, 2, 13; Sen. Contr. 1, 4 fin. —

Form nŏvĭter, newly:

BASILICA IVLIA A SE NOVITER REPARATA,

Inscr. Orell. 24 (A. D. 377):

amor noviter venit,

Fulg. Myth. 3, 1 med. — Sup.: nŏvissĭmē.

Of time, recently, lately, a short time ago: mater cum novissime aegrotāsset, Val. Antias. ap. Charis. p. 186 P.:

quod novissime nobiscum foedus fecissent,

id. ib.:

novissime, memoriā nostrā, argentum aere solutum est,

Sall. C. 33, 2:

liber quem novissime tibi misi,

Plin. Ep. 8, 3, 1:

eloquendi rationem novissime repertam,

Quint. 12 praef. § 3.—

Of succession, lastly, last of all, finally:

dicam primum... deinde... novissime,

Sen. Ira, 3, 5, 2:

primum... post haec... novissime,

Quint. 3, 6, 24; cf.:

primum... post haec... novissime,

id. 11, 2, 41:

vel... vel... vel novissime,

id. 7, 1, 37:

et... et... et novissime,

id. 2, 4, 10:

cum plura interrogāsset... novissime id inferebat,

id. 5, 11, 3:

novissime cum, etc. (= postremo),

in the last fight, Hirt. B. G. 8, 48, 3.

nŏvus, a, um, adj. [Sanscr. navas; Gr. neos, i. e. neWos; cf.: noverca, nuntius, denuo, nuper; Germ. neu; Engl. new], new, not old, young, fresh, recent, etc. (v. antiquus init.; cf.: recens, novellus).

Lit.

In gen.:

civitates condere novas,

Cic. Rep. 1, 7, 12:

nova et a nobis inventa ratio,

id. ib. 1, 8, 13; cf.:

nihil novi vobis afferam neque quod a me sit cogitatum aut inventum,

id. ib. 1, 14, 21:

novus veteri exercitus jungitur,

Liv. 7, 7; cf.

miles,

Sall. J. 87, 2:

imperator,

id. ib. 44, 2:

novum de integro proelium,

Liv. 24, 16:

Camillus,

id. 22, 14:

consules,

Suet. Caes. 15:

serpens,

which has cast its old skin, Ov. M. 9, 266:

caro,

fresh meat, Juv. 11, 85.—Special phrases.

Novae tabernae, or simply Novae (sub Novis), the new shops; many of the shops of the money-changers in the Forum were burned down A. U. C. 543, and those built on their sites were called Novae, those which remained standing Veteres (v. vetus), Liv. 26, 27; 3, 48:

sub Novis,

Cic. de Or. 2, 66, 266; cf.: sub Novis dicta pars in foro aedificiorum, quod vocabulum ei pervetustum, Varr. L. L. 6, § 59 Müll.—

Novae tabulae, new account-books, by making which old debts were cancelled, Cic. Off. 2, 23, 84; id. Phil. 6, 4, 11; id. Att. 5, 21, 13; 14, 21, 4; Caes. B. C. 3, 1; 3, 21:

tum Catilina polliceri tabulas novas, proscriptionem locupletium,

Sall. C. 21, 2.—Hence, trop.:

beneficiorum novae tabulae,

i. e. forgetfulness of benefits, Sen. Ben. 1, 4, 6.—

Novus homo, or homo novus, the first of his family who obtained a curule office, a man newly ennobled, an upstart, Cic. Off. 1, 39, 138:

adeptus es, quod non multi homines novi,

Cic. Fam. 5, 18, 1; cf.:

in Q. Pompeio, novo homine et fortissimo viro,

id. Mur. 7, 16 sq.:

M. Catoni, homini ignoto et novo,

id. Rep. 1, 1, 1; cf.:

hic novus Arpinas, ignobilis, et modo Romae Municipalis eques,

Juv. 8, 237:

nova nupta,

a bride, Juv. 2, 120.— Plur. subst.: nŏvi, ōrum, m., recent writers: est et quod appellatur a novis noêma, Quint. 8, 5, 12:

novorum lectio,

id. 2, 5, 26; 5, 4, 1.—

Novae res, new things, novelties:

nihil te ad me postea scripsisse demiror, praesertim tam novis rebus,

Cic. Fam. 7, 18, 4.—Also subst.: nŏvum, i, n., a new thing, a novelty; news:

novum attulerint, quod fit nusquam gentium,

Plaut. Cas. prol. 70:

num quidnam inquit novi?

Cic. de Or. 2, 3, 13:

si quid novi vel sero invenissem,

Quint. 2, 5, 3.— Plur.:

novorum interpositione priora confundere,

Quint. 10, 3, 32; 8, 3, 60.—But, in gen., novae res signifies political innovations, a revolution:

Q. Servilius Ahala Sp. Maelium novis rebus studentem manu suā occidit,

Cic. Cat. 1, 1, 3:

rerum novarum causam quaerere,

id. Agr. 2, 33, 91:

plebes novarum rerum cupida,

Sall. C. 28, 4:

cuncta plebes novarum rerum studio Catilinae incepta probabat,

id. ib. 37, 1:

novarum rerum avidi,

id. J. 19, 1.—In a double sense: Segulium neglegamus, qui res novas quaerit: non quo veterem comederit—nullam enim habuit—sed hanc ipsam recentem novam devorārit, innovations and new wealth, Cic. Fam. 11, 21, 2.—

In partic.

New, novel, strange, singular, unusual, unheard of:

flagitia ingentia, nova, capitalia,

Ter. Ad. 4, 7, 3:

nihil dicam aut inauditum vobis aut cuiquam novum,

Cic. de Or. 1, 31, 137; cf.:

novum crimen et ante hunc diem inauditum,

id. Lig. 1, 1:

nova tibi haec sunt et inopinata?

id. Verr. 2, 2, 8, § 24; id. Att. 6, 1, 5:

novam in feminā virtutem novo genere honoris donavere,

Liv. 2, 13; Verg. A. 3, 591:

nova monstra,

Hor. C. 1, 2, 6:

si res agi videtur nova, magna, atrox,

Quint. 4, 1, 33.—

New in any thing, unused, unaccustomed, inexperienced ( poet. and in post-Aug. prose):

et rudis ad partus et nova miles oram,

Ov. H. 11, 48.—

With dat.:

novus dolori,

Sil. 6, 254; Tac. Agr. 16.—

With inf.:

nova ferre jugum cervix,

Sil. 16, 332.—

Nova Via structa esse dicitur regnante Ser. Tullio, Paul. ex Fest. p. 174 Mull.; v. Müll. ib. p. 389, a; cf.:

vocabulum pervetustum ut Novae viae, quae via jam diu vetus,

Varr. L. L. 6, § 59 Müll.—

Recent:

tu cognovisti omnia, novissima et antiqua,

Vulg. Psa. 138, 5.—

In eccl. Lat., renewed by grace:

nova creatura,

Vulg. 2 Cor. 5, 17:

induite novum hominem,

ib. Eph. 4, 24.—

Transf., in the sup.: nŏvissĭmus, a, um, the latest, last, hindermost, extreme (syn.:

extremus, proximus, recentissimus): a quo (sc. novo) etiam extremum novissimum quoque dici coeptum vulgo, quod meā memoriā ut Aelius sic senes aliquot, nimium novum verbum quod esset, vitabant,

Varr. L. L. 6, § 59 Müll.:

histriones,

Cic. Rosc. Com. 11, 30; Brut. ap. Cic. Fam. 11, 1, 3; Cass. ib. 12, 13, 1:

qui ex iis novissimus venit, necatur,

Caes. B. G. 5, 56:

novissimum agmen,

the rear, id. ib. 1, 15; 7, 68. —So as subst.: nŏvissĭmi, ōrum, the rear of an army, the soldiers in the last line:

novissimis praesidio esse,

Caes. B. G. 1, 20:

novissimos adorti magnam multitudinem conciderunt,

id. ib. 2, 11:

dixitque novissima verba,

Verg. A. 4, 650:

novissima cauda,

i. e. the end of, Ov. M. 3, 681; 13, 963:

luna,

Plin. 2, 13, 10, § 56.—

Like Engl. last, extreme, highest:

exempla,

the extreme penalty, the penalty of death, Tac. A. 12, 20; 15, 44; and absol.:

a summā spe, novissima exspectabat,

id. ib. 6, 50:

novissimum casum experitur,

id. ib. 12, 33.—

Esp. in eccl. Lat.

Youngest:

liberorum,

Vulg. Jos. 6, 26.—

Lowest in rank or fortune:

de novissimis populi,

Vulg. 3 Reg. 13, 33.—

As subst.

Sing.: nŏvissĭmum, i, n., the end.

Of place:

terrae,

Vulg. 1 Macc. 3, 9:

a summo ad novissimum,

the bottom, id. Isa. 56, 11.—

Of time:

habent spem in novissimo,

Vulg. Prov. 23, 18.—

Plur.: nŏvissĭma, ōrum, n.

Of place, the bottom, depths:

abyssi,

Vulg. Job. 38, 16.—

Of time:

habebis in novissimis spem,

Vulg. Prov. 24, 14; cf.:

novissima hominis illius,

the end, id. Luc. 11, 26.—Hence, adv. (not in Cic.) in two forms.

Form nŏvē, newly, in a new or unusual manner:

ornata ut lepide! ut concinne! ut nove!

Plaut. Ep. 2, 2, 38: ne quid ambigue, ne quid nove dicamus, * Auct. Her. 1, 9, 15:

verba nove aut insigniter dicta,

Gell. 19, 7, 2; cf. id. 17, 2, 13; Sen. Contr. 1, 4 fin. —

Form nŏvĭter, newly:

BASILICA IVLIA A SE NOVITER REPARATA,

Inscr. Orell. 24 (A. D. 377):

amor noviter venit,

Fulg. Myth. 3, 1 med. — Sup.: nŏvissĭmē.

Of time, recently, lately, a short time ago: mater cum novissime aegrotāsset, Val. Antias. ap. Charis. p. 186 P.:

quod novissime nobiscum foedus fecissent,

id. ib.:

novissime, memoriā nostrā, argentum aere solutum est,

Sall. C. 33, 2:

liber quem novissime tibi misi,

Plin. Ep. 8, 3, 1:

eloquendi rationem novissime repertam,

Quint. 12 praef. § 3.—

Of succession, lastly, last of all, finally:

dicam primum... deinde... novissime,

Sen. Ira, 3, 5, 2:

primum... post haec... novissime,

Quint. 3, 6, 24; cf.:

primum... post haec... novissime,

id. 11, 2, 41:

vel... vel... vel novissime,

id. 7, 1, 37:

et... et... et novissime,

id. 2, 4, 10:

cum plura interrogāsset... novissime id inferebat,

id. 5, 11, 3:

novissime cum, etc. (= postremo),

in the last fight, Hirt. B. G. 8, 48, 3.

pĭus (written PIIVS, Inscr. Viscont. Monum. Degli Scip. tab. 6, n. 1; cf. Cic. Quint. 1, 4, 11), a, um (voc. pie:

o crucifer bone, lucisator Omnipotens pie,

Prud. Cath. 3, 1.— Comp. only magis pius; cf. Charis. pp. 88 and 130 P.— Sup.:

piissimus, used by Antonius, and condemned by Cicero, as: verbum omnino nullum in linguā Latinā,

Cic. Phil. 13, 19, 43; but freq. in the post-Aug. per., e. g. Sen. Contr. 4, 27 med.; id. Consol. ad Polyb. 26 med.; Tac. Agr. 43; Curt. 9, 6, 17; Flor. 4, 7, 15; Inscr. Orell. 418 et saep. From rare form PIENS, found in inscriptions, Murat. 1624, 4; Mus. Ver. 129, 3 Maff., is derived another form of the sup., PIENTISSIMVS, Inscr. Orell. 200; 203; 3592), adj. [etym. dub.; often referred to tiô, timaô], that acts according to duty, dutiful; esp. that performs what is due to the gods and religion in general, to parrents, kindred, teachers, country; pious, devout, conscientious, affectionate, tender, kind, good, grateful, respectful, loyal, patriotic, etc. (of persons and things):

si quis pius est,

Plaut. Rud. prol. 26:

uxor pia et pudica,

id. Am. 5, 1, 33: Capus... pium ex se Anchisen generat, Enn. ap. Philarg. ad Verg. G. 3, 35 (Ann. v. 31 Vahl.):

(deos) piorum et impiorum habere rationem,

Cic. Leg. 2, 7, 15; id. Rep. 6, 15, 15:

di meliora piis,

Verg. G. 3, 513:

poëta,

Cat. 16, 5: pii vates. Verg. A. 6, 662; cf.:

pio vatis ab ore,

Ov. F. 3, 326.—So as subst. freq. pĭi, of the departed, the blessed:

piorum sedes,

Cic. Phil. 14, 12:

arva piorum,

Ov. M. 11, 62: cf. Bentley on Hor. C. 3, 4, 6.—Of things having reference to religion:

far,

Hor. C. 3, 23, 20:

tura,

Ov. H. 7, 24; 21, 7:

luci,

sacred, holy, Hor. C. 3, 4, 6:

pia et aeterna pax,

a conscientiously kept and eternal peace, Cic. Balb. 16, 35:

Poeni homines immolare pium esse duxerunt,

id. Rep. 3, 9; cf. Ov. Tr. 1, 2, 96:

ore pio,

id. M. 7, 172; so,

quosque pium est adhibere deos,

id. F. 4, 829.— As subst.: pĭum, i, n.:

stabit pro signis jusque piumque tuis,

justice and equity, Ov. A. A. 1, 200; id. H. 8, 4.—Of respectful, affectionate conduct towards parents, etc.:

pius in parentes,

Cic. Off. 3, 23, 90:

pius Aeneas, on account of his filial love for Anchises,

Verg. A. 1, 220; 305; 378; 4, 393; 5, 26 et saep.; cf.:

seniorque parens, pia sarcina nati,

Ov. H. 7, 107; id. M. 7, 482:

pius dolor,

Cic. Sest. 2: impietate pia est, she is affectionate (towards her brothers) through want of affection (for her son), her sisterly triumphed over her maternal love, Ov. M. 8, 477:

quo pius affectu Castora frater amat,

id. Tr. 4, 5, 30:

metus,

of a wife for her husband, id. M. 11, 389: bellum, waged for one's country or allies, Liv. 30, 31; 39, 36; Sil. 15, 162.—

Transf., in gen.

Honest, upright, honorable (very rare): pius quaestus, Cato, R. R. praef.—

Benevolent, kind, gentle, gracious (postAug.): clementia patrem tuum in primis Pii nomine ornavit, M. Aurel. ap. Vulcat. Gallic. in Avid. Cass. 11:

pius enim et clemens es, Dominus Deus,

Vulg. 2 Par. 30, 9; id. Ecclus. 2, 13.— Pĭus, a title of the emperors after M. Antoninus, on coins and inscrr.; v. Eckh. D. N. 7, p. 36; 8, p. 453; Inscr. Orell. 840 sq.— Poet., of a wine-jar: testa, my kindly jar, = benigna, Hor. C. 3, 21, 4.—Hence, adv.: pĭē, piously, religiously, dutifully, affectionately:

pie sancteque colere deos,

Cic. N. D. 1, 20, 56; 1, 17, 45; id. Att. 6, 7, 1:

memoriam nostri pie inviolateque servabitis,

id. Sen. 22, 81:

metuo ne scelerate dicam in te, quod pro Milone dicam pie,

id. Mil. 38, 103:

pie lugere,

id. de Or. 2, 40, 167; Ov. H. 15, 153.— Sup.:

quod utrumque piissime tulit,

Sen. Cons. ad Polyb. 34, 4.

pĭus (written PIIVS, Inscr. Viscont. Monum. Degli Scip. tab. 6, n. 1; cf. Cic. Quint. 1, 4, 11), a, um (voc. pie:

o crucifer bone, lucisator Omnipotens pie,

Prud. Cath. 3, 1.— Comp. only magis pius; cf. Charis. pp. 88 and 130 P.— Sup.:

piissimus, used by Antonius, and condemned by Cicero, as: verbum omnino nullum in linguā Latinā,

Cic. Phil. 13, 19, 43; but freq. in the post-Aug. per., e. g. Sen. Contr. 4, 27 med.; id. Consol. ad Polyb. 26 med.; Tac. Agr. 43; Curt. 9, 6, 17; Flor. 4, 7, 15; Inscr. Orell. 418 et saep. From rare form PIENS, found in inscriptions, Murat. 1624, 4; Mus. Ver. 129, 3 Maff., is derived another form of the sup., PIENTISSIMVS, Inscr. Orell. 200; 203; 3592), adj. [etym. dub.; often referred to tiô, timaô], that acts according to duty, dutiful; esp. that performs what is due to the gods and religion in general, to parrents, kindred, teachers, country; pious, devout, conscientious, affectionate, tender, kind, good, grateful, respectful, loyal, patriotic, etc. (of persons and things):

si quis pius est,

Plaut. Rud. prol. 26:

uxor pia et pudica,

id. Am. 5, 1, 33: Capus... pium ex se Anchisen generat, Enn. ap. Philarg. ad Verg. G. 3, 35 (Ann. v. 31 Vahl.):

(deos) piorum et impiorum habere rationem,

Cic. Leg. 2, 7, 15; id. Rep. 6, 15, 15:

di meliora piis,

Verg. G. 3, 513:

poëta,

Cat. 16, 5: pii vates. Verg. A. 6, 662; cf.:

pio vatis ab ore,

Ov. F. 3, 326.—So as subst. freq. pĭi, of the departed, the blessed:

piorum sedes,

Cic. Phil. 14, 12:

arva piorum,

Ov. M. 11, 62: cf. Bentley on Hor. C. 3, 4, 6.—Of things having reference to religion:

far,

Hor. C. 3, 23, 20:

tura,

Ov. H. 7, 24; 21, 7:

luci,

sacred, holy, Hor. C. 3, 4, 6:

pia et aeterna pax,

a conscientiously kept and eternal peace, Cic. Balb. 16, 35:

Poeni homines immolare pium esse duxerunt,

id. Rep. 3, 9; cf. Ov. Tr. 1, 2, 96:

ore pio,

id. M. 7, 172; so,

quosque pium est adhibere deos,

id. F. 4, 829.— As subst.: pĭum, i, n.:

stabit pro signis jusque piumque tuis,

justice and equity, Ov. A. A. 1, 200; id. H. 8, 4.—Of respectful, affectionate conduct towards parents, etc.:

pius in parentes,

Cic. Off. 3, 23, 90:

pius Aeneas, on account of his filial love for Anchises,

Verg. A. 1, 220; 305; 378; 4, 393; 5, 26 et saep.; cf.:

seniorque parens, pia sarcina nati,

Ov. H. 7, 107; id. M. 7, 482:

pius dolor,

Cic. Sest. 2: impietate pia est, she is affectionate (towards her brothers) through want of affection (for her son), her sisterly triumphed over her maternal love, Ov. M. 8, 477:

quo pius affectu Castora frater amat,

id. Tr. 4, 5, 30:

metus,

of a wife for her husband, id. M. 11, 389: bellum, waged for one's country or allies, Liv. 30, 31; 39, 36; Sil. 15, 162.—

Transf., in gen.

Honest, upright, honorable (very rare): pius quaestus, Cato, R. R. praef.—

Benevolent, kind, gentle, gracious (postAug.): clementia patrem tuum in primis Pii nomine ornavit, M. Aurel. ap. Vulcat. Gallic. in Avid. Cass. 11:

pius enim et clemens es, Dominus Deus,

Vulg. 2 Par. 30, 9; id. Ecclus. 2, 13.— Pĭus, a title of the emperors after M. Antoninus, on coins and inscrr.; v. Eckh. D. N. 7, p. 36; 8, p. 453; Inscr. Orell. 840 sq.— Poet., of a wine-jar: testa, my kindly jar, = benigna, Hor. C. 3, 21, 4.—Hence, adv.: pĭē, piously, religiously, dutifully, affectionately:

pie sancteque colere deos,

Cic. N. D. 1, 20, 56; 1, 17, 45; id. Att. 6, 7, 1:

memoriam nostri pie inviolateque servabitis,

id. Sen. 22, 81:

metuo ne scelerate dicam in te, quod pro Milone dicam pie,

id. Mil. 38, 103:

pie lugere,

id. de Or. 2, 40, 167; Ov. H. 15, 153.— Sup.:

quod utrumque piissime tulit,

Sen. Cons. ad Polyb. 34, 4.

pĭus (written PIIVS, Inscr. Viscont. Monum. Degli Scip. tab. 6, n. 1; cf. Cic. Quint. 1, 4, 11), a, um (voc. pie:

o crucifer bone, lucisator Omnipotens pie,

Prud. Cath. 3, 1.— Comp. only magis pius; cf. Charis. pp. 88 and 130 P.— Sup.:

piissimus, used by Antonius, and condemned by Cicero, as: verbum omnino nullum in linguā Latinā,

Cic. Phil. 13, 19, 43; but freq. in the post-Aug. per., e. g. Sen. Contr. 4, 27 med.; id. Consol. ad Polyb. 26 med.; Tac. Agr. 43; Curt. 9, 6, 17; Flor. 4, 7, 15; Inscr. Orell. 418 et saep. From rare form PIENS, found in inscriptions, Murat. 1624, 4; Mus. Ver. 129, 3 Maff., is derived another form of the sup., PIENTISSIMVS, Inscr. Orell. 200; 203; 3592), adj. [etym. dub.; often referred to tiô, timaô], that acts according to duty, dutiful; esp. that performs what is due to the gods and religion in general, to parrents, kindred, teachers, country; pious, devout, conscientious, affectionate, tender, kind, good, grateful, respectful, loyal, patriotic, etc. (of persons and things):

si quis pius est,

Plaut. Rud. prol. 26:

uxor pia et pudica,

id. Am. 5, 1, 33: Capus... pium ex se Anchisen generat, Enn. ap. Philarg. ad Verg. G. 3, 35 (Ann. v. 31 Vahl.):

(deos) piorum et impiorum habere rationem,

Cic. Leg. 2, 7, 15; id. Rep. 6, 15, 15:

di meliora piis,

Verg. G. 3, 513:

poëta,

Cat. 16, 5: pii vates. Verg. A. 6, 662; cf.:

pio vatis ab ore,

Ov. F. 3, 326.—So as subst. freq. pĭi, of the departed, the blessed:

piorum sedes,

Cic. Phil. 14, 12:

arva piorum,

Ov. M. 11, 62: cf. Bentley on Hor. C. 3, 4, 6.—Of things having reference to religion:

far,

Hor. C. 3, 23, 20:

tura,

Ov. H. 7, 24; 21, 7:

luci,

sacred, holy, Hor. C. 3, 4, 6:

pia et aeterna pax,

a conscientiously kept and eternal peace, Cic. Balb. 16, 35:

Poeni homines immolare pium esse duxerunt,

id. Rep. 3, 9; cf. Ov. Tr. 1, 2, 96:

ore pio,

id. M. 7, 172; so,

quosque pium est adhibere deos,

id. F. 4, 829.— As subst.: pĭum, i, n.:

stabit pro signis jusque piumque tuis,

justice and equity, Ov. A. A. 1, 200; id. H. 8, 4.—Of respectful, affectionate conduct towards parents, etc.:

pius in parentes,

Cic. Off. 3, 23, 90:

pius Aeneas, on account of his filial love for Anchises,

Verg. A. 1, 220; 305; 378; 4, 393; 5, 26 et saep.; cf.:

seniorque parens, pia sarcina nati,

Ov. H. 7, 107; id. M. 7, 482:

pius dolor,

Cic. Sest. 2: impietate pia est, she is affectionate (towards her brothers) through want of affection (for her son), her sisterly triumphed over her maternal love, Ov. M. 8, 477:

quo pius affectu Castora frater amat,

id. Tr. 4, 5, 30:

metus,

of a wife for her husband, id. M. 11, 389: bellum, waged for one's country or allies, Liv. 30, 31; 39, 36; Sil. 15, 162.—

Transf., in gen.

Honest, upright, honorable (very rare): pius quaestus, Cato, R. R. praef.—

Benevolent, kind, gentle, gracious (postAug.): clementia patrem tuum in primis Pii nomine ornavit, M. Aurel. ap. Vulcat. Gallic. in Avid. Cass. 11:

pius enim et clemens es, Dominus Deus,

Vulg. 2 Par. 30, 9; id. Ecclus. 2, 13.— Pĭus, a title of the emperors after M. Antoninus, on coins and inscrr.; v. Eckh. D. N. 7, p. 36; 8, p. 453; Inscr. Orell. 840 sq.— Poet., of a wine-jar: testa, my kindly jar, = benigna, Hor. C. 3, 21, 4.—Hence, adv.: pĭē, piously, religiously, dutifully, affectionately:

pie sancteque colere deos,

Cic. N. D. 1, 20, 56; 1, 17, 45; id. Att. 6, 7, 1:

memoriam nostri pie inviolateque servabitis,

id. Sen. 22, 81:

metuo ne scelerate dicam in te, quod pro Milone dicam pie,

id. Mil. 38, 103:

pie lugere,

id. de Or. 2, 40, 167; Ov. H. 15, 153.— Sup.:

quod utrumque piissime tulit,

Sen. Cons. ad Polyb. 34, 4.

pĭus (written PIIVS, Inscr. Viscont. Monum. Degli Scip. tab. 6, n. 1; cf. Cic. Quint. 1, 4, 11), a, um (voc. pie:

o crucifer bone, lucisator Omnipotens pie,

Prud. Cath. 3, 1.— Comp. only magis pius; cf. Charis. pp. 88 and 130 P.— Sup.:

piissimus, used by Antonius, and condemned by Cicero, as: verbum omnino nullum in linguā Latinā,

Cic. Phil. 13, 19, 43; but freq. in the post-Aug. per., e. g. Sen. Contr. 4, 27 med.; id. Consol. ad Polyb. 26 med.; Tac. Agr. 43; Curt. 9, 6, 17; Flor. 4, 7, 15; Inscr. Orell. 418 et saep. From rare form PIENS, found in inscriptions, Murat. 1624, 4; Mus. Ver. 129, 3 Maff., is derived another form of the sup., PIENTISSIMVS, Inscr. Orell. 200; 203; 3592), adj. [etym. dub.; often referred to tiô, timaô], that acts according to duty, dutiful; esp. that performs what is due to the gods and religion in general, to parrents, kindred, teachers, country; pious, devout, conscientious, affectionate, tender, kind, good, grateful, respectful, loyal, patriotic, etc. (of persons and things):

si quis pius est,

Plaut. Rud. prol. 26:

uxor pia et pudica,

id. Am. 5, 1, 33: Capus... pium ex se Anchisen generat, Enn. ap. Philarg. ad Verg. G. 3, 35 (Ann. v. 31 Vahl.):

(deos) piorum et impiorum habere rationem,

Cic. Leg. 2, 7, 15; id. Rep. 6, 15, 15:

di meliora piis,

Verg. G. 3, 513:

poëta,

Cat. 16, 5: pii vates. Verg. A. 6, 662; cf.:

pio vatis ab ore,

Ov. F. 3, 326.—So as subst. freq. pĭi, of the departed, the blessed:

piorum sedes,

Cic. Phil. 14, 12:

arva piorum,

Ov. M. 11, 62: cf. Bentley on Hor. C. 3, 4, 6.—Of things having reference to religion:

far,

Hor. C. 3, 23, 20:

tura,

Ov. H. 7, 24; 21, 7:

luci,

sacred, holy, Hor. C. 3, 4, 6:

pia et aeterna pax,

a conscientiously kept and eternal peace, Cic. Balb. 16, 35:

Poeni homines immolare pium esse duxerunt,

id. Rep. 3, 9; cf. Ov. Tr. 1, 2, 96:

ore pio,

id. M. 7, 172; so,

quosque pium est adhibere deos,

id. F. 4, 829.— As subst.: pĭum, i, n.:

stabit pro signis jusque piumque tuis,

justice and equity, Ov. A. A. 1, 200; id. H. 8, 4.—Of respectful, affectionate conduct towards parents, etc.:

pius in parentes,

Cic. Off. 3, 23, 90:

pius Aeneas, on account of his filial love for Anchises,

Verg. A. 1, 220; 305; 378; 4, 393; 5, 26 et saep.; cf.:

seniorque parens, pia sarcina nati,

Ov. H. 7, 107; id. M. 7, 482:

pius dolor,

Cic. Sest. 2: impietate pia est, she is affectionate (towards her brothers) through want of affection (for her son), her sisterly triumphed over her maternal love, Ov. M. 8, 477:

quo pius affectu Castora frater amat,

id. Tr. 4, 5, 30:

metus,

of a wife for her husband, id. M. 11, 389: bellum, waged for one's country or allies, Liv. 30, 31; 39, 36; Sil. 15, 162.—

Transf., in gen.

Honest, upright, honorable (very rare): pius quaestus, Cato, R. R. praef.—

Benevolent, kind, gentle, gracious (postAug.): clementia patrem tuum in primis Pii nomine ornavit, M. Aurel. ap. Vulcat. Gallic. in Avid. Cass. 11:

pius enim et clemens es, Dominus Deus,

Vulg. 2 Par. 30, 9; id. Ecclus. 2, 13.— Pĭus, a title of the emperors after M. Antoninus, on coins and inscrr.; v. Eckh. D. N. 7, p. 36; 8, p. 453; Inscr. Orell. 840 sq.— Poet., of a wine-jar: testa, my kindly jar, = benigna, Hor. C. 3, 21, 4.—Hence, adv.: pĭē, piously, religiously, dutifully, affectionately:

pie sancteque colere deos,

Cic. N. D. 1, 20, 56; 1, 17, 45; id. Att. 6, 7, 1:

memoriam nostri pie inviolateque servabitis,

id. Sen. 22, 81:

metuo ne scelerate dicam in te, quod pro Milone dicam pie,

id. Mil. 38, 103:

pie lugere,

id. de Or. 2, 40, 167; Ov. H. 15, 153.— Sup.:

quod utrumque piissime tulit,

Sen. Cons. ad Polyb. 34, 4.

rŏtundus ( rŭt-), a, um, adj. [rota], wheel-shaped, i. e. round, circular, spherical, rotund (very freq. and class.; cf. teres).

Lit.:

cur ea, quae fuerint juxtim quadrata, procul sint Visa rotunda,

Lucr. 4, 502; cf. Cic. Fin. 2, 12, 36:

stellae globosae et rotundae,

id. Rep. 6, 15, 15:

mundum rotundum esse volunt,

id. N. D. 1, 10, 24.— Comp.:

mundum ita tornavit, ut nihil effici possit rotundius,

Cic. Univ. 6; so,

bacae,

Hor. Epod. 8, 13; cf.:

capita rotundiora... rotundissima,

Cels. 8, 1 fin.:

locus infimus in rotundo,

Cic. Tusc. 5, 24, 69:

togae,

hanging evenly all round, Quint. 11, 3, 139.—

Prov.: diruit, aedificat, mutat quadrata rotundis,

i. e. turns every thing upside down, Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 100.—

Trop., round, rounded.

In gen.:

sapiens Fortis et in se ipse totus, teres atque rotundus,

Hor. S. 2, 7, 86:

illa rotunda et undique circumcisa,

Quint. 8, 5, 27.—

In partic., of speech (opp. rough, unpolished), round, well turned, smooth, polished, elegant (in Cic. with quasi or ut ita dicam added; but v. infra, adv. b.):

erat verborum et delectus elegans et apta et quasi rotunda constructio,

Cic. Brut. 78, 272; cf.:

Thucydides praefractior nec satis, ut ita dicam, rotundus,

id. Or. 13, 40:

Graiis dedit ore rotundo Musa loqui,

Hor. A. P. 323;

celeris ac rotunda distributio,

Quint. 3, 4, 16:

rotunda volubilisque sententia,

Gell. 11, 13, 4:

rotundi numeri (with brevis),

id. 17, 20, 4:

verba,

id. 16, 1, 1.—Hence, adv.: rŏtun-dē.

(Acc. to I.) Roundly:

ut in orbem quam rotundissime formetur,

Col. Arb. 5, 2.—

(Acc. to II.) Roundly, smoothly, elegantly:

a te quidem apte ac rotunde,

Cic. Fin. 4, 3, 7.

rŏtundus ( rŭt-), a, um, adj. [rota], wheel-shaped, i. e. round, circular, spherical, rotund (very freq. and class.; cf. teres).

Lit.:

cur ea, quae fuerint juxtim quadrata, procul sint Visa rotunda,

Lucr. 4, 502; cf. Cic. Fin. 2, 12, 36:

stellae globosae et rotundae,

id. Rep. 6, 15, 15:

mundum rotundum esse volunt,

id. N. D. 1, 10, 24.— Comp.:

mundum ita tornavit, ut nihil effici possit rotundius,

Cic. Univ. 6; so,

bacae,

Hor. Epod. 8, 13; cf.:

capita rotundiora... rotundissima,

Cels. 8, 1 fin.:

locus infimus in rotundo,

Cic. Tusc. 5, 24, 69:

togae,

hanging evenly all round, Quint. 11, 3, 139.—

Prov.: diruit, aedificat, mutat quadrata rotundis,

i. e. turns every thing upside down, Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 100.—

Trop., round, rounded.

In gen.:

sapiens Fortis et in se ipse totus, teres atque rotundus,

Hor. S. 2, 7, 86:

illa rotunda et undique circumcisa,

Quint. 8, 5, 27.—

In partic., of speech (opp. rough, unpolished), round, well turned, smooth, polished, elegant (in Cic. with quasi or ut ita dicam added; but v. infra, adv. b.):

erat verborum et delectus elegans et apta et quasi rotunda constructio,

Cic. Brut. 78, 272; cf.:

Thucydides praefractior nec satis, ut ita dicam, rotundus,

id. Or. 13, 40:

Graiis dedit ore rotundo Musa loqui,

Hor. A. P. 323;

celeris ac rotunda distributio,

Quint. 3, 4, 16:

rotunda volubilisque sententia,

Gell. 11, 13, 4:

rotundi numeri (with brevis),

id. 17, 20, 4:

verba,

id. 16, 1, 1.—Hence, adv.: rŏtun-dē.

(Acc. to I.) Roundly:

ut in orbem quam rotundissime formetur,

Col. Arb. 5, 2.—

(Acc. to II.) Roundly, smoothly, elegantly:

a te quidem apte ac rotunde,

Cic. Fin. 4, 3, 7.

sum, fui, esse (2d pers. es, but usu. es in Plaut and Ter; old forms, indic. pres. esum for sum, acc. to Varr. L. L. 9, § 100 Mull.: essis for es, Att. ap. Non. 200, 30, or Trag. Rel. p. 283 Rib.: simus for sumus, used by Augustus, acc. to Suet. Aug. 87; fut. escit for erit, XII. Tab. ap. Gell. 20, 1, 25:

esit, XII. Tab. ap. Fest. s. v. nec, p. 162 Mull.: escunt for erunt,

Cic. Leg. 2, 24, 60, 3, 3, 9; Lucr. 1, 619; perf. fuvimus for fuimus, Enn. ap. Cic. de Or. 3, 42, 168:

FVVEIT, C. I. L. 1, 1051: fuit,

Plaut. Capt. 3, 4, 23; id. Mil. 3, 1, 159:

fuerim,

id. ib. 4, 8, 54:

fuerit,

id. As. 4, 1, 37; subj. pres. siem, sies, siet, etc., very freq., esp. in Plaut.; e. g. siem, Am. prol. 57; Ter. And. 3, 4, 7:

sies,

Plaut. Am. 3, 2, 43; Ter. And. 2, 5, 13:

siet,

Plaut. Am. prol. 58; Ter. And. 1, 4, 7; Lucr. 3, 101:

sient,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 54; Ter. And. 2, 3, 16; cf. Cic. Or. 47, 157; also,

fuam, fuas, etc., regarded by G. Curtius, de Aorist. Lat. Rel. in Studien zur Gr. u. Lat. Gram. 1, 431 sqq., as an aorist: fuam,

Plaut. Bacch. 1, 2, 48; id. Mil. 2, 6, 112: fuas, Liv. Andron. ap. Non 111, 13; Plaut. Capt. 2, 3, 71; 2, 3, 83; id. Pers. 1, 1, 52; id. Trin. 2, 1, 32: fuat, Pac. ap. Non. 111, 8; Carm. ap. Liv. 25, 12; Plaut. Am. 3, 4, 2; id. Aul. 2, 2, 56; id. Capt. 2, 2, 10 et saep.; Ter. Hec. 4, 3, 4; Lucr. 4, 639; Verg. A. 10, 108:

fuant,

Plaut. Bacch. 4, 9, 110; id. Ep. 5, 1, 13; id. Ps. 4, 3, 12: fuvisset, Enn. ap. Gell. 12, 4, 4; part. pres. ens, used by Caesar, acc. to Prisc. p. 1140 P.; and by Sergius Flavius, acc. to Quint. 8, 3, 33; fut. inf. fore for futurum esse, very freq., and so always with partt.; cf. Madv. Gram. § 108; whence, subj. imperf. forem fores, etc., for essem; esp. in conditional sentences and in the histt., but very rare in Cic.; v. Neue, Formenl. 2, 597 sqq.), v. n. [root es; Sanscr. as-mi, and the Greek es-mi, whence eimi; perf. fui; root in Sanscr. bhu, to become; bhavas, condition; Gr. phuô, to beget; cf.: fetus, futuo, etc.], to be, as a verb substantive or a copula.

As a verb substantive, to be.

In gen.

Asserting existence, to be, exist, live:

definitionum duo sunt genera prima: unum earum rerum quae sunt: alterum earum quae intelleguntur. Esse ea dico, quae cerni tangive possunt, ut fundum, aedes, parietem, cetera. Non esse rursus ea dico, quae tangi demonstrarive non possunt, cerni tamen animo atque intellegi possunt, ut si usucapionem, si tutelam, etc.... definias,

Cic. Top. 5, 26 sq.:

si abest, nullus est,

Plaut. Bacch. 2, 2, 16:

nunc illut est, quom me fuisse quam esse nimio mavelim,

id. Capt. 3, 3, 1:

ita paene nulla sibi fuit Phronesium ( = paene mortuus est),

id. Truc. 1, 2, 95:

omne quod eloquimur sic, ut id aut esse dicamus aut non esse,

Cic. de Or. 2, 38, 157:

non statim, quod esse manifestum est, etiam quid sit apparet,

Quint. 3, 6, 81: est locus, Hesperiam quam mortales perhibebant, Enn. ap. Macr. S. 6, 1 (Ann. v. 23 Vahl.):

flumen est Arar, quod, etc.,

Caes. B. G. 1, 12:

homo nequissimus omnium qui sunt, qui fuerunt, qui futuri sunt!

Cic. Fam. 11, 21, 1; cf. id. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 15, § 43:

si quos inter societas aut est aut fuit aut futura est,

id. Lael. 22, 83:

nec enim, dum ero, angar ulla re, cum omni vacem culpa: et, si non ero, sensu omnino carebo,

id. Fam. 6, 3, 4:

si modo futuri sumus, erit mihi res opportuna,

id. Att. 11, 4, 1:

si quando erit civitas, erit profecto nobis locus: sin autem non erit, etc.,

id. Fam. 2, 16, 6:

nolite arbitrari, me cum a vobis discessero, nusquam aut nullum fore,

id. Sen. 22, 79:

si erit ulla res publica... sin autem nulla erit,

id. Fam. 2, 16, 5:

fuimus Troes, fuit Ilium,

Verg. A. 2, 325:

sive erimus seu nos fata fuisse volunt,

Tib. 3, 5, 32: per quinquennia decem fuimus, Prud. Cath. praef. 2.—

Of events, to be, happen, occur, befall, take place:

illa (solis defectio) quae fuit regnante Romulo,

Cic. Rep. 1, 16, 25:

neque enim est periculum, ne, etc.,

id. ib. 1, 23, 37:

amabo, quid tibi est?

Ter. Heaut. 2, 4, 24:

quid se futurum esset,

Liv. 33, 27. —

Of location, to be present, to be at a place.

With adv., or other expressions of place:

cum non liceret quemquam Romae esse, qui, etc.,

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 41, § 100:

cum Athenis decem ipsos dies fuissem,

id. Fam. 2, 8, 3; id. de Or. 2, 7, 27:

cum Africanus constituisset in hortis esse,

id. Rep. 1, 9, 14:

cum essemus in castris,

id. ib. 1, 15:

nonne mavis sine periculo tuae domi esse quam cum periculo alienae?

id. Fam. 4, 7, 4:

vos istic commodissime sperem esse,

id. ib. 14, 7, 2: te hic tutissime puto fore, Pompon. ap. Cic. Att. 8, 11, A.—

Of passages in a book or writing, with in and abl., to be, stand, be written, etc.:

deinceps in lege est, ut, etc.,

Cic. Leg. 2, 16, 40:

quid enim in illis (litteris) fuit praeter querelam temporum,

id. Fam. 2, 16, 1.—

Of personal relations, with ad or apud and acc., or cum and abl. of person:

cum esset (Sulpicius Gallus) casu apud M. Marcellum,

Cic. Rep. 1, 14, 21:

eram cum Stoico Diodoto: qui cum habitavisset apud me mecumque vixisset, etc.,

id. Brut. 90, 309:

erat nemo, quicum essem libentius quam tecum et pauci, quibuscum essem aeque libenter,

id. Fam. 5, 21, 1:

qui me admodum diligunt multumque mecum sunt,

id. ib. 4, 13, 6; cf. with simul:

Smyrnae cum simul essemus complures dies,

id. Rep. 1, 8, 13.—Hence, esp.: esse cum aliquo (aliqua), to be with, i. e. live with, associate with, as husband or wife:

cujus soror est cum P. Quintio,

Cic. Quint. 24, 77:

ea nocte mecum illa hospitis jussu fuit,

Plaut. Merc. 1, 1, 101; Ov. A. A. 3, 664:

cum hac (meretrice) si qui adulescens forte fuerit,

Cic. Cael. 20, 49; Ov. Am. 2, 8, 27: tum ad me fuerunt, qui, etc., Varr. ap. Non. 133, 28:

Curio fuit ad me sane diu,

Cic. Att. 10, 4, 8:

cum ad me bene mane Dionysius fuit,

id. ib. 10, 16, 1; cf.:

esse sub uno tecto atque ad eosdem Penates,

Liv. 28, 18.—

Of relations analogous to place, of dress, condition, position, office, etc., to be, live, be found, etc., with in and abl.:

cum est in sagis civitas,

Cic. Phil. 8, 11, 32:

in laxa toga,

Tib. 2, 3, 78: sive erit in Tyriis, Tyrios laudabis amictus;

Sive erit in Cois, Coa decere puta,

Ov. A. A. 2, 297: hominem non modo in aere alieno nullo, sed in suis nummis multis esse et semper fuisse, Cic. Verr [p. 1798] 2, 4, 6, §

11: in servitute,

id. Clu. 7, 21:

in illa opinione populari,

id. ib. 51, 142:

in magno nomine et gloria,

id. Div. 1, 17, 31:

in spe,

id. Fam. 14, 3, 2:

in tanta moestitia,

id. Phil. 2, 15, 37:

in odio,

id. Att. 2, 22, 1:

in probris, in laudibus,

id. Off. 1, 18, 61:

in officio,

id. ib. 1, 15, 49:

in injustitia,

id. ib. 1, 14, 42:

in vitio,

id. ib. 1, 19, 62; id. Tusc. 3, 9, 19:

ne in mora quom opus sit, sies,

Ter. And. 2, 5, 13:

ne in mora illi sis,

id. ib. 3, 1, 9:

hic in noxia'st,

id. Phorm. 2, 1, 36:

quae (civitas) una in amore atque in deliciis fuit,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 1, § 3:

in ingenti periculo,

Liv. 5, 47:

in pace,

id. 31, 29.—So with abl. without in, when qualified by an adj.:

(statua) est et fuit tota Graecia summo propter ingenium honore et nomine,

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 35, § 87:

si quis asperitate ea est et inmanitate naturae,

id. Lael. 23, 87:

ne quo periculo proprio existimares esse,

id. Fam. 4, 15, 2 (B. and K. ex conj.:

in periculo): ego sum spe bona,

id. ib. 12, 28, 3:

res nunc difficili loco mihi videtur esse,

id. ib. 12, 28, 3:

incredibili sum sollicitudine de tua valetudine,

id. ib. 16, 15, 1; esp. in phrase periculo alicujus esse, to be at the risk of any one:

rem illam suo periculo esse,

id. Att. 6, 1, 6:

ut quae in naves inposuissent, ab hostium tempestatisque vi publico periculo essent,

Liv. 23, 49, 2 Weissenb. ad loc.:

dare nummos meo periculo,

Dig. 46, 1, 24:

communi periculo,

ib. 13, 6, 21, § 1 (cf. II. B. 1. b. infra).—

To depend upon, rest with, with in and abl.:

res erat non in opinione dubia,

Cic. Dom. 5, 11:

sed totum est in eo, si, etc.,

id. Att. 2, 22, 5:

omnem reliquam spem in impetu esse equitum,

Liv. 10, 14, 12:

quoniam totum in eo sit, ne contrectentur pocula,

Col. 12, 4, 3. —

In partic.

Esse (est, sunt, etc.) often stands without a subject expressed, or with an indef. subj., as antecedent of a rel.-clause, whose verb may be in the indic. or subj.; the former only when the subject is conceived as particular or limited, and actually existing; the latter always when it is conceived as indefinite; cf. Zumpt, Gram. § 562 sq.; Roby, Gram. § 1686 sq.; Madv. Gram. § 365; but the distinctions usually drawn by grammarians are not always observed by the best writers; and the subjunctive is always admissible, being the prevailing construction after sunt qui in class. prose, and nearly universal in postAug. writers: sunt, qui (quae), there are those ( people or things) who ( that), or simply some.

With indic.

Without subject expressed:

mulier mane: sunt Qui volunt te conventam,

Plaut. Cist. 4, 2, 37:

sunt hic quos credo inter se dicere,

id. Cas. prol. 67:

sunt quae te volumus percontari,

id. Ps. 1, 5, 47:

quid est, quod tu gestas tabellas?

id. ib. 1, 1, 10:

quid est, quod tu me nunc optuere?

id. Most. 1, 1, 69; cf.:

quid hoc est, quod foris concrepuit?

id. ib. 5, 1, 15:

tun' is es, Qui in me aerumnam obsevisti?

id. Ep. 4, 1, 34:

quid est, quod tuo animo aegre est?

id. Cas. 2, 2, 9; id. Cist. 4, 1, 3:

at ego est quod volo loqui,

id. As. 1, 3, 79:

est quod te volo secreto,

id. Bacch. 5, 2, 30:

sunt quos scio amicos esse, sunt quos suspicor,

id. Trin. 1, 2, 54:

ita subitum'st, quod eum conventum volo,

id. ib. 5, 2, 51:

sunt quae ego ex te scitari volo,

id. Capt. 2, 2, 13:

sed est quod suscenset tibi,

Ter. And. 2, 6, 17:

est quod me transire oportet,

id. Hec. 2, 2, 31:

quid sit quapropter te jussi, etc.,

id. ib. 5, 1, 7:

sunt item quae appellantur alces,

Caes. B. G. 6, 27 init.:

(nationes) ex quibus sunt qui ovis vivere existimantur,

id. ib. 4, 10 fin.:

sunt qui putant posse te non decedere,

Cic. Fam. 1, 9, 25:

sunt autem, qui putant non numquam complexione oportere supersederi,

id. Inv. 1, 40, 72:

quamquam sunt, qui propter utilitatem modo petendas putant amicitias,

id. ib. 2, 55, 167:

sunt autem quae praeterii,

id. Att. 10, 4, 11:

sunt, qui abducunt a malis ad bona, ut Epicurus. Sunt, qui satis putant ostendere, nihil inopinati accidisse... Sunt etiam qui haec omnia genera consolandi colligunt,

id. Tusc. 3, 31, 76 Kuhn. N. cr.:

sunt, qui, quod sentiunt, non audent dicere,

id. Off. 1, 24, 84:

Argiletum sunt qui scripserunt ab Argola, etc.,

Varr. L. L. 5, § 157 Mull.:

sunt qui ita dicunt,

Sall. C. 19, 4:

sunt qui spiritum non recipiunt sed resorbent,

Quint. 11, 3, 55:

sunt, quos curriculo pulverem Olympicum Collegisse juvat,

Hor. C. 1, 1, 3; cf. id. S. 1, 4, 24: sunt quibus unum opus est, etc., id. C. 1, 7, 5:

sunt quibus in satira videor nimis acer,

id. S. 2, 1, 1:

sunt quorum ingenium nova tantum crustula promit,

id. ib. 2, 4, 47.—

With a subject expressed by an indefinite word or clause:

sunt alii qui te volturium vocant,

Plaut. Trin. 1, 2, 64:

est genus hominum qui se primos omnium esse volunt,

Ter. Eun. 2, 2, 17:

multae sunt causae, quam ob rem cupio abducere,

id. ib. 1, 2, 65 Fleck. (Ussing, cupiam):

erat quidam eunuchus, quem mercatus fuerat,

id. ib. 3, 5, 21:

multaeque res sunt in quibus de suis commodis viri boni multa detrahunt,

Cic. Lael. 16, 57:

sunt ejus aliquot orationes, ex quibus lenitas ejus perspici potest,

id. Brut. 48, 177:

fuerunt alia genera philosophorum, qui se omnes Socraticos esse dicebant,

id. de Or. 3, 17, 62:

nonnulli sunt, qui aluerunt, etc.,

id. Cat. 1, 12, 301:

sunt quidam, qui molestas amicitias faciunt, cum ipsi se contemni putant,

id. Lael. 20, 72:

sunt vestrum, judices, aliquam multi, qui L. Pisonem cognoverunt,

id. Verr. 2, 4, 25, § 56:

multae et pecudes et stirpes sunt, quae sine procuratione hominum salvae esse non possunt,

id. N. D. 2, 52, 130:

sunt bestiae quaedam, in quibus inest aliquid simile virtutis, etc.,

id. Fin. 5, 14, 38:

permulta sunt, quae dici possunt, quare intellegatur, etc.,

id. Rosc. Am. 33, 94; cf. id. Div. in Caecil. 7, 22; id. Off. 1, 14, 43; 1, 20, 69; id. Div. 1, 54, 123:

fuere complures, qui ad Catilinam initio profecti sunt,

Sall. C. 39, 5: haec sunt, quae clamores et admirationes in bonis oratoribus efficiunt. Cic. de Or. 1, 33, 152:

alia fuere, quae illos magnos fecere,

Sall. C. 52, 21.—

With. subj.: sunt, qui discessum animi a corpore putent esse mortem;

sunt qui nullum censeant fieri discessum,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 9, 18:

sunt qui in rebus contrariis parum sibi constent,

id. Off. 1, 21, 71:

de impudentia singulari sunt qui mirentur,

id. Verr. 2, 1, 2, § 6:

est eisdem de rebus quod dici potest subtilius,

id. Tusc. 3, 15, 32:

praesto est qui neget rem ullam percipi esse sensibus,

id. Ac. 2, 32, 101:

quicquid est quod deceat, id, etc.,

id. Off. 1, 27, 94:

sunt qui nolint tetigisse nisi illas, etc.,

Hor. S. 1, 2, 28:

sunt qui Crustis et pomis viduas venentur avaras,

id. Ep. 1, 1, 78:

vestes Gaetulo murice tinctas Sunt qui non habeant, est qui non curet habere,

id. ib. 2, 2, 182 et saep.—

With a more or less indefinite expression of the subject:

sunt quidam e nostris, qui haec subtilius velint tradere et negent satis esse, etc.,

Cic. Fam. 1, 9, 31:

rarum est quoddam genus eorum, qui se a corpore avocent,

id. Div. 1, 49, 111:

quotus igitur est quisque qui somniis pareat?

id. ib. 2, 60, 125; id. de Or. 2, 50, 196:

solus est hic, qui numquam rationes ad aerarium referat,

id. Verr. 2, 1, 38, § 98:

quae quibusdam admirabilia videntur, permulti sunt, qui pro nihilo putent,

id. Lael. 23, 86:

erat nemo in quem ea suspicio conveniret,

id. Rosc. Am. 23, 65, cf.:

quis enim miles fuit, qui Brundisii illam non viderit? quis, qui nescierit, etc.,

id. Phil. 2, 25, 61:

sit aliquis, qui nihil mali habeat,

id. Tusc. 1, 35, 85:

sunt nonnullae disciplinae, quae officium omne pervertant,

id. Off. 1, 2, 5:

est quaedam animi sanitas quae in insipientem quoque cadat,

id. Tusc. 4, 13, 30:

Syracusis lex est de religione, quae jubeat,

id. Verr. 2, 2, 51, § 126:

unus est qui curet constantia magis quam consilio,

id. Att. 1, 18, 7:

si est una ex omnibus quae sese moveat,

id. Rep. 6, 26, 28:

multi sunt, qui non acerbum judicent vivere, sed supervacuum,

Sen. Ep. 24, 26:

erant sententiae quae castra Vari oppugnanda censerent,

Caes. B. C. 2, 30:

fuere cives qui seque remque publicam obstinatis animis perditum irent,

Sall. C. 36, 4:

sunt verba et voces, quibus hunc lenire dolorem Possis,

Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 34:

sunt delicta tamen, quibus ignovisse velimus,

id. A. P. 347.—

Poet.: est, quibus (acc. to the Gr. estin hois):

est quibus Eleae concurrit palma quadrigae: est quibus in celeres gloria nata pedes,

Prop. 3, 9 (4, 8), 17.—

With dat., to belong or pertain to; or, rendering the dative as the subject of the verb, to have ( possess, = the Fr. etre a used of property, and of permanent conditions or characteristics, not of temporary states, feelings, etc.; cf. Krebs, Antibarb. p. 417 sq.): aliquid reperiret, fingeret fallacias, Unde esset adulescenti, amicae quod daret, Ter. Heaut. 3, 2, 23:

nomen Mercurio'st mihi, Plaut Am. prol. 19: nisi jam tum esset honos elo quentiae,

Cic. Brut. 10, 40:

est igitur homini cum deo similitudo,

id. Leg. 1, 8, 25:

familiaritas, quae mihi cum eo est,

id. Att. 8. 3, 2:

privatus illis census erat brevis,

Hor. C. 2, 15, 13; cf.:

Trojae et huic loco nomen est,

Liv. 1, 1, 5:

Hecyra est huic nomen fabulae,

Ter. Hec. prol. 1:

cui saltationi Titius nomen esset,

Cic. Brut. 62, 225:

cui (fonti) nomen Arethusa est,

id. Verr. 2, 4, 53, § 118:

Scipio, cui post Africano fuit cognomen,

Liv. 25, 2, 6.—With ellips. of dat. ( poet.):

nec rubor est emisse palam (sc. ei),

nor is she ashamed, Ov. A. A. 3, 167:

neque testimonii dictio est (sc. servo),

has no right to be a witness, Ter. Phorm. 2, 1, 63.—

Esse alicui cum aliquo, to have to do with, to be connected with a person:

tecum nihil rei nobis, Demipho, est,

Ter. Phorm. 2, 3, 74:

sibi cum illa mima posthac nihil futurum,

Cic. Phil. 2, 31, 77:

jussit bona proscribi ejus, quicum familiaritas fuerat, societas erat,

id. Quint. 6, 25:

si mihi tecum minus esset, quam est cum tuis omnibus,

id. Fam. 15, 10, 2.—

Esse with certain prepp. and their cases (cf. also I. A. 2. 3. 4. supra).

Esse ab aliquo, to be of a person, to be the servant, disciple, adherent, partisan, etc., of:

es ne tu an non es ab illo milite e Macedonia?

do you belong to? Plaut. Ps. 2, 2, 21:

ab Andria est ancilla haec,

Ter. And. 3, 1, 3; 4, 4, 17:

erat enim ab isto Aristotele,

Cic. de Or. 2, 38, 160:

sed vide ne hoc, Scaevola, totum sit a me,

makes for me, id. de Or 1, 13, 55 (cf. ab, I. B. 3., II. B. 2. o.). —

Esse pro aliquo, to be in favor of, make for:

(judicia) partim nihil contra Habitum valere, partim etiam pro hoc esse,

Cic. Clu. 32, 88.—

Esse ex aliqua re, to consist of, be made up of:

(creticus) qui est ex longa et brevi et longa,

Cic. de Or. 3, 47, 183; cf.:

duo extremi chorei sunt, id est, e singulis longis et brevibus,

id. Or. 63, 212:

etsi temeritas ex tribus brevibus et longa est,

id. ib. 63, 214; 64, 215 (v. also 6. infra). —

Euphem., in perf. tempp., of one who has died or a thing that has perished, to be no more, to be gone, departed, dead ( poet.):

horresco misera, mentio quoties fit partionis: Ita paene tibi fuit Phronesium,

i. e. had almost died, Plaut. Truc. 1, 2, 92:

nunc illud est, cum me fuisse quam esse nimio mavelim,

id. Capt. 3, 3, 1:

sive erimus, seu nos fata fuisse velint,

Tib. 3, 5, 32:

fuimus Troes, fuit Ilium et ingens Gloria Teucrorum,

Verg. A. 2, 325:

certus in hospitibus non est amor: errat ut ipsi, Cumque nihil speres firmius esse, fuit,

Ov. H. 16, (17), 192.—

Pregn., to be real or a fact, to be the case; so esp.: est, esto, it is even so, be it so, such is or let such be the case, granted, well, etc.:

quid tibi vis dicam, nisi quod est?

Plaut. Ep. 1, 1, 17:

sunt ista, Laeli,

Cic. Lael. 2, 6:

ista esse credere,

id. Tusc. 1, 6, 10: est vero, inquit, Africane, id. Fragm. ap. Lact. 1, 18:

est ut dicis, inquam,

id. Fin. 3, 5, 19:

sit quidem ut sex milia seminum intereant,

Col. 3, 3, 13:

esto: ipse nihil est, nihil potest,

Cic. Div. in Caecil. 15, 47; cf.:

verum esto,

id. Fin. 2, 23, 75:

esto,

Verg. A. 7, 313; 10, 67; Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 81; 1, 17, 37 al.—Hence,

The connections est ut, ubi, cum, quod, or with a subject-clause, it happens or chances that, it is the case that, there is cause or reason why, there is a time when, it is allowed or permissible that, one may, etc.

Est ut, it is the case or fact, that, etc.:

sin est, ut velis Manere illam apud te, dos hic maneat,

Ter. Phorm. 5, 7 (8), 32:

si est, ut dicat velle se, Redde,

id. Hec. 4, 1, 43:

si est, culpam ut Antipho in se admiserit,

id. Phorm. 2, 1, 40:

est, ut id maxime deceat,

Cic. Or. 59, 199:

quando fuit, ut, quod licet, non liceret?

id. Cael. 20, 48:

non est igitur, ut mirandum sit, ea praesentiri, etc.,

id. Div 1, 56, 128:

non erat, ut fieri posset, mirarier umquam,

Lucr. 5, 979:

futurum esse ut omnes pellerentur,

Caes. B. G. 1, 31:

non est, ut copia major Ab Jove donari possit tibi,

Hor. Ep. 1, 12, 2:

est ut viro vir latius ordinet Arbusta sulcis,

id. C. 3, 1, 9; Dig. 38, 7, 2.—Cf. esse after a neg., with quin:

numquam est enim, quin aliquid memoriae tradere velimus,

Auct. Her. 3, 24, 40.—Also, est ut, there is reason, that, etc.:

magis est ut ipse moleste ferat errasse se, quam ut, etc.,

Cic. Cael. 6, 14 fin.: ille erat ut odisset primum defensorem salutis meae, he had good reason for hating [p. 1799] id. Mil. 13, 35; cf.:

quid erat cur Milo optaret,

id. ib. 13, 34:

neque est ut putemus ignorari ea ab animalibus,

Plin. 18, 1, 1, § 3. —

Est ubi, sometime or another, sometimes:

erit, ubi te ulciscar, si vivo,

Plaut. Ps. 5, 2, 26:

est, ubi id isto modo valeat,

Cic. Tusc. 5, 8, 23.—

Est cum, sometimes:

est cum non est satius, si, etc.,

Auct. Her. 4, 26, 36.—

Est quod, there is reason to, I have occasion:

est quod visam domum,

Plaut. Aul. 2, 2, 26:

etsi magis est, quod gratuler tibi quam quod te rogem,

I have more reason to, Cic. Att. 16, 5, 2:

est quod referam ad consilium: sin, etc.,

Liv. 30, 31, 9:

quod timeas non est,

Ov. H. 19, 159:

nil est illic quod moremur diutius,

Ter. Heaut. 4, 7, 6:

non est quod multa loquamur,

Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 30.—Cf. with cur:

non est cur eorum spes infragatur,

Cic. Or. 2, 6:

nihil est cur,

id. Fam. 6, 20, 1.—

Est, sit, etc., with infin. in Gr. constr., it is possible, is allowed, permitted, one may, etc. (mostly poet. and post-class.):

est quadam prodire tenus, si non datur ultra,

Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 32:

Cato, R. R. prooem. § 1: scire est liberum Ingenium atque animum,

Ter. Ad. 5, 3, 42:

nec non et Tityon terrae omniparentis alumnum Cernere erat,

Verg. A. 6, 596; 8, 676; Sil. 2, 413:

neque est te fallere quicquam,

Verg. G. 4, 447:

unde Plus haurire est,

Hor. S. 1, 2, 79:

est Gaudia prodentem vultum celare,

id. ib. 2, 5, 103:

quod versu dicere non est,

id. ib. 1, 5, 87:

quod tangere non est,

Ov. M. 3, 478:

quae verbo objecta, verbo negare sit,

Liv. 42, 41, 2 Weissenb. ad loc.:

ut conjectare erat intentione vultus,

Tac. A. 16, 34:

est videre argentea vasa,

id. G. 5; Val. Max. 2, 6, 8; v. Zumpt, Gram. § 227.— With dat.:

ne tibi sit frigida saxa adire,

Prop. 1, 20, 13; Tib. 1, 6, 24 (32):

tu procul a patria (nec sit mihi credere tantum!) Alpinas nives Me sine vides,

Verg. E. 10, 46:

fuerit mihi eguisse aliquando amicitiae tuae,

Sall. J. 110, 3; Dig. 46, 3, 72, § 4.—

In eo ease ut, etc., to be in a condition to reach the point that, to be possible, etc., to be about to, on the point of, etc. ( impers. or with res, etc., as subj.):

cum jam in eo esset, ut in muros evaderet miles,

Liv. 2, 17, 5:

si viderent in eo jam esse ut urbs caperetur,

id. 28, 22, 8:

jamque in eo rem fore, ut Romani aut hostes aut domini habendi sint,

id. 8, 27, 3:

cum res non in eo essent ut, etc.,

id. 33, 41, 9:

non in eo esse Carthaginiensium res, ut, etc.,

id. 30, 19, 3; 34, 41. —With person. subj. (late Lat.):

cum ab Ulixe adducta Iphigenia in eo esset, ut immolaretur,

Hyg. Fab. 261. —

Like the Engl. to be, for to come, fall, reach, to have arrived, etc. (hence also with in and acc.):

ecquid in mentem est tibi, Patrem tibi esse?

Plaut. Bacch. 1, 2, 54:

nam numero mi in mentem fuit,

id. Am. 1, 1, 26:

ex eo tempore res esse in vadimonium coepit,

Cic. Quint. 5, 22:

portus in praedonum fuisse potestatem sciatis,

id. Imp. Pomp. 12, 33:

ut certior fieret, quo die in Tusculanum essem futurus,

id. Att. 15, 4, 2:

qui neque in provinciam cum imperio fuerunt,

id. Fam. 8, 8, 8:

quae ne in potestatem quidem populi Romani esset,

Liv. 2, 14, 4:

nec prius militibus in conspectum fuisse,

Suet. Aug. 16:

esse in amicitiam populi Romani dicionemque,

Cic. Div. in Caecil. 20, 66; cf.:

in eorum potestatem portum futurum,

id. Verr. 2, 5, 38, § 98; v. Gell. 1, 7, 16 sq.; Zumpt, Gram. § 316.—

Of time, to pass, elapse (rare but class.):

diem scito nullum esse, quo, etc.,

Cic. Q. Fr. 3, 3, 1.

As a copula, to be any thing or in any manner.

In gen.

With an adj., subst., or pron.:

et praeclara res est et sumus otiosi,

Cic. Lael. 5, 17:

quod in homine multo est evidentius,

id. ib. 8, 27:

sperare videor Scipionis et Laelii amicitiam notam posteritati fore,

id. ib. 4, 15:

non sum ita hebes, ut istud dicam,

id. Tusc. 1, 6, 12:

cum, ignorante rege, uter esset Orestes, Pylades Orestem se esse diceret, Orestes autem ita ut erat, Orestem se esse perseveraret,

id. Lael. 7, 24:

consul autem esse qui potui? etc.,

id. Rep. 1, 6, 10:

nos numerus sumus et fruges consumere nati,

are a mere number, Hor. Ep. 1, 2, 27:

pars non minima triumphi est victimae praecedentes,

Liv. 45, 49:

nobile erit Romae pascua vestra forum,

Prop. 4 (5), 9, 20:

sanguis erant lacrimae,

Luc. 9, 811:

ego tu sum, tu es ego: unanimi sumus,

Plaut. Stich. 5, 4, 49:

tuos sum,

id. Bacch. 1, 1, 60: domus non ea est, quam parietes nostri cingunt, Cic. Rep. 1, 13, 19:

is enim fueram, cui, etc.,

id. ib. 1, 4, 7.—

Less freq. with adv. (esp. in colloq. language): Am. Satin' tu sanus es? Sos. Sic sum ut vides, Plaut. Am. 2, 1, 57:

sic, inquit, est,

Cic. Rep. 1, 38, 60:

est, inquit, ut dicis,

id. ib. 1, 40, 63:

quod ita cum sit,

id. ib. 1, 45, 69:

quia sunt haud procul ab hujus aetatis memoria,

id. ib. 1, 1, 1 B. and K.:

nec vero habere virtutem satis est,

id. ib. 1, 2, 2: frustra id inceptum Volscis fuit. Liv. 2, 25:

dato qui bene sit: ego, ubi bene sit, tibi locum lepidum dabo,

Plaut. Bacch. 1, 1, 51:

apud matrem recte est,

Cic. Att. 1, 7:

cum in convivio comiter et jucunde fuisses,

id. Deiot. 7, 19:

omnes hanc quaestionem haud remissius sperant futuram,

id. Rosc. Am. 5, 11:

dicta impune erant,

Tac. A. 1, 72.—Esp.: facile alicubi (in aliqua re) esse, with pleasure, glad to be:

quod in maritimis facillime sum,

Cic. Fam. 2, 16, 2:

locum habeo nullum ubi facilius esse possum,

id. Att. 13, 26, 2 (on esse with an adverb, v. Haase ap. Reisig, Vorles. p. 394; cf. also bene under bonus fin.).—

In partic.

With gen. part., to be of, belong to a class, party, etc.:

in republica ita est versatus, ut semper optimarum partium et esset et existimaretur,

Nep. Att. 6, 1:

qui ejusdem civitatis fuit,

id. Them. 9, 1:

qui Romanae partis erant, urbe excesserunt,

Liv. 35, 51, 7: ut aut amicorum aut inimicorum Campani simus;

si defenditis, vestri, si deseritis, Samnitium erimus,

id. 7, 30, 9 sq. —

With gen. or abl. denoting quality.

With gen.:

nimium me timidum, nullius animi, nullius consilii fuisse confiteor,

Cic. Sest. 16, 36:

disputatio non mediocris contentionis est,

id. de Or. 1, 60, 257:

magni judicii, summae etiam facultatis esse debebit,

id. Or. 21, 70:

(virtus) nec tantarum virium est, ut se ipsa tueatur,

id. Tusc. 5, 1, 2; id. Fin. 5, 12, 36:

Sulla gentis patriciae nobilis fuit,

Sall. J. 95, 3:

summi ut sint laboris,

Caes. B. G. 4, 2:

civitas magnae auctoritatis,

id. ib. 5, 54:

refer, Cujus fortunae (sit),

Hor. Ep. 1, 7, 54:

se nullius momenti apud exercitum futurum,

Nep. Alcib. 8, 4:

qui ejusdem aetatis fuit,

id. ib. 11, 1:

invicti ad laborem corporis erat,

Liv. 9, 16:

nec magni certaminis ea dimicatio fuit,

id. 21, 60:

somni brevissimi erat,

Suet. Claud. 33.—So of extent, number, etc.:

classis centum navium,

Nep. Them. 2, 2; 2, 5:

annus trecentarum sexaginta quinque dierum,

Suet. Caes. 40.—

With abl.:

bono animo es,

Ter. Eun. 1, 2, 4:

jam aetate ea sum, ut, etc.,

id. Hec. 5, 1, 11:

bellum varia victoria fuit,

Sall. J. 5, 1:

L. Catilina nobili genere natus fuit magna vi et animi et corporis, set ingenio malo,

id. C. 5, 1:

Sulla animo ingenti,

id. J. 95, 3:

esse magna gratia,

Caes. B. G. 1, 8:

tenuissima valetudine esse,

id. ib. 5, 40:

si fuerit is injustus, timidus, hebeti ingenio atque nullo,

Cic. Tusc. 5, 15, 45:

mira sum alacritate ad litigandum,

id. Att. 2, 7, 2:

bono animo sint et tui et mei familiares,

id. Fam. 6, 18, 1:

ut bono essent animo,

id. Rep. 1, 17, 29:

ut uxores eodem jure sint quo viri,

id. ib. 1, 43, 67:

qui capite et superciliis semper est rasis,

id. Rosc. Com. 7, 20:

abi, quaere, unde domo quis, Cujus fortunae, quo sit patre quove patrono,

Hor. Ep. 1, 7, 54 (cf. I. A. 4. supra). —

With gen. or abl. of price or value.

With gen.:

pluris est oculatus testis quam auriti decem,

Plaut. Truc. 2, 6, 8:

videtur esse quantivis pretii,

Ter. And. 5, 2, 15:

a me argentum, quanti (servus) est, sumito,

id. Ad. 5, 9, 20:

si ullo in loco frumentum tanti fuit, quanti iste aestimavit,

Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 84, § 194:

ager nunc multo pluris est, quam tunc fuit,

id. Rosc. Com. 12, 33:

ut quisque, quod plurimi sit, possideat, ita, etc.,

id. Par. 6, 2, 48:

magni erunt mihi tuae litterae,

id. Fam. 15, 15, 4:

parvi sunt foris arma, nisi, etc.,

id. Off. 1, 22, 76:

an emat denario quod sit mille denarium,

id. ib. 3, 23, 92:

parvi pretii est quod nihili est,

id. Q. Fr. 1, 2, 4:

mea mihi conscientia pluris est quam omnium sermo,

is worth more to me, weighs more with me, id. Att. 12, 28, 2:

neque pluris pretii cocum quam vilicum habeo,

Sall. J. 85, 39:

erat (agellus) centum milium nummum,

Plin. Ep. 6, 3, 1. —

With abl.: sextante sal et Romae et per totam I i aliam erat, was worth, stood at, Liv. 29, 37.—

With gen. of possession, etc., it belongs, pertains to; or it is the part, property, nature, mark, sign, custom, or duty of, etc.

In gen.:

audiant eos, quorum summa est auctoritas apud, etc.,

who possess, Cic. Rep. 1, 7, 12:

ea ut civitatis Rhodiorum essent,

Liv. 37, 55, 5:

teneamus eum cursum, qui semper fuit optimi cujusque,

Cic. Rep. 1, 2, 3:

quamobrem neque sapientis esse accipere habenas,

id. ib. 1, 5, 9; id. de Or. 2, 20, 86:

sapientis est consilium explicare suum, etc.,

id. ib. 2, 81, 333:

temeritas est florentis aetatis, prudentia senescentis,

id. Sen. 6, 20:

est adulescentis majores natu vereri,

id. Off. 1, 34, 122:

Aemilius, cujus tum fasces erant,

Liv. 8, 12, 13:

tota tribuniciae potestatis erat,

id. 3, 48:

alterius morientis prope totus exercitus fuit,

id. 22, 50:

jam me Pompeii totum esse scis,

Cic. Fam. 2, 13, 2:

hominum, non causarum, toti erant,

Liv. 3, 36:

plebs novarum, ut solet, rerum atque Hannibalis tota esse,

were devoted to, favored, id. 23, 14:

Dolopes numquam Aetolorum fuerant: Philippi erant,

id. 38, 3:

Ptolemaeus propter aetatem alieni arbitrii erat,

id. 42, 29:

est miserorum ut malevolentes sint,

Plaut. Capt. 3, 4, 51:

quod alterum divinitatis mihi cujusdam videtur,

Cic. de Or. 2, 20, 86:

negavit moris esse Graecorum, ut, etc.,

id. Verr. 2, 1, 26, § 66:

non est gravitatis ac sapientiae tuae, ferre immoderatius casum incommodorum tuorum,

id. Fam. 5, 16, 5:

est hoc Gallicae consuetudinis, uti, etc.,

Caes. B. G. 4, 5.—Rarely with pronom. posses.:

est tuum, Cato, videre quid agatur,

Cic. Mur. 38, 83:

fuit meum quidem jam pridem rem publicam lugere,

id. Att. 12, 28, 2.—

Esp., with gerundive, to denote tendency, effect, etc.:

quae res evertendae rei publicae solerent esse,

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 53, § 132:

regium inperium, quod initio conservandae libertatis fuerat,

Sall. C. 6, 7:

qui utilia ferrent, quaeque aequandae libertatis essent,

Liv. 3, 31, 7:

ea prodendi imperii Romani, tradendae Hannibali victoriae esse,

id. 27, 9, 12:

nihil tam aequandae libertatis esse quam potentissimum quemque posse dicere causam,

id. 38, 51, 8:

frustrationem eam legis tollendae esse,

id. 3, 24, 1 Weissenb. ad loc.; 3, 39, 8; 5, 3, 5; 40, 29, 11.—

With dat. of the end, object, purpose, etc.:

vitam hanc rusticam tu probro et crimini putas esse oportere,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 17, 48:

etiam quae esui potuique non sunt, contineri legato,

Dig. 33, 9, 3; Gell. 4, 1, 20:

ut divites conferrent, qui essent oneri ferendo,

Liv. 2, 9:

magis vis morbi curae esset, maxime quod, etc.,

id. 4, 21, 5:

cum solvendo aere (i. e. aeri) alieno res publica non esset,

id. 31, 13:

iniciuntur ea, quae umori extrahendo sunt,

Cels. 4, 10 fin. — Esp. in phrase solvendo esse, to be solvent, able to pay:

tu nec solvendo eras,

Cic. Phil. 2, 2, 4:

cum solvendo civitates non essent,

id. Fam. 3, 8, 2 (v. solvo).—

With predicative dat. sing., denoting that which the subject is, becomes, appears to be, etc.

Without second dat. of pers.:

auxilio is fuit,

Plaut. Am. prol. 94:

magis curae'st,

id. Bacch. 4, 10, 3; id. Curc. 4, 2, 15; id. As. 1, 3, 23; id. Capt. 5, 2, 13 sq.:

cui bono fuerit,

Cic. Phil. 2, 14, 35:

eo natus sum ut Jugurthae scelerum ostentui essem,

Sall. J. 24, 10: cupis me esse nequam;

tamen ero frugi bonae,

Plaut. Ps. 1, 5, 51:

magnoque esse argumento, homines scire pleraque antequam nati sint, quod, etc.,

Cic. Sen. 21, 78:

multi Indicioque sui facti persaepe fuere, Lucr 4, 1019: ejus rei ipsa verba formulae testimonio sunt,

Cic. Rosc. Com. 4, 11:

haec res ad levandam annonam impedimento fuit,

Liv. 4, 13:

cujus rei Demosthenes atque Aeschines possunt esse documento,

Quint. 7, 1, 2.—

With second dat. of pers.:

obsecro vos ego mi auxilio sitis,

Plaut. Aul. 4, 9, 5; id. Ep. 5, 2, 11; id. Most. 1, 2, 68:

ne quid Captioni mihi sit,

id. ib. 3, 3, 19:

mihi cordi est,

id. Cist. 1, 1, 110:

ubi eris damno molestiae et dedecori saepe fueris,

id. As. 3, 2, 25:

metuo illaec mihi res ne malo magno fuat,

id. Mil. 2, 6, 12:

nec Salus nobis saluti jam esse potest,

id. Most. 2, 1, 4:

bono usui estis nulli,

id. Curc. 4, 2, 15:

quae sint nobis morbo mortique,

Lucr. 6, 1095:

quo magis quae agis curae sunt mihi,

Ter. Ad. 4, 5, 46:

omitto innumerabiles viros, quorum singuli saluti huic civitati fuerunt,

Cic. Rep. 1, 1, 1: ut mihi magnae curae tuam vitam ac dignitatem esse scires, Anton. ap. Cic. Att. 10, 8, A fin.:

accusant ei, quibus occidi patrem Sex. Roscii bono fuit,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 5, 13: haec tam parva [p. 1800] civitas praedae tibi et quaestui fuit, id. Verr. 2, 3, 37, § 85:

ea dictitare, quae detrimento, maculae, invidiae, infamiae nobis omnibus esse possint,

id. ib. 2, 3, 62, §

144: minus ea bella curae patribus erant, quam, etc.,

Liv. 35, 23, 1:

sciant patribus aeque curae fuisse, ne, etc.,

id. 4, 7, 6:

si hoc perinde curae est tibi quam illud mihi,

Plin. Ep. 6, 8, 9:

quantaeque curae tibi fuit, ne quis, etc.,

id. Pan. 25, 3:

quantae sit mihi curae,

id. Ep. 6, 8, 2:

si judicibus ipsis aut gloriae damnatio rei aut deformitati futura absolutio,

Quint. 6, 1, 12.—Rarely with dat. gerund:

nec tamen impedimento id rebus gerundis fuit,

Liv. 26, 24 (for a full account of this dative, v. Roby, Gram. 2, praef. pp. xxv.-lvi., and § 1158 sq.).—

Esse ad aliquid, to be of use for, to serve for:

vinum murteum est ad alvum crudam,

Cato, R. R. 125:

completae naves taeda et pice reliquisque rebus quae sunt ad incendia,

Caes. B. C. 3, 101:

valvae, quae olim ad ornandum templum erant maxime,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 56, § 124.—

Id est or hoc est, with predic.-clause by way of explanatory addition, that is, that is to say; sometimes also with a climax in the sense, which is as much as to say, or which is the same thing:

sed domum redeamus, id est ad nostros revertamur,

Cic. Brut. 46, 172:

quodsi in scena, id est in contione verum valet, etc.,

id. Lael. 26, 97:

meos amicos, in quibus est studium, in Graeciam mitto, id est ad Graecos ire jubeo,

id. Ac. 1, 2, 8:

si Epicurum, id est si Democritum probarem,

id. ib. 1, 2, 6:

ut (sapiens) aegritudine opprimatur, id est miseria,

id. Tusc. 3, 13, 27: a parte negotiali, hoc est pragmatikêi, Quint. 3, 7, 1:

cum in bona tua invasero, hoc est, cum te docuero,

id. 8, 3, 89.—

Poet., with Greek inf. pleonastically:

esse dederat monumentum,

Verg. A. 5, 572 (cf.: dôke xeinêion einai, Hom. Il. 10, 269).

sum = eum, Enn. ap. Fest., v. is.

sum- in composition, for sub before m; v. sub fin.

ū̆trum, adv. [uter].

Introducing an alternative question (direct or indirect), with an beginning the second clause (v. an); in Engl. represented in direct questions simply by the tone of voice, and in indirect questions by whether.

In a direct interrogation.

With ne,

Attached to the emphatic word of the first clause:

utrum tu masne an femina es?

Plaut. Rud. 1, 2, 16: Ba. Simulato me amare. Pi. Utrum ego istoc jocon' assimulem, an serio, id. Bacch. 1, 1, 42:

utrum studione id sibi habet an laudi putat Fore?

Ter. Ad. 3, 3, 28:

utrum igitur tandem perspicuisne dubia aperiuntur an dubiis perspicua tolluntur?

Cic. Fin. 4, 24, 67:

utrum censes illum tuamne de se orationem libentius auditurum fuisse an meam?

id. ib. 2, 19, 60.—

With ne attached to utrum, utrumne... an ( poet. and post-Aug.): utrumne jussi persequemur otium... An hunc laborem, etc. Hor. Epod. 1, 7:

utrumne salvum eum nolet orator, an? etc.,

Quint. 12, 1, 40:

utrumne igitur ego sum, Domiti, exemplo gravis an tu, qui, etc.,

Plin. 17, 1, 1, § 4.—

With ne repeated in place of an (very rare): sed utrum terraene motus, sonitusne inferum Pervasit auris? Att. ap. Prisc. 6, p. 680 P. (Trag. Rel. v. 479 Rib.).—

Without ne, utrum... an (class.):

utrum pro ancillā me habes, an pro filiā?

Plaut. Pers. 3, 1, 13:

utrum hac me feriam, an ab laevā, latus?

id. Cist. 3, 13:

sed utrum nunc tu coelibem ted esse mavis liberum, an maritum servom, etc.,

id. Cas. 2, 4, 11:

utrum pro dimidiā parte, an pro totā societate? Utrum pro me an pro me et pro te?

Cic. Rosc. Com. 11, 32:

utrum ea vestra an nostra culpa est?

id. Ac. 2, 29, 95; id. Tusc. 1, 25, 61.—

In an indirect interrogation.

With ne attached,

To the emphatic word of the first clause: sed utrum strictimne attonsurum dicam esse an per pectinem Nescio, Plaut. Capt. 2, 1, 18:

videndum'st primum utrum eae velintne an non velint,

id. Most. 3, 1, 151:

cum animo depugnat suo, Utrum itane esse ma. velit... an ita potius,

id. Trin. 2, 2, 26; id. Ps. 2, 4, 19; id. Bacch. 3, 4, 1: de istac rogas Virgine? Py. Ita, utrum praedicemne an taceam? Ter. Eun. 4, 4, 53:

ea res nunc in discrimine versatur, utrum possitne se parsimonia defendere, an, etc.,

Cic. Quint. 30, 92:

videamus, utrum ea fortuitane sint an eo statu, quo, etc.,

id. N. D. 2, 34, 87; id. Phil. 2, 12, 30; cf.:

est... illa distinctio, utrum... an... et utrum illudne... an, etc.,

id. Tusc. 4, 27, 59.—

With ne attached to utrum; utrumne... an ( poet. and post-Aug.):

nec quidquam differre utrumne in pulvere... ludas opus, an meretricis amore Sollicitus plores,

Hor. S. 2, 3, 251:

utrumne Divitiis homines an sint virtute beati,

id. ib. 2, 6, 73:

in eo plures dissenserunt, utrumne hae partes essent rhetorices, an ejusdem opera, an elementa,

Quint. 3, 3, 13:

Dareus dubitaverat utrumne circa Mesopotamiam subsisteret, an interiora regna sui peteret,

Curt. 4, 9, 1; Col. 11, 1, 50; Suet. Caes. 80; Tac. Or. 37.—

With ne attached to an; utrum... anne:

me jussit percontarier utrum aurum reddat anne eat secum simul,

Plaut. Bacch. 4, 1, 4:

est quaerendumque utrum una species sit earum anne plures,

Cic. Or. 61, 206:

id autem utrum illi sentiant anne simulent, tu intelleges,

id. Att. 12, 51, 2; cf. uter, I. B. 4, fin. —

Without ne:

quid tu, malum, curas, Utrum crudum an coctum edim,

Plaut. Aul. 3, 2, 16:

facite indicium, utrum hac an illac iter institerit,

id. Cist. 4, 2, 11:

utrum stultitiā facere ego hunc an malitiā Dicam, incertus sum,

Ter. Phorm. 4, 3, 54:

id utrum Romano more locutus sit, an, quomodo Stoici dicunt, postea videro,

Cic. Fam. 7, 16, 3:

permultum interest, utrum perturbatione aliquā animi, an consulto fiat injuria,

id. Off. 1, 8, 27:

quid interest utrum hoc feceris, an, etc.,

id. Verr. 2, 3, 75, § 174; id. Rosc. Com. 3, 9:

multum interest, utrum laus imminuatur, an salus deseratur,

id. Fam. 1, 7, 8: quomodo transierit, utrum rate an piscatorio navigio, nemo sciebat, Cael. ap. Quint. 6, 3, 41; Varr. R. R. 1, 2, 8; Cat. 17, 21.—

With necne (rarely ne) in place of the second clause with an; utrum... necne, whether... or not:

jam dudum ego erro, qui quaeram, utrum emeris necne,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 16, § 35:

di utrum sint necne sint quaeritur,

id. N. D. 3, 7, 17:

utrum proelium committi ex usu esset necne,

Caes. B. G. 1, 50: deliberent, utrum traiciant legiones necne... et Brutum arcessant necne, et mihi stipendium dent an decernant, Brut. ap. Cic. Fam. 11, 26; Liv. 39, 48, 2.—So, utrum... ne:

cum interrogaretur, utrum pluris patrem matremne faceret? matrem inquit,

Nep. Iphic. 3, 4.—

Introducing a disjunctive question with more than two members, with an beginning each clause after the first.

A direct question:

utrum hoc tu parum commeministi, an ego non satis intellexi, an mutasti sententiam?

Cic. Att. 9, 2:

utrum hoc signum cupiditatis tuae an tropaeum necessitudinis an amoris indicium esse voluisti?

id. Verr. 2, 2, 47, § 115; 2, 3, 36, § 83:

utrum hostem an vos an fortunam utriusque populi ignoratis?

Liv. 21, 10, 6; 6, 7, 3:

utrum major... an majores... an aetas... an cum Karthaginiensi, etc.,

id. 28, 43, 12.—

An indirect question:

in quo (convivio) nemo potest dicere utrum ille plus biberit an vomuerit an effuderit,

Cic. Pis. 10, 22:

utrum admonitus an temptatus an sine duce ullo... nescio,

id. Verr. 2, 1, 41, § 105.—

Introducing a single question without an expressed alternative (cf. the similar use of an).

In a direct interrogation:

utrum enim in clarissimis est civibus is, quem judicatum hic duxit Hermippus?

Cic. Fl. 19, 45:

utrum igitur hactenus satis est?

id. Top. 4, 25:

utrum majores vestri omnium magnarum rerum et principia exorti ab diis sunt et finem eum statuerunt?

Liv. 45, 39, 10.—

In an indirect interrogation:

neque utrum ex hoc saltu damni salvum scio eliciam foras,

Plaut. Men. 5, 6, 30:

an hoc dicere audebis, utrum de te aratores, utrum denique Siculi universi bene existiment, ad rem id non pertinere?

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 69, § 167: [p. 1949] Nep. Eum. 6, 1.—With the interrog. particle nam:

cum percontatus esset, utrumnam Patris universa classis in portu stare posset,

Liv. 37, 17, 10 dub. Weissenb. ad loc. (Hertz and Madv. possetne).

1) обращать, поворачивать (classem in portum L; a. oculos QC, PJ и a. oculos alicui rei Sil); направлять ( agmen urbi V)

animum a. (см. тж. animadverto) Ter, C etc. — замечать, воспринимать, тж. узнавать (aliquem, aliquid C, Cs etc.)

2) делать замечание, упрекать T; наказывать

3) указывать (non docet admonitio, sed advertit Sen)

4) обращать ( на себя), привлекать ( к себе)