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develop+understanding

Толкование Перевод

1 develop understanding

способствовать дальнейшему взаимопониманию

Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > develop understanding
2 develop understanding

Общая лексика: содействовать пониманию

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > develop understanding
3 develop understanding

способствовать дальнейшему взаимопониманию

Англо-русский большой универсальный переводческий словарь > develop understanding
4 to develop understanding

to develop (to enlarge) understanding развивать (увеличивать) понимание

English-Russian combinatory dictionary > to develop understanding
5 understanding

ˌʌndəˈstændɪŋ
1. сущ.
1) осмысление, понимание, постижение to get an understanding of the question ≈ понять вопрос It was my understanding that we would share the expenses. ≈ Я понял, что мы вместе возьмем на себя расходы.
2) ум, разум a person of understanding ≈ человек с головой
3) согласие, понимание to reach an understanding ≈ достигнуть взаимопонимания, найти общий язык to reach an understanding to keep a dispute out of the newspapers ≈ принять решение не давать огласку дискуссии в средствах массовой информации on the understanding that ≈ на том условии, что on this understanding ≈ при этом условии to arrive at an understanding, to come to an understanding, to bring about understanding ≈ прийти к взаимопониманию to develop understanding, to promote understanding ≈ способствовать дальнейшему взаимопониманию deeper understanding mutual understanding secret understanding tacit understanding verbal understanding written understanding
4) мн.;
сл. ноги;
башмаки
2. прил. понимающий, чуткий Syn: responsive, sympathetic понимание - he hasn't much * of the question он совсем мало смыслит в этом вопросе объяснение, интерпретация;
суждение - this is my * of the affair так я воспринимаю это дело понимание (кого-либо) ;
сочувствие (кому-либо) ;
чуткость, отзывчивость разум, рассудок, интеллект - he has an excellent * он прекрасно соображает;
он обладает большой сообразительностью согласие, взаимопонимание - he disturbed the good * between them он испортил хорошие отношения между ними договоренность, соглашение - private * частное соглашение условие - on this * при этом условии (философское) рассудочное познание понимающий, разумный - * parents разумные родители отзывчивый, чуткий - * heart чуткое сердце ~ соглашение;
взаимопонимание;
согласие (между сторонами) ;
to come to (или to reach) an understanding найти общий язык ~ понимание;
to get an understanding of the question понять вопрос message ~ понимание рекламного сообщения natural language ~ вчт. понимание естественного языка on the ~ that на том условии, что;
on this understanding при этом условии on the ~ that на том условии, что;
on this understanding при этом условии ~ разум, способность понимать;
a person of understanding человек с головой understanding pres. p. от understand ~ взаимопонимание ~ договоренность ~ оговоренное условие, достигнутое соглашение, подразумеваемое соглашение ~ понимание, взаимопонимание, общий язык, согласие (между сторонами) ~ понимание;
to get an understanding of the question понять вопрос ~ понимание ~ понимающий, разумный ~ разум, способность понимать;
a person of understanding человек с головой ~ соглашение;
взаимопонимание;
согласие (между сторонами) ;
to come to (или to reach) an understanding найти общий язык ~ соглашение ~ чуткий, отзывчивый ~ sl ноги;
башмаки

Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > understanding
6 understanding

[ˌʌndə'stændɪŋ]
n

1) понимание, представление

- mutual understanding
- accurate understanding
- clear understanding of smth
- fine understanding of the problem
- have a good understanding of the situation
- give a full understanding of smth
- get a clear understanding of smth
- do smth for a complete understanding
- have a necessary understanding of smth
- develop understanding
- ensure a full understanding
- he hasn't even the slightest understanding of the true reasons of the situation
- he is a man with fine understanding of economic laws
- it created a better understanding between them
- they reached a mutual understanding
2) соглашение, договорённость

There is an understanding that... — Есть договорённость, что.../Мы договорились, что...

- come to an understanding
- reach an understanding

English-Russian combinatory dictionary > understanding
7 understanding

[ˌʌndə'stændɪŋ] 1. сущ.
1) понимание; осмысление

to get an understanding of the question — понять вопрос

It was my understanding that we would share the expenses. — Я так понял, что мы вместе возьмём на себя расходы.

2) ум, разум

a person of understanding — человек с головой

3) согласие, взаимопонимание

deeper understanding — полное, глубокое понимание

to develop / promote understanding — способствовать дальнейшему взаимопониманию

to promote deeper understanding between nations — способствовать более глубокому взаимопониманию между народами

- mutual understanding

4) условие

on the understanding that — на том условии, что

on this understanding — при этом условии

5) договорённость, соглашение

to reach an understanding to keep a dispute out of the newspapers — принять решение не давать огласку дискуссии в средствах массовой информации

to arrive at an understanding, to come to an understanding, to bring about understanding — прийти к соглашению

- secret understanding
- tacit understanding
- verbal understanding
- written understanding
6) ( understandings) шутл. ноги; башмаки
2. прил.
понимающий, чуткий, отзывчивый

understanding person — отзывчивый человек

Syn:

responsive, sympathetic

Англо-русский современный словарь > understanding
8 develop an understanding

Общая лексика: прийти к пониманию

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > develop an understanding
9 develop mutual understanding

Общая лексика: способствовать взаимопониманию

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > develop mutual understanding
10 ♦ (to) develop

♦ (to) develop /dɪˈvɛləp/
A v. t.

1 sviluppare, far progredire: to develop the pharmaceutical industry, sviluppare l'industria farmaceutica; to develop the economy [a market], sviluppare l'economia [un mercato]; to develop a business, sviluppare un'azienda; to develop knowledge [skills], sviluppare le proprie conoscenze [le proprie capacità]; to develop the back muscles, sviluppare i muscoli della schiena; to develop an idea [an argument], sviluppare un'idea [un argomento]; to develop a plot, sviluppare un intreccio

2 sviluppare, elaborare: to develop a strategy [a plan, a programme], elaborare una strategia [un piano, un programma]; to develop a method [a technique, a system], elaborare un metodo [una tecnica, un sistema]

3 sviluppare, creare: to develop a piece of software [a product, a drug], sviluppare un software [un prodotto, un farmaco]

4 sviluppare; sfruttare: to develop resources [a piece of land, an area, a site], sfruttare delle risorse [un terreno, una zona, un sito]

5 cominciare ad avere (o a manifestare, a provare, ecc.): to develop a problem, cominciare ad avere un problema; At the age of 60, he developed the first symptoms of Alzheimer's, a 60 anni, ha cominciato a manifestare i primi sintomi del morbo di Alzheimer; to develop a tendency, cominciare a manifestare una tendenza; to develop a disease (o an illness) contrarre una malattia; the risk of developing cancer, il rischio di contrarre il cancro (o di ammalarsi di cancro); I developed an allergy to cats five years ago, ho cominciato a essere allergico ai gatti cinque anni fa; He developed a taste for curry, il curry comincia a piacergli; to develop a liking for sb., cominciare a prendere q. in simpatia; I'm developing a liking for flamenco, il flamenco comincia a piacermi; to develop a dislike for (o of) st., sviluppare un'avversione per qc.; She developed a strong dislike for one of her colleagues, ha preso in forte antipatia uno dei suoi colleghi; to develop a feeling, cominciare a provare un sentimento; to develop a relationship with sb., instaurare un rapporto con q.

6 (fotogr.) sviluppare: to develop a film [a photo o a picture], sviluppare una pellicola [una fotografia]; to have one's photos developed, far sviluppare le proprie fotografie

B v. i.

1 svilupparsi, progredire: The country has developed rapidly since the 1980s, il paese si è sviluppato rapidamente a partire dagli anni '80; Our understanding of genetics is developing all the time, la nostra comprensione della genetica progredisce continuamente; Fruit develops from blossoms, il frutto si sviluppa dal fiore

2 evolvere ( anche di malattia): The situation is developing hour by hour, la situazione evolve di ora in ora; Let's wait and see how things develop, aspettiamo di vedere come evolvono le cose; The disease develops rapidly, la malattia evolve rapidamente

3 insorgere; apparire; ( di amicizia, rapporto) instaurarsi: A rash usually develops on the fifth day, un'eruzione cutanea insorge di solito il quinto giorno; A fault has developed in the spacecraft's engine, è apparso un difetto nel motore dell'astronave; Their relationship has developed gradually, la relazione tra loro si è instaurata poco alla volta

4 trasformarsi; diventare (poco a poco): It takes two months for the eggs to develop into chicks, ci vogliono due mesi perché le uova si trasformino in pulcini; She has developed into a confident young woman, è diventata una giovane donna sicura di sé

● (mat.) to develop an equation, sviluppare un'equazione.

English-Italian dictionary > ♦ (to) develop
11 ♦ (to) develop

♦ (to) develop /dɪˈvɛləp/
A v. t.

1 sviluppare, far progredire: to develop the pharmaceutical industry, sviluppare l'industria farmaceutica; to develop the economy [a market], sviluppare l'economia [un mercato]; to develop a business, sviluppare un'azienda; to develop knowledge [skills], sviluppare le proprie conoscenze [le proprie capacità]; to develop the back muscles, sviluppare i muscoli della schiena; to develop an idea [an argument], sviluppare un'idea [un argomento]; to develop a plot, sviluppare un intreccio

2 sviluppare, elaborare: to develop a strategy [a plan, a programme], elaborare una strategia [un piano, un programma]; to develop a method [a technique, a system], elaborare un metodo [una tecnica, un sistema]

3 sviluppare, creare: to develop a piece of software [a product, a drug], sviluppare un software [un prodotto, un farmaco]

4 sviluppare; sfruttare: to develop resources [a piece of land, an area, a site], sfruttare delle risorse [un terreno, una zona, un sito]

5 cominciare ad avere (o a manifestare, a provare, ecc.): to develop a problem, cominciare ad avere un problema; At the age of 60, he developed the first symptoms of Alzheimer's, a 60 anni, ha cominciato a manifestare i primi sintomi del morbo di Alzheimer; to develop a tendency, cominciare a manifestare una tendenza; to develop a disease (o an illness) contrarre una malattia; the risk of developing cancer, il rischio di contrarre il cancro (o di ammalarsi di cancro); I developed an allergy to cats five years ago, ho cominciato a essere allergico ai gatti cinque anni fa; He developed a taste for curry, il curry comincia a piacergli; to develop a liking for sb., cominciare a prendere q. in simpatia; I'm developing a liking for flamenco, il flamenco comincia a piacermi; to develop a dislike for (o of) st., sviluppare un'avversione per qc.; She developed a strong dislike for one of her colleagues, ha preso in forte antipatia uno dei suoi colleghi; to develop a feeling, cominciare a provare un sentimento; to develop a relationship with sb., instaurare un rapporto con q.

6 (fotogr.) sviluppare: to develop a film [a photo o a picture], sviluppare una pellicola [una fotografia]; to have one's photos developed, far sviluppare le proprie fotografie

B v. i.

1 svilupparsi, progredire: The country has developed rapidly since the 1980s, il paese si è sviluppato rapidamente a partire dagli anni '80; Our understanding of genetics is developing all the time, la nostra comprensione della genetica progredisce continuamente; Fruit develops from blossoms, il frutto si sviluppa dal fiore

2 evolvere ( anche di malattia): The situation is developing hour by hour, la situazione evolve di ora in ora; Let's wait and see how things develop, aspettiamo di vedere come evolvono le cose; The disease develops rapidly, la malattia evolve rapidamente

3 insorgere; apparire; ( di amicizia, rapporto) instaurarsi: A rash usually develops on the fifth day, un'eruzione cutanea insorge di solito il quinto giorno; A fault has developed in the spacecraft's engine, è apparso un difetto nel motore dell'astronave; Their relationship has developed gradually, la relazione tra loro si è instaurata poco alla volta

4 trasformarsi; diventare (poco a poco): It takes two months for the eggs to develop into chicks, ci vogliono due mesi perché le uova si trasformino in pulcini; She has developed into a confident young woman, è diventata una giovane donna sicura di sé

● (mat.) to develop an equation, sviluppare un'equazione.

English-Italian dictionary > ♦ (to) develop
12 mutual understanding

взаимопонимание to develop mutual understanding ≈ способствовать взаимопониманию Syn: rapport
2) взаимопонимание

Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > mutual understanding
13 mutual understanding

взаимопонимание

to develop mutual understanding — способствовать взаимопониманию

Syn:

rapport 2)

Англо-русский современный словарь > mutual understanding
14 come

1. v приходить; идти

to come to the office — приходить на службу

to come home — приходить домой

to come down — спускаться, опускаться

please ask him to come down — пожалуйста, попросите его сойти вниз

the curtain came down — занавес опустился

to come up — подниматься, идти вверх

I saw him coming up the hill — я видел, как он поднимался в гору

the diver came up at last — наконец водолаз появился на поверхности

the curtain came up — занавес поднялся

to come along the street — идти по улице

I saw him coming along the road — я видел, как он шёл по дороге

to come by — проходить мимо

I will wait here until he comes by — я буду ждать здесь, пока он не пройдёт

to come forward — выходить вперёд, выступить

volunteers, come forward — добровольцы, вперёд!

to come in — входить

ask him to come in — попросите его войти

to come into a room — входить, в комнату

to come out — выходить

when he came out it was dark — когда он вышел, было уже темно

the moon has come out — взошла луна

to come back — вернуться, прийти назад

he will come back — он возвратится

to come late — приходить поздно

come this instant — приходи немедленно

be sure to come — приходите обязательно

come again soon — приходите поскорее опять

come up on the beam — приходить на траверз

come to an agreement — приходить к соглашению

2. v приезжать, прибывать

he came to London last night — он приехал в Лондон вчера вечером

3. v идти; ехать

come! — пошли!, идём!

coming! — иду! сейчас!

are you coming my way? — вам со мной по пути?

to come past — проходить мимо

a number of people came past — мимо прошло много народу

the soldier had orders not to let anybody come past — солдат получил приказ никого не пропускать

come along — идти вместе

come to power — придти к власти

4. v подходить, приближаться

the train is coming to the station — поезд подходит к станции

come nearer! — подойди ближе!

come up — подходить

to come near — приближаться

come alongside — подходить к борту

come to grips — подходить вплотную

to come to the crunch — приближаться к развязке

5. v доходить, достигать

the forest came to the very bank — лес доходил до самого берега

does the railway come right to the town? — подходит ли железнодорожная линия к самому городу?

his voice came to me through the mist — его голос доносился до меня сквозь туман

through the open window came the sounds of a piano — из открытого окна раздавались звуки рояля

come to a standstill full stop — доходить до мертвой точки

come to a stop full stop — доходить до мертвой точки

come across — быть понятным, доходить до собеседника

6. v равняться, достигать

your bill comes to ?10 — ваш счёт равняется десяти фунтам

come short of — иметь недостаток в; не достигать; не достичь; не достигнуть; не оправдывать; не оправдать

7. v сводиться

it all comes to the same thing — всё это сводится к одному и тому же

8. v прийти; достичь

to come to an understanding — прийти к соглашению, договориться

the time had come for her to lie in — ей пришло время рожать

come to an understanding — прийти к соглашению; договориться

he said she should come — он сказал, чтобы она пришла

I fear that I cannot come — боюсь, что не смогу прийти

to come in a minute or two — прийти через минуту-две

9. v наступать, приходить

spring came — пришла весна

a crisis is coming — приближается кризис

his turn came — наступила его очередь, настал его черёд

ill luck came to me — меня постигла неудача

come to — приходить в себя

come home — приходить домой

come after — приходить после

come in — приходить, прибывать

come on — наступать, надвигаться

10. v ожидаться, предстоять

the time to come — будущее

the years to come — грядущие годы

the life to come — будущая жизнь

how many pigs are expected to come forward this month? — какое поступление свиней на рынок ожидается в этом месяце?

11. v появляться, возникать

an idea came into his head — ему пришла в голову мысль, у него возникла идея

inspiration came to him — на него нашло вдохновение

it comes to me that I owe you money — я припоминаю, что я вам должен

to come into the picture — появляться, выступать

to come into existence — возникать, появляться

come into existence — возникать; появляться

come into service — возникать; появляться

come into being — возникать; появляться

12. v находиться

on what page does it come? — на какой это странице?

come up with — находить

13. v случаться; происходить; проистекать

this comes from disobedience — это происходит от непослушания

how did it come that you quarrelled? — как это вы поссорились?

no harm will come to you — с тобой ничего не случится; тебе ничего не грозит

to come together — происходить одновременно

come from the lineage — происходить из рода

to come to pass — происходить, случаться

come to pass — случаться; случиться

come about — происходить, случаться

14. v выходить, получаться, приводить

to come to good — дать хороший результат

to come to no good — плохо кончить

it will come all right in the end — в конце концов всё будет в порядке

nothing came of the matter — из этого дела ничего не вышло

no good will come of it — ничего хорошего из этого, не получится, это до добра не доведёт

a dream that came true — сбывшаяся мечта

come out of — выходить из

come to the wind — приводиться к ветру

come off the press — выходить из печати

come into the wind — приводиться к ветру

come to takeoff power — выходить на взлетный режим

15. v происходить, иметь происхождение

this word comes from Latin — это слово латинского происхождения

this book comes from his library — эта книга из его библиотеки

he comes from London — он родом из Лондона

come of — происходить с

16. v прорастать, всходить, расти

the corn comes — пшеница всходит

come upon — сходить

17. v амер. разг. устроить, сделать

come to do — начинать делать

come to be known — сделаться известным

come up in the world — сделать карьеру; преуспеть в жизни

come to a conclusion — делать вывод; приходить к заключению

18. v разг. испытать оргазм, кончить

to come to a sad end — плохо кончить

19. v выражает

come out with it, boy — ну, парень, выкладывай

20. v упрёк, протест ну что вы!

what? He here! Oh! come, come! — как? Он здесь?! Да оставьте вы!

come hell or high water — несмотря ни на что; вопреки всему

telegraph to him to come — телеграфируй, чтобы он приехал

it has come to my attention that — я обратил внимание что

where do I come in? — при чём тут я?, что мне до этого?

come again? — простите, не расслышал, что вы сказали?

21. v увещевание полно!, ну, ну!

now come! be patient! — ну потерпите; имей терпение

to come down squab on the floor — рухнуть на пол

come full astern — давать полный назад

come full ahead — давать полный вперед

to come to naught — свестись к нулю

come to naught — свелся к нулю

22. v будущее

in times to come — в будущем, в грядущие времена

in years to come — в ближайшие годы; в будущем

23. v считать, считая с

a fortnight come Sunday — через две недели со следующего воскресенья

he will come at one — он придёт в час

come to the table — сел за стол переговоров

what has come over you? — что на вас нашло?

Синонимический ряд:

1. advance (verb) advance; come along; get along; march; move; proceed; progress

2. amount (verb) add up; aggregate; amount; number; sum into; sum to; total

3. amounted (verb) added up; aggregated; amounted; numbered; run into; run to; summed into; summed to; totaled or totalled

4. arrive (verb) appear at; approach; arrive; attain; close in; draw near; get; get in; show

5. arrived (verb) arrived; got in or gotten in; got or gotten; reached; shown or showed; shown up or showed up; turned up

6. become (verb) become; go; gone; grown; run; turn; turned; wax; waxed

7. happen (verb) befall; betide; break; chance; do; fall; fall out; give; hap; happen; occur; pass; transpire

8. happened (verb) befallen; betided; broken; chanced; come off; developed; done; fallen out; given; happened; occurred; passed; risen; transpired

9. reach (verb) develop; expand; extend; grow; join; reach; spread; stretch

10. reach orgasm (verb) climax; copulate; ejaculate; enjoy sex; have an orgasm; reach orgasm; reach sexual fulfillment

11. show up (verb) appear; be accessible; be at one's disposal; be convenient; be handy; be obtainable; be ready; enter; show up; turn up

12. sprung (verb) arise; derive; emanate; flow; hail; issue; originate; rise; sprung; stem

Антонимический ряд:

leave; withdraw

English-Russian base dictionary > come
15 Bode, Hendrik Wade

SUBJECT AREA: Electronics and information technology, Weapons and armour

[br]

b. 24 December 1905 Madison, Wisconsin, USA

d. 21 June 1982 Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA

[br]

American engineer who developed an extensive theoretical understanding of the behaviour of electronic circuits.

[br]

Bode received his bachelor's and master's degrees from Ohio State University in 1924 and 1926, respectively, and his PhD from Columbia University, New York, in 1935. In 1926 he joined the Bell Telephone Laboratories, where he made many theoretical contributions to the understanding of the behaviour of electronic circuits and, in particular, in conjunction with Harry Nyquist, of the conditions under which amplifier circuits become unstable.

During the Second World War he worked on the design of gun control systems and afterwards was a member of a team that worked with Douglas Aircraft to develop the Nike anti-aircraft missile. A member of the Bell Laboratories Mathematical Research Group from 1929, he became its Director in 1952, and then Director of Physical Sciences. Finally he became Vice-President of the Laboratories, with responsibility for systems engineering, and a director of Bellcomm, a Bell company involved in the Moon-landing programme. When he retired from Bell in 1967, he became Professor of Systems Engineering at Harvard University.

[br]

Principal Honours and Distinctions

Presidential Certificate of Merit 1946. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Edison Medal 1969.

Bibliography

1940, "Relation between attenuation and phase in feedback amplifier design", Bell System Technical Journal 19:421.

1945, Network Analysis and Feedback Amplifier Design, New York: Van Nostrand.

1950, with C.E.Shannon, "A simplified derivation of linear least squares smoothing and prediction theory", Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers 38:417.

1961, "Feedback. The history of an idea", Proceedings of the Symposium on Active Networks and Feedback Systems, Brooklyn Polytechnic.

1971, Synergy: Technical Integration and Technical Innovation in the Bell System Bell Laboratories, Bell Telephone Laboratories (provides background on his activities at Bell).

Further Reading

P.C.Mahon, 1975, Mission Communications, Bell Telephone Laboratories. See also Black, Harold Stephen; Shannon, Claude Elwood.

KF

Biographical history of technology > Bode, Hendrik Wade
16 Elder, John

SUBJECT AREA: Ports and shipping, Steam and internal combustion engines

[br]

b. 9 March 1824 Glasgow, Scotland

d. 17 September 1869 London, England

[br]

Scottish engineer who introduced the compound steam engine to ships and established an important shipbuilding company in Glasgow.

[br]

John was the third son of David Elder. The father came from a family of millwrights and moved to Glasgow where he worked for the well-known shipbuilding firm of Napier's and was involved with improving marine engines. John was educated at Glasgow High School and then for a while at the Department of Civil Engineering at Glasgow University, where he showed great aptitude for mathematics and drawing. He spent five years as an apprentice under Robert Napier followed by two short periods of activity as a pattern-maker first and then a draughtsman in England. He returned to Scotland in 1849 to become Chief Draughtsman to Napier, but in 1852 he left to become a partner with the Glasgow general engineering company of Randolph Elliott \& Co. Shortly after his induction (at the age of 28), the engineering firm was renamed Randolph Elder \& Co.; in 1868, when the partnership expired, it became known as John Elder \& Co. From the outset Elder, with his partner, Charles Randolph, approached mechanical (especially heat) engineering in a rigorous manner. Their knowledge and understanding of entropy ensured that engine design was not a hit-and-miss affair, but one governed by recognition of the importance of the new kinetic theory of heat and with it a proper understanding of thermodynamic principles, and by systematic development. In this Elder was joined by W.J.M. Rankine, Professor of Civil Engineering and Mechanics at Glasgow University, who helped him develop the compound marine engine. Elder and Randolph built up a series of patents, which guaranteed their company's commercial success and enabled them for a while to be the sole suppliers of compound steam reciprocating machinery. Their first such engine at sea was fitted in 1854 on the SS Brandon for the Limerick Steamship Company; the ship showed an improved performance by using a third less coal, which he was able to reduce still further on later designs.

Elder developed steam jacketing and recognized that, with higher pressures, triple-expansion types would be even more economical. In 1862 he patented a design of quadruple-expansion engine with reheat between cylinders and advocated the importance of balancing reciprocating parts. The effect of his improvements was to greatly reduce fuel consumption so that long sea voyages became an economic reality.

His yard soon reached dimensions then unequalled on the Clyde where he employed over 4,000 workers; Elder also was always interested in the social welfare of his labour force. In 1860 the engine shops were moved to the Govan Old Shipyard, and again in 1864 to the Fairfield Shipyard, about 1 mile (1.6 km) west on the south bank of the Clyde. At Fairfield, shipbuilding was commenced, and with the patents for compounding secure, much business was placed for many years by shipowners serving long-distance trades such as South America; the Pacific Steam Navigation Company took up his ideas for their ships. In later years the yard became known as the Fairfield Shipbuilding and Engineering Company Ltd, but it remains today as one of Britain's most efficient shipyards and is known now as Kvaerner Govan Ltd.

In 1869, at the age of only 45, John Elder was unanimously elected President of the Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland; however, before taking office and giving his eagerly awaited presidential address, he died in London from liver disease. A large multitude attended his funeral and all the engineering shops were silent as his body, which had been brought back from London to Glasgow, was carried to its resting place. In 1857 Elder had married Isabella Ure, and on his death he left her a considerable fortune, which she used generously for Govan, for Glasgow and especially the University. In 1883 she endowed the world's first Chair of Naval Architecture at the University of Glasgow, an act which was reciprocated in 1901 when the University awarded her an LLD on the occasion of its 450th anniversary.

[br]

Principal Honours and Distinctions

President, Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland 1869.

Further Reading

Obituary, 1869, Engineer 28.

1889, The Dictionary of National Biography, London: Smith Elder \& Co. W.J.Macquorn Rankine, 1871, "Sketch of the life of John Elder" Transactions of the

Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland.

Maclehose, 1886, Memoirs and Portraits of a Hundred Glasgow Men.

The Fairfield Shipbuilding and Engineering Works, 1909, London: Offices of Engineering.

P.M.Walker, 1984, Song of the Clyde, A History of Clyde Shipbuilding, Cambridge: PSL.

R.L.Hills, 1989, Power from Steam. A History of the Stationary Steam Engine, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (covers Elder's contribution to the development of steam engines).

RLH / FMW

Biographical history of technology > Elder, John
17 Cognitive Science

   1) The Basic Idea of Cognitive Science

   The basic idea of cognitive science is that intelligent beings are semantic engines-in other words, automatic formal systems with interpretations under which they consistently make sense.... [P]eople and intelligent computers turn out to be merely different manifestations of the same underlying phenomenon. (Haugeland, 1981b, p. 31)

   2) Experimental Psychology, Theoretical Linguistics, and Computational Simulation of Cognitive Processes Are All Components of Cognitive Science

   I went away from the Symposium with a strong conviction, more intuitive than rational, that human experimental psychology, theoretical linguistics, and computer simulation of cognitive processes were all pieces of a larger whole, and that the future would see progressive elaboration and coordination of their shared concerns.... I have been working toward a cognitive science for about twenty years beginning before I knew what to call it. (G. A. Miller, 1979, p. 9)

   3) The Nature of Cognitive Science

    Cognitive Science studies the nature of cognition in human beings, other animals, and inanimate machines (if such a thing is possible). While computers are helpful within cognitive science, they are not essential to its being. A science of cognition could still be pursued even without these machines.

    Computer Science studies various kinds of problems and the use of computers to solve them, without concern for the means by which we humans might otherwise resolve them. There could be no computer science if there were no machines of this kind, because they are indispensable to its being. Artificial Intelligence is a special branch of computer science that investigates the extent to which the mental powers of human beings can be captured by means of machines.

   There could be cognitive science without artificial intelligence but there could be no artificial intelligence without cognitive science. One final caveat: In the case of an emerging new discipline such as cognitive science there is an almost irresistible temptation to identify the discipline itself (as a field of inquiry) with one of the theories that inspired it (such as the computational conception...). This, however, is a mistake. The field of inquiry (or "domain") stands to specific theories as questions stand to possible answers. The computational conception should properly be viewed as a research program in cognitive science, where "research programs" are answers that continue to attract followers. (Fetzer, 1996, pp. xvi-xvii)

   4) The Nature of Cognitive Science

   What is the nature of knowledge and how is this knowledge used? These questions lie at the core of both psychology and artificial intelligence.

   The psychologist who studies "knowledge systems" wants to know how concepts are structured in the human mind, how such concepts develop, and how they are used in understanding and behavior. The artificial intelligence researcher wants to know how to program a computer so that it can understand and interact with the outside world. The two orientations intersect when the psychologist and the computer scientist agree that the best way to approach the problem of building an intelligent machine is to emulate the human conceptual mechanisms that deal with language.... The name "cognitive science" has been used to refer to this convergence of interests in psychology and artificial intelligence....

   This working partnership in "cognitive science" does not mean that psychologists and computer scientists are developing a single comprehensive theory in which people are no different from machines. Psychology and artificial intelligence have many points of difference in methods and goals.... We simply want to work on an important area of overlapping interest, namely a theory of knowledge systems. As it turns out, this overlap is substantial. For both people and machines, each in their own way, there is a serious problem in common of making sense out of what they hear, see, or are told about the world. The conceptual apparatus necessary to perform even a partial feat of understanding is formidable and fascinating. (Schank & Abelson, 1977, pp. 1-2)

   5) The New Field of Cognitive Science

   Within the last dozen years a general change in scientific outlook has occurred, consonant with the point of view represented here. One can date the change roughly from 1956: in psychology, by the appearance of Bruner, Goodnow, and Austin's Study of Thinking and George Miller's "The Magical Number Seven"; in linguistics, by Noam Chomsky's "Three Models of Language"; and in computer science, by our own paper on the Logic Theory Machine. (Newell & Simon, 1972, p. 4)

Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Cognitive Science
18 scope

noun, no indef. art.

1) Bereich, der; (of person's activities) Betätigungsfeld, das; (of person's job) Aufgabenbereich, der; (of department etc.) Zuständigkeitsbereich, der; Zuständigkeit, die; (of discussion, meeting, negotiations, investigations, etc.) Rahmen, der

that is a subject beyond my scope — das fällt nicht in meine Sparte; (beyond my grasp) das ist mir zu hoch

2) (opportunity) Entfaltungsmöglichkeiten Pl.

give ample scope for new ideas — weiten Raum für neue Ideen bieten

* * *
[skəup]
noun

1) ((often with for) the opportunity or chance to do, use or develop: There's no scope for originality in this job.) der Raum

2) (the area or extent of an activity etc: Few things are beyond the scope of a child's imagination.) der Bereich

* * *

scope

[skəʊp, AM skoʊp]

n no pl

1. (range) Rahmen m

the \scope of a law der Anwendungsbereich [o Geltungsbereich] eines Gesetzes

that problem is beyond the \scope of my lecture diese Problematik sprengt den Rahmen meines Vortrags

we would now like to broaden the \scope of the enquiry wir würden nun gerne den Rahmen der Befragung erweitern

his study was very narrow in \scope seine Studie war von sehr eingeschränkter Sichtweise

2. (possibility) Möglichkeit f; (freedom to act) Spielraum m

\scope for improvement Verbesserungsbereich m

considerable/limited \scope beachtliche/begrenzte Möglichkeiten

* * *
[skəʊp]
n

1) (of topic, idea, investigation) Umfang m; (of law, measures) Reichweite f; (of sb's duties, department, tribunal) Kompetenzbereich m

sth is within the scope of sth — etw hält sich or bleibt im Rahmen einer Sache (gen)

sth is within the scope of a department etc — etw fällt in den Kompetenzbereich einer Abteilung etc

sth is beyond or outside the scope of sth — etw geht über etw (acc)

that's beyond the scope of this department — das geht über den Kompetenzbereich dieser Abteilung hinaus

it's not within the scope of my authority to allow that — es würde meine Kompetenzen überschreiten, dies zu erlauben

this project is more limited in scope — dieses Projekt ist auf einen engeren Rahmen begrenzt

to be broad in scope — breit angelegt sein

2) (= extent of one's perception, grasp) Fassungsvermögen nt; (of talents, knowledge) Umfang m

that job would be beyond my scope — diese Arbeit würde meine Fähigkeiten übersteigen

that is beyond my scope or the scope of my understanding —

that job is within his scope — diese Arbeit liegt im Bereich seiner Fähigkeiten

3) (= opportunity) Möglichkeit(en) f(pl); (to develop one's talents) Entfaltungsmöglichkeit f; (to use one's talents) Spielraum m

there is scope for improvement — es könnte noch verbessert werden

there is scope for further growth in the tourist industry —

there is little scope for originality — es gibt wenig Spielraum für Originalität

there is little scope for reducing our costs — es gibt wenig Spielraum, um die Kosten zu senken

to give sb scope to do sth — jdm den nötigen Spielraum geben, etw zu tun

the job gave him/his imaginative powers full scope — in diesem Beruf konnten sich seine Fähigkeiten/konnte sich seine Fantasie or Phantasie frei entfalten

4)

See:

= microscope, periscope etc

* * *

scope¹ [skəʊp] s

1. (JUR Anwendungs-)Bereich m, Gebiet n:

within the scope of the law im Rahmen des Gesetzes;

come within the scope of a law unter ein Gesetz fallen;

be within ( outside oder beyond) the scope of sich im Rahmen (gen) halten (den Rahmen gen sprengen);

that is within ( outside oder beyond) my scope of duties das fällt (nicht) in meinen Aufgabenbereich;

an undertaking of wide scope ein groß angelegtes Unternehmen; → academic.ru/29872/function">function A 1

2. Ausmaß n, Umfang m, Reichweite f:

scope of authority JUR Vollmachtsumfang

3. auch scope of mind Gesichtskreis m, (geistiger) Horizont:

that is beyond ( oder outside) my scope das geht über meinen Horizont

4. (Spiel-)Raum m ( for für):

give one’s fancy full scope seiner Fantasie freien Lauf lassen;

have free scope freie Hand haben ( for bei)

5. Wirkungskreis m, Betätigungsfeld n

6. Länge f (eines Kabels etc)

7. Schuss-, Reichweite f

8. a) Ausdehnung f, Weite f

b) (großes) Gebiet, (weiter) Landstrich

scope² [skəʊp] umg für microscope A, oscilloscope etc

* * *

noun, no indef. art.

1) Bereich, der; (of person's activities) Betätigungsfeld, das; (of person's job) Aufgabenbereich, der; (of department etc.) Zuständigkeitsbereich, der; Zuständigkeit, die; (of discussion, meeting, negotiations, investigations, etc.) Rahmen, der

that is a subject beyond my scope — das fällt nicht in meine Sparte; (beyond my grasp) das ist mir zu hoch

2) (opportunity) Entfaltungsmöglichkeiten Pl.

give ample scope for new ideas — weiten Raum für neue Ideen bieten

* * *

n.

Bereich -e m.

Geltungsbereich m.

Gültigkeitsbereich m.

Rahmen - m.

Reichweite f.

English-german dictionary > scope
19 grow

grow [grəʊ] (pt grew [gru:], pp grown [grəʊn])

1 intransitive verb

(a) (plants) croître, pousser; (hair) pousser; (seeds) germer;

∎ orange trees grow best in a warm climate les orangers poussent mieux en climat chaud;

∎ she let her hair grow (long) elle a laissé pousser ses cheveux, elle s'est laissé pousser les cheveux;

∎ money doesn't grow on trees l'argent ne pousse pas sur les arbres

(b) (person → in age, height) grandir;

∎ hasn't he grown! qu'est-ce qu'il a grandi!;

∎ she has grown two inches ≃ elle a grandi de 5 cm

(c) (develop)

∎ to grow in wisdom/understanding devenir plus sage/compréhensif

(d) (originate)

∎ this custom grew from or out of a pagan ceremony cette coutume est née d'une ou a pour origine une cérémonie païenne

(e) (increase) s'accroître, augmenter;

∎ the crime rate in the big cities is growing le taux de criminalité augmente dans les grandes villes;

∎ the economy has grown by 5 percent in the last two years la croissance de l'économie a été de 5 pour cent au cours des deux dernières années;

∎ support for the strike is growing la grève est de plus en plus soutenue;

∎ our love/friendship grew over the years notre amour/amitié a grandi au fil des ans;

∎ he has grown in my esteem il a grandi ou est monté dans mon estime;

∎ the town grew in importance la ville a gagné en importance

(f) (become) devenir;

∎ to grow angry se mettre en colère;

∎ to grow bigger grandir, s'agrandir;

∎ it's beginning to grow dark il commence à faire nuit;

∎ to grow old devenir vieux, vieillir

(g) (with infinitive) (come gradually) I've grown to respect him j'ai appris à le respecter;

∎ to grow to like/to dislike sb/sth finir par aimer/détester qn/qch

2 transitive verb

(a) (crops, plants) cultiver

(b) (beard, hair) laisser pousser;

∎ he's trying to grow a beard il essaie de se laisser pousser la barbe;

∎ she's growing her hair (long) elle se laisse pousser les cheveux

(c) Finance (company) agrandir;

∎ to grow the business augmenter le chiffre d'affaires

►► grow bag = sac plastique rempli d'engrais dans lequel on fait pousser une plante

➲ grow apart intransitive verb

(people) s'éloigner;

∎ we gradually grew apart as we got older nous nous sommes progressivement éloignés l'un de l'autre en vieillissant

➲ grow away intransitive verb

∎ they began to grow away from each other ils ont commencé à s'éloigner l'un de l'autre

➲ grow back intransitive verb

(hair, nail, plant) repousser

➲ grow in intransitive verb

(hair) repousser; (nail) s'incarner

➲ grow into inseparable transitive verb

(a) (become) devenir (en grandissant);

∎ both her sons grew into fine-looking men ses deux fils sont devenus de beaux jeunes gens;

∎ the company grew into a huge organization l'entreprise est devenue une énorme société

(b) (clothes)

∎ the sweater's too big for him, but he'll grow into it le pull est trop grand pour lui, mais il pourra le mettre un jour;

∎ he'll soon grow into those shoes il pourra bientôt mettre ces chaussures, bientôt ces chaussures lui iront

(c) (become used to)

∎ to grow into a job s'habituer à ou s'adapter à un travail

➲ grow on inseparable transitive verb

plaire de plus en plus à;

∎ the song began to grow on him after a while au bout d'un certain temps, la chanson commença à lui plaire de plus en plus;

∎ it grows on you on y prend goût;

∎ the idea was beginning to grow on me l'idée commençait à me séduire

➲ grow out intransitive verb

(hairstyle)

∎ her hair or hairstyle has grown out ses cheveux sont maintenant trop longs pour son genre de coiffure;

∎ she let the dye grow out elle a laissé pousser ses cheveux jusqu'à ce que les traces de teinture aient disparu

➲ grow out of inseparable transitive verb

(a) (clothes)

∎ he's grown out of most of his clothes la plupart de ses vêtements ne lui vont plus, il ne rentre plus dans la plupart de ses vêtements

(b) (become too old for)

∎ to grow out of doing sth passer l'âge de faire qch;

∎ she grew out of her dolls elle a passé l'âge de jouer à la poupée;

∎ it's just a phase, he'll grow out of it ce n'est qu'une tocade, ça lui passera;

∎ to grow out of one's friends ne plus avoir grand-chose en commun avec ses amis;

∎ he never grew out of (the habit of) biting his nails il n'a jamais perdu cette habitude de se ronger les ongles

➲ grow up intransitive verb

(a) (become adult) grandir, devenir adulte;

∎ what do you want to be when you grow up? que veux-tu faire quand tu seras grand?;

∎ we didn't have television when I was growing up nous n'avions pas la télévision quand j'étais petit;

∎ I hope he won't grow up to be a liar/thief j'espère qu'il ne sera pas un menteur/voleur plus tard

(b) (behave like adult)

∎ grow up! sois un peu adulte!;

∎ I wish you'd grow up! j'aimerais bien que tu cesses tes gamineries!

(c) (develop) naître, se développer;

∎ a strong feeling of hatred grew up between them un puissant sentiment de haine est né entre eux;

∎ a legend grew up around these events une légende s'est développée autour de ces événements;

∎ the town grew up around the castle la ville s'est développée autour du château

Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > grow
20 sensitivity training

HR

group-based training designed to help participants develop interpersonal skills (see interpersonal communication). Sensitivity training is a form of human relations training, and was developed by Kurt Lewin, and others at the National Training Laboratory in the United States during the 1940s. The format most commonly used is a training group, or T-Group, consisting of between 7 and 12 people who meet together over a period of about two weeks, normally at a residential training center. The aims are to develop sensitivity and awareness of participants’ own feelings and reactions, to increase their understanding of group dynamics, and to help them learn to adapt their behavior in appropriate ways. Group activities may include discussion, games, and exercises but may also be relatively unstructured. The provision of feedback is a key feature. This type of training has been controversial, as the group interactions can be confrontational, and some have suggested that participants could suffer emotional harm. The popularity of T-Groups has declined since the 1960s and 1970s. Sensitivity training is also known as laboratory training. This term emphasizes the way participants are placed in an environment in which different ways of interacting can be tried out. Lewin’s early work in this field was developed at the National Training Laboratories, founded in 1947, in the United States.

The ultimate business dictionary > sensitivity training

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