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41 Kern

m; -(e)s, -e

1. von Kernobst: pip, seed; von Steinobst: stone; der Nuss: kernel

2. TECH., IN GIEßFORM, ETECH., EINER SPULE, PHYS., eines Reaktors etc.: core; PHYS., des Atoms, BIO., der Zelle: nucleus; den Kern spalten split the atom

3. fig. core; (das Wichtigste) auch essence; (Stadtkern etc.) cent|re (Am. -er), heart; der Kern der Sache / des Problems the heart ( oder nub, crux) of the matter / problem; bis zum Kern einer Sache dringen get to the crux of a matter; der harte Kern the hard core; im Kern verdorben rotten to the core; sie hat einen guten Kern she’s good at heart; ein Tief mit Kern über der Nordsee MET. a depression cent(e)red over the North Sea

4. eines Baumstamms: heartwood

* * *

der Kern

(Inneres) core; nucleus;

(Obstkern) pip; seed; kernel; stone;

(Wesentliches) juice; substance

* * *
Kẹrn [kɛrn]
m -(e)s, -e
(von Obst) pip, seed; (von Steinobst) stone; (= Nusskern) kernel; (PHYS, BIOL) nucleus; (= Holzkern) heartwood; (fig) (von Problem, Sache) heart, crux, core; (von Stadt) centre (Brit), center (US); (von Gruppe) core
jede Legende hat einen wahren Kern — at the heart of every legend there is a core of truth

in ihr steckt ein guter Kern — there's some good in her somewhere

bis zum Kern einer Sache vordringen — to get to the heart or the bottom of a matter

der harte Kern (fig) — the hard core

* * *

der

1) (the innermost part of something, especially fruit: an apple-core; the core of the earth.) core

2) (the softer substance inside the shell of a nut, or the stone of a fruit such as a plum, peach etc.) kernel

3) (the central, most important part of a matter.) kernel

4) (the hard shell containing the nut or seed in some fruits eg peaches and cherries: a cherry-stone.) stone

5) (the central part of an atom.) nucleus

6) (the part of a plant or animal cell that controls its development.) nucleus

7) (a seed of a fruit: an orange/apple pip.) pip

8) (the hard stone of a peach, cherry etc.) pit

* * *

Kern

<-[e]s, -e>

[kɛrn]

m

1. BOT, HORT Kernobst pip; Steinobst stone

in ihr steckt ein guter \Kern (fig) she's good at heart

einen wahren \Kern haben (fig) to contain a core of truth

2. (Nusskern) kernel

3. (Atomkern) nucleus

4. (Zellkern) nucleus

5. (der zentrale Punkt) heart, crux

der \Kern eines Problems the crux of a problem

zum \Kern eines Problems kommen to get to the heart of a problem

kommen wir zum \Kern der Sache! let's get to the point!

6. (zentraler Teil) centre [or AM -er]; (Familie) nucleus; (wichtigster Teil) core, nucleus

7.

▶ der harte \Kern the hard core

* * *

der; Kern[e]s, Kerne

1) (Fruchtsamen) pip; (von Steinobst) stone; (von Nüssen, Mandeln usw.) kernel

der Kern eines Problems/Vorschlags — (fig.) the crux or gist of a problem/gist of a suggestion

er hat einen guten od. in ihm steckt ein guter Kern — (fig.) he is good at heart

zum Kern einer Sache (Gen.) kommen — (fig.) get to the heart of a matter

2) (wichtigster Teil einer Gruppe) core; nucleus

der harte Kern — the hard core

3) (Physik): (AtomKern) nucleus

4) (einer elektrischen Spule, eines Reaktors) core

* * *

Kern m; -(e)s, -e

1. von Kernobst: pip, seed; von Steinobst: stone; der Nuss: kernel

2. TECH, in Gießform, ELEK, einer Spule, PHYS, eines Reaktors etc: core; PHYS, des Atoms, BIOL, der Zelle: nucleus;

den Kern spalten split the atom

3. fig core; (das Wichtigste) auch essence; (Stadtkern etc) centre (US -er), heart;

der Kern der Sache/des Problems the heart ( oder nub, crux) of the matter/problem;

bis zum Kern einer Sache dringen get to the crux of a matter;

der harte Kern the hard core;

im Kern verdorben rotten to the core;

sie hat einen guten Kern she’s good at heart;

ein Tief mit Kern über der Nordsee METEO a depression cent(e)red over the North Sea

4. eines Baumstamms: heartwood

Kern… im subst PHYS nuclear …

* * *

der; Kern[e]s, Kerne

1) (Fruchtsamen) pip; (von Steinobst) stone; (von Nüssen, Mandeln usw.) kernel

der Kern eines Problems/Vorschlags — (fig.) the crux or gist of a problem/gist of a suggestion

er hat einen guten od. in ihm steckt ein guter Kern — (fig.) he is good at heart

zum Kern einer Sache (Gen.) kommen — (fig.) get to the heart of a matter

2) (wichtigster Teil einer Gruppe) core; nucleus

der harte Kern — the hard core

3) (Physik): (AtomKern) nucleus

4) (einer elektrischen Spule, eines Reaktors) core

* * *

-e m.

kernel n.

nucleus n.

pip n.

pith n.

quintessence n.

stone n. -e n.

core n.

Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > Kern
42 plaga

f.

1 plague.

plaga de langostas plague of locusts

2 swarm.

3 plague (epidemia).

una de las plagas modernas one of the plagues of modern society

4 pest.

5 vermin.

pres.indicat.

3^rd person singular (él/ella/ello) present indicative of spanish verb: plagar.

imperat.

2^nd person singular (tú) Imperative of Spanish verb: plagar.

* * *

plaga

► nombre femenino

1 (epidemia) plague

2 (de insectos) plague, pest

3 figurado invasion

* * *

noun f.

plague

* * *

SF

1) (Agr) (Zool) pest; [de langostas] plague; (Bot) blight

plaga de la vid — grape vine blight

plaga del jardín — garden pest

plagas forestales — forest pests

2) (=azote) scourge

aquí la sequía es una plaga — drought is a scourge here

una plaga de turistas — a plague of tourists

3) (=exceso) glut, abundance

ha habido una plaga de lechugas — there has been a glut of lettuces

4) (=aflicción) affliction, grave illness

* * *

femenino

a) (de insectos, ratas) plague

las ardillas son consideradas una plaga — squirrels are considered to be a pest

trajeron a sus hijos, que eran una plaga — they brought along their horde of children

b) (calamidad, azote) plague

la plaga del turismo — the menace o scourge of tourism

* * *

= pest, plague, blight, infestation, pestilence, endemic disease, endemic illness.

Ex. For example, a rabbit is always a mammal of a particular species and sometimes a pest, a pet, or the basis of a stew.

Ex. Parish registers, wills and inventories will be analysed to discover as much information as possible on the migration of population, the effect of the plague, and the incidence of illegitimacy.

Ex. In Ohio State we've been trying to develop for the last fifteen years a grape that will still survive the grape blight that wiped out the vineyards in southern Ohio in the 1920s.

Ex. Accounts were given of various recent major and smaller disasters such as extreme weather conditions, power failures, explosions, civil disruption, mould, infestations and spontaneous combustion.

Ex. Much of what lies before our eyes today like a tongue of fire -- animal pestilences and the poisoning of our foodstuffs -- was already announced many years ago.

Ex. Tuberculosis, the paradigmatic endemic disease of the nineteenth century, was a social disease and a social problem.

Ex. Some other sources highlight the implementation of measures to control the development of endemic illnesses, particular to the 19th century, namely, dysentery, diphtheria, smallpox, tuberculosis, leprosy, & yellow fever, among others.

----

* control de plagas = pest control.

* plaga de hongos = fungal infestation.

* * *

femenino

a) (de insectos, ratas) plague

las ardillas son consideradas una plaga — squirrels are considered to be a pest

trajeron a sus hijos, que eran una plaga — they brought along their horde of children

b) (calamidad, azote) plague

la plaga del turismo — the menace o scourge of tourism

* * *

= pest, plague, blight, infestation, pestilence, endemic disease, endemic illness.

Ex: For example, a rabbit is always a mammal of a particular species and sometimes a pest, a pet, or the basis of a stew.

Ex: Parish registers, wills and inventories will be analysed to discover as much information as possible on the migration of population, the effect of the plague, and the incidence of illegitimacy.

Ex: In Ohio State we've been trying to develop for the last fifteen years a grape that will still survive the grape blight that wiped out the vineyards in southern Ohio in the 1920s.

Ex: Accounts were given of various recent major and smaller disasters such as extreme weather conditions, power failures, explosions, civil disruption, mould, infestations and spontaneous combustion.

Ex: Much of what lies before our eyes today like a tongue of fire -- animal pestilences and the poisoning of our foodstuffs -- was already announced many years ago.

Ex: Tuberculosis, the paradigmatic endemic disease of the nineteenth century, was a social disease and a social problem.

Ex: Some other sources highlight the implementation of measures to control the development of endemic illnesses, particular to the 19th century, namely, dysentery, diphtheria, smallpox, tuberculosis, leprosy, & yellow fever, among others.

* control de plagas = pest control.

* plaga de hongos = fungal infestation.

* * *

plaga

feminine

1 (de insectos, ratas) plague

una plaga de langostas a plague of locusts

las ardillas son consideradas una plaga squirrels are considered to be a pest

trajeron a sus hijos, que eran una plaga they brought along their horde of children

2 (calamidad, azote) plague

las siete plagas de Egipto the seven plagues of Egypt

la plaga del turismo the menace o scourge of tourism

la plaga de la urbanización descontrolada the scourge o disaster of uncontrolled urban development

* * *

Del verbo plagar: ( conjugate plagar)

plaga es:

3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) presente indicativo

2ª persona singular (tú) imperativo

plaga sustantivo femenino
a) (de insectos, ratas) plague;

◊ las ardillas son consideradas una plaga squirrels are considered to be a pest

b) (calamidad, azote) plague

plaga sustantivo femenino
1 (de insectos, malas hierbas, etc) plague, pest
2 (desgracia, azote) curse, menace
' plaga' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
brotar
- infestar
English:
combat
- horde
- pest
- plague
- blight

* * *

plaga nf

1. [de insectos] plague

Comp
plaga de langosta plague of locusts
2. [desastre, calamidad] plague;

el tabaco es una de las plagas modernas smoking is one of the plagues of modern society;

la zona se vio afectada por una plaga de robos the area suffered a spate of robberies

3. [de gente] swarm;

una plaga de turistas a swarm of tourists

* * *

plaga

f

1 AGR pest

2 MED plague

3 fig

scourge; ( abundancia) glut

* * *

plaga nf

1) : plague, infestation, blight

2) calamidad: disaster, scourge

* * *

plaga n plague

Spanish-English dictionary > plaga
43 zona

f.

1 zone, area (espacio).

¿vives por la zona? do you live around here? (por aquí)

ésta es la zona de copas de la ciudad this is the center of the city's nightlife

zona azul restricted parking zone (de estacionamiento)

zona de carga y descarga loading bay

zona catastrófica disaster area

zona comercial shopping area

zona erógena erogenous zone

zona de exclusión exclusion zone

zona euro euro zone

zona franca (commerce) free-trade zone

zona de guerra war zone

zona de libre comercio free-trade zone

zona peatonal pedestrian precinct

zona protegida conservation area (natural)

zona residencial residential area

zona verde park, green area; (grande) lawn (pequeña)

2 key.

3 zona.

* * *

zona

► nombre femenino

1 area

2 (fronteriza, militar) zone

► nombre masculino

1 MEDICINA (herpes) shingles

\

FRASEOLOGÍA

zona azul parking meter zone

zona edificada built-up area

zona fronteriza border zone

zona glacial frigid zone

zona templada temperate zone

zona tórrida torrid zone

zona verde green zone

* * *

noun f.

area, district, zone

* * *

SF

1) [en país, región] area

las zonas afectadas por las inundaciones — the areas affected by flooding

las zonas más ricas/remotas/deprimidas del país — the richest/remotest/most depressed areas o parts of the country

la zona norte/sur/este/oeste de la isla — the northern/southern/eastern/western part of the island

comimos en uno de los restaurantes típicos de la zona — we ate in a restaurant typical of the area, we ate in a typical local restaurant

• zonas costeras — coastal areas

• zona montañosa o de montaña — mountainous area, mountainous region

• zonas rurales — rural areas

• zonas turísticas — tourist areas

• zonas urbanas — urban areas

zona catastrófica — disaster area

zona de combate — combat zone

zona de conflicto — (Mil) conflict zone

zona de desarrollo — development area

zona de exclusión (aérea) — (air) exclusion zone

zona de guerra — war zone

zona de influencia — area of influence

zona de libre comercio — free-trade zone, free-trade area

zona de peligro — danger zone, danger area

zona de picnic — picnic area

zona de seguridad — security zone

zona desnuclearizada — nuclear-free zone

zona euro — Eurozone

los países de la zona euro — the Eurozone countries

zona franca — duty-free zone

zona fronteriza — [gen] border area; (Mil) border zone

zona húmeda — wetland

zona industrial — industrial area

zona militar — military zone, military area

zona roja — Esp Republican territory

zona segura — safe zone

2) [en ciudad] area

zona azul — Esp (Aut) ≈ pay-and-display area

zona centro — centre

los aparcamientos de la zona centro — city centre car parks

zona cero — Ground Zero

• zona comercial — [para negocios en general] commercial district; [solo de tiendas] shopping area

• zona de copas, ¿dónde está la zona de copas? — where do people go out to drink?

zona de ensanche — development area

• zona edificada — built-up area

zona marginada — CAm slum area

zona peatonal — pedestrian precinct

zona residencial — residential area

zona roja — LAm red-light district

zona rosa — Méx partly pedestrianized zone, so called because of its pink paving stones

zona verde — green space

3) [en edificio, recinto] area

las zonas comunes de la prisión — the communal areas of the prison

zona de no fumadores — no smoking area

zona ancha — (Dep) midfield

zona de castigo — (Dep) sin bin

zona de penumbra, zona de sombra — (lit) shaded area; (fig) area of secrecy

zona oscura, las zonas oscuras de la personalidad — the hidden areas of the personality

las zonas oscuras de la política — the shady o murky areas of politics

zona técnica — technical area

4) (Geog) zone

zona glacial — glacial zone

zona templada — temperate zone

zona tórrida — torrid zone

5) (Anat, Med) area

las zonas próximas a la columna vertebral — the areas around the spinal column

sentí un dolor por la zona del hombro — I felt a pain around my shoulder

zona erógena — erogenous zone

zona lumbar — lumbar region

6) (Baloncesto) free-zone lane

* * *

femenino

1) (área, región) area

fue declarada zona neutral — it was declared a neutral zone

zona de influencia — sphere of influence

zona de carga y descarga — loading and unloading only

- zona catastrófica or de emergencia

- zona cero

- zona comercial

- zona de castigo

- zona del euro

- zona de libre comercio

- zona desnuclearizada or no nuclear

- zona de tolerancia

- zona franca

- zona industrial

- zona parachoque or tampón

- zona peatonal

- zona roja

- zona verde

2) ( en baloncesto) free-throw lane, three-second area

* * *

= area, zone, bit, radius, area, service area, tract.

Ex. The area in which standards for bibliographic description have had the most impact is in catalogues and catalogue record data bases.

Ex. But now the traditional industrial zone is declining and a new 'technopolis' is proposed for the area.

Ex. The assistant in charge of a section will see that their bit is kept tidy and will keep an eye open for thieves.

Ex. The fact that the library can only attract people within a relatively small radius means that it has no alternative but to serve whoever lives -- or works -- in that radius.

Ex. Libraries usually arrange separate areas where current periodicals, maps, government publications, early printed books and manuscripts are housed.

Ex. The study examined the relative use of different service areas of the library = El estudio analizó al uso relativo de las diferentes zonas de la biblioteca.

Ex. Protecting the remaining large tracts of tropical forests is not a financially impossible task.

----

* biblioteca de la zona ártica = arctic library.

* biblioteca de zona rural = rural library.

* ciencia de las zonas polares = polar science.

* de la zona de entre mareas = intertidal.

* dividir en zonas = zone.

* en la zona de = in the land of.

* en + Posesivo + zona = in + Posesivo + neck of the woods.

* ser zona prohibida = be off limits.

* una zona de = a stretch of.

* usar sobre la zona afectada = use + topically.

* zona abierta = open area.

* zona activa = hot spot.

* zona alejada = reaches.

* zona alveolar = alveolar region.

* zona bélica = war zone.

* zona béntica, la = benthic zone, the.

* zona central = midsection [mid-section].

* zona central de un Lugar = heartland.

* zona cero = ground zero.

* zona climática = climatic zone.

* zona comercial = business district, shopping area, shopping district.

* zona con aparatos electrónicos = equipment area.

* zona con césped = grassy area.

* zona costera = seafront, coastal area.

* zona de amortiguamiento = buffer zone.

* zona de aterrizaje = landing site, landing area, landing area.

* sitio de aterrizaje = landing area.

* zona de bienestar = comfort zone.

* zona de captación = catchment area.

* zona de carga = loading dock, loading bay.

* zona de columpios y pistas deportivas = playground.

* zona de comodidad = comfort zone.

* zona de confort = comfort zone.

* zona de cultivo del trigo = wheatbelt.

* zona de descanso = rest area.

* zona de desempleo = pocket of unemployment.

* zona de estudio = study area, study facilities.

* zona de exclusión aérea = no-fly zone.

* zona de guerra = war zone.

* zona del centro = midsection [mid-section].

* zona del euro, la = euro zone, the, euro zone, the, euro area, the.

* zona del interior = hinterland.

* zona de los tres estados = tristate area.

* zona de no fumadores = non-smoking area.

* zona de ocio = leisure facilities.

* zona de ocupación = zone of occupation, occupation zone.

* zona de pasto = feeding ground, grazing area.

* zona deprimida del centro de la ciudad = inner city.

* zona de producción de trigo = wheatbelt.

* zona de recogida de lo sobrante = overflow area.

* zona de recreo = playground.

* zona desnuclearizada = nuclear-free zone, nuclear-free.

* zona despejada = open area.

* zona de transición = buffer zone.

* zona dolorida = sore point, sore spot.

* zona entre mareas = intertidal zone.

* zona geográfica = geographical area.

* zona gris = grey area [gray area].

* zona habitable = living area.

* zona húmeda = wetland.

* zona industrial = industrial area.

* zona interior despoblada = backcountry.

* zona junto a la playa = beachfront.

* zona libre de humo = smoke-free zone, smoke-free area.

* zona limítrofe = fringe area.

* zona marginada = deprived area.

* zona menos favorecida = less favoured area.

* zona neutral = buffer zone.

* zona pantanosa = marshland, marsh, marshy area, fen.

* zona para casas móviles = mobile home park, trailer park.

* zona para sentarse = seating area.

* zona peligrosa = no-go area.

* zona penumbrosa = twilight zone.

* zona problemática = problem area.

* zona prohibida = no-go area.

* zona protegida = safe haven, safe harbour, protected area.

* zona pública = public area.

* zona residencial = residential area, suburban area, estate.

* zona rural = country, rural area, hinterland, countryside, rural region.

* zona sin cultivar = wildland.

* zonas inhabitadas del interior = back country.

* zonas más alejadas = outlying areas.

* zonas salvajes del interior = back country.

* zona suburbana = suburban area.

* zona tampón = buffer zone.

* zona tectónica = fault zone.

* zona templada, la = temperate zone, the.

* zona tórrida, la = torrid zone, the.

* zona urbana = urban area.

* zona verde = parkland area, grassy area.

* * *

femenino

1) (área, región) area

fue declarada zona neutral — it was declared a neutral zone

zona de influencia — sphere of influence

zona de carga y descarga — loading and unloading only

- zona catastrófica or de emergencia

- zona cero

- zona comercial

- zona de castigo

- zona del euro

- zona de libre comercio

- zona desnuclearizada or no nuclear

- zona de tolerancia

- zona franca

- zona industrial

- zona parachoque or tampón

- zona peatonal

- zona roja

- zona verde

2) ( en baloncesto) free-throw lane, three-second area

* * *

= area, zone, bit, radius, area, service area, tract.

Ex: The area in which standards for bibliographic description have had the most impact is in catalogues and catalogue record data bases.

Ex: But now the traditional industrial zone is declining and a new 'technopolis' is proposed for the area.

Ex: The assistant in charge of a section will see that their bit is kept tidy and will keep an eye open for thieves.

Ex: The fact that the library can only attract people within a relatively small radius means that it has no alternative but to serve whoever lives -- or works -- in that radius.

Ex: Libraries usually arrange separate areas where current periodicals, maps, government publications, early printed books and manuscripts are housed.

Ex: The study examined the relative use of different service areas of the library = El estudio analizó al uso relativo de las diferentes zonas de la biblioteca.

Ex: Protecting the remaining large tracts of tropical forests is not a financially impossible task.

* biblioteca de la zona ártica = arctic library.

* biblioteca de zona rural = rural library.

* ciencia de las zonas polares = polar science.

* de la zona de entre mareas = intertidal.

* dividir en zonas = zone.

* en la zona de = in the land of.

* en + Posesivo + zona = in + Posesivo + neck of the woods.

* ser zona prohibida = be off limits.

* una zona de = a stretch of.

* usar sobre la zona afectada = use + topically.

* zona abierta = open area.

* zona activa = hot spot.

* zona alejada = reaches.

* zona alveolar = alveolar region.

* zona bélica = war zone.

* zona béntica, la = benthic zone, the.

* zona central = midsection [mid-section].

* zona central de un Lugar = heartland.

* zona cero = ground zero.

* zona climática = climatic zone.

* zona comercial = business district, shopping area, shopping district.

* zona con aparatos electrónicos = equipment area.

* zona con césped = grassy area.

* zona costera = seafront, coastal area.

* zona de amortiguamiento = buffer zone.

* zona de aterrizaje = landing site, landing area, landing area.

* sitio de aterrizaje = landing area.

* zona de bienestar = comfort zone.

* zona de captación = catchment area.

* zona de carga = loading dock, loading bay.

* zona de columpios y pistas deportivas = playground.

* zona de comodidad = comfort zone.

* zona de confort = comfort zone.

* zona de cultivo del trigo = wheatbelt.

* zona de descanso = rest area.

* zona de desempleo = pocket of unemployment.

* zona de estudio = study area, study facilities.

* zona de exclusión aérea = no-fly zone.

* zona de guerra = war zone.

* zona del centro = midsection [mid-section].

* zona del euro, la = euro zone, the, euro zone, the, euro area, the.

* zona del interior = hinterland.

* zona de los tres estados = tristate area.

* zona de no fumadores = non-smoking area.

* zona de ocio = leisure facilities.

* zona de ocupación = zone of occupation, occupation zone.

* zona de pasto = feeding ground, grazing area.

* zona deprimida del centro de la ciudad = inner city.

* zona de producción de trigo = wheatbelt.

* zona de recogida de lo sobrante = overflow area.

* zona de recreo = playground.

* zona desnuclearizada = nuclear-free zone, nuclear-free.

* zona despejada = open area.

* zona de transición = buffer zone.

* zona dolorida = sore point, sore spot.

* zona entre mareas = intertidal zone.

* zona geográfica = geographical area.

* zona gris = grey area [gray area].

* zona habitable = living area.

* zona húmeda = wetland.

* zona industrial = industrial area.

* zona interior despoblada = backcountry.

* zona junto a la playa = beachfront.

* zona libre de humo = smoke-free zone, smoke-free area.

* zona limítrofe = fringe area.

* zona marginada = deprived area.

* zona menos favorecida = less favoured area.

* zona neutral = buffer zone.

* zona pantanosa = marshland, marsh, marshy area, fen.

* zona para casas móviles = mobile home park, trailer park.

* zona para sentarse = seating area.

* zona peligrosa = no-go area.

* zona penumbrosa = twilight zone.

* zona problemática = problem area.

* zona prohibida = no-go area.

* zona protegida = safe haven, safe harbour, protected area.

* zona pública = public area.

* zona residencial = residential area, suburban area, estate.

* zona rural = country, rural area, hinterland, countryside, rural region.

* zona sin cultivar = wildland.

* zonas inhabitadas del interior = back country.

* zonas más alejadas = outlying areas.

* zonas salvajes del interior = back country.

* zona suburbana = suburban area.

* zona tampón = buffer zone.

* zona tectónica = fault zone.

* zona templada, la = temperate zone, the.

* zona tórrida, la = torrid zone, the.

* zona urbana = urban area.

* zona verde = parkland area, grassy area.

* * *

zona

feminine

A (área, región) area

¿por qué zona viven? what area do they live in?

en la zona fronteriza in the border area o zone

zonas montañosas mountainous areas o regions

por esa zona no hay servicio de autobuses there is no bus service in that area

fue declarada zona neutral it was declared a neutral zone

zona de influencia sphere of influence

[ S ] zona de carga y descarga loading and unloading only

Compuestos:

● zona azul

( Esp) limited-time parking zone, pay-and-display area ( BrE)

● zona catastrófica

disaster area

● zona cero

ground zero

● zona comercial

commercial district, business quarter o area

● zona de castigo

penalty area

● zona de combate

combat zone o area

● zona de crisis

crisis zone

● zona de embarque de pasajeros

boarding area

● zona de ensanche

( Esp) area of new development

● zona de escaramuza

line of scrimmage

● zona de exclusión

exclusion zone

● zona de exclusión aérea

no-fly zone

● zona de guerra

war zone

● zona del conflicto

war zone

● zona de libre comercio

free-trade zone

● zona de máxima seguridad

maximum security zone o area

● zona de peligro

danger area o zone

● zona de pruebas

test site, testing ground

● zona de salidas

departure lounge o area

● zona desnuclearizada

nuclear-free zone o area

● zona de tolerancia

red-light district

● zona erógena

erogenous zone

● zona euro

eurozone

● zona franca

duty-free zone

● zona industrial

industrial park, industrial estate ( BrE)

● zona militar

military zone o area

● zona nacional

( Esp) ( Hist) Nationalist-held territory

● zona no nuclear

nuclear-free zone o area

● zona parachoque

buffer zone

● zona peatonal

pedestrian precinct o zone o area

● zona roja

( AmL) (zona de prostitución) red-light district; ( Esp fam) (durante la guerra civil) Republican-held territory

● zona sin cobertura

( Telec) dead zone

● zona tampón

buffer zone

● zona templada

temperate zone o region

● zona tropical

tropical zone o region

● zona verde

park, green space

B (en baloncesto) free-throw lane, three-second area

* * *

zona sustantivo femenino
1 (área, región) area;
◊ fue declarada zona neutral it was declared a neutral zone;

( on signs) zona de carga y descarga loading and unloading only;
◊ zona comercial commercial district;

zona de castigo penalty area;
zona industrial industrial park;
zona peatonal pedestrian precinct;
zona roja (AmL) ( zona de prostitución) red-light district;
zona verde park, green space;
zona cero ( en Nueva York) ground zero
2 ( en baloncesto) free-throw lane, three-second area
zona sustantivo femenino
1 zone
2 (de un territorio, gran extensión) area, region
zona de obras, work area
zona de operaciones, operational zone
zona militar, military zone
zona verde, park, green space
3 Dep zone
' zona' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
acampada
- antinuclear
- arrasar
- barrio
- cabaña
- ciudad
- comisionada
- comisionado
- concurrida
- concurrido
- construcción
- contingente
- deprimida
- deprimido
- desalojar
- este
- expolio
- franca
- franco
- francófona
- francófono
- glacial
- huerta
- milimétrica
- milimétrico
- oasis
- pacificar
- peinar
- peinada
- peinado
- rastrear
- rastreo
- riego
- sombra
- teatro
- urbanización
- vecindario
- vinícola
- apartado
- azucarero
- bajío
- cabezón
- campo
- carga
- cargue
- combate
- comercial
- concreto
- conflictivo
- desértico
English:
area
- belt
- busing
- clearance
- coastal
- compound
- country
- danger area
- decline
- demonstrate
- disaster area
- enclose
- enclosure
- enter
- grey area
- industrial area
- local
- pedestrianize
- precinct
- scour
- seal off
- smokeless zone
- stricken
- testing ground
- unemployment
- waterfront
- well-known
- zone
- area code
- around
- canvass
- catchment area
- district
- diverse
- division
- extreme
- -free
- green
- ground
- high
- incoming
- industrial
- inner
- locally
- neighborhood
- no-fly zone
- off
- out
- pedestrian
- red

* * *

zona nf

1. [espacio, área] zone, area;

una zona montañosa/turística a mountainous/tourist area;

la zona norte/sur de la isla the northern/southern part of the island;

en las zonas más aisladas/pobres in the most remote/poorest areas;

¿vives por la zona? [por aquí] do you live around here?;

ésta es la zona de copas de la ciudad this is the centre of the city's nightlife

Comp
zona azul [de estacionamiento] restricted parking zone;
zona de carga y descarga loading bay o US zone;

zona catastrófica disaster area;

zona centro Br city centre, US downtown;

zona cero [en Nueva York] ground zero;

zona climática climatic zone;

zona comercial shopping area;

zona conflictiva trouble spot;

zona de conflicto [en guerra] war zone, battle zone;

zona edificada built-up area;

zona erógena erogenous zone;

zona euro euro zone;

zona de exclusión exclusion zone;
Com zona franca free-trade zone;
zona de no fumadores no-smoking area;

zona glacial glacial region;

zona de guerra war zone;

zona húmeda wetland area;

zona intermareal intertidal zone;
Meteo zona de inversión thermal o temperature inversion zone;
zona de libre comercio free-trade zone;

zona de marca [en rugby] in-goal area;

zona militar military area o zone;
Esp zona nacional [en la guerra] = the area controlled by Nationalist forces during the Spanish Civil War;
zona peatonal pedestrian area o precinct;

zona protegida [natural] conservation area;

zona residencial residential area;

zona roja Esp [en la guerra] = term used by Nationalists to refer to Republican-controlled areas during the Spanish Civil War;
Am [de prostitución] red-light district;
Zona Rosa [en México DF] = elegant tourist and shopping area in Mexico City;

zona de seguridad [entre países] buffer zone;

zona templada temperate zone;
Am Anticuado zona de tolerancia red-light district;
zona tórrida tropics, Espec torrid zone;

zona de urgente reindustrialización = region given priority status for industrial investment, Br ≈ enterprise zone;

zona verde [grande] park, green area;
[pequeña] lawn
2. [en baloncesto] [área] key

3. [en baloncesto] [violación] three-seconds violation

* * *

zona

f

1 area, zone

2 en baloncesto: parte del campo key; violación three-seconds violation

* * *

zona nf

: zone, district, area

* * *

zona n

1. (área) area

es una zona muy tranquila it's a very quiet area

una zona comercial a commercial area

2. (militar, geográfica) zone

zona de guerra war zone

zona peatonal pedestrian zone

zona verde green space

Spanish-English dictionary > zona
44 nouveau

nouveau, nouvelle (masculine plural nouveaux) [nuvo, nuvεl]

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

► nouvel, instead of nouveau, is used before a masculine noun beginning with a vowel or silent h.

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

1. adjective

   a. new

• pommes de terre nouvelles new potatoes

• tout nouveau brand-new

• les nouveaux pauvres the new poor

   b. ( = autre, supplémentaire) another

• il y a eu un nouveau tremblement de terre there has been another earthquake

• c'est là une nouvelle preuve que it's fresh proof that

2. masculine noun

   a. ( = homme) new man ; ( = élève) new boy

   b. ( = nouveauté) y a-t-il du nouveau à ce sujet ? is there anything new on this?

• il y a du nouveau dans cette affaire there has been a new development in this business

• à nouveau again

• de nouveau again

• faire qch de nouveau to do sth again

3. feminine noun

nouvelle

   a. ( = femme) new woman ; ( = élève) new girl

   b. ( = événement) news uncount

• une nouvelle a piece of news

• une bonne nouvelle some good news

• une mauvaise nouvelle some bad news

• ce n'est pas une nouvelle ! that's nothing new!

• vous connaissez la nouvelle ? have you heard the news?

• première nouvelle ! that's the first I've heard about it!

   c. ( = court récit) short story

4. plural feminine noun

nouvelles news uncount

• les nouvelles (dans les médias) the news uncount

• les nouvelles sont bonnes the news is good

• voici les nouvelles here is the news

• les dernières nouvelles the latest news

• quelles nouvelles ? what's new?

• aller aux nouvelles to go and find out what is happening

• aux dernières nouvelles, il était à Paris the last I (or we etc) heard he was in Paris

• avez-vous de ses nouvelles ? have you heard from him? ; (par un tiers) have you had any news of him?

• j'irai prendre de ses nouvelles I'll go and see how he's doing

• il ne donne plus de ses nouvelles you never hear from him any more

• je suis sans nouvelles de lui depuis huit jours I haven't heard anything of him for a week

• il aura de mes nouvelles ! (inf) I'll give him a piece of my mind!

5. compounds

► Nouvel An, Nouvelle Année New Year

► nouvelle cuisine nouvelle cuisine

► nouvelle lune new moon

► nouveaux mariés newlyweds

► le Nouveau Monde the New World

► nouveaux pays industrialisés newly industrialized countries

► nouveau riche nouveau riche

► nouveau venu, nouvelle venue newcomer

* * *

1.

( nouvel before vowel or mute h), nouvelle, mpl nouveaux nuvo, nuvɛl adjectif

1) (qui remplace, succède) [modèle, locataire] new; ( qui s'ajoute) [attentat, tentative] fresh

se faire faire un nouveau costume — ( pour remplacer) to have a new suit made; ( supplémentaire) to have another suit made

il a subi une nouvelle opération — he's had another operation

faire une nouvelle tentative — to make another ou a fresh attempt

procéder à de nouvelles arrestations — to make further arrests

une nouvelle fois — once again

2) ( d'apparition récente) [mot, virus, science, ville] new; ( de la saison) [pommes de terre, vin] new

tout nouveau — brand-new

les nouveaux élus — the newly-elected members

les nouveaux mariés — the newlyweds

la nouvelle venue — the newcomer

3) ( original) [ligne, méthode] new, original

c'est une façon très nouvelle d'aborder le problème — it's a very novel approach to the problem

4) ( novice)

être nouveau dans le métier — to be new to the job

2.

nom masculin, féminin ( à l'école) new student; ( dans une entreprise) new employee; ( à l'armée) new recruit

je ne sais pas, je suis nouveau — I don't know, I'm new here

3.

nom masculin

1) ( rebondissement)

téléphone-moi s'il y a du nouveau — give me a call if there is anything new to report

j'ai du nouveau pour toi — I've got some news for you

2) ( nouveauté)

il nous faut du nouveau — we want something new

4.

à nouveau, de nouveau locution adverbiale (once) again

Phrasal Verbs:

- nouveau franc

- nouveau riche

- nouveau roman

- Nouveau Monde

- Nouvel An

- nouvelle année

••

tout nouveau tout beau — the novelty will soon wear off

* * *
nuvo, nuvɛl (nouvelle) nouvel (devant un nom masculin commençant par une voyelle ou un h muet) nouveaux mpl
1. adj

1) (remplacé) new

Il me faut un nouveau pantalon. — I need some new trousers.

Elle a une nouvelle voiture. — She's got a new car.

2) (en plus) another

Il y eu un nouvel accident au carrefour. — There's been another accident at the crossroads.

3) (élève) new

Il y a un nouvel élève dans ma classe. — There's a new boy in my class.

4) (récent) new

C'est nouveau, essayez-le. — It's new, try it.

5) (= original) (idée, solution) novel

2. nm/f

1) (élève) new pupil

2) (étudiant) new student

3) (employé) new employee

Il y a plusieurs nouveaux dans la classe. — There are several new children in the class.

3. nm

1) (faits nouveaux)

du nouveau — something new

Il y a du nouveau. — There's something new., There's a new development.

2) (autres locutions)

de nouveau — again

à nouveau — again

Il pleut de nouveau. — It's raining again.

4. nf

1) (= information) piece of news, news sg

C'est une nouvelle intéressante. — That's interesting news.

être sans nouvelles de qn; Je suis sans nouvelles de lui. — I haven't heard from him.

2) LITTÉRATURE short story

5. nouvelles nfpl

PRESSE, TV news

* * *

nouveau ( nouvel before vowel or mute h), nouvelle, mpl nouveaux

A adj

1 (qui remplace, succède, s'ajoute) new; le nouveau modèle/système/locataire the new model/system/tenant; où se trouve la nouvelle entrée? where's the new entrance?; c'est le nouveau Nijinsky he's the new ou a second Nijinsky; se faire faire un nouveau costume ( pour remplacer) to have a new suit made; ( supplémentaire) to have another ou a new suit made; il a subi une nouvelle opération he's had another ou a new operation; il y a eu un nouvel incident there's been another ou a new ou a fresh incident; faire une nouvelle tentative to make another ou a new ou a fresh attempt; ces nouveaux attentats these new ou fresh atta!cks; procéder à de nouvelles arrestations to make further arrests; nous avons de nouvelles preuves de leur culpabilité we have further evidence of their guilt; une nouvelle fois once again;

2 ( d'apparition récente) [mot, virus, science, ville] new; ( de la saison) [pommes de terre, vin] new; tiens, tu fumes! c'est nouveau? you're smoking! is this a new habit?; c'est nouveau ce manteau? is this a new coat?; ce genre de travail est nouveau pour moi this sort of work is new to me, I'm new to this sort of work; tout nouveau brand-new; les nouveaux élus the newly-elected members; les nouveaux mariés the newlyweds; la nouvelle venue the newcomer; les nouveaux venus the newcomers; ⇒ pauvre C;

3 ( original) [ligne, conception, méthode] new, original; voir qch sous un jour nouveau to see sth in a new light; c'est une façon très nouvelle d'aborder le problème it's a very novel approach to the problem; ce n'est pas nouveau this is nothing new; il n'y a rien de nouveau there's nothing new;

4 ( novice) être nouveau dans le métier/en affaires to be new to the job/in business.

B nm,f

1 ( à l'école) new student; tu as vu la nouvelle? have you seen the new student?;

2 ( dans une entreprise) new employee; il y a trois nouveaux dans le bureau there are three new people in the office; je ne sais pas, je suis nouveau I don't know, I'm new here;

3 ( à l'armée) new recruit.

C nm

1 ( rebondissement) il y a du nouveau ( dans un processus) there's been a new development; ( dans une situation) there' s been a change; téléphone-moi s'il y a du nouveau give me a ring GB ou call if there is anything new (to report); j'ai du nouveau pour toi I've got some news for you;

2 ( nouveauté) il nous faut du nouveau we want something new.

D nouvelle nf

1 ( annonce d'un événement) news ¢; une nouvelle gén a piece of news; Presse, TV, Radio a news item; une bonne/mauvaise nouvelle some good/bad news; j'ai une grande nouvelle (à t'annoncer) I've got some exciting news (for you); j'ai appris deux bonnes nouvelles I've heard two pieces of good news; tu connais la nouvelle? have you heard the news?; première nouvelle○! that's news to me!, that's the first I've heard of it!; la nouvelle de qch the news of [décès, arrestation, mariage]; la nouvel!le de sa mort nous a beaucoup peinés we were very sa!d to hear about his/her death; ⇒ faux;

2 Littérat short story; un recueil de nouvelles a collection of short stories.

E à nouveau, de nouveau loc adv (once) again.

F nouvelles nfpl

1 ( renseignements) news (sg); recevoir des nouvelles de qn ( par la personne elle-même) to hear from sb; ( par un intermédiaire) to hear news of sb; il y a un mois que je suis sans nouvelles de lui I haven't heard from him for a month; on est sans nouvelles des prisonniers we've had no news of the prisoners; je prendrai de tes nouvelles I'll hear how you're getting on; donne-moi de tes nouvelles let me know how you're getting on; il m'a demandé de tes nouvelles he asked after you; faire prendre des nouvelles d'un malade to send for news of a patient; je viens aux nouvelles○ ( de ce qui s'est passé) I've come to see what's happened; ( de ce qui se passe) I've come to see what's happening; aux dernières nouvelles, il se porte bien○ the last I heard he was doing fine; il aura de mes nouvelles○! he'll be hearing from me!; goûte ce petit vin, tu m'en diras des nouvelles○ have a taste of this wine, it's really good!;

2 Presse, Radio, TV les nouvelles the news (sg); les nouvelles sont mauvaises the news is bad; les nouvelles du front news from the front.

Composés

nouveau franc new franc; nouveau philosophe Philos member of a French school of philosophy developed in the 70's; nouveau riche nouveau riche; nouveau roman nouveau roman; Nouveau Monde New World; Nouveau Réalisme New Realism; Nouveau Testament New Testament; Nouveaux pays industrialisés, NPI newly industrialized countries, NIC; Nouvel An New Year; fêter le Nouvel An to celebrate the New Year; pour le Nouvel An for the New Year; le Nouvel An chinois/juif the Chinese/Jewish New Year; nouvelle année = Nouvel An; nouvelle cuisine Culin nouvelle cuisine; Nouvelle Vague Cin New Wave.

Idiomes

tout nouveau tout beau the novelty will soon wear off; pas de nouvelles, bonnes nouvelles! Prov no news is good news!

[nuvo] (devant nom masculin commençant par voyelle ou 'h' muet nouvel [nuvɛl]) ( féminin nouvelle [nuvɛl], pluriel masculin nouveaux [nuvo], pluriel féminin nouvelles [nuvɛl]) adjectif

1. [de fraîche date - appareil, modèle] new ; [ - pays] new, young

c'est tout nouveau, ça vient de sortir

a. it's new, it's just come out

b. (figuré) that's a new one on me

mots nouveaux new words

nouveaux mariés newlyweds, newly married couple

les nouveaux pauvres the new poor

nouveau riche nouveau riche

nouveau venu newcomer

nouvelle venue newcomer

il est encore (un peu) nouveau en politique he's still (a bit of) a newcomer to politics

2. [dernier en date] new, latest

ce nouvel attentat a fait 52 morts 52 people died in this latest bomb attack

nouveaux élus [députés] new ou newly-elected deputies

carottes nouvelles spring carrots

pommes de terre nouvelles new potatoes

nouvel an, nouvelle année New Year

le Nouveau Monde the New World

le Nouveau Testament the New Testament

3. [autre] further, new

le bail est reconduit pour une nouvelle période de trois ans the lease is renewed for a further three years ou another three-year period

4. [original - découverte, idée] new, novel, original

un esprit/un son nouveau est né a new spirit/sound is born

une conception nouvelle a novel ou fresh approach

porter un regard nouveau sur quelqu'un/quelque chose to take a fresh look at somebody/something

elle est mécontente — ce n'est pas nouveau! she's not happy — there's nothing new about that!

5. [inhabituel] new

ce dossier est nouveau pour moi this case is new to me, I'm new to this case

6. [novateur]

nouvelle critique new criticism

nouvelle cuisine nouvelle cuisine

les Nouveaux philosophesgroup of left-wing, post-Marxist thinkers including André Glucksmann and Bernard-Henri Lévy who came to prominence in the late 1970s

nouveau roman nouveau roman (term applied to the work, mainly in the 1950s and 1960s, of a number of novelists who rejected the assumptions of the traditional novel)

nouveau, nouvelle nom masculin, nom féminin

[élève] new boy ( feminine girl)

[adulte] new man ( feminine woman)

nouveau nom masculin

rien de nouveau depuis la dernière fois nothing new ou special since last time

il y a eu du nouveau dans l'affaire Perron there are new developments in the Perron case

————————

à nouveau locution adverbiale

[encore] (once) again, once more

je tiens à vous remercier à nouveau I'd like to thank you once again

recommence à nouveau start again

————————

de nouveau locution adverbiale

again, once again, once more

tu as fait de nouveau la même bêtise you've made the same mistake again

————————

nouvelle vague nom féminin

la nouvelle vague des ordinateurs the new generation of computers

————————

nouvelle vague locution adjectivale invariable

new-generation (modificateur)

les imprimantes nouvelle vague new-generation printers

————————

Nouvelle Vague nom féminin

CINÉMA New Wave, Nouvelle Vague

LA NOUVELLE VAGUE

This expression refers to a group of French filmmakers, including François Truffaut and Jean-Luc Godard, who broke away from conventional style and methods in the late 1950s and produced some of the most influential films of the period using simple techniques and everyday settings.

Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > nouveau
45 жилищен

1. residential, housing (attr.)

жилищни условия living conditions

жилищна площ living-/floor-space, floorage

жилищен дом, жилищна сграда a residential building, tenement, (обикновено с лоши, евтини апартаменти) a tenement house

жилищен блок a block of flats, ам. an apartment house

жилищен квартал a residential quarter/district. ам. a residential section

жилищен комплекс a housing estate, ам. a (housing) development

жилищна криза housing shortage

жилищен проблем a housing problem

жилищно строителство housing construction, house building

жилищно настаняване housing, ( отдел) housing-department

жилищна конференция a house conference

* * *

жѝлищен,

прил., -на, -но, -ни residential, housing (attr.); habitational; \жилищенен блок block of flats, амер. apartment house; \жилищенен дом, \жилищенна сграда residential building, tenement, (обикн. с лоши, евтини апартаменти) tenement house; \жилищенен квартал residential district/quarter/section; \жилищенен комплекс housing estate, амер. (housing) development; \жилищенна криза housing shortage; \жилищенна площ living-/floor-space, floorage; \жилищенни условия living conditions; \жилищенно настаняване housing, ( отдел) housing-department; \жилищенно-строителна корпорация housing corporation/association; \жилищенно строителство housing construction, house building.

* * *

domiciliary: а жилищен building - жилищна сграда

* * *
1. residential, housing (attr.) 2. ЖИЛИЩЕН блок a block of flats, ам. an apartment house 3. ЖИЛИЩЕН дом, жилищна сграда a residential building, tenement, (обикновено с лоши, евтини апартаменти) a tenement house 4. ЖИЛИЩЕН квартал a residential quarter/district. ам. a residential section 5. ЖИЛИЩЕН комплекс a housing estate, ам. a (housing) development 6. ЖИЛИЩЕН проблем a housing problem 7. жилищна конференция a house conference 8. жилищна криза housing shortage 9. жилищна площ living-/floor-space, floorage 10. жилищни условия living conditions 11. жилищно настаняване housing, (отдел) housing-department 12. жилищно строителство housing construction, house building

Български-английски речник > жилищен
46 Artificial Intelligence

   1) Programs and the Complexity of Human Mental Processes

   In my opinion, none of [these programs] does even remote justice to the complexity of human mental processes. Unlike men, "artificially intelligent" programs tend to be single minded, undistractable, and unemotional. (Neisser, 1967, p. 9)

   2) Artificial Intelligence Is an Engineering Discipline

   Future progress in [artificial intelligence] will depend on the development of both practical and theoretical knowledge.... As regards theoretical knowledge, some have sought a unified theory of artificial intelligence. My view is that artificial intelligence is (or soon will be) an engineering discipline since its primary goal is to build things. (Nilsson, 1971, pp. vii-viii)

   3) A Sceptical View of Artificial Intelligence

   Most workers in AI [artificial intelligence] research and in related fields confess to a pronounced feeling of disappointment in what has been achieved in the last 25 years. Workers entered the field around 1950, and even around 1960, with high hopes that are very far from being realized in 1972. In no part of the field have the discoveries made so far produced the major impact that was then promised.... In the meantime, claims and predictions regarding the potential results of AI research had been publicized which went even farther than the expectations of the majority of workers in the field, whose embarrassments have been added to by the lamentable failure of such inﬂated predictions....

   When able and respected scientists write in letters to the present author that AI, the major goal of computing science, represents "another step in the general process of evolution"; that possibilities in the 1980s include an all-purpose intelligence on a human-scale knowledge base; that awe-inspiring possibilities suggest themselves based on machine intelligence exceeding human intelligence by the year 2000 [one has the right to be skeptical]. (Lighthill, 1972, p. 17)

   4) Just as Astronomy Succeeded Astrology, the Discovery of Intellectual Processes in Machines Should Lead to a Science, Eventually

   Just as astronomy succeeded astrology, following Kepler's discovery of planetary regularities, the discoveries of these many principles in empirical explorations on intellectual processes in machines should lead to a science, eventually. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)

   5) Problems in Machine Intelligence Arise Because Things Obvious to Any Person Are Not Represented in the Program

   Many problems arise in experiments on machine intelligence because things obvious to any person are not represented in any program. One can pull with a string, but one cannot push with one.... Simple facts like these caused serious problems when Charniak attempted to extend Bobrow's "Student" program to more realistic applications, and they have not been faced up to until now. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 77)

   6) The Meaning of a Symbolic Description

   What do we mean by [a symbolic] "description"? We do not mean to suggest that our descriptions must be made of strings of ordinary language words (although they might be). The simplest kind of description is a structure in which some features of a situation are represented by single ("primitive") symbols, and relations between those features are represented by other symbols-or by other features of the way the description is put together. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)

   7) The Principle of Artificial Intelligence

   [AI is] the use of computer programs and programming techniques to cast light on the principles of intelligence in general and human thought in particular. (Boden, 1977, p. 5)

   8) Artificial Intelligence Recognizes the Need for Knowledge in Its Systems

   The word you look for and hardly ever see in the early AI literature is the word knowledge. They didn't believe you have to know anything, you could always rework it all.... In fact 1967 is the turning point in my mind when there was enough feeling that the old ideas of general principles had to go.... I came up with an argument for what I called the primacy of expertise, and at the time I called the other guys the generalists. (Moses, quoted in McCorduck, 1979, pp. 228-229)

   9) Artificial Intelligence Is Psychology in a Particularly Pure and Abstract Form

   The basic idea of cognitive science is that intelligent beings are semantic engines-in other words, automatic formal systems with interpretations under which they consistently make sense. We can now see why this includes psychology and artificial intelligence on a more or less equal footing: people and intelligent computers (if and when there are any) turn out to be merely different manifestations of the same underlying phenomenon. Moreover, with universal hardware, any semantic engine can in principle be formally imitated by a computer if only the right program can be found. And that will guarantee semantic imitation as well, since (given the appropriate formal behavior) the semantics is "taking care of itself" anyway. Thus we also see why, from this perspective, artificial intelligence can be regarded as psychology in a particularly pure and abstract form. The same fundamental structures are under investigation, but in AI, all the relevant parameters are under direct experimental control (in the programming), without any messy physiology or ethics to get in the way. (Haugeland, 1981b, p. 31)

    10) There Are Many Types of Reasoning

   There are many different kinds of reasoning one might imagine:

    Formal reasoning involves the syntactic manipulation of data structures to deduce new ones following prespecified rules of inference. Mathematical logic is the archetypical formal representation. Procedural reasoning uses simulation to answer questions and solve problems. When we use a program to answer What is the sum of 3 and 4? it uses, or "runs," a procedural model of arithmetic. Reasoning by analogy seems to be a very natural mode of thought for humans but, so far, difficult to accomplish in AI programs. The idea is that when you ask the question Can robins ﬂy? the system might reason that "robins are like sparrows, and I know that sparrows can ﬂy, so robins probably can ﬂy."

    Generalization and abstraction are also natural reasoning process for humans that are difficult to pin down well enough to implement in a program. If one knows that Robins have wings, that Sparrows have wings, and that Blue jays have wings, eventually one will believe that All birds have wings. This capability may be at the core of most human learning, but it has not yet become a useful technique in AI.... Meta- level reasoning is demonstrated by the way one answers the question What is Paul Newman's telephone number? You might reason that "if I knew Paul Newman's number, I would know that I knew it, because it is a notable fact." This involves using "knowledge about what you know," in particular, about the extent of your knowledge and about the importance of certain facts. Recent research in psychology and AI indicates that meta-level reasoning may play a central role in human cognitive processing. (Barr & Feigenbaum, 1981, pp. 146-147)

    11) Programs Are Beginning to Do Things That Critics Have Asserted to Be Impossible

   Suffice it to say that programs already exist that can do things-or, at the very least, appear to be beginning to do things-which ill-informed critics have asserted a priori to be impossible. Examples include: perceiving in a holistic as opposed to an atomistic way; using language creatively; translating sensibly from one language to another by way of a language-neutral semantic representation; planning acts in a broad and sketchy fashion, the details being decided only in execution; distinguishing between different species of emotional reaction according to the psychological context of the subject. (Boden, 1981, p. 33)

    12) The Synthesis of Man and Machine

   Can the synthesis of Man and Machine ever be stable, or will the purely organic component become such a hindrance that it has to be discarded? If this eventually happens-and I have... good reasons for thinking that it must-we have nothing to regret and certainly nothing to fear. (Clarke, 1984, p. 243)

    13) The Thesis of Good Old-Fashioned Artificial Intelligence (GOFAI)

   The thesis of GOFAI... is not that the processes underlying intelligence can be described symbolically... but that they are symbolic. (Haugeland, 1985, p. 113)

    14) Artificial Intelligence Provides a Useful Approach to Psychological and Psychiatric Theory Formation

   It is all very well formulating psychological and psychiatric theories verbally but, when using natural language (even technical jargon), it is difficult to recognise when a theory is complete; oversights are all too easily made, gaps too readily left. This is a point which is generally recognised to be true and it is for precisely this reason that the behavioural sciences attempt to follow the natural sciences in using "classical" mathematics as a more rigorous descriptive language. However, it is an unfortunate fact that, with a few notable exceptions, there has been a marked lack of success in this application. It is my belief that a different approach-a different mathematics-is needed, and that AI provides just this approach. (Hand, quoted in Hand, 1985, pp. 6-7)

    15) Four Kinds of Artificial Intelligence

   We might distinguish among four kinds of AI.

   ♦ Nonpsychological AI

   Research of this kind involves building and programming computers to perform tasks which, to paraphrase Marvin Minsky, would require intelligence if they were done by us. Researchers in nonpsychological AI make no claims whatsoever about the psychological realism of their programs or the devices they build, that is, about whether or not computers perform tasks as humans do.

   ♦ Weak Psychological AI

   Research here is guided by the view that the computer is a useful tool in the study of mind. In particular, we can write computer programs or build devices that simulate alleged psychological processes in humans and then test our predictions about how the alleged processes work. We can weave these programs and devices together with other programs and devices that simulate different alleged mental processes and thereby test the degree to which the AI system as a whole simulates human mentality. According to weak psychological AI, working with computer models is a way of refining and testing hypotheses about processes that are allegedly realized in human minds.

   ♦ Strong Psychological AI

... According to this view, our minds are computers and therefore can be duplicated by other computers. Sherry Turkle writes that the "real ambition is of mythic proportions, making a general purpose intelligence, a mind." (Turkle, 1984, p. 240) The authors of a major text announce that "the ultimate goal of AI research is to build a person or, more humbly, an animal." (Charniak & McDermott, 1985, p. 7)

   ♦ Suprapsychological AI

   Research in this field, like strong psychological AI, takes seriously the functionalist view that mentality can be realized in many different types of physical devices. Suprapsychological AI, however, accuses strong psychological AI of being chauvinisticof being only interested in human intelligence! Suprapsychological AI claims to be interested in all the conceivable ways intelligence can be realized. (Flanagan, 1991, pp. 241-242)

    16) Determination of Relevance of Rules in Particular Contexts

   Even if the [rules] were stored in a context-free form the computer still couldn't use them. To do that the computer requires rules enabling it to draw on just those [ rules] which are relevant in each particular context. Determination of relevance will have to be based on further facts and rules, but the question will again arise as to which facts and rules are relevant for making each particular determination. One could always invoke further facts and rules to answer this question, but of course these must be only the relevant ones. And so it goes. It seems that AI workers will never be able to get started here unless they can settle the problem of relevance beforehand by cataloguing types of context and listing just those facts which are relevant in each. (Dreyfus & Dreyfus, 1986, p. 80)

    17) Form and Content Are Not Fundamentally Different

   Perhaps the single most important idea to artificial intelligence is that there is no fundamental difference between form and content, that meaning can be captured in a set of symbols such as a semantic net. (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)

    18) The Assumption That the Mind Is a Formal System

   Artificial intelligence is based on the assumption that the mind can be described as some kind of formal system manipulating symbols that stand for things in the world. Thus it doesn't matter what the brain is made of, or what it uses for tokens in the great game of thinking. Using an equivalent set of tokens and rules, we can do thinking with a digital computer, just as we can play chess using cups, salt and pepper shakers, knives, forks, and spoons. Using the right software, one system (the mind) can be mapped into the other (the computer). (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)

    19) A Statement of the Primary and Secondary Purposes of Artificial Intelligence

   The primary goal of Artificial Intelligence is to make machines smarter.

   The secondary goals of Artificial Intelligence are to understand what intelligence is (the Nobel laureate purpose) and to make machines more useful (the entrepreneurial purpose). (Winston, 1987, p. 1)

    20) Mathematical Logic Provides the Basis for Theory in AI

   The theoretical ideas of older branches of engineering are captured in the language of mathematics. We contend that mathematical logic provides the basis for theory in AI. Although many computer scientists already count logic as fundamental to computer science in general, we put forward an even stronger form of the logic-is-important argument....

   AI deals mainly with the problem of representing and using declarative (as opposed to procedural) knowledge. Declarative knowledge is the kind that is expressed as sentences, and AI needs a language in which to state these sentences. Because the languages in which this knowledge usually is originally captured (natural languages such as English) are not suitable for computer representations, some other language with the appropriate properties must be used. It turns out, we think, that the appropriate properties include at least those that have been uppermost in the minds of logicians in their development of logical languages such as the predicate calculus. Thus, we think that any language for expressing knowledge in AI systems must be at least as expressive as the first-order predicate calculus. (Genesereth & Nilsson, 1987, p. viii)

    21) Perceptual Structures Can Be Represented as Lists of Elementary Propositions

   In artificial intelligence studies, perceptual structures are represented as assemblages of description lists, the elementary components of which are propositions asserting that certain relations hold among elements. (Chase & Simon, 1988, p. 490)

    22) Definitions of Artificial Intelligence

   Artificial intelligence (AI) is sometimes defined as the study of how to build and/or program computers to enable them to do the sorts of things that minds can do. Some of these things are commonly regarded as requiring intelligence: offering a medical diagnosis and/or prescription, giving legal or scientific advice, proving theorems in logic or mathematics. Others are not, because they can be done by all normal adults irrespective of educational background (and sometimes by non-human animals too), and typically involve no conscious control: seeing things in sunlight and shadows, finding a path through cluttered terrain, fitting pegs into holes, speaking one's own native tongue, and using one's common sense. Because it covers AI research dealing with both these classes of mental capacity, this definition is preferable to one describing AI as making computers do "things that would require intelligence if done by people." However, it presupposes that computers could do what minds can do, that they might really diagnose, advise, infer, and understand. One could avoid this problematic assumption (and also side-step questions about whether computers do things in the same way as we do) by defining AI instead as "the development of computers whose observable performance has features which in humans we would attribute to mental processes." This bland characterization would be acceptable to some AI workers, especially amongst those focusing on the production of technological tools for commercial purposes. But many others would favour a more controversial definition, seeing AI as the science of intelligence in general-or, more accurately, as the intellectual core of cognitive science. As such, its goal is to provide a systematic theory that can explain (and perhaps enable us to replicate) both the general categories of intentionality and the diverse psychological capacities grounded in them. (Boden, 1990b, pp. 1-2)

    23) The Computer Can Not Be a Model of the Mind

   Because the ability to store data somewhat corresponds to what we call memory in human beings, and because the ability to follow logical procedures somewhat corresponds to what we call reasoning in human beings, many members of the cult have concluded that what computers do somewhat corresponds to what we call thinking. It is no great difficulty to persuade the general public of that conclusion since computers process data very fast in small spaces well below the level of visibility; they do not look like other machines when they are at work. They seem to be running along as smoothly and silently as the brain does when it remembers and reasons and thinks. On the other hand, those who design and build computers know exactly how the machines are working down in the hidden depths of their semiconductors. Computers can be taken apart, scrutinized, and put back together. Their activities can be tracked, analyzed, measured, and thus clearly understood-which is far from possible with the brain. This gives rise to the tempting assumption on the part of the builders and designers that computers can tell us something about brains, indeed, that the computer can serve as a model of the mind, which then comes to be seen as some manner of information processing machine, and possibly not as good at the job as the machine. (Roszak, 1994, pp. xiv-xv)

    24) Computers Will Not Always Be Inferior to Human Brains

   The inner workings of the human mind are far more intricate than the most complicated systems of modern technology. Researchers in the field of artificial intelligence have been attempting to develop programs that will enable computers to display intelligent behavior. Although this field has been an active one for more than thirty-five years and has had many notable successes, AI researchers still do not know how to create a program that matches human intelligence. No existing program can recall facts, solve problems, reason, learn, and process language with human facility. This lack of success has occurred not because computers are inferior to human brains but rather because we do not yet know in sufficient detail how intelligence is organized in the brain. (Anderson, 1995, p. 2)

Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Artificial Intelligence
47 vivienda

f.

1 home (casa).

primera/segunda vivienda first/second home

la carestía de las viviendas en la capital the high cost of housing in the capital

vivienda de protección oficial = low cost home subsidized by the government, ? council house/flat (British)

vivienda de renta limitada council house with fixed maximum rent

2 housing (alojamiento).

plan de vivienda housing plan

3 house, housing, dwelling, dwelling house.

* * *

vivienda

► nombre femenino

1 (gen) housing, accommodation

2 (morada) dwelling

3 (casa) house

4 (piso) flat

\

FRASEOLOGÍA

bloque de viviendas block of flats

vivienda de protección oficial council house, council flat

vivienda unifamiliar detached house

* * *

noun f.

1) housing

2) dwelling

* * *

SF

1) (=alojamiento) housing

el problema de la vivienda — the housing problem

la escasez de (la) vivienda — the housing shortage

2) (=casa) house, home; (=piso) flat, apartment (EEUU)

segunda vivienda — second home

bloque de viviendas — block of flats, apartment block (EEUU)

vivienda de renta limitada — controlled rent housing

vivienda en alquiler — (=casa) house to let o rent; (=piso) flat to let o rent

viviendas de interés social (Méx, Perú), viviendas de protección oficial — public housing [sing], social housing [sing], council housing (Brit) o houses [sing]

* * *

femenino

el problema de la vivienda — the housing o accommodation problem

la escasez de viviendas — the housing shortage

perdió su vivienda — she lost her home

quedarse sin vivienda — to be made o left homeless

un bloque de viviendas — an apartment building, a block of flats (BrE)

la construcción de 50 viviendas — the construction of 50 homes o (frml) dwellings

- vivienda de protección oficial or de interés social

* * *

= dwelling, housing.

Ex. He went on to explain that while there were no unsightly slums, there was a fairly large district of rather nondescript homes intermingled with plain two- and three-family brick and frame dwellings, principally in the eastern reaches of the city.

Ex. The form of these terms, whether descriptors or non-descriptors, is usually one of the following: single words, e.g. Government, Hovercraft, housing.

----

* alquiler de vivienda = housing rental.

* complejo de viviendas subvencionadas = housing project.

* precio de la vivienda = house price.

* propietario de vivienda = homeowner.

* segunda vivienda en la ciudad = pied-à-terre.

* urbanización de viviendas sociales = council estate.

* venta de viviendas = home sale.

* vivienda con estructura de madera = frame dwelling.

* vivienda okupa = squat, squatting.

* vivienda poco digna = poor housing.

* viviendas asistidas = sheltered housing, sheltered accommodation.

* vivienda social = council tenancy, council flat, council house.

* viviendas sociales = council housing, public housing, community housing.

* vivienda unifamiliar = house.

* * *

femenino

el problema de la vivienda — the housing o accommodation problem

la escasez de viviendas — the housing shortage

perdió su vivienda — she lost her home

quedarse sin vivienda — to be made o left homeless

un bloque de viviendas — an apartment building, a block of flats (BrE)

la construcción de 50 viviendas — the construction of 50 homes o (frml) dwellings

- vivienda de protección oficial or de interés social

* * *

= dwelling, housing.

Ex: He went on to explain that while there were no unsightly slums, there was a fairly large district of rather nondescript homes intermingled with plain two- and three-family brick and frame dwellings, principally in the eastern reaches of the city.

Ex: The form of these terms, whether descriptors or non-descriptors, is usually one of the following: single words, e.g. Government, Hovercraft, housing.

* alquiler de vivienda = housing rental.

* complejo de viviendas subvencionadas = housing project.

* precio de la vivienda = house price.

* propietario de vivienda = homeowner.

* segunda vivienda en la ciudad = pied-à-terre.

* urbanización de viviendas sociales = council estate.

* venta de viviendas = home sale.

* vivienda con estructura de madera = frame dwelling.

* vivienda okupa = squat, squatting.

* vivienda poco digna = poor housing.

* viviendas asistidas = sheltered housing, sheltered accommodation.

* vivienda social = council tenancy, council flat, council house.

* viviendas sociales = council housing, public housing, community housing.

* vivienda unifamiliar = house.

* * *

vivienda

feminine

el problema de la vivienda the housing o accommodation problem

la escasez de viviendas the housing shortage

perdió no sólo el dinero, sino también su vivienda she lost not only the money, but also her home

miles de personas se quedaron sin vivienda thousands of people were made o left homeless

un bloque de viviendas an apartment building, a residential building, a block of flats ( BrE)

la construcción de 3.000 viviendas en la zona the construction of 3,000 homes o ( frml) dwellings in the area

un complejo de viviendas a housing o residential development

Compuestos:

● vivienda de interés social

(Méx, Per) state-subsidized apartment ( o house etc)

● vivienda de protección oficial

state-subsidized apartment ( o house etc)

● vivienda económica

( RPl) state-subsidized apartment ( o house etc)

● vivienda social

( Chi); state-subsidized house

● viviendas tuteladas

( Esp) sheltered housing

* * *

vivienda sustantivo femenino:
◊ el problema de la vivienda the housing o accommodation problem;

un bloque de viviendas an apartment building, a block of flats (BrE);
la construcción de 50 viviendas the construction of 50 homes o (frml) dwellings
vivienda sustantivo femenino housing
han perdido su vivienda, they've lost their home
(domicilio) dwelling
(piso) flat, apartment

' vivienda' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
chalet
- conejera
- demencial
- digna
- digno
- dúplex
- hipotecar
- portera
- portero
- protección
- traslado
- unifamiliar
- acondicionar
- adjudicar
- bulín
- caído
- callampa
- calle
- casa
- catear
- decente
- habitar
- humilde
- miserable
- ocupar
- portería
- precario
- protegido
- rehabilitación
- rehabilitar
- robo
- tugurio
English:
apartment
- boarding
- dwelling
- housing
- second home
- squat
- condition
- first
- home
- living
- maisonette
- outside
- prefab

* * *

vivienda nf

1. [casa] home;

tuvieron que abandonar sus viviendas debido a las inundaciones they had to abandon their homes because of the floods;

primera/segunda vivienda first/second home;

la carestía de las viviendas en la capital the high cost of housing in the capital

Comp
vivienda habitual normal place of residence; Col, CRica, Méx, Perú vivienda de interés social = low-cost home subsidized by the government, Br ≈ council house/flat;
vivienda de protección oficial = low-cost home subsidized by the government;

vivienda pública de alquiler = low-cost home subsidized by the government, Br ≈ council house/flat;

vivienda de renta limitada = government-subsidized home with fixed maximum rent;

vivienda secundaria second home;

viviendas sociales = low-cost housing subsidized by the government, Br ≈ council housing/flats;

vivienda unifamiliar house [detached, semi-detached or terraced]

2. [alojamiento] housing;

plan de vivienda housing plan

* * *

vivienda

f

1 housing

2 ( casa) house

* * *

vivienda nf

1) : housing

2) morada: dwelling, home

* * *

vivienda n

1. (alojamiento) housing

el problema de la vivienda the housing problem

2. (casa) house / home

están construyendo nuevas viviendas they're building some new houses

Spanish-English dictionary > vivienda
48 complejo

adj.

1 complex, complicated, Byzantine, complicate.

2 compound, complex, composite.

m.

1 complex, exaggerated feeling.

2 complex, system, installation, complexus.

* * *

complejo

► adjetivo

1 complex

► nombre masculino complejo

1 complex

\

FRASEOLOGÍA

complejo industrial industrial complex

complejo turístico tourist resort

————————

complejo

► nombre masculino

1 complex

* * *
1. (f. - compleja)
adj.

complex
2. noun m.
complex

* * *

1.

ADJ [gen] complex

2. SM

1) (Psic) complex

complejo de culpa, complejo de culpabilidad — guilt complex

complejo de Edipo — Oedipus complex

complejo de Electra — Electra complex

complejo de inferioridad — inferiority complex

complejo de superioridad — superiority complex

complejo persecutorio — persecution complex

2) (=instalaciones) complex

complejo deportivo — sports complex, sports centre o (EEUU) center

complejo industrial — industrial complex

complejo petroquímico — petrochemical complex

complejo recreativo — leisure complex, leisure centre o (EEUU) center

complejo residencial — housing development

complejo turístico — tourist development

3) (Quím) complex

complejo vitamínico — vitamin complex

* * *
I
- ja adjetivo

1) ( complicado) complex

2) <número/oración> complex (before n)
II
masculino

1) ( de edificios) complex

- complejo deportivo/hotelero/industrial

- complejo de viviendas

- complejo turístico

2) (Quím) complex

- complejo vitamínico

3) (Psic) complex

tiene complejo porque es bajito — he's got a complex about being short

•

- complejo de culpa or culpabilidad

- complejo de inferioridad/superioridad

- complejo edípico or de Edipo

* * *
I
- ja adjetivo

1) ( complicado) complex

2) <número/oración> complex (before n)
II
masculino

1) ( de edificios) complex

- complejo deportivo/hotelero/industrial

- complejo de viviendas

- complejo turístico

2) (Quím) complex

- complejo vitamínico

3) (Psic) complex

tiene complejo porque es bajito — he's got a complex about being short

•

- complejo de culpa or culpabilidad

- complejo de inferioridad/superioridad

- complejo edípico or de Edipo

* * *

complejo¹

¹ = complex, nexus.

Ex: The planned library will be part of a complex including a civic hall, information lobby, exhibition rooms and a restaurant.

Ex: The future OPAC is likely to be one building block in a larger nexus of information structures.

* complejo bibliotecario = library complex.

* complejo comercial = shopping complex.

* complejo de pisos = condominium complex.

* complejo deportivo = sports complex.

* complejo de viviendas subvencionadas = housing project.

* complejo industial = industrial estate, industrial park.

* complejo industrial = industrial complex.

* complejo recreativo = leisure complex.

* complejo recreativo-cultural = leisure-recreation-cultural complex.

* complejo recreativo y social = leisure centre.

* complejo residencial = housing development, housing estate, housing complex.

* complejo social = community complex.

* complejo vitamínico = vitamin complex.

complejo²

² = complex.

Ex: The Hapa was a community of people with complexes, be they egoistic or inferiority ones.

* complejo de Edipo, el = Oedipus conflict, the.

* complejo de inferioridad = inferiority complex.

* complejo de superioridad = superiority complex.

complejo³

³ = complex, intricate, knotted.

Ex: Profiles will usually need to be more complex with free language searching as greater provision for the entry of documents under synonyms and related terms is necessary.

Ex: The terminology, much of it being either newly coined or adapted to suit the purpose at hand, is sometimes rather intricate.

Ex: Its intricately knotted narrative begins in 1900 with the sequence of events leading to Oscar Wilde's deathbed conversion.

* demasiado complejo = overcomplex.

* hacerse más complejo = grow in + complexity, gain in + complexity.

* más complejo de lo que parece = more than meets the eye.

* * *

complejo¹ -ja

adjective

A (complicado) complex

un mecanismo complejo a complex mechanism

un problema bastante complejo a rather complex o complicated problem

un sistema muy complejo a very complex o complicated system

B ‹número› complex ( before n)

C ‹oración› complex ( before n)

complejo²

masculine

A (de edificios) complex

Compuestos:

● complejo deportivo/hotelero

sports/hotel complex

● complejo industrial

industrial complex

● complejo turístico

tourist development/resort

● complejo vacacional

vacation ( AmE) o ( BrE) holiday complex

B ( Quím) complex

Compuesto:

complejo vitamínico

vitamin complex

C ( Psic) complex

tiene complejo porque es bajito he's got a complex about being short

Compuestos:

● complejo de culpa or culpabilidad

guilt complex

● complejo de inferioridad/superioridad

inferiority/superiority complex

● complejo edípico

Oedipus complex

* * *

complejo 1
◊ -ja adjetivo

complex
complejo 2 sustantivo masculino
a) ( de edificios) complex;

◊ complejo deportivo/industrial sports/industrial complex

b) (Psic) complex;

◊ tiene complejo porque es bajito he's got a complex about being short;

complejo de culpa or culpabilidad guilt complex;
complejo de inferioridad/superioridad inferiority/superiority complex
complejo,-a adjetivo & sustantivo masculino complex
' complejo' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
compleja
- complicada
- complicado
- simple
English:
complex
- fiddly
- hang-up
- high-powered
- involved
- Oedipus
- compound
- development
- estate
- facility
- hang
- housing
- inferiority
- project
- sophisticated

* * *

complejo, -a

♦ adj

1. [complicado, difícil] complex;

es una situación muy compleja it's a very complex o complicated situation

2. [número] complex

♦ nm

1. [psicológico] complex;

tiene complejo de gorda she's got a complex about being fat;

le va a entrar complejo he'll get a complex

Comp
complejo de culpabilidad guilt complex;
complejo de Edipo Oedipus complex;

complejo de inferioridad inferiority complex;

complejo de superioridad superiority complex

2. [zona construida] complex

Comp
complejo deportivo sports complex;
complejo hospitalario hospital (complex);

complejo hotelero hotel complex;

complejo industrial industrial park;

complejo residencial private housing development o Br estate;

complejo turístico tourist development

3. [estructura] complex

Comp
complejo vitamínico vitamin complex
* * *

complejo

I adj complex

II m PSI, industrial etc complex

* * *

complejo, -ja adj

: complex

complejo nm

: complex

Spanish-English dictionary > complejo
49 проблема принципал-агент

principal-agent problem

Даже когда в момент заключения договора не существует информационных асимметрий, договаривающиеся стороны нередко предвидят возникновение асимметрий через некоторое время после подписания договора. Предвидя возникновение таких информационных асимметрий, договаривающиеся стороны стремятся сконструировать такой договор, который смягчит вызванные ими трудности. Эти проблемы свойственны ситуациям, когда один индивид нанимает другого для совершения некоторого действия для него в качестве "агента". Поэтому эта проблема конструирования договора стала называться проблемой "принципал-агент". — Even when informational asymmetries do not exist at the time of contracting, the parties to a contract often anticipate that asymmetries will develop sometime after the contract is signed. Anticipating the development of such informational asymmetries, the contracting parties seek to design a contract that mitigates the difficulties they cause. These problems are endemic to situations in which one individual hires another to take some action for him as his "agent." For this reason, this contract design problem has become to be known as the principal-agent problem.

проблема "принципал-агент" с непрерывными типами — principal-agent problem with continuous types

проблема проектирования (конструирования) — design problem

Russian-English Dictionary "Microeconomics" > проблема принципал-агент
50 Heuristics

   1) The Centrality of Heuristics in the Mathematical Discoveries of AM ( Automatic Mathematician)

   [A]t one point AM [Automatic Mathematician] had some notions of sets, set-operations, numbers, and simple arithmetic. One heuristic rule it knew said " If F is an interesting relation, then look at its inverse". This rule fired after AM had studied "multiplication" for a while. The r.h.s. of the rule then directed AM to define and study the relation "divisors-of" (e.g. divisors-of (12) {1,2,3,4,6,12}. Another heuristic rule that later fired said " If f is a relation from A into B, then it's worth examining those members of A which map into extremal members of B." In this case, f was matched to "divisors-of", A was "numbers", B was "sets of numbers", and an extremal member of B might be, e.g., a very small set of numbers. Thus this heuristic rule caused AM to define the set of numbers with no divisors, the set of numbers with only 1 divisor, with only 2 divisors, etc. One of these sets (the last [ sic] mentioned) turned out subsequently to be quite important; these numbers are of course the primes. (Lenat & Harris, 1978, p. 30)

   2) The Power of Heuristics in Problem Solving

   Extraordinarily rapid progress during the early stages of an attack on a new problem area is a rather common occurrence in AI research; it merely signifies that the test cases with which the system has been challenged are below the level of difficulty where combinatorial explosion of the number of pathways in the problem space sets in.... It is the goal of AI research to move that threshold higher and higher on the scale of problem complexity through the introduction of heuristics-heuristics to reduce the rate of growth of the solution tree, heuristics to guide the development of the tree so that it will be rich in pathways leading to satisfactory problem solutions, and heuristics to direct the search to the "best" of these pathways. (Gelernter, quoted in Barr & Feigenbaum, 1982, pp. 139-140)

Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Heuristics
51 nivel

m.

1 level, height (altura).

al nivel de level with

al nivel del mar at sea level

la capital está a 250 metros sobre el nivel del mar the capital is 250 meters above sea level

2 level, standard (grado).

no tiene un buen nivel de inglés his level of English is poor

una reunión al más alto nivel a meeting at the highest level, a top-level meeting

al mismo nivel (que) on a level o par (with)

a nivel europeo at a European level

una campaña realizada a nivel mundial a worldwide campaign

nivel mental level of intelligence

nivel de vida standard of living

3 spirit level (instrument).

4 carpenter's level, level.

5 floor, storey, decker.

De dos niveles Used as a suffix -decker: Double-decker

* * *

nivel

► nombre masculino

1 (altura) level, height

■ el nivel de las aguas de un río the water level of a river

■ el sofa está al nivel de la ventana the sofa is level with the window

2 (categoría) level, standard, degree

■ no están al mismo nivel intelectual they are not at the same intellectual level

■ mis alumnos tienen muy buen nivel de inglés my students' English is very good

3 (instrumento) level

\

FRASEOLOGÍA

a nivel de as for

■ a nivel de gastos as far as expenses are concerned, regarding expenses

al más alto nivel at the highest level

nivel de producción production level

nivel de vida standard of living

nivel del mar sea level

* * *

noun m.

1) level

2) standard

3) grade

* * *

SM

1) (=altura) level, height

a 900m sobre el nivel del mar — at 900m above sea level

la nieve alcanzó un nivel de 1,5m — the snow reached a depth of 1.5m

a nivel — [gen] level, flush; (=horizontal) horizontal

al nivel de — on a level with, at the same height as, on the same level as

paso a nivel — level crossing, grade crossing (EEUU)

nivel de(l) aceite — (Aut etc) oil level

nivel de crucero — cruising altitude

nivel del agua — water level

nivel del mar — sea level

nivel freático — water table

2) [escolar, cultural] level, standard

el nivel cultural del país — the cultural standard of the country

alto nivel de empleo — high level of employment

conferencia al más alto nivel, conferencia de alto nivel — high-level conference, top-level conference

de primer nivel — top-level

a nivel internacional — at an international level

estar al nivel de — to be equal to, be on a level with

estar al nivel de las circunstancias — to rise to the occasion

no está al nivel de los demás — he is not up to the standard of the others

- dar el nivel

nivel de vida — standard of living

niveles de audiencia — ratings, audience rating sing ; (TV) viewing figures

3) (=instrumento) (tb: nivel de aire, nivel de burbuja) spirit level

4)

a nivel de — (=en cuanto a) as for, as regards; (=como) as; (=a tono con) in keeping with

a nivel de ministro es un desastre — as a minister he's a disaster

a nivel de viajes — so far as travel is concerned, regarding travel

* * *

masculino

a) ( altura) level

sobre el nivel del mar — above sea level

b) (en escala, jerarquía) level

conversaciones de alto nivel — high-level talks

negociaciones al más alto nivel — top-level negotiations

un funcionario de bajo nivel — a low-ranking civil servant

no está al nivel de los demás — he's not up to the same standard as the others

estar al nivel de las circunstancias — to rise to the occasion

- nivel de vida

* * *

= degree, extent, index [indices/indexes, -pl.], level, range, scale, threshold, rank, gradation, grade, plateau [plateaux, -pl.], stratum [strata, -pl.], tier, rung.

Ex. This degree of standardisation is not the pattern outside of this specific area of application.

Ex. The extent of searchable elements will vary from one data base to another.

Ex. As job anxiety scores increased, job satisfaction indices decreased.

Ex. In particular series entries are useful for series where the series title indicates a particular subject scope, style of approach, level or audience.

Ex. Overall, the library media specialists experienced stress in the mild to moderate range.

Ex. Various scales of relevance ratings may be established.

Ex. But documents with the following terms assigned would be rejected on the grounds that their combined weights did not exceed the pre-selected threshold.

Ex. However, Cutter suggested that we should ignore on economic grounds both upward links (from narrower to broader subjects) and collateral (sideways) links from one term to another of equal rank.

Ex. Until the mid nineteen hundreds, this community presented an almost feudal pattern of wealthy merchants and factory hands, with several gradations between these extremes.

Ex. The project is concerned with the investigation of conditions of appointment for women librarians as well as the grades and salary scales assigned to library tasks.

Ex. With the advent of both library on-line public access catalogue and end-user searching of on-line and CD-ROM data bases, the need for improved instruction in library use approaches a new plateau.

Ex. However, amongst this stratum of the population, library users demonstrated greater residential stability.

Ex. The author proposes a four tier planning framework for information technology, information systems and information management.

Ex. In all types of libraries, programmes have been started, usually by keen librarians from the lower rungs of the profession.

----

* a bajo nivel = low-level.

* a diferentes niveles = multi-tiered [multitiered], multi-tier [multitier].

* a dos niveles = two-tier.

* alcanzar niveles mínimos = reach + a low ebb.

* alfabetización a nivel mundial = world literacy.

* al mismo nivel de = flush with.

* al mismo nivel que = on a par with, in the same league as.

* alto nivel = high standard.

* a muchos niveles = many-levelled [many-leveled, -USA].

* a nivel de barrio = neighbourhood-based.

* a nivel de calle = on the ground level.

* a nivel de la calle = at ground level.

* a nivel del suelo = at ground level.

* a nivel estatal = statewide [state-wide].

* a nivel federal = federally, federally.

* a nivel individual = privately.

* a nivel local = locally, domestically.

* a nivel multicultural = multi-culturally [multiculturally].

* a nivel mundial = worldwide [world-wide], globally.

* a nivel nacional = nationally, domestically, countrywide [country-wide].

* a nivel privado = privately.

* a nivel regional = regionally.

* a todos los niveles = at all levels.

* a tres niveles = three-tiered.

* a un alto nivel = high level [high-level].

* a un nivel básico = at a lay level.

* a un nivel por debajo del nacional = sub-national [subnational].

* a varios niveles = multilevel [multi-level], at varying levels, many-levelled [many-leveled, -USA].

* bajada de nivel = drawdown.

* bajar el nivel = lower + the bar.

* barrera de paso a nivel = level-crossing gate.

* clasificado por nivel de dificultad = graded.

* construido en dos niveles = split-level.

* con una nivel de especialización medio = semi-skilled.

* con un buen nivel = fluent.

* con un mayor nivel educativo = better educated [better-educated].

* con un menor nivel educativo = lesser-educated.

* con un nivel de estudios alto = well educated [well-educated].

* curva de nivel = contour line.

* dar un nivel de prioridad alto = put + Nombre + high on + Posesivo + list of priorities.

* de alto nivel = of a high order, high level [high-level], high-powered.

* de bajo nivel = lower-level, low-level.

* de diferentes niveles = multi-tiered [multitiered], multi-tier [multitier].

* de dos niveles = two-tier.

* de nivel cultural bajo = lowbrow [low-brow].

* de nivel cultural medio = middlebrow [middle-brow].

* de nivel intelectual bajo = lowbrow [low-brow].

* de nivel intelectual medio = middlebrow [middle-brow].

* de nivel medio = medium level [medium-level], middle-range, mid-level.

* de nivel superior = upper-level, top echelon, higher-level.

* de primer nivel = first-level.

* descenso de nivel = drawdown.

* descripción bibliográfica de primer nivel = first-level bibliographic description.

* de segundo nivel = second-level.

* de tercer nivel = third-level.

* de tres niveles = three-tiered.

* de varios niveles = multilevel [multi-level].

* en cuatro niveles = quadraplaner.

* en dos niveles = split-level.

* en el nivel básico = at grass roots level.

* en el nivel intermedio de = in the middle range of.

* en el nivel medio de = in the middle range of.

* en otro nivel = on a different plane.

* en su nivel más bajo = at its lowest ebb.

* en un nivel bajo = at a low ebb.

* estar al mismo nivel = be on a par.

* gestor de nivel medio = middle manager.

* gran nivel = high standard.

* nivel alto de dirección = higher management.

* nivel alto de gestión = higher management.

* nivel avanzado = advanced level.

* nivel básico = introductory level.

* nivel cultural = literacy.

* nivel de aceptación = adoption rate, acceptance rate.

* nivel de adopción = adoption rate.

* nivel de alfabetización = literacy, literacy rate.

* nivel de analfabetismo = illiteracy rate.

* nivel de atención = attention span.

* nivel de azúcar en la sangre = level of blood sugar.

* nivel de cobertura = depth of coverage.

* nivel de colesterol = cholesterol level.

* nivel de colesterol en la sangre = blood cholesterol level.

* nivel de confianza = confidence level.

* nivel de demanda = level of demand.

* nivel de desarrollo = stage of development, developmental level, development level, level of development.

* nivel de detalle = completeness, granularity, level of detail.

* nivel de dominio medio = working knowledge.

* nivel de estudios = educational background, level of education.

* nivel de ingresos = income level, earning capacity, earning power.

* nivel de la calle = road-level.

* nivel del agua = water level.

* nivel del alfabetización = literacy.

* nivel de lectura = reading ability.

* nivel de los usuarios = audience level.

* nivel del público = audience level.

* nivel del subconsciente, el = subconscious level, the.

* nivel de luminosidad = light level.

* nivel de pobreza = poverty level.

* nivel de presentación = level of presentation.

* nivel de ruido = noise level.

* nivel de saciedad = point of futility.

* nivel de satisfacción del usuario = user satisfaction.

* nivel de saturación = point of futility.

* nivel de solvencia = credit rating.

* nivel de subdivisión = granularity.

* nivel de utilización = degree of use.

* nivel de vida = standard of living, living standard.

* nivel económico = wealth.

* nivel educativo = educational level, education level, level of education.

* nivel escolar = grade level.

* niveles de detalle en la descripción = levels of detail in the description.

* nivel freático = groundwater table, water table.

* nivel inferior = micro level [micro-leve/microlevel].

* nivel intermedio = meso level, intermediate level.

* nivel introductorio = introductory level.

* nivel jerárquico falso = false link.

* nivel máximo = high-water mark.

* nivel máximo del agua = high-water mark.

* nivel medio = middle range.

* nivel medio de gestión = middle management.

* nivel mínimo = low-water mark.

* nivel mínimo del agua = low-water mark.

* nivel profesional = competence, professional level.

* nivel salarial = salary bracket.

* nivel socioeconómico = socioeconomic status.

* nivel superior = top level, top layer, macro level [macro-leve/macrolevel].

* ocupar un nivel de prioridad alto = be high on + list, rank + high on the list of priorities.

* pasar al siguiente nivel = move it up + a gear, take it up + a gear, notch it up + a gear, take it up + a notch, crank it up + a notch, crank it up + a gear, move it up + a notch.

* paso a nivel = level-crossing.

* persona con nivel cultural medio = middlebrow [middle-brow].

* persona de nivel cultural bajo = lowbrow [low-brow].

* persona de nivel intelectual bajo = lowbrow [low-brow].

* poner al mismo nivel que = bring + Nombre + to a par with.

* por niveles = multilayered [multi-layered/multi layered], multilayer, layered, tiered.

* preparación contra emergencias a nivel nacional = domestic preparedness.

* rebajarse al nivel de Alguien = get down to + Posesivo + level.

* ser de alto nivel = be at a high level.

* sin ningún nivel de especialización = unskilled.

* situado a nivel de la calle = ground-floor.

* subir de nivel = move it up + a gear, take it up + a gear, notch it up + a gear, take it up + a notch, crank it up + a notch, crank it up + a gear, move it up + a notch.

* subir el nivel = raise + standard, raise + the bar.

* teoría de niveles integrados = theory of integrative levels.

* último nivel, el = bottom rung, the.

* * *

masculino

a) ( altura) level

sobre el nivel del mar — above sea level

b) (en escala, jerarquía) level

conversaciones de alto nivel — high-level talks

negociaciones al más alto nivel — top-level negotiations

un funcionario de bajo nivel — a low-ranking civil servant

no está al nivel de los demás — he's not up to the same standard as the others

estar al nivel de las circunstancias — to rise to the occasion

- nivel de vida

* * *

= degree, extent, index [indices/indexes, -pl.], level, range, scale, threshold, rank, gradation, grade, plateau [plateaux, -pl.], stratum [strata, -pl.], tier, rung.

Ex: This degree of standardisation is not the pattern outside of this specific area of application.

Ex: The extent of searchable elements will vary from one data base to another.

Ex: As job anxiety scores increased, job satisfaction indices decreased.

Ex: In particular series entries are useful for series where the series title indicates a particular subject scope, style of approach, level or audience.

Ex: Overall, the library media specialists experienced stress in the mild to moderate range.

Ex: Various scales of relevance ratings may be established.

Ex: But documents with the following terms assigned would be rejected on the grounds that their combined weights did not exceed the pre-selected threshold.

Ex: However, Cutter suggested that we should ignore on economic grounds both upward links (from narrower to broader subjects) and collateral (sideways) links from one term to another of equal rank.

Ex: Until the mid nineteen hundreds, this community presented an almost feudal pattern of wealthy merchants and factory hands, with several gradations between these extremes.

Ex: The project is concerned with the investigation of conditions of appointment for women librarians as well as the grades and salary scales assigned to library tasks.

Ex: With the advent of both library on-line public access catalogue and end-user searching of on-line and CD-ROM data bases, the need for improved instruction in library use approaches a new plateau.

Ex: However, amongst this stratum of the population, library users demonstrated greater residential stability.

Ex: The author proposes a four tier planning framework for information technology, information systems and information management.

Ex: In all types of libraries, programmes have been started, usually by keen librarians from the lower rungs of the profession.

* a bajo nivel = low-level.

* a diferentes niveles = multi-tiered [multitiered], multi-tier [multitier].

* a dos niveles = two-tier.

* alcanzar niveles mínimos = reach + a low ebb.

* alfabetización a nivel mundial = world literacy.

* al mismo nivel de = flush with.

* al mismo nivel que = on a par with, in the same league as.

* alto nivel = high standard.

* a muchos niveles = many-levelled [many-leveled, -USA].

* a nivel de barrio = neighbourhood-based.

* a nivel de calle = on the ground level.

* a nivel de la calle = at ground level.

* a nivel del suelo = at ground level.

* a nivel estatal = statewide [state-wide].

* a nivel federal = federally, federally.

* a nivel individual = privately.

* a nivel local = locally, domestically.

* a nivel multicultural = multi-culturally [multiculturally].

* a nivel mundial = worldwide [world-wide], globally.

* a nivel nacional = nationally, domestically, countrywide [country-wide].

* a nivel privado = privately.

* a nivel regional = regionally.

* a todos los niveles = at all levels.

* a tres niveles = three-tiered.

* a un alto nivel = high level [high-level].

* a un nivel básico = at a lay level.

* a un nivel por debajo del nacional = sub-national [subnational].

* a varios niveles = multilevel [multi-level], at varying levels, many-levelled [many-leveled, -USA].

* bajada de nivel = drawdown.

* bajar el nivel = lower + the bar.

* barrera de paso a nivel = level-crossing gate.

* clasificado por nivel de dificultad = graded.

* construido en dos niveles = split-level.

* con una nivel de especialización medio = semi-skilled.

* con un buen nivel = fluent.

* con un mayor nivel educativo = better educated [better-educated].

* con un menor nivel educativo = lesser-educated.

* con un nivel de estudios alto = well educated [well-educated].

* curva de nivel = contour line.

* dar un nivel de prioridad alto = put + Nombre + high on + Posesivo + list of priorities.

* de alto nivel = of a high order, high level [high-level], high-powered.

* de bajo nivel = lower-level, low-level.

* de diferentes niveles = multi-tiered [multitiered], multi-tier [multitier].

* de dos niveles = two-tier.

* de nivel cultural bajo = lowbrow [low-brow].

* de nivel cultural medio = middlebrow [middle-brow].

* de nivel intelectual bajo = lowbrow [low-brow].

* de nivel intelectual medio = middlebrow [middle-brow].

* de nivel medio = medium level [medium-level], middle-range, mid-level.

* de nivel superior = upper-level, top echelon, higher-level.

* de primer nivel = first-level.

* descenso de nivel = drawdown.

* descripción bibliográfica de primer nivel = first-level bibliographic description.

* de segundo nivel = second-level.

* de tercer nivel = third-level.

* de tres niveles = three-tiered.

* de varios niveles = multilevel [multi-level].

* en cuatro niveles = quadraplaner.

* en dos niveles = split-level.

* en el nivel básico = at grass roots level.

* en el nivel intermedio de = in the middle range of.

* en el nivel medio de = in the middle range of.

* en otro nivel = on a different plane.

* en su nivel más bajo = at its lowest ebb.

* en un nivel bajo = at a low ebb.

* estar al mismo nivel = be on a par.

* gestor de nivel medio = middle manager.

* gran nivel = high standard.

* nivel alto de dirección = higher management.

* nivel alto de gestión = higher management.

* nivel avanzado = advanced level.

* nivel básico = introductory level.

* nivel cultural = literacy.

* nivel de aceptación = adoption rate, acceptance rate.

* nivel de adopción = adoption rate.

* nivel de alfabetización = literacy, literacy rate.

* nivel de analfabetismo = illiteracy rate.

* nivel de atención = attention span.

* nivel de azúcar en la sangre = level of blood sugar.

* nivel de cobertura = depth of coverage.

* nivel de colesterol = cholesterol level.

* nivel de colesterol en la sangre = blood cholesterol level.

* nivel de confianza = confidence level.

* nivel de demanda = level of demand.

* nivel de desarrollo = stage of development, developmental level, development level, level of development.

* nivel de detalle = completeness, granularity, level of detail.

* nivel de dominio medio = working knowledge.

* nivel de estudios = educational background, level of education.

* nivel de ingresos = income level, earning capacity, earning power.

* nivel de la calle = road-level.

* nivel del agua = water level.

* nivel del alfabetización = literacy.

* nivel de lectura = reading ability.

* nivel de los usuarios = audience level.

* nivel del público = audience level.

* nivel del subconsciente, el = subconscious level, the.

* nivel de luminosidad = light level.

* nivel de pobreza = poverty level.

* nivel de presentación = level of presentation.

* nivel de ruido = noise level.

* nivel de saciedad = point of futility.

* nivel de satisfacción del usuario = user satisfaction.

* nivel de saturación = point of futility.

* nivel de solvencia = credit rating.

* nivel de subdivisión = granularity.

* nivel de utilización = degree of use.

* nivel de vida = standard of living, living standard.

* nivel económico = wealth.

* nivel educativo = educational level, education level, level of education.

* nivel escolar = grade level.

* niveles de detalle en la descripción = levels of detail in the description.

* nivel freático = groundwater table, water table.

* nivel inferior = micro level [micro-leve/microlevel].

* nivel intermedio = meso level, intermediate level.

* nivel introductorio = introductory level.

* nivel jerárquico falso = false link.

* nivel máximo = high-water mark.

* nivel máximo del agua = high-water mark.

* nivel medio = middle range.

* nivel medio de gestión = middle management.

* nivel mínimo = low-water mark.

* nivel mínimo del agua = low-water mark.

* nivel profesional = competence, professional level.

* nivel salarial = salary bracket.

* nivel socioeconómico = socioeconomic status.

* nivel superior = top level, top layer, macro level [macro-leve/macrolevel].

* ocupar un nivel de prioridad alto = be high on + list, rank + high on the list of priorities.

* pasar al siguiente nivel = move it up + a gear, take it up + a gear, notch it up + a gear, take it up + a notch, crank it up + a notch, crank it up + a gear, move it up + a notch.

* paso a nivel = level-crossing.

* persona con nivel cultural medio = middlebrow [middle-brow].

* persona de nivel cultural bajo = lowbrow [low-brow].

* persona de nivel intelectual bajo = lowbrow [low-brow].

* poner al mismo nivel que = bring + Nombre + to a par with.

* por niveles = multilayered [multi-layered/multi layered], multilayer, layered, tiered.

* preparación contra emergencias a nivel nacional = domestic preparedness.

* rebajarse al nivel de Alguien = get down to + Posesivo + level.

* ser de alto nivel = be at a high level.

* sin ningún nivel de especialización = unskilled.

* situado a nivel de la calle = ground-floor.

* subir de nivel = move it up + a gear, take it up + a gear, notch it up + a gear, take it up + a notch, crank it up + a notch, crank it up + a gear, move it up + a notch.

* subir el nivel = raise + standard, raise + the bar.

* teoría de niveles integrados = theory of integrative levels.

* último nivel, el = bottom rung, the.

* * *

nivel

masculine

A

1 (altura) level

está a 2.300 metros sobre el nivel del mar it is 2,300 meters above sea level

pon los cuadros al mismo nivel hang the pictures at the same height

2 (en una escala, jerarquía) level

conversaciones de alto nivel high-level talks

negociaciones al más alto nivel top-level negotiations

un funcionario de bajo nivel a low-ranking civil servant

a nivel de mandos medios at middle-management level

una solución a nivel internacional an international solution

la obra no llega a pasar del nivel de un melodrama the play never rises above melodrama

no está al nivel de los demás he's not up to the same standard as the others, he's not on a par with the others

no supo estar al nivel de las circunstancias he failed to rise to the occasion, he didn't live up to expectations

es incapaz de comprometerse tanto a nivel político como a nivel personal he's incapable of committing himself either politically or emotionally o on either a political or an emotional level

Compuestos:

● nivel de vida

standard of living

● nivel freático

water table

B ( Const) tb

nivel de burbuja or de aire spirit level

* * *

nivel sustantivo masculino
a) ( altura) level

b) (en escala, jerarquía) level;

◊ conversaciones de alto nivel high-level talks;

nivel de vida standard of living;
no está al nivel de los demás he's not up to the same standard as the others;
el nivel de las universidades mexicanas the standard of Mexican universities
nivel sustantivo masculino
1 (de las aguas, de un punto) level: estamos tres metros sobre el nivel del mar, we are at three metres above sea level
2 (cultural, social, económico) level, standard: su nivel de francés es peor que el tuyo, her level of French is lower than yours
3 (jerarquía) level
4 (utensilio) level
5 Ferroc paso a nivel, level crossing, US grade crossing
' nivel' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
alta
- alto
- altura
- baja
- bajo
- escalón
- indicador
- indicadora
- ministerial
- paso
- plana
- plano
- ras
- tren
- alcanzar
- azúcar
- chato
- competir
- creces
- crecida
- cultural
- descender
- descenso
- desnivelado
- elemental
- elevar
- equiparar
- hundimiento
- hundir
- intermedio
- menguar
- parejo
- rango
- sobre
- sobrepasar
- superior
English:
above
- academic
- catch up
- crossing
- down
- grade
- ground level
- high-level
- high-powered
- intermediate
- keep up
- level
- level crossing
- living standards
- maintain
- oil
- oil gauge
- par
- plane
- proficiency
- quality
- rank
- reach
- sea-level
- spirit level
- stand
- standard
- top
- top-level
- up to
- water level
- watermark
- A level
- basis
- bracket
- catch
- comprehensive
- contour
- county
- deck
- degree
- descend
- dumb
- ground
- high
- keep
- lapse
- living
- lowest common denominator
- low

* * *

nivel nm

1. [altura] level, height;

al nivel de level with;

al nivel del mar at sea level;

la capital está a 250 metros sobre el nivel del mar the capital is 250 metres above sea level

2. [piso, capa] level

Comp
Geol nivel freático groundwater level o table
3. [grado] level, standard;

a nivel europeo at a European level;

son los líderes a nivel mundial they are the world leaders;

una campaña realizada a nivel mundial a worldwide campaign;

un problema que hay que abordar a nivel mundial a problem that has to be tackled internationally o globally;

tiene un buen nivel de inglés she speaks good English;

en esa universidad tienen un nivel altísimo the standard at that university is very high;

una reunión al más alto nivel a meeting at the highest level, a top-level meeting;

al mismo nivel (que) on a level o par (with)

Comp
Informát nivel de acceso access level;
nivel de colesterol cholesterol level;
Informát niveles de gris grey(scale) levels;
nivel mental level of intelligence;

nivel de vida standard of living

4. [instrumento]
nivel (de burbuja) spirit level

5.
a nivel de [considerado incorrecto] as regards, as for;

a nivel de salarios as regards o as for salaries;

a nivel personal estoy contento on a personal level I'm happy

* * *

nivel

m

1 level;

a nivel mundial/nacional at o on a global/national level;

un incremento del 4% a nivel nacional a 4% increase nationwide

2 ( altura) height

* * *

nivel nm

1) : level, height

nivel del mar: sea level

2) : level, standard

nivel de vida: standard of living

* * *

nivel n

1. (en general) level

ha subido el nivel del agua the level of the water has risen

2. (calidad) standard

nivel de vida standard of living

Spanish-English dictionary > nivel
52 Chevenard, Pierre Antoine Jean Sylvestre

SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy

[br]

b. 31 December 1888 Thizy, Rhône, France

d. 15 August 1960 Fontenoy-aux-Roses, France

[br]

French metallurgist, inventor of the alloys Elinvar and Platinite and of the method of strengthening nickel-chromium alloys by a precipitate ofNi3Al which provided the basis of all later super-alloy development.

[br]

Soon after graduating from the Ecole des Mines at St-Etienne in 1910, Chevenard joined the Société de Commentry Fourchambault et Decazeville at their steelworks at Imphy, where he remained for the whole of his career. Imphy had for some years specialized in the production of nickel steels. From this venture emerged the first austenitic nickel-chromium steel, containing 6 per cent chromium and 22–4 per cent nickel and produced commercially in 1895. Most of the alloys required by Guillaume in his search for the low-expansion alloy Invar were made at Imphy. At the Imphy Research Laboratory, established in 1911, Chevenard conducted research into the development of specialized nickel-based alloys. His first success followed from an observation that some of the ferro-nickels were free from the low-temperature brittleness exhibited by conventional steels. To satisfy the technical requirements of Georges Claude, the French cryogenic pioneer, Chevenard was then able in 1912 to develop an alloy containing 55–60 per cent nickel, 1–3 per cent manganese and 0.2–0.4 per cent carbon. This was ductile down to −190°C, at which temperature carbon steel was very brittle.

By 1916 Elinvar, a nickel-iron-chromium alloy with an elastic modulus that did not vary appreciably with changes in ambient temperature, had been identified. This found extensive use in horology and instrument manufacture, and even for the production of high-quality tuning forks. Another very popular alloy was Platinite, which had the same coefficient of thermal expansion as platinum and soda glass. It was used in considerable quantities by incandescent-lamp manufacturers for lead-in wires. Other materials developed by Chevenard at this stage to satisfy the requirements of the electrical industry included resistance alloys, base-metal thermocouple combinations, magnetically soft high-permeability alloys, and nickel-aluminium permanent magnet steels of very high coercivity which greatly improved the power and reliability of car magnetos. Thermostatic bimetals of all varieties soon became an important branch of manufacture at Imphy.

During the remainder of his career at Imphy, Chevenard brilliantly elaborated the work on nickel-chromium-tungsten alloys to make stronger pressure vessels for the Haber and other chemical processes. Another famous alloy that he developed, ATV, contained 35 per cent nickel and 11 per cent chromium and was free from the problem of stress-induced cracking in steam that had hitherto inhibited the development of high-power steam turbines. Between 1912 and 1917, Chevenard recognized the harmful effects of traces of carbon on this type of alloy, and in the immediate postwar years he found efficient methods of scavenging the residual carbon by controlled additions of reactive metals. This led to the development of a range of stabilized austenitic stainless steels which were free from the problems of intercrystalline corrosion and weld decay that then caused so much difficulty to the manufacturers of chemical plant.

Chevenard soon concluded that only the nickel-chromium system could provide a satisfactory basis for the subsequent development of high-temperature alloys. The first published reference to the strengthening of such materials by additions of aluminium and/or titanium occurs in his UK patent of 1929. This strengthening approach was adopted in the later wartime development in Britain of the Nimonic series of alloys, all of which depended for their high-temperature strength upon the precipitated compound Ni3Al.

In 1936 he was studying the effect of what is now known as "thermal fatigue", which contributes to the eventual failure of both gas and steam turbines. He then published details of equipment for assessing the susceptibility of nickel-chromium alloys to this type of breakdown by a process of repeated quenching. Around this time he began to make systematic use of the thermo-gravimetrie balance for high-temperature oxidation studies.

[br]

Principal Honours and Distinctions

President, Société de Physique. Commandeur de la Légion d'honneur.

Bibliography

1929, Analyse dilatométrique des matériaux, with a preface be C.E.Guillaume, Paris: Dunod (still regarded as the definitive work on this subject).

The Dictionary of Scientific Biography lists around thirty of his more important publications between 1914 and 1943.

Further Reading

"Chevenard, a great French metallurgist", 1960, Acier Fins (Spec.) 36:92–100.

L.Valluz, 1961, "Notice sur les travaux de Pierre Chevenard, 1888–1960", Paris: Institut de France, Académie des Sciences.

ASD

Biographical history of technology > Chevenard, Pierre Antoine Jean Sylvestre
53 Nueva Zelanda

f.

New Zealand.

* * *

= New Zealand (NZ)

Ex. The development of interlending in France and New Zealand is on very different lines and whether to join a national network or a local cooperative is a problem faced by many.

* * *

= New Zealand (NZ)

Ex: The development of interlending in France and New Zealand is on very different lines and whether to join a national network or a local cooperative is a problem faced by many.

* * *

Nueva Zelanda, Nueva Zelandia

feminine

New Zealand

* * *

Multiple Entries:
Nueva Zelanda
Nueva Zelandia
Nueva Zelandia,
◊ Nueva Zelanda sustantivo femenino

New Zealand
Nueva Zelanda sustantivo femenino New Zealand

' Nueva Zelanda' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
Nueva Zelandia
English:
currently
- down
- New Zealand
- new

* * *

Nueva Zelanda

f New Zealand

Spanish-English dictionary > Nueva Zelanda
54 acuciante

adj.

urgent, pressing.

* * *

acuciante

► adjetivo

1 pressing, urgent

■ un problema acuciante an urgent problem

* * *

ADJ pressing

necesidad acuciante — dire necessity, urgent o pressing need

* * *

adjetivo <necesidad/problema> urgent, pressing; < deseo> burning (before n), ardent

una sed/un hambre acuciante — a raging thirst/a gnawing hunger

* * *

= pressing, acute, ever-pressing.

Ex. As the quantity of knowledge expands the need to organise it becomes more pressing.

Ex. In some areas of study, notably the social sciences, the problems vocabulary are acute.

Ex. Cooperative collection development is seen as a solution to the ever-pressing problems posed by the 'information explosion'.

----

* ser acuciante = be acute.

* * *

adjetivo <necesidad/problema> urgent, pressing; < deseo> burning (before n), ardent

una sed/un hambre acuciante — a raging thirst/a gnawing hunger

* * *

= pressing, acute, ever-pressing.

Ex: As the quantity of knowledge expands the need to organise it becomes more pressing.

Ex: In some areas of study, notably the social sciences, the problems vocabulary are acute.

Ex: Cooperative collection development is seen as a solution to the ever-pressing problems posed by the 'information explosion'.

* ser acuciante = be acute.

* * *

acuciante, acucioso -sa

adjective

‹necesidad/problema› urgent, pressing; ‹deseo› burning ( before n), ardent

había algo acuciante en la manera como hizo la pregunta there was something urgent in the way he asked the question

lo atormentaba una sed/un hambre acuciante he was tormented by a raging thirst/a gnawing hunger

* * *

acuciante adjetivo urgent, pressing: teníamos una necesidad acuciante de dinero, we had a pressing need for money
' acuciante' also found in these entries:
English:
consuming

* * *

acuciante adj

urgent, pressing;

sentía un deseo acuciante de marcharse she felt an urgent o pressing desire to leave;

éste es el problema más acuciante en estos momentos this is the most urgent o pressing problem at the moment

* * *

acuciante

adj pressing, urgent

* * *

acuciante adj

: pressing, urgent

Spanish-English dictionary > acuciante
55 asegurado1

¹ = assured, continued, guaranteed, sure-fire [surefire].

Ex. The future of DC is assured.

Ex. Instructional development is a goal-oriented, problem-solving process involving techniques such as development of specific objectives, analysis of learners and tasks, preliminary trials, formative and summative evaluation, and continued revision.

Ex. This problem arises in real time multimedia applications, which often requires a guaranteed bandwidth and bounded delay to ensure that the quality of service is met = Este problema surge en las aplicaciones multimedia en tiempo real, que a menudo necesitan un ancho de banda garantizado y un retraso limitado para asegurar la calidad del servicio.

Ex. For example, asking where someone was born is not a sure-fire way of finding out what their accent is and may lead to erroneous assumptions.

----

* de éxito asegurado = sure-fire [surefire].

Spanish-English dictionary > asegurado1
56 confusión

f.

1 confusion, mix-up, disorder, confusedness.

2 perplexity, bafflement, confusion, confusedness.

3 commotion, riot, clutter, hassle.

4 scene of confusion, shambles.

* * *

confusión

► nombre femenino

1 (desorden) confusion, chaos

2 (equivocación) mistake, confusion

3 (turbación) confusion, embarrassment

* * *

noun f.

confusion

* * *

SF

1) (=equivocación) confusion

lo que provocó la confusión — what caused the confusion

para evitar confusiones — to avoid confusion

ha habido una confusión en los nombres — there was a mix-up with the names, there was some confusion with the names

esta carta no es para mí, debe de tratarse de una confusión — this letter is not for me, there must be some mistake

• por confusión — by mistake

2) (=desconcierto) confusion

el terremoto produjo una gran confusión en las calles — the earthquake caused great confusion in the streets

tiene una gran confusión de ideas — his ideas are very confused

la recuerdo con bastante confusión — I have a hazy o vague memory of her

3) (=turbación)

sentí tal confusión que no pude ni dar las gracias — I was so overwhelmed that I couldn't even say thank you

tantas alabanzas me produjeron una gran confusión — I found all that praise overwhelming

* * *

femenino

a) (desorden, caos) confusion

para mayor confusión — to add to the confusion

b) ( perplejidad) confusion

mis palabras aumentaron su confusión — what I said made him more confused

c) ( turbación) embarrassment

d) ( equivocación) confusion

hubo una confusión con la factura — there was a confusion over the invoice

se presta a confusión — it is open to misinterpretation

para que no haya más confusiones — to avoid any further confusion

* * *

= confounding, confusion, mix-up [mixup], dislocation, welter, muddle, perplex, turbulence, turmoil, jumble, blurring, clouding, daze, messiness, obfuscation, turbulent waters, puzzle, miasma, snarl, snarl-up, brouhaha, perplexity.

Ex. Experience of IT in USA is associated not infrequently with the confounding of confident expectations.

Ex. In particular, when one command means one thing in one system and something else in another system this is likely to lead to confusion.

Ex. You'll have to call him and tell him there's been a mix-up and that he'll be called as soon as there's another opening.

Ex. SDC's ORBIT software is a variation on the ELHILL software used with MEDLINE, so users of that data base can move across to SDC with a minimum of dislocation.

Ex. Without language we would go bumping around in the dark and eventually take leave of our senses under the welter of the incomprehensible, withdrawing, as some people do, into a closed world in order to protect ourselves against the unbearable onslaught.

Ex. The author attempts to sort out the muddle in which librarians have found themselves = El autor intenta aclarar la confusión en la que se encuentran los bibliotecarios.

Ex. The article 'The print perplex' asserts that librarians must deal with a future of mixed print and digital material, since most books will never be in digital form.

Ex. The title of the article is 'Survival skills for information professionals in the decade of turbulence'.

Ex. China has suffered from over a decade of turmoil which has prevented the development of modern information services.

Ex. Compared to this fairly ordered monographic literature, the multiple contents of a collection of periodicals seemed like a terrible jumble.

Ex. Read from the perspective of Bakhtin, this blurring of genres is also a blurring of idealogies.

Ex. A major problem for the technician is one of recognition in situations where there is a clouding of identification with clerical staff.

Ex. The article 'The daze of future business research' examines changing trends in online business information searching with the rush to the Internet.

Ex. Management theorists seem unable to cope with the unpredictability, the multivariate nature and the ' messiness' of human organizations in cultural contexts.

Ex. The results has been an ever greater obfuscation of what constitutes the profession of librarianship.

Ex. His experience and expertise has guided IFLA members smoothly across what could easily have been turbulent waters = Sus conocimientos y experiencia en la formulación de los Estatutos ha guiado a los miembros de la IFLA sin problemas a través de lo que podrían haber sido fácilmente aguas turbulentas.

Ex. We talk heatedly about books that lie beyond our present concerns because these allow us to speculate and often present us with puzzles we want to explore.

Ex. The past is often shrouded in a miasma of uncertain memories confounded by missing or incomplete records.

Ex. His work is such a snarl of so many different things that it is as endlessly demanding as it is rewarding.

Ex. However, taxi is a more advisable option considering the never-ending Bangkok traffic snarl-up, especially during the rush hour.

Ex. He believes that most political brouhahas are cooked up to divert the public's attention from the real terrorism.

Ex. The combination of perplexity over what is the right mix and apparent inability to represent information activity dynamically is very strong.

----

* aclarar una confusión = unravel + snarl.

* aumentar la confusión = add to + the confusion.

* causar confusión = wreak + confusion, cause + confusion.

* confusión económica = economic turmoil.

* confusión histórica = historical confusion.

* de un modo que causa confusión = confusingly.

* estado de confusión = state of confusion.

* llevar a confusión = lead to + confusion.

* que induce a confusión = confounding.

* * *

femenino

a) (desorden, caos) confusion

para mayor confusión — to add to the confusion

b) ( perplejidad) confusion

mis palabras aumentaron su confusión — what I said made him more confused

c) ( turbación) embarrassment

d) ( equivocación) confusion

hubo una confusión con la factura — there was a confusion over the invoice

se presta a confusión — it is open to misinterpretation

para que no haya más confusiones — to avoid any further confusion

* * *

= confounding, confusion, mix-up [mixup], dislocation, welter, muddle, perplex, turbulence, turmoil, jumble, blurring, clouding, daze, messiness, obfuscation, turbulent waters, puzzle, miasma, snarl, snarl-up, brouhaha, perplexity.

Ex: Experience of IT in USA is associated not infrequently with the confounding of confident expectations.

Ex: In particular, when one command means one thing in one system and something else in another system this is likely to lead to confusion.

Ex: You'll have to call him and tell him there's been a mix-up and that he'll be called as soon as there's another opening.

Ex: SDC's ORBIT software is a variation on the ELHILL software used with MEDLINE, so users of that data base can move across to SDC with a minimum of dislocation.

Ex: Without language we would go bumping around in the dark and eventually take leave of our senses under the welter of the incomprehensible, withdrawing, as some people do, into a closed world in order to protect ourselves against the unbearable onslaught.

Ex: The author attempts to sort out the muddle in which librarians have found themselves = El autor intenta aclarar la confusión en la que se encuentran los bibliotecarios.

Ex: The article 'The print perplex' asserts that librarians must deal with a future of mixed print and digital material, since most books will never be in digital form.

Ex: The title of the article is 'Survival skills for information professionals in the decade of turbulence'.

Ex: China has suffered from over a decade of turmoil which has prevented the development of modern information services.

Ex: Compared to this fairly ordered monographic literature, the multiple contents of a collection of periodicals seemed like a terrible jumble.

Ex: Read from the perspective of Bakhtin, this blurring of genres is also a blurring of idealogies.

Ex: A major problem for the technician is one of recognition in situations where there is a clouding of identification with clerical staff.

Ex: The article 'The daze of future business research' examines changing trends in online business information searching with the rush to the Internet.

Ex: Management theorists seem unable to cope with the unpredictability, the multivariate nature and the ' messiness' of human organizations in cultural contexts.

Ex: The results has been an ever greater obfuscation of what constitutes the profession of librarianship.

Ex: His experience and expertise has guided IFLA members smoothly across what could easily have been turbulent waters = Sus conocimientos y experiencia en la formulación de los Estatutos ha guiado a los miembros de la IFLA sin problemas a través de lo que podrían haber sido fácilmente aguas turbulentas.

Ex: We talk heatedly about books that lie beyond our present concerns because these allow us to speculate and often present us with puzzles we want to explore.

Ex: The past is often shrouded in a miasma of uncertain memories confounded by missing or incomplete records.

Ex: His work is such a snarl of so many different things that it is as endlessly demanding as it is rewarding.

Ex: However, taxi is a more advisable option considering the never-ending Bangkok traffic snarl-up, especially during the rush hour.

Ex: He believes that most political brouhahas are cooked up to divert the public's attention from the real terrorism.

Ex: The combination of perplexity over what is the right mix and apparent inability to represent information activity dynamically is very strong.

* aclarar una confusión = unravel + snarl.

* aumentar la confusión = add to + the confusion.

* causar confusión = wreak + confusion, cause + confusion.

* confusión económica = economic turmoil.

* confusión histórica = historical confusion.

* de un modo que causa confusión = confusingly.

* estado de confusión = state of confusion.

* llevar a confusión = lead to + confusion.

* que induce a confusión = confounding.

* * *

confusión

feminine

1 (perplejidad) confusion

para mayor confusión se llaman igual to add to the confusion o to confuse things even more o to make things even more confusing, they have the same name

2 (desorden, caos) confusion

3 (turbación) embarrassment

su inesperada declaración de amor la llenó de confusión his unexpected declaration of love filled her with embarrassment o confusion o threw her into confusion

tanta amabilidad me produjo una gran confusión I was embarrassed o overwhelmed by so much kindness

4 (equivocación) confusion

lamentamos la confusión que hubo con la factura we regret the confusion over the invoice

sus comentarios se prestan a confusión his comments are open to misinterpretation

para que no haya más confusiones to avoid any further confusion o any more mix-ups

* * *

confusión sustantivo femenino
a) ( en general) confusion;

◊ para que no haya confusiones to avoid any confusion

b) ( turbación) embarrassment, confusion

confusión sustantivo femenino
1 (desorden) confusion
2 (error) mistake
' confusión' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
aturdimiento
- barullo
- belén
- desbarajuste
- desconcierto
- desorientación
- embrollo
- folclore
- follón
- obnubilar
- ofuscación
- para
- prestarse
- torre
- turbación
- aquél
- armar
- bochinche
- convulsionar
- desorden
- ése
- éste
- grado
- jaleo
- lío
- mareo
- medio
- sólo
- turbar
English:
brainstorm
- confusion
- disarray
- foul up
- haziness
- mess
- misunderstanding
- mix-up
- quagmire
- rush
- scramble
- shambles
- start
- turmoil
- welter
- add
- disorder
- havoc
- mix
- straighten

* * *

confusión nf

1. [desorden, lío] confusion;

la confusión aumentó con la llegada del cantante the singer's arrival added to the confusion;

los ladrones actuaron aprovechando la confusión the thieves took advantage of the confusion;

hubo una gran confusión there was great confusion;

en su habitación reina la confusión her room is in chaos;

existe cierta confusión acerca de lo que realmente quiso decir there is some confusion as to what he really meant

2. [desconcierto]
la noticia me llenó de confusión I was disconcerted by the news

3. [error] mix-up;

ha habido una confusión there has been a bit of a mix-up;

esa frase puede llevar a confusión that phrase could lead to confusion o be misinterpreted

* * *

confusión

f confusion

* * *

confusión nf, pl - siones : confusion

* * *

confusión n

1. (falta de claridad) confusion

la falta de indicaciones creó confusión the lack of signs caused confusion

2. (equivocación) mistake

me pidió disculpas por la confusión she apologized for the mistake

Spanish-English dictionary > confusión
57 cínico

adj.

1 cynical, sneering, man-hating, brazen.

2 Cynical, follower of the philosophy of the Cynics.

m.

1 cynic, man-hater, misanthrope, misanthropist.

2 cynic, skeptic.

3 Cynic, member of the Cynics or believer in their doctrines.

* * *

cínico

► adjetivo

1 cynical

► nombre masculino,nombre femenino

1 cynic

* * *
1. (f. - cínica)
adj.

cynical
2. (f. - cínica)
noun

cynic

* * *
cínico, -a
1.

ADJ cynical

2.

SM / F cynic

* * *
I
- ca adjetivo cynical
II
- ca masculino, femenino cynic

* * *

= cynical, sardonic, cynic.

Nota: Nombre.

Ex. It is among such populations that the cynical, evasive, or merely muddled schemes of economic development have produced the greatest social inequity and human suffering.

Ex. 'That wouldn't be my problem,' Stanton said darting a sardonic glance at her antagonist.

Ex. Cynics may say that the words 'information technology' simply represent an attempt to make respectable some commercially motivated developments in electronics.

* * *
I
- ca adjetivo cynical
II
- ca masculino, femenino cynic

* * *

= cynical, sardonic, cynic.

Nota: Nombre.

Ex: It is among such populations that the cynical, evasive, or merely muddled schemes of economic development have produced the greatest social inequity and human suffering.

Ex: 'That wouldn't be my problem,' Stanton said darting a sardonic glance at her antagonist.

Ex: Cynics may say that the words 'information technology' simply represent an attempt to make respectable some commercially motivated developments in electronics.

* * *

cínico¹ -ca

adjective

cynical

cínico² -ca

masculine, feminine

cynic

* * *

cínico
◊ -ca adjetivo

cynical
■ sustantivo masculino, femenino
cynic
cínico,-a
I adjetivo cynical
II sustantivo masculino y femenino cynic

' cínico' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
cínica
English:
cynic
- cynical

* * *

cínico, -a

♦ adj
[desvergonzado] shameless
♦ nm,f
[desvergonzado] shameless person;
es un cínico he's shameless, he has no shame

* * *

cínico

I adj cynical

II m, cínica f cynic

* * *

cínico, -ca adj

1) : cynical

2) : shameless, brazen

♦ cínicamente adv

cínico, -ca n

: cynic

Spanish-English dictionary > cínico
58 dar a Algo más importancia de la que tiene

(v.) = oversell

Ex. Has the library and information profession, by oversell and too narrow development programmes, encouraged exaggerated expectations in developing countries as to the power of information in problem solving?.

* * *

(v.) = oversell

Ex: Has the library and information profession, by oversell and too narrow development programmes, encouraged exaggerated expectations in developing countries as to the power of information in problem solving?.

Spanish-English dictionary > dar a Algo más importancia de la que tiene
59 desorganizado

adj.

disorganized, badly organized, disordered, mixed-up.

past part.

past participle of spanish verb: desorganizar.

* * *

desorganizado

► adjetivo

1 disorganized

* * *

ADJ disorganized

* * *

- da adjetivo disorganized

* * *

= unstructured, disorganised [disorganized, -USA], messy [messier -comp., messiest -sup.].

Ex. The problem reside in the fact that they environment we seek to tame and control is an open, unstructured dynamic process, while human organizations are static and highly resistant to change.

Ex. The failings of the disorganised and under-used Indonesian library services led to the development of a national system of information networks.

Ex. The author discusses current attempts to organize electronic information objects in a world that is messy, volatile and uncontrolled.

* * *

- da adjetivo disorganized

* * *

= unstructured, disorganised [disorganized, -USA], messy [messier -comp., messiest -sup.].

Ex: The problem reside in the fact that they environment we seek to tame and control is an open, unstructured dynamic process, while human organizations are static and highly resistant to change.

Ex: The failings of the disorganised and under-used Indonesian library services led to the development of a national system of information networks.

Ex: The author discusses current attempts to organize electronic information objects in a world that is messy, volatile and uncontrolled.

* * *

desorganizado -da

adjective

disorganized

* * *

Del verbo desorganizar: ( conjugate desorganizar)

desorganizado es:

el participio

Multiple Entries:
desorganizado
desorganizar
desorganizado
◊ -da adjetivo

disorganized
desorganizado,-a adjetivo disorganized, unorganized: ¿cómo puedes tener el despacho tan desorganizado?, how can you stand such a disorganized office?
desorganizar verbo transitivo to disorganize, disrupt

' desorganizado' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
desorganizada
English:
disorganized
- untidy

* * *

desorganizado, -a adj

disorganized

* * *

desorganizado

adj disorganized

* * *

desorganizado adj disorganized

Spanish-English dictionary > desorganizado
60 destacar

v.

1 to emphasize, to highlight (poner de relieve).

cabe destacar que… it is important to point out that…

hay que destacar el trabajo de los actores the acting deserves special mention

Ella destaca sus logros She highlights his achievements.

Ella destacó su importancia She emphasized its importance.

2 to station (tropas).

3 to stand out.

destaca entre sus otras novelas por su humor it stands out among her other novels for o because of its humor

Sus logros destacan His achievements stand out.

4 to put on the front, to deploy, to detach, to put at the front line.

Ricardo destacó al alumno Richard put the student on the front.

* * *

destacar

Conjugation model [ SACAR], like link=sacar sacar

► verbo intransitivo

1 (despuntar) to stand out

■ destaca por su sabiduría he stands out because of his wisdom

► verbo transitivo

1 MILITAR to detach

2 (en pintura) to highlight, make stand out

3 figurado (dar énfasis) to point out, emphasize

■ quiero destacar las dificultades I want to point out the difficulties

► verbo pronominal destacarse

1 to stand out

* * *

verb

1) to highlight, emphasize

2) stand out

* * *

1. VT

1) (=hacer resaltar) to emphasize

sirve para destacar su belleza — it serves to show off her beauty

quiero destacar que... — I wish to emphasize that...

2) (Mil) to detach, detail

3) (Inform) to highlight

2.

VI

See:

destacarse

* * *
1.
verbo transitivo

1) (recalcar, subrayar) to emphasize, stress

2) ( realzar) <belleza/figura> to enhance; <color/plano> to bring out

3)

a) (Mil) < tropas> to post

destacar a alguien para + inf — to detail somebody to + inf

b) <periodista/fotógrafo> to send
2.
destacar vi to stand out

destacar en algo — to excel at o in something

destaca por su inteligencia — her intelligence sets her apart from the rest

el marco hace destacar aún más la belleza del cuadro — the frame further enhances the beauty of the picture

destacó como autor teatral — he was an outstanding playwright

nunca destacó como estudiante — he never excelled as a student

* * *

= bring into + focus, emphasise [emphasize, -USA], give + prominence, give + emphasis, highlight, make + Posesivo + mark, single out, illuminate, heighten, stand out in + the text, play up, stand out, foreground, lay + emphasis on, be to the fore, bring to + the fore, come to + the fore, give + highlights, excel, spotlight, bring to + the forefront, place + great store on, create + a high profile for, give + a high profile, have + high profile, bring + attention to, stand + apart, shine, deploy, flag + Nombre + up, stand + proud.

Ex. The current technological scene is reviewed to bring fee-related issues into sharper focus.

Ex. Analytical cataloguing aims to emphasise the content of documents, rather than relying entirely upon cataloguing whole works.

Ex. Provision should be on the basis of quality and originality, with classic works of the genre given prominence.

Ex. Some are poorly written giving either too much or too little data, and giving undue emphasis to the author's priorities.

Ex. In each case the object of the discussion will be to highlight what appear to be the significant aspects, particularly those concerning the background which affect the nature of the scheme.

Ex. Prior to that date he had already begun to make his mark.

Ex. Conference proceedings are singled out for special attention because they are an important category of material in relation to abstracting and indexing publications.

Ex. This appraisal attempts to illuminate aspects of Irish library history omitted from international reference works.

Ex. Automated support services have heightened the sense of interdependency between libraries and vendors.

Ex. Both Dialog and Chemical Abstracts Service stand out in the text.

Ex. A long-standing but unfortunate tradition plays up antagonism between those librarians who become catalogers and those who opt for reference or public service.

Ex. Three national library catalogues stand out as highly important sources of general bibliography.

Ex. His survey of how such poetry has been edited in recent years, however, shows that a single edition is still foregrounded while other editions are only obliquely indicated via footnotes.

Ex. Her article lays emphasis on some of the concerns that are important to the continued development of effective information policies.

Ex. Those countries which were already to the fore in science and technology certainly faced problems in the handling of information.

Ex. Installation of new computer terminals may bring the problem to the fore.

Ex. As this table shows, the age profile for all borrowers is very close to that of all adults in the country but when one looks at the more frequent users, the regular borrowers, the older people come more to the fore.

Ex. This article gives highlights of a trade show on the applications of optical information systems in publishing organised by Learned Information and held in New York City, 15-17 Oct 86.

Ex. Expert systems represent an attempt to harness, as an intellectual tool, those features of the computer where it excels in the handling of data.

Ex. This article spotlights the role that authority files play in promoting uniformity of cataloguing practice.

Ex. This theft of valuable letters and documents brings to the forefront, once again, the question of collection security in the nation's archives.

Ex. The IFLA letter places great store on the number of FID members who are also IFLA members.

Ex. This article pesents an interview with George Cunningham who sees his role as creating a high profile for the library profession and fostering a love of books.

Ex. The course gives information technology a very high profile.

Ex. Before the launch of Penguin Books India in 1987, trade publishing in English in India did not have the high profile in bookstores it has today..

Ex. In crisp, economical prose, the journal calmly brought attention to the nooks and crannies, and absurdities of university life, concerning itself with both the idiosyncratic and the profound.

Ex. There are many books published in the world and of many kinds, but one category stands apart: books that come under the heading of literature.

Ex. A light box would be provided for this purpose so that the cards could be accurately stacked on top of each other to allow the light from the light box to shine through any holes that the three cards had in common.

Ex. Any attack on Iran will require that military forces quickly deploy to Dubai to forestall the closing of the strait.

Ex. If you spot an error then flag it up to your bank promptly and insist they take action to rectify it.

Ex. Even now, hundreds of years after his death, his timepieces stand proud in historic buildings around the world.

----

* destacar con mucho sobre = stand out + head and shoulders (above/over), be head and shoulder (above/over).

* destacar en = pull off on.

* destacar la importancia = underscore + importance.

* destacar la importancia de = stress + the importance of, emphasise + the importance of, highlight + the importance of.

* destacar por encima de los demás = stand out from + the rest, stand out above + the rest, stand out in + the crowd.

* destacar sobre los demás = stand out above + the rest, stand out from + the rest, stand out in + the crowd.

* es de destacar que = significantly.

* es importante destacar = importantly.

* hay que destacar = importantly.

* sin acontecimientos que destacar = uneventful.

* sin nada que destacar = uneventful.

* * *
1.
verbo transitivo

1) (recalcar, subrayar) to emphasize, stress

2) ( realzar) <belleza/figura> to enhance; <color/plano> to bring out

3)

a) (Mil) < tropas> to post

destacar a alguien para + inf — to detail somebody to + inf

b) <periodista/fotógrafo> to send
2.
destacar vi to stand out

destacar en algo — to excel at o in something

destaca por su inteligencia — her intelligence sets her apart from the rest

el marco hace destacar aún más la belleza del cuadro — the frame further enhances the beauty of the picture

destacó como autor teatral — he was an outstanding playwright

nunca destacó como estudiante — he never excelled as a student

* * *

= bring into + focus, emphasise [emphasize, -USA], give + prominence, give + emphasis, highlight, make + Posesivo + mark, single out, illuminate, heighten, stand out in + the text, play up, stand out, foreground, lay + emphasis on, be to the fore, bring to + the fore, come to + the fore, give + highlights, excel, spotlight, bring to + the forefront, place + great store on, create + a high profile for, give + a high profile, have + high profile, bring + attention to, stand + apart, shine, deploy, flag + Nombre + up, stand + proud.

Ex: The current technological scene is reviewed to bring fee-related issues into sharper focus.

Ex: Analytical cataloguing aims to emphasise the content of documents, rather than relying entirely upon cataloguing whole works.

Ex: Provision should be on the basis of quality and originality, with classic works of the genre given prominence.

Ex: Some are poorly written giving either too much or too little data, and giving undue emphasis to the author's priorities.

Ex: In each case the object of the discussion will be to highlight what appear to be the significant aspects, particularly those concerning the background which affect the nature of the scheme.

Ex: Prior to that date he had already begun to make his mark.

Ex: Conference proceedings are singled out for special attention because they are an important category of material in relation to abstracting and indexing publications.

Ex: This appraisal attempts to illuminate aspects of Irish library history omitted from international reference works.

Ex: Automated support services have heightened the sense of interdependency between libraries and vendors.

Ex: Both Dialog and Chemical Abstracts Service stand out in the text.

Ex: A long-standing but unfortunate tradition plays up antagonism between those librarians who become catalogers and those who opt for reference or public service.

Ex: Three national library catalogues stand out as highly important sources of general bibliography.

Ex: His survey of how such poetry has been edited in recent years, however, shows that a single edition is still foregrounded while other editions are only obliquely indicated via footnotes.

Ex: Her article lays emphasis on some of the concerns that are important to the continued development of effective information policies.

Ex: Those countries which were already to the fore in science and technology certainly faced problems in the handling of information.

Ex: Installation of new computer terminals may bring the problem to the fore.

Ex: As this table shows, the age profile for all borrowers is very close to that of all adults in the country but when one looks at the more frequent users, the regular borrowers, the older people come more to the fore.

Ex: This article gives highlights of a trade show on the applications of optical information systems in publishing organised by Learned Information and held in New York City, 15-17 Oct 86.

Ex: Expert systems represent an attempt to harness, as an intellectual tool, those features of the computer where it excels in the handling of data.

Ex: This article spotlights the role that authority files play in promoting uniformity of cataloguing practice.

Ex: This theft of valuable letters and documents brings to the forefront, once again, the question of collection security in the nation's archives.

Ex: The IFLA letter places great store on the number of FID members who are also IFLA members.

Ex: This article pesents an interview with George Cunningham who sees his role as creating a high profile for the library profession and fostering a love of books.

Ex: The course gives information technology a very high profile.

Ex: Before the launch of Penguin Books India in 1987, trade publishing in English in India did not have the high profile in bookstores it has today..

Ex: In crisp, economical prose, the journal calmly brought attention to the nooks and crannies, and absurdities of university life, concerning itself with both the idiosyncratic and the profound.

Ex: There are many books published in the world and of many kinds, but one category stands apart: books that come under the heading of literature.

Ex: A light box would be provided for this purpose so that the cards could be accurately stacked on top of each other to allow the light from the light box to shine through any holes that the three cards had in common.

Ex: Any attack on Iran will require that military forces quickly deploy to Dubai to forestall the closing of the strait.

Ex: If you spot an error then flag it up to your bank promptly and insist they take action to rectify it.

Ex: Even now, hundreds of years after his death, his timepieces stand proud in historic buildings around the world.

* destacar con mucho sobre = stand out + head and shoulders (above/over), be head and shoulder (above/over).

* destacar en = pull off on.

* destacar la importancia = underscore + importance.

* destacar la importancia de = stress + the importance of, emphasise + the importance of, highlight + the importance of.

* destacar por encima de los demás = stand out from + the rest, stand out above + the rest, stand out in + the crowd.

* destacar sobre los demás = stand out above + the rest, stand out from + the rest, stand out in + the crowd.

* es de destacar que = significantly.

* es importante destacar = importantly.

* hay que destacar = importantly.

* sin acontecimientos que destacar = uneventful.

* sin nada que destacar = uneventful.

* * *

destacar [A2 ]

vt

A (recalcar, subrayar) to emphasize, stress

destacó la gravedad de la situación he underlined o stressed o emphasized the gravity of the situation

B ( Art) to highlight, bring out

C

1 (enviar) ‹tropas› to post

fueron destacados para defender el puente they were detailed to defend the bridge

2 ‹periodista/fotógrafo› to send

■ destacar

vi

to stand out

el trabajo destaca por su originalidad the work is remarkable for o stands out because of its originality

el marco hace destacar aún más la belleza del cuadro the frame further enhances the beauty of the picture

destacó como autor teatral he was an outstanding playwright

a lo lejos destacaba el campanario de la iglesia the church tower stood out in the distance

nunca destacó como estudiante he never excelled o shone as a student

destaca entre los de su edad por su estatura he stands out from others of his age because of his height

■ destacarse

v pron

destacar vi

* * *

destacar ( conjugate destacar) verbo transitivo
1 (recalcar, subrayar) to emphasize, stress
2 ( realzar) ‹belleza/figura› to enhance;
‹color/plano› to bring out
3
a) (Mil) ‹ tropas› to post

b) ‹periodista/fotógrafo› to send

verbo intransitivo
to stand out;
destacar en algo to excel at o in sth
destacar vtr fig to emphasize, stress
destacar(se) verbo intransitivo & verbo reflexivo to stand out
' destacar' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
brillar
- despuntar
- destacarse
- perfilarse
- realzar
- resaltar
- sobresalir
- subrayar
English:
angular
- detail
- highlight
- shine
- stand out
- crowd
- excel
- heighten
- stand
- tower

* * *

destacar

♦ vt

1. [poner de relieve] to emphasize, to highlight;

debo destacar lo importante que es la operación I must stress o emphasize how important the operation is;

cabe destacar que… it is important to point out that…;

hay que destacar el trabajo de los actores the acting deserves special mention

2. [tropas] to station;
[corresponsales] to assign, to send
♦ vi
[sobresalir] to stand out;
tiene afán por destacar she is keen to excel;

destacó como concertista de piano he was an outstanding concert pianist;

hay una alumna que destaca de los demás/entre todos there is one student who stands out from the others/from all the others;

destaca en sus estudios she is an outstanding student;

destaca entre sus otras novelas por su humor it stands out from her other novels for o because of its humour;

destaca mucho por su imponente físico he really stands out because of his impressive physique;

un pueblo que no destaca por nada en particular a town that is not remarkable for anything in particular, a rather unremarkable town

♦ See also the pronominal verb destacarse

* * *

destacar

I v/i stand out

II v/t emphasize

* * *

destacar {72} vt

1) enfatizar, subrayar: to emphasize, to highlight, to stress

2) : to station, to post

destacar vi

: to stand out

* * *

destacar vb

1. (resaltar) to point out / to emphasize

el crítico destacó la originalidad de la obra the critic emphasized the originality of the play

2. (sobresalir) to stand out [pt. & pp. stood]

el jazmín destacaba entre las plantas del jardín por su olor the jazmin stood out among the plants in the garden because of its scent

Spanish-English dictionary > destacar

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