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  • 61 aparecer

    v.
    1 to appear (ante la vista).
    su número de teléfono no aparece en la guía her phone number isn't (listed) in the phone book
    Ricardo aparece al final siempre Richard appears at the end always.
    2 to turn up (algo perdido).
    ¿ya ha aparecido el perro? has the dog been found yet?
    3 to appear (person).
    4 to appear to, to appear in front of.
    Se me apareció una persona A person appeared to me.
    Me apareció un fantasma A ghost appeared to me.
    5 to encounter.
    Se nos apareció un problema We encountered a problem.
    * * *
    Conjugation model [ AGRADECER], like link=agradecer agradecer
    1 to appear
    2 (dejarse ver) to show up, turn up
    3 (en el mercado) to come out (en, onto)
    1 to appear
    * * *
    verb
    1) to appear, turn up
    * * *
    1. VI
    1) (=presentarse) to appear, turn up *

    apareció en casa sin avisar — he appeared o turned up * at the house without warning

    2) [algo oculto] to appear, turn up *
    3) [algo perdido] to reappear, turn up *
    4) (=surgir) to appear
    5) (=editarse) [libro, disco] to come out
    6) (=figurar) [dato, nombre] to appear

    mi nombre no aparece en el censo electoral — my name does not appear on the electoral register, my name is not on the electoral register

    2.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo intransitivo
    1)
    a) síntoma/mancha to appear
    b) objeto perdido to turn up
    c) ( en documento) to appear
    d) revista to come out; libro to come out, be published
    a) (fam) ( llegar) to appear, turn up
    b) (fam) ( dejarse ver) to appear, show up (colloq)
    c) (en película, televisión) to appear
    3) (liter) ( parecer) to seem
    2.
    aparecerse v pron
    a) fantasma/aparición
    b) (AmL fam) persona to turn up

    no te vuelvas a aparecer por aquí! — don't you dare show your face round here again!

    * * *
    = appear, become + available, come into + being, feature, give, occur, rise, pop up, show up, come into + existence, burgeon, surface, dawn, come through, come up, come with, come on the + scene, set in, crop up.
    Ex. The statement of authorship is also transcribed and it appears in the work.
    Ex. Mini and micro computers will become cheaper and information retrieval software will become available in more financially attractive, user friendly and tried and tested packages.
    Ex. I think it would be useful to take just a few minutes to talk about how our institutions come into being.
    Ex. If a corporate body is deemed to have some intellectual responsibility for the content of a work, then the name of that body will usually feature as a heading on either a main or added entry.
    Ex. An abstract of a bibliography can be expected to note whether author affiliations are given = Es de esperar que el resumen de una bibliografía indique si se incluyen los lugares de trabajo de los autores.
    Ex. In DOBIS/LIBIS, this occurs only when entering multiple surnames.
    Ex. The public library has two choices: to follow the dodo or to rise again like the phoenix.
    Ex. It can pop up in one form one week and in another form another week.
    Ex. Problems of community service seem to show up more clearly in the countryside.
    Ex. Some university libraries have been built up over the centuries; others have come into existence over the last 40 years.
    Ex. The other principal omission from UNESCO's 1950 listing was report literature -- a field of published record which has burgeoned in the last thirty years = La otra omisión principal de la lista de 1950 de la UNESCO fueron los informes, un área que se ha desarrollado en los últimos treinta años.
    Ex. Power struggles are surfacing at major academic institutions across the USA.
    Ex. However, because of the long duration of feudal society, modern civilization, including modern libraries, dawned in China later than in the industrialized Western countries.
    Ex. More sophisticated accreditation systems are coming through, but these are currently relatively little used in these areas, and are more common in ecommerce applications.
    Ex. She outlined the tasks she had been assigned and mentioned that if any emergencies came up she was the person to bring them to.
    Ex. The problem comes with ideographic languages.
    Ex. This is the first CD price cut since the media format came on the scene in the 1980's.
    Ex. Open or compound fractures were usually fatal prior to the advent of antiseptics in the 1860s because infection would set in.
    Ex. Although same problems with software applications, hardware and user training programmes had cropped up periodically, on balance, users are reasonably pleased with their acquisitions.
    ----
    * aparece frecuentemente en = in evidence in.
    * aparecer amenazadoramente = rear + its head.
    * aparecer aquí y allá en = intersperse.
    * aparecer en abundancia = come out of + the woodwork.
    * aparecer en escena = hit + the scene.
    * aparecer en gran número = pour (in/into).
    * aparecer en la lejanía = loom.
    * aparecer impreso = appear + in print.
    * aparecer juntos = stand + together.
    * aparecer por primera vez = premiere.
    * aparecer por sí solo = stand on + Posesivo + own.
    * aparecer repentinamente = spring up.
    * aparecerse la virgen = land on + Posesivo + (own two) feet, strike + lucky, strike + gold, hit + the jackpot.
    * aparecer solo = stand + alone.
    * aparecer tarde = be a late arrival on the scene, be late on the scene.
    * aparecer y desaparecer = come and go.
    * hacer aparecer = cause + display of.
    * idea + aparecer = idea + surface.
    * los otros con los que aparece(n) = neighbours [neighbors, -USA].
    * no aparecer = be not included.
    * principio de archívese según aparece = file-as-is principle.
    * que no aparece en primer lugar = nonfirst [non-first].
    * sistema en el que el documento aparece representado en un único lugar del ín = one-place system.
    * tal y como aparece = as it/they stand(s).
    * volver a aparecer = resurface.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo intransitivo
    1)
    a) síntoma/mancha to appear
    b) objeto perdido to turn up
    c) ( en documento) to appear
    d) revista to come out; libro to come out, be published
    a) (fam) ( llegar) to appear, turn up
    b) (fam) ( dejarse ver) to appear, show up (colloq)
    c) (en película, televisión) to appear
    3) (liter) ( parecer) to seem
    2.
    aparecerse v pron
    a) fantasma/aparición
    b) (AmL fam) persona to turn up

    no te vuelvas a aparecer por aquí! — don't you dare show your face round here again!

    * * *
    = appear, become + available, come into + being, feature, give, occur, rise, pop up, show up, come into + existence, burgeon, surface, dawn, come through, come up, come with, come on the + scene, set in, crop up.

    Ex: The statement of authorship is also transcribed and it appears in the work.

    Ex: Mini and micro computers will become cheaper and information retrieval software will become available in more financially attractive, user friendly and tried and tested packages.
    Ex: I think it would be useful to take just a few minutes to talk about how our institutions come into being.
    Ex: If a corporate body is deemed to have some intellectual responsibility for the content of a work, then the name of that body will usually feature as a heading on either a main or added entry.
    Ex: An abstract of a bibliography can be expected to note whether author affiliations are given = Es de esperar que el resumen de una bibliografía indique si se incluyen los lugares de trabajo de los autores.
    Ex: In DOBIS/LIBIS, this occurs only when entering multiple surnames.
    Ex: The public library has two choices: to follow the dodo or to rise again like the phoenix.
    Ex: It can pop up in one form one week and in another form another week.
    Ex: Problems of community service seem to show up more clearly in the countryside.
    Ex: Some university libraries have been built up over the centuries; others have come into existence over the last 40 years.
    Ex: The other principal omission from UNESCO's 1950 listing was report literature -- a field of published record which has burgeoned in the last thirty years = La otra omisión principal de la lista de 1950 de la UNESCO fueron los informes, un área que se ha desarrollado en los últimos treinta años.
    Ex: Power struggles are surfacing at major academic institutions across the USA.
    Ex: However, because of the long duration of feudal society, modern civilization, including modern libraries, dawned in China later than in the industrialized Western countries.
    Ex: More sophisticated accreditation systems are coming through, but these are currently relatively little used in these areas, and are more common in ecommerce applications.
    Ex: She outlined the tasks she had been assigned and mentioned that if any emergencies came up she was the person to bring them to.
    Ex: The problem comes with ideographic languages.
    Ex: This is the first CD price cut since the media format came on the scene in the 1980's.
    Ex: Open or compound fractures were usually fatal prior to the advent of antiseptics in the 1860s because infection would set in.
    Ex: Although same problems with software applications, hardware and user training programmes had cropped up periodically, on balance, users are reasonably pleased with their acquisitions.
    * aparece frecuentemente en = in evidence in.
    * aparecer amenazadoramente = rear + its head.
    * aparecer aquí y allá en = intersperse.
    * aparecer en abundancia = come out of + the woodwork.
    * aparecer en escena = hit + the scene.
    * aparecer en gran número = pour (in/into).
    * aparecer en la lejanía = loom.
    * aparecer impreso = appear + in print.
    * aparecer juntos = stand + together.
    * aparecer por primera vez = premiere.
    * aparecer por sí solo = stand on + Posesivo + own.
    * aparecer repentinamente = spring up.
    * aparecerse la virgen = land on + Posesivo + (own two) feet, strike + lucky, strike + gold, hit + the jackpot.
    * aparecer solo = stand + alone.
    * aparecer tarde = be a late arrival on the scene, be late on the scene.
    * aparecer y desaparecer = come and go.
    * hacer aparecer = cause + display of.
    * idea + aparecer = idea + surface.
    * los otros con los que aparece(n) = neighbours [neighbors, -USA].
    * no aparecer = be not included.
    * principio de archívese según aparece = file-as-is principle.
    * que no aparece en primer lugar = nonfirst [non-first].
    * sistema en el que el documento aparece representado en un único lugar del ín = one-place system.
    * tal y como aparece = as it/they stand(s).
    * volver a aparecer = resurface.

    * * *
    aparecer [E3 ]
    vi
    A
    1 «síntoma/mancha» to appear
    los carteles han aparecido en diversos puntos de la ciudad the posters have appeared in various parts of the city
    los tesoros arqueológicos que han ido apareciendo durante la excavación the archaeological treasures which have appeared o turned up during the dig
    2 «objeto perdido» to turn up
    ¿aparecieron tus llaves? have your keys turned up yet?
    hizo aparecer un ramo de flores he produced a bouquet of flowers
    3 (en un documento) to appear
    mi nombre no aparece en la lista my name doesn't appear on the list, my name isn't on the list
    una cara que aparece mucho en las portadas de las revistas a face that often appears o features on the covers of magazines
    4 «revista» to come out; «libro» to come out, be published
    B «persona»
    1 ( fam) (llegar) to appear, turn up, show up
    2 ( fam) (dejarse ver) to appear, show up ( colloq)
    no ha vuelto a aparecer por aquí he hasn't shown his face round here again
    3 (en un espectáculo) «personaje/actor» to appear
    apareció en dos o tres películas he was in o he appeared in two or three movies
    C ( liter) (parecer) to seem
    todo aparecía como un sueño borroso it all seemed like a hazy dream
    el programa de explotación aparecía oscuro the operating program did not seem clear
    ■ aparecer
    vt
    ( Méx) to produce, make … appear
    1 «fantasma/aparición»: aparecerse A algn; to appear TO sb
    su padre se le apareció en sueños his father appeared to him in his dreams
    2 ( AmL fam) «persona» to turn up
    se apareció de vaqueros she turned up o showed up in jeans
    ¡y no te vuelvas a aparecer por aquí! and don't you dare show your face round here again!
    * * *

     

    aparecer ( conjugate aparecer) verbo intransitivo
    1
    a) [síntoma/mancha] to appear





    d) [revista/libro] to come out

    2 [ persona]
    a) (fam) ( llegar) to appear, turn up

    b) (fam) ( dejarse ver) to appear, show up (colloq)

    c) (en película, televisión) to appear

    aparecerse verbo pronominal
    a) [fantasma/aparición] aparecerse a algn to appear to sb

    b) (AmL fam) [ persona] to turn up;

    ◊ ¡no te vuelvas a aparecer por aquí! don't you dare show your face round here again!

    aparecer
    1 verbo intransitivo
    1 to appear: su nombre aparece en los títulos de crédito, his name is on the credits
    2 (acudir alguien, encontrar algo perdido) to turn up: apareció con su hija, he turned up with his daughter
    el pasaporte apareció un mes más tarde, the passport turned up a week later
    ' aparecer' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    dejarse
    - sacar
    - salir
    - surgir
    - venir
    - amanecer
    - improviso
    English:
    alive
    - appear
    - arise
    - conjure
    - crop up
    - develop
    - listing
    - materialize
    - pop up
    - return
    - show
    - show up
    - sight
    - spring
    - surface
    - turn up
    - unaccounted
    - view
    - woodwork
    - emerge
    - mushroom
    - pop
    - reappear
    - roll
    - scene
    - turn
    - unaccounted for
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    Méx [presentar] to produce;
    inesperadamente Pedro apareció mis llaves Pedro quite unexpectedly produced my keys;
    el mago apareció un conejo de un sombrero the magician pulled a rabbit out of a hat
    ♦ vi
    1. [ante la vista] to appear;
    el sol apareció detrás de las murallas the sun appeared o came up from behind the city walls;
    aparecer de repente to appear from nowhere;
    el mago hizo aparecer un conejo de su chistera the magician pulled a rabbit out of his hat;
    su número de teléfono no aparece en la guía her phone number isn't (listed) in the phone book
    2. [publicación] to come out;
    la revista aparece los jueves the magazine comes out o is published on Thursdays
    3. [algo perdido] to turn up;
    ¿ya ha aparecido el perro? has the dog been found yet?;
    ha aparecido un cuadro inédito de Miró a previously unknown Miró painting has turned up o been discovered
    4. [persona] to appear;
    aparecer en público to appear in public;
    aparece en varias películas de Ford she appears in several of Ford's films;
    Fam
    aparecer por [lugar] to turn up at;
    Fam
    hace días que Antonio no aparece por el bar we haven't seen Antonio in the bar for days, it's several days since Antonio showed his face in the bar;
    Fam
    ¡a buenas horas apareces, ahora que ya hemos terminado! it's a bit late turning up now, we've already finished!;
    Fam
    ¡y no se te ocurra volver a aparecer por aquí! and don't let me see your face round here again!
    * * *
    v/i appear
    * * *
    aparecer {53} vi
    1) : to appear
    2) presentarse: to show up
    3) : to turn up, to be found
    * * *
    1. (en general) to appear
    2. (encontrarse) to turn up
    ¿ha aparecido tu cartera? has your wallet turned up?
    3. (figurar) to be
    4. (llegar) to show up [pt. showed; pp. shown]

    Spanish-English dictionary > aparecer

  • 62 colaborar

    v.
    1 to collaborate.
    2 to contribute.
    3 to collaborate with.
    Le colaboró a ella He collaborated with her.
    * * *
    1 to collaborate ( con, with)
    2 (prensa) to contribute (en, to)
    * * *

    te necesitamos ¡colabora! — we need you, come and join us!

    • colaborar a algo — to contribute to sth

    • colaborar con algo, colaboramos con los movimientos pacifistas — we are collaborating with the peace groups

    • colaborar en algo, nuestra empresa colaborará en el proyecto — our company is to collaborate on the project

    colaborar en un periódico — to contribute to a newspaper, write for a newspaper

    * * *
    verbo intransitivo

    colaborar con alguien/algo — to collaborate with somebody/something

    colabore con nosotros, mantenga limpia la ciudad — help us keep the city clean

    colaborar en algo — en proyecto to collaborate on something

    * * *
    = collaborate, cooperate [co-operate], join + forces, play + ball, team, partner, pull + Posesivo + (own) weight, lend + a (helping) hand, pull together, put + Posesivo + shoulder to the wheel, set + Posesivo + shoulder to the wheel, muck in, pitch in.
    Ex. A joint author is a person who collaborates with one or more other persons to produce a work in relation to which the collaborators perform the same function.
    Ex. By 1960 a draft code had been produced, and from this time on, British and American Committees co-operated closely.
    Ex. Therefore, school librarians need to find ways of joining forces with publishers, booksellers and other librarians.
    Ex. She then said: 'If you want to fare reasonably well, you better play ball with me'.
    Ex. Information Today, Inc. and I are teaming to create a series of articles to be published in Computers in Libraries which will provide user ratings of library automation software.
    Ex. The article 'Let's partner as patriots' maintains that in recent years some people have begun to view the public library as an anachronism.
    Ex. Sometimes one person is left with all the work because their partner doesn't pull their weight.
    Ex. In a small shop the master would lend a hand with the work, certainly as a corrector and often as a compositor as well.
    Ex. She tells a story of courage in which the crew and the mission control pull together to work the problem through.
    Ex. They've all been putting their shoulder to the wheel and it's paid off.
    Ex. The Bolsheviks have manfully set their shoulders to the wheel undaunted by this staggering catastrophe.
    Ex. All our neighbours, relatives, friends, we all mucked in and helped each other -- they were mostly all women because all the men had gone to war.
    Ex. It's up to everyone to pitch in and help those who find themselves lacking the most basic of necessities -- food.
    ----
    * colaborando estrechamente = in close collaboration.
    * colaborar con = team up (with), partner with, become + engaged (in/with), engage with, consort with.
    * colaborar conjuntamente = work + cooperatively.
    * * *
    verbo intransitivo

    colaborar con alguien/algo — to collaborate with somebody/something

    colabore con nosotros, mantenga limpia la ciudad — help us keep the city clean

    colaborar en algo — en proyecto to collaborate on something

    * * *
    colaborar (con)
    (v.) = team up (with), partner with, become + engaged (in/with), engage with, consort with

    Ex: Blackwells, for example, has teamed up with the highly successful CARL Uncover service in the US.

    Ex: To what extent and in what manner should public libraries partner with local businesses to provide the resources needed for economic development?.
    Ex: There is a strong demand for information about Asia as Australia becomes engaged with countries of the Asia-Pacific region.
    Ex: In order to overcome isolation and develop a community oriented approach, libraries will need to engage with people.
    Ex: It is time the USA took a lead in consorting with other Western nations in mounting the 1st Annual international conference on information interchange.

    = collaborate, cooperate [co-operate], join + forces, play + ball, team, partner, pull + Posesivo + (own) weight, lend + a (helping) hand, pull together, put + Posesivo + shoulder to the wheel, set + Posesivo + shoulder to the wheel, muck in, pitch in.

    Ex: A joint author is a person who collaborates with one or more other persons to produce a work in relation to which the collaborators perform the same function.

    Ex: By 1960 a draft code had been produced, and from this time on, British and American Committees co-operated closely.
    Ex: Therefore, school librarians need to find ways of joining forces with publishers, booksellers and other librarians.
    Ex: She then said: 'If you want to fare reasonably well, you better play ball with me'.
    Ex: Information Today, Inc. and I are teaming to create a series of articles to be published in Computers in Libraries which will provide user ratings of library automation software.
    Ex: The article 'Let's partner as patriots' maintains that in recent years some people have begun to view the public library as an anachronism.
    Ex: Sometimes one person is left with all the work because their partner doesn't pull their weight.
    Ex: In a small shop the master would lend a hand with the work, certainly as a corrector and often as a compositor as well.
    Ex: She tells a story of courage in which the crew and the mission control pull together to work the problem through.
    Ex: They've all been putting their shoulder to the wheel and it's paid off.
    Ex: The Bolsheviks have manfully set their shoulders to the wheel undaunted by this staggering catastrophe.
    Ex: All our neighbours, relatives, friends, we all mucked in and helped each other -- they were mostly all women because all the men had gone to war.
    Ex: It's up to everyone to pitch in and help those who find themselves lacking the most basic of necessities -- food.
    * colaborando estrechamente = in close collaboration.
    * colaborar con = team up (with), partner with, become + engaged (in/with), engage with, consort with.
    * colaborar conjuntamente = work + cooperatively.

    * * *
    colaborar [A1 ]
    vi
    1 (en una tarea, un libro) to work, collaborate
    colaboró con nosotros en el proyecto he collaborated o worked with us on this project
    colabore con nosotros, mantenga limpia la ciudad help us keep the city clean
    colaborar EN algo:
    colaboró activamente en la resistencia she was active in the resistance
    colabora en una revista de fotografía he contributes to a photography magazine
    2 (contribuir) colaborar A algo to contribute TO sth, help sth
    el deporte colabora al desarrollo físico del niño sport contributes to o helps a child's physical development
    el nuevo reglamento ha colaborado a mejorar la situacion the new legislation has helped to improve the situation o has contributed to an improvement in the situation
    * * *

     

    colaborar ( conjugate colaborar) verbo intransitivo
    to collaborate;
    colaborar con algn to collaborate with sb;

    colaborar en algo ‹en proyecto/tarea› to collaborate on sth;

    ‹ en revista› to contribute to sth
    colaborar verbo intransitivo to collaborate, cooperate
    ' colaborar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    negación
    English:
    collaborate
    - cooperate
    - write
    - well
    * * *
    1. [cooperar] to collaborate ( con with);
    algunos maridos se niegan a colaborar en las tareas domésticas some husbands refuse to help with the housework;
    muchas personas colaboraron en el rescate many people helped in the rescue;
    que cada uno colabore con lo que pueda let everyone contribute what they can;
    colaboró en la campaña con un donativo de 3 millones she made a donation of 3 million to the campaign
    2. [en prensa]
    colaborar en o [m5] con to write for, to work for
    3. [contribuir] to contribute;
    una dieta que colabora a controlar el nivel colesterol a diet which helps to control cholesterol levels;
    los robots colaboran a incrementar la productividad robots help to increase productivity, robots contribute to increased productivity
    * * *
    v/i collaborate
    * * *
    : to collaborate
    * * *
    colaborar vb to cooperate

    Spanish-English dictionary > colaborar

  • 63 ajeno

    adj.
    1 someone else's, not our own, other people's, somebody else's.
    2 irrelevant, extraneous, foreign.
    3 alien, strange.
    4 strange.
    * * *
    1 (de otro) another's, belonging to other people
    2 (distante) detached
    3 (impropio) inappropriate, unsuitable
    4 (extraño) not involved
    \
    meterse en lo ajeno to meddle in other people's affairs
    vivir a costa ajena to live off other people
    * * *
    (f. - ajena)
    adj.
    2) of another, of others
    •
    * * *
    ADJ
    1) (=de otro)

    • a costa ajena — at somebody else's expense

    • por cuenta ajena, trabaja por cuenta ajena — he works for someone else

    • meterse en lo ajeno — to interfere in other people's affairs

    vergüenza 1)
    2) (=no relacionado)

    • ajeno a — outside

    el malhumor es ajeno a su carácter — he's not at all bad-tempered in character, being bad-tempered is quite alien to his character frm

    • por razones ajenas a nuestra voluntad — for reasons beyond our control

    3) (=indiferente)

    nada de lo humano le es ajeno — liter everything human is his concern liter

    siguió leyendo, ajeno a lo que sucedía — she carried on reading, oblivious to what was happening

    4) (=extraño) strange
    * * *
    - na adjetivo
    1) [SER]
    a) (que no corresponde, pertenece)

    un asunto que le era ajeno — a matter that was o had nothing to do with him

    ajeno a algo: por razones ajenas a nuestra voluntad for reasons beyond our control; prohibido el paso a toda persona ajena a la empresa staff only; intereses ajenos a los de la empresa — interests not in accord with those of the company

    b) (que pertenece, corresponde a otro)
    2)
    a) [estar] ( ignorante)

    ajeno a algo — unaware of something, oblivious to something

    b) [ESTAR] ( indiferente)

    ajeno a algo: permaneció ajeno a sus problemas — he remained indifferent to her problems

    c) [ser] ( no involucrado)

    ajeno a algo: irregularidades a las que han sido ajenos — irregularities in which they have not been involved

    * * *
    = extraneous, on the fringe.
    Ex. If the catalog is to fulfill any of the requirements just enumerated, then it must be capable of responding to a user's query in a manner which does not result in extraneous citations.
    Ex. This statement emphasises the possibility of a book on a humanistic topic being read by both the author's peer group and a slightly larger audience too, but the people on the fringe would have to work hard for themselves to develop high enough standards of judgment for the book to be of any value to them.
    ----
    * ajeno (a) = foreign (to).
    * ajeno al mundo = unwordly.
    * beneficiarse del triunfo ajeno = bask in + reflected glory.
    * disfrutar de la gloria ajena = bask in + reflected glory.
    * disfrutar del triunfo ajeno = bask in + reflected glory.
    * en caso de darse circunstancias ajenas a + Posesivo + control = in the event of circumstances beyond + Posesivo + control.
    * fama ajena = reflected glory.
    * gloria ajena = reflected glory.
    * no ser ajeno a = be no stranger to.
    * sentir vergüenza ajena = feel + embarrassed for + Nombre.
    * triunfo ajeno = reflected glory.
    * vergüenza ajena = embarrassing situation.
    * * *
    - na adjetivo
    1) [SER]
    a) (que no corresponde, pertenece)

    un asunto que le era ajeno — a matter that was o had nothing to do with him

    ajeno a algo: por razones ajenas a nuestra voluntad for reasons beyond our control; prohibido el paso a toda persona ajena a la empresa staff only; intereses ajenos a los de la empresa — interests not in accord with those of the company

    b) (que pertenece, corresponde a otro)
    2)
    a) [estar] ( ignorante)

    ajeno a algo — unaware of something, oblivious to something

    b) [ESTAR] ( indiferente)

    ajeno a algo: permaneció ajeno a sus problemas — he remained indifferent to her problems

    c) [ser] ( no involucrado)

    ajeno a algo: irregularidades a las que han sido ajenos — irregularities in which they have not been involved

    * * *
    = extraneous, on the fringe.

    Ex: If the catalog is to fulfill any of the requirements just enumerated, then it must be capable of responding to a user's query in a manner which does not result in extraneous citations.

    Ex: This statement emphasises the possibility of a book on a humanistic topic being read by both the author's peer group and a slightly larger audience too, but the people on the fringe would have to work hard for themselves to develop high enough standards of judgment for the book to be of any value to them.
    * ajeno (a) = foreign (to).
    * ajeno al mundo = unwordly.
    * beneficiarse del triunfo ajeno = bask in + reflected glory.
    * disfrutar de la gloria ajena = bask in + reflected glory.
    * disfrutar del triunfo ajeno = bask in + reflected glory.
    * en caso de darse circunstancias ajenas a + Posesivo + control = in the event of circumstances beyond + Posesivo + control.
    * fama ajena = reflected glory.
    * gloria ajena = reflected glory.
    * no ser ajeno a = be no stranger to.
    * sentir vergüenza ajena = feel + embarrassed for + Nombre.
    * triunfo ajeno = reflected glory.
    * vergüenza ajena = embarrassing situation.

    * * *
    ajeno -na
    A [ SER]
    1
    (que no corresponde, pertenece): dos generaciones cuyos ideales son totalmente ajenos two generations whose ideals are completely alien to each other o have nothing in common
    un asunto que le era ajeno a matter that was o had nothing to do with him
    el ambiente en que ella se mueve me es totalmente ajeno the world she moves in is quite alien o foreign to me
    ajeno A algo:
    por razones ajenas a nuestra voluntad for reasons beyond our control
    [ S ] prohibido el paso a toda persona ajena a la empresa staff only
    intereses ajenos a los de la empresa interests not in accord with those of the company
    2
    (que pertenece, corresponde a otro): se servía de una tarjeta de crédito ajena he was using another person's o someone else's credit card
    por el bien ajeno for the good of others
    el domingo juegan en campo ajeno on Sunday they're on the road ( AmE) o ( BrE) they're playing away (from home)
    las desgracias ajenas no me interesan I'm not interested in other people's misfortunes
    amigo2 (↑ amigo (2))
    B
    1 [ ESTAR] (inatento) ajeno A algo unaware OF sth, oblivious TO sth
    trabajaba totalmente ajeno a lo que pasaba a su alrededor he worked on, completely unaware of o oblivious to what was going on around him
    2 [ ESTAR] (indiferente) ajeno A algo:
    siempre permaneció ajeno a sus problemas he never got involved with her problems, he always remained aloof from her problems
    3 [ SER] (no involucrado) ajeno A algo:
    irregularidades a las que han sido ajenos irregularities to which they have not been party o in which they have not been involved
    * * *

     

    ajeno
    ◊ -na adjetivo [SER]

    a) (que no corresponde, pertenece):


    aquel ambiente me era ajeno that environment was alien o foreign to me;
    por razones ajenas a nuestra voluntad for reasons beyond our control
    b) (que pertenece, corresponde a otro):


    por el bien ajeno for the good of others;
    las desgracias ajenas other people's misfortunes
    ajeno,-a adjetivo
    1 (de otra persona) belonging to other people: no me gusta dormir en casa ajena, I don't like to sleep over at someone else's place
    2 (sin relación) unconnected [a, with]
    ajeno a nuestra voluntad, beyond our control
    3 (extraño) strange: su devoción me resulta completamente ajena, her sense of devotion is just beyond belief
    ♦ Locuciones: sentir vergüenza ajena, to feel embarrassed for sb
    ' ajeno' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    ajena
    - gallina
    - embolsarse
    - regocijarse
    - regocijo
    English:
    alien
    - squat
    * * *
    ajeno, -a adj
    1. [de otro] of others;
    jugar en campo ajeno to play away from home;
    no te metas en los problemas ajenos don't interfere in other people's problems;
    no le importa la miseria ajena she doesn't care about the suffering of others;
    recurrieron a capital ajeno they turned to outside investors, they used borrowed capital
    2. [no relacionado]
    es un problema ajeno a la sociedad de hoy it's a problem that no longer exists in today's society;
    todo eso me es ajeno [no me atañe] all that has nothing to do with me;
    esto es ajeno a nuestro departamento our department doesn't deal with that;
    por causas ajenas a nuestra voluntad for reasons beyond our control;
    un escándalo al que no es ajeno el presidente a scandal in which the president is not uninvolved;
    su plan es ajeno a cualquier intento partidista their plan in no way seeks to gain party-political advantage;
    una tradición ajena a nuestra cultura a tradition which is alien to our culture
    3. [ignorante]
    era ajena a lo que estaba ocurriendo she had no knowledge of what was happening
    * * *
    adj
    1 propiedad, problemas etc someone else’s;
    me era totalmente ajeno it was completely alien to me;
    lo ajeno fig other people’s property
    2
    :
    por razones ajenas a nuestra voluntad for reasons beyond our control
    3
    :
    estar ajeno a be unaware of, be oblivious to
    * * *
    ajeno, -na adj
    1) : alien
    2) : of another, of others
    propiedad ajena: somebody else's property
    3)
    ajeno a : foreign to
    4)
    ajeno de : devoid of, free from
    * * *
    ajeno adj
    1. (de otro) somebody else's
    por error, cogió un abrigo ajeno by mistake, she took somebody else's coat
    2. (de otros) other people's

    Spanish-English dictionary > ajeno

  • 64 apretar

    v.
    1 to press (oprimir) (botón, tecla).
    me aprietan las botas my boots are too tight
    La enfermera apretó la herida The nurse pressed the wound.
    La niña aprieta los dientes al dormir The girl grits her teeth when sleeping.
    3 to squeeze.
    apretar la mano a alguien to shake somebody's hand
    María apretó la mostaza Mary squeezed the mustard.
    4 to press.
    lo están apretando para que acepte la oferta they are pressing him o putting pressure on him to accept the offer
    5 to get worse, to intensify (calor, lluvia).
    6 to tighten.
    El mecánico aprieta duramente el tornillo The mechanic tightens the screw.
    7 to pinch.
    Me aprietan los zapatos My shoes pinch.
    Ricardo apretó su nariz Richard pinched her nose.
    8 to be too tight.
    Esta faja aprieta This belt is too tight.
    9 to press down, to push down.
    Ricardo apretó el botón para iniciar Richard pressed down the button to start.
    10 to be too tight for.
    Me aprieta la ropa My clothes are too tight for me.
    11 to be most intense, to be more intense.
    * * *
    Conjugation model [ ACERTAR], like link=acertar acertar
    1 (estrechar) to squeeze, hug
    2 (tornillo) to tighten; (cordones, nudo) to do up tight
    3 (comprimir) to compress, press together, pack tight
    4 (activar) to press, push
    5 figurado (acosar) to keep on at; (presionar) to put pressure on, pressurize
    1 figurado (aumentar) to increase, get worse
    2 (prendas) to fit tight, be tight on
    3 (esforzarse) to work hard
    ■ tendrás que apretar en tus estudios you'll have to study a lot harder, you'll have to pull your socks up
    1 (apiñar) to narrow, tighten
    2 (agolparse) to crowd together; (acercarse) to squeeze up
    \
    apretar a correr to start running
    apretar el paso to quicken one's pace
    apretar la mano a alguien to shake somebody's hand
    apretar el gatillo to pull the trigger
    * * *
    verb
    4) pinch, be too tight
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) [+ tapa, tornillo, nudo] to tighten
    2) (=pulsar) [+ interruptor, pedal, tecla] to press; [+ gatillo] to squeeze, pull

    apretar el acelerador — to put one's foot down (on the accelerator), depress the accelerator frm

    3) (=apretujar)
    a) [+ objeto] to squeeze, grip; [para que no caiga] to clutch

    apretó bien los papeles en la cartera — he packed o squeezed the papers into the briefcase

    • apretar los dientes — to grit one's teeth, clench one's teeth

    • apretar la mano a algn — to shake sb's hand

    • apretar el puño — to clench one's fist

    b) [+ persona] [contra pared, suelo] to pin, press; [con los brazos] to clasp, clutch

    me apretaba con todo su cuerpo contra la pared — he pinned o pressed me against the wall with his whole body

    la apretó con fuerza entre sus brazos — he clasped o clutched her tightly in his arms

    4) (=presionar)

    • apretar a algn — to put pressure on sb

    nos aprieta mucho para que estudiemos — he puts a lot of pressure on us to study, he pushes us to study hard

    5)

    • apretar el paso — to quicken one's pace

    6)
    7) (Mil) [+ asedio] to step up, intensify; [+ bloqueo] to tighten
    2. VI
    1) (=oprimir) [zapatos] to be too tight, pinch one's feet; [ropa] to be too tight

    estos zapatos aprietan — these shoes are too tight, these shoes pinch my feet

    zapato
    2) (=aumentar) [dolor, frío] to get worse; [viento] to intensify

    cuando el frío aprieta — when the cold gets worse, when it gets really cold

    3) (=presionar) to put on the pressure, pile on the pressure *

    si le aprietan un poco más, confesará — if they put a bit more pressure on him, he'll confess

    • apretar con el enemigo — to close with the enemy

    Dios 3)
    4) (=esforzarse)

    si apretáis un poco al final, aprobaréis — if you make an extra effort at the end, you'll pass

    5)

    • apretar a hacer algo, si aprieta a llover — if it starts to rain heavily

    6)

    ¡aprieta! — nonsense!, good grief!

    7) Chile (=irse con prisa)

    apretemos que viene la profesora — let's run for it, the teacher's coming

    8) ** [al defecar] to push
    3.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) < botón> to press, push; < acelerador> to put one's foot on, press; < gatillo> to pull, squeeze
    b) <nudo/venda/tornillo> to tighten
    c)

    apretar el paso or la marcha — to quicken one's pace o step

    2)
    a) ( apretujar)

    apretó al niño contra su pecho — he clasped o clutched the child to his breast

    me apretó el brazo con fuerza — he squeezed o gripped my arm firmly

    b) ( presionar) to put pressure on
    2.
    1) ropa/zapatos (+ me/te/le etc) to be too tight
    2) ( hacer presión) to press down (o in etc)

    cuando el hambre aprieta... — when people are in the grip of hunger...

    4)
    a) ( esforzarse) to make an effort
    b) profesor/jefe to be demanding

    apretar a correr — (fam) to break into a run

    3.
    apretarse v pron to squeeze o squash together
    * * *
    = squeeze, nip, tighten, screw, tighten + Posesivo + grip on, press, clenching, cramp.
    Ex. Squeezed between the upper and nether milestones of increasing demand and dwindling resources, individual librarians develop ways in which to make their jobs easier.
    Ex. Rotary presses are like wringers the printing paper being nipped between two cylinders.
    Ex. Self-effacing nervousness causes the epiglottis to tighten, strangling the words in the throat and stiffening the diaphragm so that it is like pulled-out elastic unable to propel anything.
    Ex. This was done by laying the right number of letters on their sides in the stick, pushing the sliding bar up to them and screwing it up tight.
    Ex. This paper reports on measures being taken by the government to tighten its grip on what universities do with their money.
    Ex. To read a borrower label place the scanner on the left side of the label and move it from left to right across the bar codes, pressing lightly to keep it in direct contact with the label.
    Ex. A bite guard, also known as a stress guard, teeth guard, dental guard or night guard, is a dental appliance provided by the dentist to protect your teeth from excessive grinding or clenching.
    Ex. The goals are to reduce stress on the fingers and wrists and to keep your hands in a natural position rather than cramping them together.
    ----
    * apretar el gatillo = pull + the trigger.
    * apretar fuerte = bear down on.
    * apretarse el cinturón = tighten + Posesivo + belt, gird (up) + Posesivo + loins.
    * apretarse los machos = gird (up) + Posesivo + loins.
    * cuando el sol aprieta = during the heat of the day.
    * el que mucho abarca poco aprieta = jack of all trades, master of none.
    * quien mucho abarca poco aprieta = bite off more than + Pronombre + can chew.
    * sin apretar = loosely hanging, baggy [baggier -comp., baggiest -sup.], saggy [saggier -comp., saggiest -sup.].
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) < botón> to press, push; < acelerador> to put one's foot on, press; < gatillo> to pull, squeeze
    b) <nudo/venda/tornillo> to tighten
    c)

    apretar el paso or la marcha — to quicken one's pace o step

    2)
    a) ( apretujar)

    apretó al niño contra su pecho — he clasped o clutched the child to his breast

    me apretó el brazo con fuerza — he squeezed o gripped my arm firmly

    b) ( presionar) to put pressure on
    2.
    1) ropa/zapatos (+ me/te/le etc) to be too tight
    2) ( hacer presión) to press down (o in etc)

    cuando el hambre aprieta... — when people are in the grip of hunger...

    4)
    a) ( esforzarse) to make an effort
    b) profesor/jefe to be demanding

    apretar a correr — (fam) to break into a run

    3.
    apretarse v pron to squeeze o squash together
    * * *
    = squeeze, nip, tighten, screw, tighten + Posesivo + grip on, press, clenching, cramp.

    Ex: Squeezed between the upper and nether milestones of increasing demand and dwindling resources, individual librarians develop ways in which to make their jobs easier.

    Ex: Rotary presses are like wringers the printing paper being nipped between two cylinders.
    Ex: Self-effacing nervousness causes the epiglottis to tighten, strangling the words in the throat and stiffening the diaphragm so that it is like pulled-out elastic unable to propel anything.
    Ex: This was done by laying the right number of letters on their sides in the stick, pushing the sliding bar up to them and screwing it up tight.
    Ex: This paper reports on measures being taken by the government to tighten its grip on what universities do with their money.
    Ex: To read a borrower label place the scanner on the left side of the label and move it from left to right across the bar codes, pressing lightly to keep it in direct contact with the label.
    Ex: A bite guard, also known as a stress guard, teeth guard, dental guard or night guard, is a dental appliance provided by the dentist to protect your teeth from excessive grinding or clenching.
    Ex: The goals are to reduce stress on the fingers and wrists and to keep your hands in a natural position rather than cramping them together.
    * apretar el gatillo = pull + the trigger.
    * apretar fuerte = bear down on.
    * apretarse el cinturón = tighten + Posesivo + belt, gird (up) + Posesivo + loins.
    * apretarse los machos = gird (up) + Posesivo + loins.
    * cuando el sol aprieta = during the heat of the day.
    * el que mucho abarca poco aprieta = jack of all trades, master of none.
    * quien mucho abarca poco aprieta = bite off more than + Pronombre + can chew.
    * sin apretar = loosely hanging, baggy [baggier -comp., baggiest -sup.], saggy [saggier -comp., saggiest -sup.].

    * * *
    apretar [A5 ]
    vt
    A
    1 ‹botón› to press, push; ‹acelerador› to put one's foot on, press, depress ( frml); ‹gatillo› to pull, squeeze
    2 ‹nudo/venda› to tighten; ‹tapa/tornillo› to tighten
    apretó bien la tapa he screwed the lid on tightly
    aprieta el puño clench your fist
    apreté los dientes I gritted my teeth
    3
    apretar el paso or la marcha to quicken one's pace o step
    4 ‹letra› to squeeze together ( AmE), to squeeze up ( BrE)
    apretar los puntos to knit tightly
    B
    1
    (apretujar): apretó al niño contra su pecho he clasped o clutched the child to his breast
    llevaba el osito apretado entre sus brazos she was clutching the teddy bear in her arms
    me apretó el brazo con fuerza he squeezed o gripped my arm firmly
    2 (presionar) to put pressure on
    el profesor nos apretó mucho en los últimos meses in the last few months the teacher put a lot of pressure on us o pushed us really hard
    ■ apretar
    vi
    A «ropa/zapatos» (+ me/te/le etc) to be too tight
    el vestido le aprieta the dress is too tight for her o is very tight on her
    la falda me aprieta en las caderas the skirt is too tight around the hips
    ¡cómo me aprietan estos zapatos! these shoes are so tight!, these shoes really pinch my feet!
    B (hacer presión) to press down ( o in etc)
    C
    (ser fuerte): a las tres de la tarde cuando el calor aprieta at three o'clock when the heat is at its most intense
    a primeras horas de la mañana el frío aprieta (Chi, Méx); in the early hours of the morning you really feel the cold
    cuando el hambre aprieta, la gente come cualquier cosa when people are in the grip of hunger they will eat anything
    D
    1 (esforzarse) to make an effort
    vas a tener que apretar en la física you're going to have to knuckle down o make more of an effort in physics
    2 «profesor/jefe» to be demanding dios
    E
    ( Chi fam) (irse): todos apretaron a la salida everyone made a dash for o ran for the door ( colloq)
    tuvimos que salir apretando we had to make a run for it ( colloq)
    apretar a correr ( fam); to break into a run, start running
    to squeeze o squash together, to squeeze o squash up ( BrE) cinturón
    * * *

     

    apretar ( conjugate apretar) verbo transitivo
    1
    a) ‹ botón› to press, push;

    ‹ acelerador› to put one's foot on, press;
    ‹ gatillo› to pull, squeeze
    b) ‹nudo/tapa/tornillo› to tighten;

    ‹puño/mandíbulas› to clench;

    2
    a) ( apretujar):

    ◊ apretó al niño contra su pecho he clasped o clutched the child to his breast;

    me apretó el brazo con fuerza he squeezed o gripped my arm firmly

    verbo intransitivo
    1 [ropa/zapatos] (+ me/te/le etc) to be too tight;

    2 ( hacer presión) to press down (o in etc)
    apretarse verbo pronominal
    to squeeze o squash together
    apretar
    I vtr (pulsar un botón) to press
    (el cinturón, un tornillo) to tighten
    (el gatillo) to pull: me aprietan los zapatos, these shoes are too tight for me
    II verbo intransitivo el calor ha apretado en julio, it was really hot in July
    ♦ Locuciones: apretar el paso, to hasten, hurry
    apretarle las clavijas a alguien, to put the screws on someone
    donde aprieta el zapato, where the problem is
    ' apretar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    ajustar
    - estrujar
    - aprieta
    - estrechar
    - fuerte
    - gatillo
    - oprimir
    - puño
    English:
    clench
    - grip
    - loosely
    - pack
    - pack down
    - pinch
    - press
    - pull
    - push
    - screw up
    - squeeze
    - tighten
    - wedge
    - which
    - accelerate
    - foot
    - loosen
    - screw
    - speed
    - tooth
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [oprimir] [botón, tecla] to press;
    [gatillo] to pull, to squeeze; [acelerador] to step on;
    el zapato me aprieta my shoe is pinching;
    me aprietan las botas my boots are too tight
    2. [nudo, tuerca, cinturón] to tighten;
    Fam
    apretar las clavijas o [m5] los tornillos a alguien to put the screws on sb
    3. [juntar] [dientes] to grit;
    [labios] to press together; [puño] to clench;
    tendrás que apretar la letra you'll have to squeeze your handwriting up
    4. [estrechar] to squeeze;
    [abrazar] to hug;
    no me aprietes el brazo, me estás haciendo daño stop squeezing my arm, you're hurting me;
    la apretó contra su pecho he held her to his chest;
    apretar la mano a alguien to shake sb's hand
    5. [acelerar]
    apretar el paso o [m5] la marcha to quicken one's pace;
    como no apretemos el paso, no llegaremos nunca if we don't hurry up, we'll never get there
    6. [exigir] to tighten up on;
    [presionar] to press;
    apretar la disciplina to tighten up on discipline;
    lo apretaron tanto que acabó confesando they pressed him so hard that he ended up confessing;
    no me gusta que me aprieten en el trabajo I don't like to feel pressurized in my work;
    lo están apretando para que acepte la oferta they are pressing him o putting pressure on him to accept the offer
    7. [ropa, objetos] to pack tight
    ♦ vi
    1. [calor, lluvia] to get worse, to intensify;
    salgo de casa a las dos, cuando más aprieta el calor I leave home at two o'clock, when the heat is at its worst;
    en agosto ha apretado mucho el calor it got a lot hotter in August;
    cuando la necesidad aprieta, se agudiza el ingenio people become more resourceful when they really have to
    2. [zapatos] to pinch;
    [ropa] to be too tight
    3. [esforzarse] to push oneself;
    tienes que apretar más si quieres aprobar you'll have to pull your socks up if you want to pass
    4. Fam
    apretar a correr to run off;
    el ladrón apretó a correr the thief ran off
    * * *
    I v/t
    1 botón press;
    apretó contra el pecho la fotografía/el niño she held the photograph/the child close, she pressed the photograph/the child to her breast;
    apretar los puños clench one’s fists;
    apretar los dientes grit one’s teeth
    2 ( pellizcar, pinzar) squeeze
    3 tuerca tighten
    4
    :
    apretar el paso quicken one’s pace
    II v/i
    1 de ropa, zapato be too tight
    2
    :
    apretar a correr start to run, start running
    * * *
    apretar {55} vt
    1) : to press, to push (a button)
    2) : to tighten
    3) : to squeeze
    1) : to press, to push
    2) : to fit tightly, to be too tight
    los zapatos me aprietan: my shoes are tight
    * * *
    1. (botón) to press
    2. (gatillo) to pull
    3. (tornillo, cinturón, nudo) to tighten
    ¿has apretado los tornillos? have you tightened the screws?
    4. (exigir) to be strict with / to push hard
    5. (quedar estrecho ropa) to be too tight
    6. (esforzarse) to work harder
    7. (aumentar calor) to increase

    Spanish-English dictionary > apretar

  • 65 trabajo1

    1 = employment, endeavour [endeavor, -USA], job, labour [labor, -USA], leg work, occupation, task, work, working environment, workload [work load], pursuit, workmanship, footwork, handwork, professional position, working practice, pursuit in life, handiwork, lifework, line of business, toil, industry.
    Ex. Under WOMEN -- EMPLOYMENT, for instance, are listed works on the health and safety hazards of employment, the wages of employment, the problems of mothers, married and/or single women and employment, and so on.
    Ex. Eventually, it came to be recognized that the Classification Research Group's endeavours might be pertinent to the problem of alphabetical indexing.
    Ex. To ease the cataloguer's job and save him the trouble of counting characters, DOBIS/LIBIS uses a special function.
    Ex. An editor is a person who prepares for publication an item not his own and whose labour may be limited to the preparation of the item for the manufacturer.
    Ex. DOBIS/LIBIS may replace the typewriter, the catalog card, and much leg work, but it cannot replace the decision-making capabilities of the library staff.
    Ex. Headings such as SALESMEN AND SALESMANSHIP and FIREMEN, since they are assigned to works covering the activities of both men and women in these occupations, are not specific.
    Ex. Further, menu screens will be necessary until the user has specified the task that he wishes executed or the information that he wishes to retrieve sufficiently for execution or retrieval to be effected.
    Ex. The Classification Research Group (CRG) has been a major force in the development of classification theory, and has made a major contribution towards work on a new general classification scheme.
    Ex. This article examines the various features now available on copiers and comments on the usefulness in a working environment.
    Ex. Each of these changes, if we were to deal with them in an adequate manner, create severe workload problems for the cataloging department.
    Ex. What is more arguable is whether or not it is a bibliographical pursuit at all since it bears little relationship to the physical nature of the book.
    Ex. William R Lethaby, the architect who had Westminster Abbey in his charge for over twenty years, once said 'Art is thoughtful workmanship'.
    Ex. If we decide to take on making up a subject file there'd be a lot of footwork even if we use that list as a basis = Si decidimos aceptar crear un fichero ordenado por materias habría mucho trabajo incluso si usamos esta lista como base.
    Ex. The newspaper's suppression after the first issue was not, as some historians have declared, the handwork of Massachusetts' Puritan clergy = La supresión del periódico después de su primer número no fue, como algunos historiadores han declarado, por la intervención del clero puritano de Massachussetts.
    Ex. In virtually all of her professional positions she has been involved with the handling of documents.
    Ex. While many believe that print on paper will never die, new formats are already changing working practice in many spheres.
    Ex. People who are blind, regardless of their pursuit in life, will not have access to current information, books, learning, or education opportunities unless all libraries and blindness organizations agree to work together.
    Ex. Rather than bringing in butchers to do the handiwork of his dissections, Vesalius himself worked on the human cadavers and said that students of medicine should do the same.
    Ex. This is an eloquent, moving testament to the lifework of a major artist of unimpeachable technique and passion.
    Ex. The computer people are muscling in on our line of business and we can't stop them.
    Ex. Furthermore, the computer can be used, and is already being used, to eliminate drudgery, busywork, and useless toil in library systems.
    Ex. In fact, the terms of the contrast are highly ambivalent: order vs. anarchy, liberty vs. despotism, or industry vs. sloth, and also dissimulation vs. honesty.
    ----
    * acoso en el trabajo = workplace mobbing.
    * agenda de trabajo = work agenda.
    * agobiado de trabajo = up to + Posesivo + eyeballs in work.
    * ahorrar el trabajo de = save + effort in.
    * almuerzo de trabajo = work luncheon.
    * ámbito de trabajo = field of endeavour.
    * amor al trabajo = love of work.
    * ansiedad en el trabajo = job anxiety, work anxiety.
    * anterior al trabajo = pre-service.
    * anuncio de trabajo = help wanted ad, help wanted notice.
    * anuncios de trabajo = help-wanted advertising.
    * año de trabajo = man year.
    * ascender en el trabajo = step up + the career ladder.
    * ascenso en el trabajo = job promotion.
    * aspirar a un puesto de trabajo = aspire to + position.
    * asunto relacionado con el trabajo = work-related issue.
    * avanzar en + Posesivo + trabajo = advance + Posesivo + work, advance + Posesivo + work.
    * basado en el trabajo en equipo = team-based.
    * bibliografía de trabajo = working bibliography.
    * biblioteconomía especializada en el trabajo de referencia = reference librarianship.
    * bolsa de trabajo = labour exchange, job opportunities, employment bureau, employment centre, employment opportunity, job centre, job pool.
    * borrador de trabajo = working paper.
    * buscador de trabajo = job applicant, job seeker.
    * buscar trabajo = seek + employment.
    * buscar trabajo en la calle = work + the streets.
    * campo de trabajo = field of endeavour.
    * campo de trabajos forzados = labour camp, forced labour camp.
    * cantidad de trabajo = workload [work load].
    * carga de trabajo = workload [work load].
    * centro de trabajo = workplace.
    * cobrar en un trabajo = job + pay.
    * comenzar el turno de trabajo = go on + duty.
    * comida de trabajo = business meal, professional meal.
    * compañero de trabajo = co-worker [coworker], male colleague, work colleague, fellow worker.
    * complementos del trabajo = fringe benefits, fringes.
    * conciliación del trabajo y la familia = reconciliation of work and family.
    * con demasiado trabajo = overworked.
    * condiciones del contrato de trabajo = terms of employment.
    * condiciones de trabajo = working conditions.
    * con mucho trabajo = painfully.
    * conseguir un puesto de trabajo = obtain + position.
    * conseguir un trabajo = enter + job, land + job.
    * con trabajo = in post.
    * contratar al primero que solicita el trabajo = hire on a first-come, first-take basis.
    * contrato de trabajo = contract position.
    * conversación de trabajo = shop talk.
    * costar mucho trabajo = have + a tough time, have + a hard time.
    * costar trabajo = have + Posesivo + work cut out for + Pronombre, have + Posesivo + job cut out for + Pronombre.
    * cualquier trabajo temporal = casual job.
    * cubrir un puesto de trabajo = fill + position.
    * cuestión relacionada con el trabajo = work-related issue.
    * dar permiso en el trabajo = give + time off work.
    * dar trabajo = present + burden.
    * dedicar trabajo = expend + effort.
    * definición de trabajo = working definition.
    * dejar a Alguien sin trabajo = put + Nombre + out of work.
    * dejar el puesto de trabajo = resign from + Posesivo + post.
    * dejar el trabajo = resign from + Posesivo + post, quit + Posesivo + job, jump + ship.
    * dejar sin trabajo = put + Nombre + out of work.
    * dejar un puesto de trabajo = resign from + Posesivo + position.
    * dejar un trabajo = quit, resign + Posesivo + post.
    * denominación del puesto de trabajo = job title, occupational title.
    * dentro del mismo trabajo = intraoccupational.
    * derecho del trabajo = employment law.
    * desarrollar + Posesivo + trabajo = advance + Posesivo + work.
    * desarrollar un plan de trabajo = develop + agenda.
    * descripción del puesto de trabajo = job description, position description, job profile.
    * desempeñar un trabajo = exercise + work.
    * despedir del trabajo = make + redundant.
    * después del horario de trabajo = after hours [after-hours].
    * de trabajo = working.
    * día del trabajo = Labour Day.
    * día de trabajo = working day.
    * día internacional del trabajo = Labour Day.
    * diario automático de trabajo = time log.
    * dignidad del trabajo = dignity of work.
    * dinámica de trabajo = workflow [work flow].
    * distribución del trabajo = workflow [work flow].
    * distribuir el trabajo = spread + the load.
    * división del trabajo = division of labour.
    * documento de trabajo = working document, working draft.
    * eficacia en el trabajo = quality of service.
    * elaborar un plan de trabajo = develop + agenda.
    * eliminar puestos de trabajo = shed + jobs, axe + jobs, cut + jobs.
    * empresa de trabajo = industrial affiliation.
    * encomendar un trabajo a Alguien = assign + job.
    * encontrar trabajo = find + a job.
    * encontrar trabajo en una biblioteca = join + library.
    * en el horario de trabajo = on company time.
    * en el trabajo = on-the-job, at work.
    * enseñanza antes de empezar el trabajo = pre-service education.
    * enseñanza en el trabajo = in-service education.
    * entorno de trabajo = working environment, work environment.
    * entrevista de trabajo = job interview.
    * equipo de trabajo = study team, project team, work team.
    * esclavo del trabajo = workaholic.
    * escribir un trabajo = write + essay.
    * espacio de trabajo = workspace.
    * específico de un trabajo concreto = job-specific.
    * estación de trabajo = workstation [work station], desktop workstation.
    * estación de trabajo remota = outstation.
    * estadía de trabajo = work visit.
    * estar mareado de tanto trabajo = be reeling.
    * estar relacionado con el trabajo = be work related.
    * estar saturado de trabajo = work to + capacity.
    * estar sin trabajo = stay out of + work.
    * estrategia que ahorra trabajo = labour saver.
    * estrés en el trabajo = job stress.
    * evaluar el rendimiento en el trabajo = evaluate + work performance.
    * excedencia en el trabajo = leave of absence.
    * ficha de trabajo = worksheet, project worksheet.
    * formación continua en el trabajo = workplace training, workplace learning.
    * formación en el trabajo = in-service training, in-service education, in-service, on-the-job training, in-service support.
    * funciones del puesto de trabajo = position + entail + duty.
    * grupo de trabajo = study group, study team, task force, working party, task group, research group, working group, project team.
    * grupo de trabajo por tema de interés = breakout group.
    * guía de trabajo = working guide.
    * hábito de trabajo = work habit, working habit.
    * hablar del trabajo = talk + shop.
    * hacer + Posesivo + trabajo = get on with + Posesivo + work.
    * hacer (todo) el trabajo pesado = do (all) + the donkey work.
    * hacer un buen trabajo = do + a good job.
    * hacer un trabajo = do + work, do + job.
    * hacer un trabajo sobre = do + a project about.
    * hasta aquí de trabajo = up to + Posesivo + eyeballs in work.
    * hasta el cuello de trabajo = up to + Posesivo + eyeballs in work.
    * herramienta de trabajo = tool, tool.
    * hora de trabajo = man-hour.
    * horario de trabajo = hours of operation, working hours, work hours.
    * horario intenso de trabajo = long hours, the.
    * horarios de trabajo demasiado cargados = over-long hours.
    * igualdad de oportunidad en el trabajo = equal employment opportunity.
    * igualdad de retribución por un trabajo de valor comparable = equal pay for comparable work.
    * igualdad de retribución por un trabajo de igual valor = equal pay for equal work.
    * incentivo en el trabajo = work incentive, labour incentive.
    * indicador del trabajo realizado = workload indicator.
    * intercambio de puestos de trabajo = job exchange.
    * jornada de trabajo = workshop.
    * liberar del exceso de trabajo = relieve + overload.
    * liberar de trabajo = relieve + pressure.
    * línea de trabajo = line of work.
    * llamar al trabajo para excusarse por enfermedad = call in + sick.
    * llegar tarde al trabajo = be late for work.
    * lugar de trabajo = affiliation, institutional affiliation, working environment, workplace, place of work, worksite [work site], home institution.
    * lugar de trabajo del autor = author affiliation.
    * magistratura del trabajo = industrial tribunal.
    * marco de trabajo = framework.
    * medida de seguridad e higiene en el trabajo = health and safety standard.
    * memoria de trabajo = working memory.
    * mercado de trabajo = labour market, job market.
    * mercado de trabajo, el = employment market, the.
    * mesa de trabajo = desk, study table.
    * método de trabajo = working method.
    * Ministerio de Trabajo = Department of Labor.
    * modelo de trabajo = working model, business model.
    * mucho trabajo = hard graft.
    * negligente en el trabajo = malpractitioner.
    * neurosis producida por el trabajo = occupational neurosis.
    * NISTF (Grupo de Trabajo sobre los Sistemas Nacionales de Información de la A = NISTF (Society of American Archivists National Information Systems Task Force).
    * no perder el trabajo = stay in + work.
    * norma de trabajo = working rule.
    * no tener trabajo = be unemployed.
    * obtener un puesto de trabajo = obtain + position.
    * ocupar un puesto de trabajo = assume + position, take up + post, hold + post.
    * oferta de trabajo = job advertisement, job offer, help wanted ad, help wanted notice.
    * ofertas de trabajo = help-wanted advertising.
    * oportunidad de trabajo = career opportunity.
    * organización del trabajo = workflow [work flow], working arrangement.
    * paquete de trabajo = workpackage.
    * para trabajos pesados = heavy-duty.
    * pérdida de puestos de trabajo = squeeze on jobs.
    * permiso de trabajo = work permit.
    * permuta de trabajo = job exchange.
    * persona encargada de hacer los trabajos sucios = hatchetman.
    * persona obsesiva con el trabajo = workoholic [workholic], workaholic.
    * persona que asigna el trabajo = assigner.
    * persona que deja un trabajo = leaver.
    * persona que reparte el trabajo = assigner.
    * personas sin trabajo remunerado, los = unwaged, the.
    * plan de trabajo = research agenda, work plan, working plan, work schedule.
    * política de trabajo = policy.
    * postura exigida por el trabajo = work posture.
    * proceso de trabajo = work process.
    * programa de formación en el trabajo = in-service training program(me).
    * programa de trabajo = work schedule.
    * programa de trabajo como interno residente = residency.
    * promoción en el trabajo = job promotion.
    * propuesta de trabajo = project proposal.
    * proyecto de trabajo = work project.
    * puente de trabajo = catwalk.
    * puesto de trabajo = appointment, position, post, opening, career path, professional position, position held.
    * puesto de trabajo de libre designación = line position.
    * puesto de trabajo ocupado = position held.
    * puestos de trabajo ocupados = positions held.
    * quitar puestos de trabajo = shed + jobs, axe + jobs, cut + jobs.
    * realizar el trabajo = get + Posesivo + work done.
    * realizar + Posesivo + trabajo = advance + Posesivo + work.
    * realizar un trabajo = perform + work, undertake + work.
    * realizar un trabajo monótono = have + Posesivo + nose to the grindstone.
    * red de trabajo = peer-to-peer network.
    * relacionado con el trabajo = job-related, work-related.
    * relación de trabajo = working relation, working relationship, work relationship, work relation.
    * relativo al trabajo = occupational.
    * rendimiento en el trabajo = work performance.
    * reunión de trabajo = business meeting, business session.
    * ropa de trabajo = work clothes.
    * rutina de trabajo = work process.
    * sala de trabajo = workroom.
    * salir del trabajo = clock off + work.
    * salud en el trabajo = occupational health.
    * satisfacción en el trabajo = job satisfaction, work satisfaction.
    * segregación en el trabajo = job segregation, employment segregation.
    * seguridad en el trabajo = safety at work, occupational safety.
    * sesión de trabajo = work session, working session.
    * sicología del trabajo = occupational psychology.
    * sin trabajo = jobless.
    * sobrecargado de trabajo = overworked.
    * sociología del trabajo = sociology of work.
    * soliciante de trabajo = job applicant.
    * solicitud de trabajo = job application.
    * superficie de trabajo = working surface, work surface.
    * taller de trabajo = workshop, study school.
    * taller de trabajo esclavo = sweatshop.
    * taller de trabajo sobre composición = writing workshop.
    * tener trabajo para rato = have + Posesivo + work cut out for + Pronombre, have + Posesivo + job cut out for + Pronombre.
    * tener un segundo trabajo = moonlight, work + a second job.
    * tener un trabajo = hold down + job.
    * tener un trabajo remunerado = be gainfully employed.
    * tener un trabajo retribuido = be gainfully employed.
    * tensión en el trabajo = job stress.
    * tensión producida por el trabajo = occupational stress.
    * terminar turno de trabajo = come off + duty.
    * toda una vida de trabajo = a lifetime of work.
    * tomarse excedencia en el trabajo = take + leave from + employment.
    * tomarse + Expresión Temporal + de permiso en el trabajo = take + Expresión Temporal + off, have + Expresión Temporal + off work.
    * tomarse unos días de permiso en el trabajo = take + time off work.
    * tomarse unos días de permiso en el trabajo = take + time off, take + time out.
    * trabajo académico = academic work.
    * trabajo a destajo = piecework.
    * trabajo a distancia = telecommuting, teleworking, telework.
    * trabajo administrativo de apoyo = clerical work.
    * trabajo a medias = job share.
    * trabajo artesanal = craftsmanship.
    * trabajo a tiempo parcial = part-time work, part-time employment, part-time job.
    * trabajo atípico = atypical work.
    * trabajo autónomo = self-employment.
    * trabajo bibliográfico = bibliographic work.
    * trabajo bibliotecario = library work.
    * trabajo burocrático = paper-keeping.
    * trabajo científico = scientific work, scholarly work.
    * trabajo compartido = job sharing.
    * trabajo complicado = major exercise.
    * trabajo con documentación automatizada = computer-based information work.
    * trabajo conjunto = interworking.
    * trabajo con ordenador = computer work.
    * trabajo cotidiano = daily work.
    * trabajo creativo = creative work.
    * trabajo de alfabetización = literacy work.
    * trabajo de apoyo = escort work.
    * trabajo de calidad = best practices, lessons learned [lessons learnt].
    * trabajo de campo = fieldwork [field work].
    * trabajo de catalogación = cataloguing work.
    * trabajo de chinos = fiddly [fiddlier -comp., fiddliest -sup.].
    * trabajo de clase = term paper, coursework [course work], term project, homework.
    * trabajo de detective = sleuthing.
    * trabajo de escolta = escort work.
    * trabajo de impresión = bookwork.
    * trabajo de impresión de material efímero = ephemeral jobbing.
    * trabajo de información y de las bibliotecas = library and information work.
    * trabajo de investigación = investigative work, research paper, research work.
    * trabajo de la casa = housework.
    * trabajo de menores = child labour.
    * trabajo de poca monta = odd-job.
    * trabajo de préstamo de servicios = service job.
    * trabajo de referencia = reference work.
    * trabajo desinteresado = labour of love.
    * trabajo detectivesco = sleuthing.
    * trabajo de toda una vida = life's work, lifework.
    * trabajo diario = day's work, daily work.
    * trabajo doméstico = domestic duty, domestic work, domestic task.
    * trabajo duro = hard labour, thirsty work, hard work.
    * trabajo duro, mucho trabajo = hard graft.
    * trabajo editorial = editorship.
    * trabajo en archivística = archives work.
    * trabajo en colaboración = interworking.
    * trabajo en común = interworking.
    * trabajo en curso = work in progress.
    * trabajo en equipo = teamwork, collaborative teamwork, team management.
    * trabajo en red = networking.
    * trabajo en sucio = rough work.
    * trabajo entre manos, el = work at hand, the.
    * trabajo eventual = jobbing.
    * trabajo físico = physical work.
    * trabajo improductivo = busywork.
    * trabajo individual = independent study, self-study.
    * trabajo infantil = child labour, child work.
    * trabajo ininterrumpido = continuous work.
    * trabajo manual = craft, craft activity, handiwork, manual labour.
    * trabajo monótono = drudge work, drudgery.
    * trabajo + no faltar = have + Posesivo + work cut out for + Pronombre, have + Posesivo + job cut out for + Pronombre.
    * trabajo no remunerado = unpaid work, unremunerated work.
    * trabajo pesado = grind, grinding, donkey work.
    * trabajo por cuenta propia = self-employment.
    * trabajo por libre = freelance [free-lance].
    * trabajo por + Posesivo + cuenta = freelance [free-lance].
    * trabajo por turnos = shift work.
    * trabajo práctico = fieldwork [field work], practical work.
    * trabajo preliminar = groundwork, legwork, spadework [spade work].
    * trabajo previo = groundwork, spadework [spade work].
    * trabajo remunerado = work-for-hire, paid work, paid labour.
    * trabajo rutinario = chore, routine work, mundane task.
    * trabajos = life's work.
    * trabajos de impresión de material efímero = jobbing work.
    * trabajos de rescate = rescue work.
    * trabajos forzados = forced labour, hard labour.
    * trabajo social = social work.
    * trabajo sucio = dirty work.
    * trabajo sumergido = informal work.
    * trabajo temporal = temporary job, casual job.
    * trabajo urgente = hurried work, rush job.
    * trabajo y esfuerzo = toil and trouble.
    * turno de trabajo de atención al usuario = desk duty.
    * un trabajo bien hecho = a job well done.
    * uso compartido de mesas de trabajo = hot desking.
    * útil de trabajo = tool.
    * vida en el trabajo = job life.
    * visita de trabajo = field trip.

    Spanish-English dictionary > trabajo1

  • 66 trabajo

    m.
    1 work.
    una casa tan grande da mucho trabajo a big house like that is a lot of work
    hacer un buen trabajo to do a good job
    trabajo de campo field work
    trabajo en o de equipo teamwork
    trabajo físico physical effort
    trabajo intelectual mental effort
    trabajo manual manual labor
    trabajos forzados o forzosos hard labor
    trabajo de oficina office work
    trabajo social social work
    trabajo sucio dirty work
    trabajo temporal temporary work
    2 job (empleo).
    buscar/encontrar trabajo to look for/find work o a job
    no tener trabajo to be out of work
    3 work (place).
    en el trabajo at work
    ir al trabajo to go to work
    5 labor (economics & politics).
    6 effort (esfuerzo).
    costar mucho trabajo to take a lot of effort
    tomarse el trabajo de hacer algo to go to o take the trouble of doing something
    7 work place, job, workplace.
    pres.indicat.
    1st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: trabajar.
    * * *
    2 (tarea) task, job
    3 (empleo) job, employment
    4 (esfuerzo) effort
    5 EDUCACIÓN report, paper
    \
    ahorrarse el trabajo to save oneself the trouble
    con gran trabajo / con mucho trabajo with great effort
    cuesta trabajo... it's hard to...
    estar sin trabajo to be out of work
    ir al trabajo to go to work
    tomarse el trabajo de to take the trouble to
    trabajo de chinos familiar very intricate work, time-consuming work
    trabajo eventual casual labour (US labor)
    trabajo por turno / trabajo por turnos shiftwork
    trabajos forzados / trabajos forzosos hard labour (US labor) sing
    trabajos manuales arts and crafts, handicrafts
    * * *
    noun m.
    1) work, job
    * * *
    SM
    1) (=labor) work

    ¡buen trabajo! — good work!

    • el trabajo de la casa — the housework

    • ropa de trabajo — work clothes

    • estar sin trabajo — to be unemployed

    quedarse sin trabajo — to find o.s. out of work, lose one's job

    trabajo de campo, trabajo en el terreno — fieldwork

    trabajo manual — manual labour, manual labor (EEUU)

    trabajos forzados — hard labour sing, hard labor (EEUU) sing

    trabajos manuales — (Escol) handicrafts

    2) (tb: puesto de trabajo) job
    3) (tb: lugar de trabajo) work
    4) (=esfuerzo)

    • ahorrarse el trabajo — to save o.s. the trouble

    • costar trabajo, le cuesta trabajo hacerlo — he finds it hard to do

    • dar trabajo, reparar la casa nos ha dado mucho trabajo — it was hard work o a real job repairing the house

    • tomarse el trabajo de hacer algo — to take the trouble to do sth

    5) (=obra) (Arte, Literat) work; (Educ) essay; [de investigación] study
    6) (Econ)
    a) (=mano de obra) labour, labor (EEUU)
    b) (tb: Ministerio de Trabajo) ≈ Department of Employment, ≈ Department of Labor (EEUU)
    * * *
    1)
    a) ( empleo) job

    conseguir trabajo — to get o find work, to get o find a job

    un trabajo de media jornada or (AmL) de medio tiempo or (Esp) a tiempo parcial — a part-time job

    trabajo de jornada completa or de or a tiempo completo — full-time work o job

    b) ( lugar) work
    2) (actividad, labor) work
    3)
    a) ( tarea) job
    b) ( obra escrita) piece of work
    4) ( esfuerzo)

    se tomó/dio el trabajo de venir — she took the trouble to come

    5) (Econ) labor*
    * * *
    1)
    a) ( empleo) job

    conseguir trabajo — to get o find work, to get o find a job

    un trabajo de media jornada or (AmL) de medio tiempo or (Esp) a tiempo parcial — a part-time job

    trabajo de jornada completa or de or a tiempo completo — full-time work o job

    b) ( lugar) work
    2) (actividad, labor) work
    3)
    a) ( tarea) job
    b) ( obra escrita) piece of work
    4) ( esfuerzo)

    se tomó/dio el trabajo de venir — she took the trouble to come

    5) (Econ) labor*
    * * *
    trabajo1
    1 = employment, endeavour [endeavor, -USA], job, labour [labor, -USA], leg work, occupation, task, work, working environment, workload [work load], pursuit, workmanship, footwork, handwork, professional position, working practice, pursuit in life, handiwork, lifework, line of business, toil, industry.

    Ex: Under WOMEN -- EMPLOYMENT, for instance, are listed works on the health and safety hazards of employment, the wages of employment, the problems of mothers, married and/or single women and employment, and so on.

    Ex: Eventually, it came to be recognized that the Classification Research Group's endeavours might be pertinent to the problem of alphabetical indexing.
    Ex: To ease the cataloguer's job and save him the trouble of counting characters, DOBIS/LIBIS uses a special function.
    Ex: An editor is a person who prepares for publication an item not his own and whose labour may be limited to the preparation of the item for the manufacturer.
    Ex: DOBIS/LIBIS may replace the typewriter, the catalog card, and much leg work, but it cannot replace the decision-making capabilities of the library staff.
    Ex: Headings such as SALESMEN AND SALESMANSHIP and FIREMEN, since they are assigned to works covering the activities of both men and women in these occupations, are not specific.
    Ex: Further, menu screens will be necessary until the user has specified the task that he wishes executed or the information that he wishes to retrieve sufficiently for execution or retrieval to be effected.
    Ex: The Classification Research Group (CRG) has been a major force in the development of classification theory, and has made a major contribution towards work on a new general classification scheme.
    Ex: This article examines the various features now available on copiers and comments on the usefulness in a working environment.
    Ex: Each of these changes, if we were to deal with them in an adequate manner, create severe workload problems for the cataloging department.
    Ex: What is more arguable is whether or not it is a bibliographical pursuit at all since it bears little relationship to the physical nature of the book.
    Ex: William R Lethaby, the architect who had Westminster Abbey in his charge for over twenty years, once said 'Art is thoughtful workmanship'.
    Ex: If we decide to take on making up a subject file there'd be a lot of footwork even if we use that list as a basis = Si decidimos aceptar crear un fichero ordenado por materias habría mucho trabajo incluso si usamos esta lista como base.
    Ex: The newspaper's suppression after the first issue was not, as some historians have declared, the handwork of Massachusetts' Puritan clergy = La supresión del periódico después de su primer número no fue, como algunos historiadores han declarado, por la intervención del clero puritano de Massachussetts.
    Ex: In virtually all of her professional positions she has been involved with the handling of documents.
    Ex: While many believe that print on paper will never die, new formats are already changing working practice in many spheres.
    Ex: People who are blind, regardless of their pursuit in life, will not have access to current information, books, learning, or education opportunities unless all libraries and blindness organizations agree to work together.
    Ex: Rather than bringing in butchers to do the handiwork of his dissections, Vesalius himself worked on the human cadavers and said that students of medicine should do the same.
    Ex: This is an eloquent, moving testament to the lifework of a major artist of unimpeachable technique and passion.
    Ex: The computer people are muscling in on our line of business and we can't stop them.
    Ex: Furthermore, the computer can be used, and is already being used, to eliminate drudgery, busywork, and useless toil in library systems.
    Ex: In fact, the terms of the contrast are highly ambivalent: order vs. anarchy, liberty vs. despotism, or industry vs. sloth, and also dissimulation vs. honesty.
    * acoso en el trabajo = workplace mobbing.
    * agenda de trabajo = work agenda.
    * agobiado de trabajo = up to + Posesivo + eyeballs in work.
    * ahorrar el trabajo de = save + effort in.
    * almuerzo de trabajo = work luncheon.
    * ámbito de trabajo = field of endeavour.
    * amor al trabajo = love of work.
    * ansiedad en el trabajo = job anxiety, work anxiety.
    * anterior al trabajo = pre-service.
    * anuncio de trabajo = help wanted ad, help wanted notice.
    * anuncios de trabajo = help-wanted advertising.
    * año de trabajo = man year.
    * ascender en el trabajo = step up + the career ladder.
    * ascenso en el trabajo = job promotion.
    * aspirar a un puesto de trabajo = aspire to + position.
    * asunto relacionado con el trabajo = work-related issue.
    * avanzar en + Posesivo + trabajo = advance + Posesivo + work, advance + Posesivo + work.
    * basado en el trabajo en equipo = team-based.
    * bibliografía de trabajo = working bibliography.
    * biblioteconomía especializada en el trabajo de referencia = reference librarianship.
    * bolsa de trabajo = labour exchange, job opportunities, employment bureau, employment centre, employment opportunity, job centre, job pool.
    * borrador de trabajo = working paper.
    * buscador de trabajo = job applicant, job seeker.
    * buscar trabajo = seek + employment.
    * buscar trabajo en la calle = work + the streets.
    * campo de trabajo = field of endeavour.
    * campo de trabajos forzados = labour camp, forced labour camp.
    * cantidad de trabajo = workload [work load].
    * carga de trabajo = workload [work load].
    * centro de trabajo = workplace.
    * cobrar en un trabajo = job + pay.
    * comenzar el turno de trabajo = go on + duty.
    * comida de trabajo = business meal, professional meal.
    * compañero de trabajo = co-worker [coworker], male colleague, work colleague, fellow worker.
    * complementos del trabajo = fringe benefits, fringes.
    * conciliación del trabajo y la familia = reconciliation of work and family.
    * con demasiado trabajo = overworked.
    * condiciones del contrato de trabajo = terms of employment.
    * condiciones de trabajo = working conditions.
    * con mucho trabajo = painfully.
    * conseguir un puesto de trabajo = obtain + position.
    * conseguir un trabajo = enter + job, land + job.
    * con trabajo = in post.
    * contratar al primero que solicita el trabajo = hire on a first-come, first-take basis.
    * contrato de trabajo = contract position.
    * conversación de trabajo = shop talk.
    * costar mucho trabajo = have + a tough time, have + a hard time.
    * costar trabajo = have + Posesivo + work cut out for + Pronombre, have + Posesivo + job cut out for + Pronombre.
    * cualquier trabajo temporal = casual job.
    * cubrir un puesto de trabajo = fill + position.
    * cuestión relacionada con el trabajo = work-related issue.
    * dar permiso en el trabajo = give + time off work.
    * dar trabajo = present + burden.
    * dedicar trabajo = expend + effort.
    * definición de trabajo = working definition.
    * dejar a Alguien sin trabajo = put + Nombre + out of work.
    * dejar el puesto de trabajo = resign from + Posesivo + post.
    * dejar el trabajo = resign from + Posesivo + post, quit + Posesivo + job, jump + ship.
    * dejar sin trabajo = put + Nombre + out of work.
    * dejar un puesto de trabajo = resign from + Posesivo + position.
    * dejar un trabajo = quit, resign + Posesivo + post.
    * denominación del puesto de trabajo = job title, occupational title.
    * dentro del mismo trabajo = intraoccupational.
    * derecho del trabajo = employment law.
    * desarrollar + Posesivo + trabajo = advance + Posesivo + work.
    * desarrollar un plan de trabajo = develop + agenda.
    * descripción del puesto de trabajo = job description, position description, job profile.
    * desempeñar un trabajo = exercise + work.
    * despedir del trabajo = make + redundant.
    * después del horario de trabajo = after hours [after-hours].
    * de trabajo = working.
    * día del trabajo = Labour Day.
    * día de trabajo = working day.
    * día internacional del trabajo = Labour Day.
    * diario automático de trabajo = time log.
    * dignidad del trabajo = dignity of work.
    * dinámica de trabajo = workflow [work flow].
    * distribución del trabajo = workflow [work flow].
    * distribuir el trabajo = spread + the load.
    * división del trabajo = division of labour.
    * documento de trabajo = working document, working draft.
    * eficacia en el trabajo = quality of service.
    * elaborar un plan de trabajo = develop + agenda.
    * eliminar puestos de trabajo = shed + jobs, axe + jobs, cut + jobs.
    * empresa de trabajo = industrial affiliation.
    * encomendar un trabajo a Alguien = assign + job.
    * encontrar trabajo = find + a job.
    * encontrar trabajo en una biblioteca = join + library.
    * en el horario de trabajo = on company time.
    * en el trabajo = on-the-job, at work.
    * enseñanza antes de empezar el trabajo = pre-service education.
    * enseñanza en el trabajo = in-service education.
    * entorno de trabajo = working environment, work environment.
    * entrevista de trabajo = job interview.
    * equipo de trabajo = study team, project team, work team.
    * esclavo del trabajo = workaholic.
    * escribir un trabajo = write + essay.
    * espacio de trabajo = workspace.
    * específico de un trabajo concreto = job-specific.
    * estación de trabajo = workstation [work station], desktop workstation.
    * estación de trabajo remota = outstation.
    * estadía de trabajo = work visit.
    * estar mareado de tanto trabajo = be reeling.
    * estar relacionado con el trabajo = be work related.
    * estar saturado de trabajo = work to + capacity.
    * estar sin trabajo = stay out of + work.
    * estrategia que ahorra trabajo = labour saver.
    * estrés en el trabajo = job stress.
    * evaluar el rendimiento en el trabajo = evaluate + work performance.
    * excedencia en el trabajo = leave of absence.
    * ficha de trabajo = worksheet, project worksheet.
    * formación continua en el trabajo = workplace training, workplace learning.
    * formación en el trabajo = in-service training, in-service education, in-service, on-the-job training, in-service support.
    * funciones del puesto de trabajo = position + entail + duty.
    * grupo de trabajo = study group, study team, task force, working party, task group, research group, working group, project team.
    * grupo de trabajo por tema de interés = breakout group.
    * guía de trabajo = working guide.
    * hábito de trabajo = work habit, working habit.
    * hablar del trabajo = talk + shop.
    * hacer + Posesivo + trabajo = get on with + Posesivo + work.
    * hacer (todo) el trabajo pesado = do (all) + the donkey work.
    * hacer un buen trabajo = do + a good job.
    * hacer un trabajo = do + work, do + job.
    * hacer un trabajo sobre = do + a project about.
    * hasta aquí de trabajo = up to + Posesivo + eyeballs in work.
    * hasta el cuello de trabajo = up to + Posesivo + eyeballs in work.
    * herramienta de trabajo = tool, tool.
    * hora de trabajo = man-hour.
    * horario de trabajo = hours of operation, working hours, work hours.
    * horario intenso de trabajo = long hours, the.
    * horarios de trabajo demasiado cargados = over-long hours.
    * igualdad de oportunidad en el trabajo = equal employment opportunity.
    * igualdad de retribución por un trabajo de valor comparable = equal pay for comparable work.
    * igualdad de retribución por un trabajo de igual valor = equal pay for equal work.
    * incentivo en el trabajo = work incentive, labour incentive.
    * indicador del trabajo realizado = workload indicator.
    * intercambio de puestos de trabajo = job exchange.
    * jornada de trabajo = workshop.
    * liberar del exceso de trabajo = relieve + overload.
    * liberar de trabajo = relieve + pressure.
    * línea de trabajo = line of work.
    * llamar al trabajo para excusarse por enfermedad = call in + sick.
    * llegar tarde al trabajo = be late for work.
    * lugar de trabajo = affiliation, institutional affiliation, working environment, workplace, place of work, worksite [work site], home institution.
    * lugar de trabajo del autor = author affiliation.
    * magistratura del trabajo = industrial tribunal.
    * marco de trabajo = framework.
    * medida de seguridad e higiene en el trabajo = health and safety standard.
    * memoria de trabajo = working memory.
    * mercado de trabajo = labour market, job market.
    * mercado de trabajo, el = employment market, the.
    * mesa de trabajo = desk, study table.
    * método de trabajo = working method.
    * Ministerio de Trabajo = Department of Labor.
    * modelo de trabajo = working model, business model.
    * mucho trabajo = hard graft.
    * negligente en el trabajo = malpractitioner.
    * neurosis producida por el trabajo = occupational neurosis.
    * NISTF (Grupo de Trabajo sobre los Sistemas Nacionales de Información de la A = NISTF (Society of American Archivists National Information Systems Task Force).
    * no perder el trabajo = stay in + work.
    * norma de trabajo = working rule.
    * no tener trabajo = be unemployed.
    * obtener un puesto de trabajo = obtain + position.
    * ocupar un puesto de trabajo = assume + position, take up + post, hold + post.
    * oferta de trabajo = job advertisement, job offer, help wanted ad, help wanted notice.
    * ofertas de trabajo = help-wanted advertising.
    * oportunidad de trabajo = career opportunity.
    * organización del trabajo = workflow [work flow], working arrangement.
    * paquete de trabajo = workpackage.
    * para trabajos pesados = heavy-duty.
    * pérdida de puestos de trabajo = squeeze on jobs.
    * permiso de trabajo = work permit.
    * permuta de trabajo = job exchange.
    * persona encargada de hacer los trabajos sucios = hatchetman.
    * persona obsesiva con el trabajo = workoholic [workholic], workaholic.
    * persona que asigna el trabajo = assigner.
    * persona que deja un trabajo = leaver.
    * persona que reparte el trabajo = assigner.
    * personas sin trabajo remunerado, los = unwaged, the.
    * plan de trabajo = research agenda, work plan, working plan, work schedule.
    * política de trabajo = policy.
    * postura exigida por el trabajo = work posture.
    * proceso de trabajo = work process.
    * programa de formación en el trabajo = in-service training program(me).
    * programa de trabajo = work schedule.
    * programa de trabajo como interno residente = residency.
    * promoción en el trabajo = job promotion.
    * propuesta de trabajo = project proposal.
    * proyecto de trabajo = work project.
    * puente de trabajo = catwalk.
    * puesto de trabajo = appointment, position, post, opening, career path, professional position, position held.
    * puesto de trabajo de libre designación = line position.
    * puesto de trabajo ocupado = position held.
    * puestos de trabajo ocupados = positions held.
    * quitar puestos de trabajo = shed + jobs, axe + jobs, cut + jobs.
    * realizar el trabajo = get + Posesivo + work done.
    * realizar + Posesivo + trabajo = advance + Posesivo + work.
    * realizar un trabajo = perform + work, undertake + work.
    * realizar un trabajo monótono = have + Posesivo + nose to the grindstone.
    * red de trabajo = peer-to-peer network.
    * relacionado con el trabajo = job-related, work-related.
    * relación de trabajo = working relation, working relationship, work relationship, work relation.
    * relativo al trabajo = occupational.
    * rendimiento en el trabajo = work performance.
    * reunión de trabajo = business meeting, business session.
    * ropa de trabajo = work clothes.
    * rutina de trabajo = work process.
    * sala de trabajo = workroom.
    * salir del trabajo = clock off + work.
    * salud en el trabajo = occupational health.
    * satisfacción en el trabajo = job satisfaction, work satisfaction.
    * segregación en el trabajo = job segregation, employment segregation.
    * seguridad en el trabajo = safety at work, occupational safety.
    * sesión de trabajo = work session, working session.
    * sicología del trabajo = occupational psychology.
    * sin trabajo = jobless.
    * sobrecargado de trabajo = overworked.
    * sociología del trabajo = sociology of work.
    * soliciante de trabajo = job applicant.
    * solicitud de trabajo = job application.
    * superficie de trabajo = working surface, work surface.
    * taller de trabajo = workshop, study school.
    * taller de trabajo esclavo = sweatshop.
    * taller de trabajo sobre composición = writing workshop.
    * tener trabajo para rato = have + Posesivo + work cut out for + Pronombre, have + Posesivo + job cut out for + Pronombre.
    * tener un segundo trabajo = moonlight, work + a second job.
    * tener un trabajo = hold down + job.
    * tener un trabajo remunerado = be gainfully employed.
    * tener un trabajo retribuido = be gainfully employed.
    * tensión en el trabajo = job stress.
    * tensión producida por el trabajo = occupational stress.
    * terminar turno de trabajo = come off + duty.
    * toda una vida de trabajo = a lifetime of work.
    * tomarse excedencia en el trabajo = take + leave from + employment.
    * tomarse + Expresión Temporal + de permiso en el trabajo = take + Expresión Temporal + off, have + Expresión Temporal + off work.
    * tomarse unos días de permiso en el trabajo = take + time off work.
    * tomarse unos días de permiso en el trabajo = take + time off, take + time out.
    * trabajo académico = academic work.
    * trabajo a destajo = piecework.
    * trabajo a distancia = telecommuting, teleworking, telework.
    * trabajo administrativo de apoyo = clerical work.
    * trabajo a medias = job share.
    * trabajo artesanal = craftsmanship.
    * trabajo a tiempo parcial = part-time work, part-time employment, part-time job.
    * trabajo atípico = atypical work.
    * trabajo autónomo = self-employment.
    * trabajo bibliográfico = bibliographic work.
    * trabajo bibliotecario = library work.
    * trabajo burocrático = paper-keeping.
    * trabajo científico = scientific work, scholarly work.
    * trabajo compartido = job sharing.
    * trabajo complicado = major exercise.
    * trabajo con documentación automatizada = computer-based information work.
    * trabajo conjunto = interworking.
    * trabajo con ordenador = computer work.
    * trabajo cotidiano = daily work.
    * trabajo creativo = creative work.
    * trabajo de alfabetización = literacy work.
    * trabajo de apoyo = escort work.
    * trabajo de calidad = best practices, lessons learned [lessons learnt].
    * trabajo de campo = fieldwork [field work].
    * trabajo de catalogación = cataloguing work.
    * trabajo de chinos = fiddly [fiddlier -comp., fiddliest -sup.].
    * trabajo de clase = term paper, coursework [course work], term project, homework.
    * trabajo de detective = sleuthing.
    * trabajo de escolta = escort work.
    * trabajo de impresión = bookwork.
    * trabajo de impresión de material efímero = ephemeral jobbing.
    * trabajo de información y de las bibliotecas = library and information work.
    * trabajo de investigación = investigative work, research paper, research work.
    * trabajo de la casa = housework.
    * trabajo de menores = child labour.
    * trabajo de poca monta = odd-job.
    * trabajo de préstamo de servicios = service job.
    * trabajo de referencia = reference work.
    * trabajo desinteresado = labour of love.
    * trabajo detectivesco = sleuthing.
    * trabajo de toda una vida = life's work, lifework.
    * trabajo diario = day's work, daily work.
    * trabajo doméstico = domestic duty, domestic work, domestic task.
    * trabajo duro = hard labour, thirsty work, hard work.
    * trabajo duro, mucho trabajo = hard graft.
    * trabajo editorial = editorship.
    * trabajo en archivística = archives work.
    * trabajo en colaboración = interworking.
    * trabajo en común = interworking.
    * trabajo en curso = work in progress.
    * trabajo en equipo = teamwork, collaborative teamwork, team management.
    * trabajo en red = networking.
    * trabajo en sucio = rough work.
    * trabajo entre manos, el = work at hand, the.
    * trabajo eventual = jobbing.
    * trabajo físico = physical work.
    * trabajo improductivo = busywork.
    * trabajo individual = independent study, self-study.
    * trabajo infantil = child labour, child work.
    * trabajo ininterrumpido = continuous work.
    * trabajo manual = craft, craft activity, handiwork, manual labour.
    * trabajo monótono = drudge work, drudgery.
    * trabajo + no faltar = have + Posesivo + work cut out for + Pronombre, have + Posesivo + job cut out for + Pronombre.
    * trabajo no remunerado = unpaid work, unremunerated work.
    * trabajo pesado = grind, grinding, donkey work.
    * trabajo por cuenta propia = self-employment.
    * trabajo por libre = freelance [free-lance].
    * trabajo por + Posesivo + cuenta = freelance [free-lance].
    * trabajo por turnos = shift work.
    * trabajo práctico = fieldwork [field work], practical work.
    * trabajo preliminar = groundwork, legwork, spadework [spade work].
    * trabajo previo = groundwork, spadework [spade work].
    * trabajo remunerado = work-for-hire, paid work, paid labour.
    * trabajo rutinario = chore, routine work, mundane task.
    * trabajos = life's work.
    * trabajos de impresión de material efímero = jobbing work.
    * trabajos de rescate = rescue work.
    * trabajos forzados = forced labour, hard labour.
    * trabajo social = social work.
    * trabajo sucio = dirty work.
    * trabajo sumergido = informal work.
    * trabajo temporal = temporary job, casual job.
    * trabajo urgente = hurried work, rush job.
    * trabajo y esfuerzo = toil and trouble.
    * turno de trabajo de atención al usuario = desk duty.
    * un trabajo bien hecho = a job well done.
    * uso compartido de mesas de trabajo = hot desking.
    * útil de trabajo = tool.
    * vida en el trabajo = job life.
    * visita de trabajo = field trip.

    trabajo2
    2 = assignment, student paper, work, project work, term project.

    Ex: The problems and assignments presented are real problems and assignments, and the people involved are real people, all suitably disguised to protect their identity.

    Ex: 5 data collection instruments were used: printouts of data base searches executed by students; a questionnaire; bibliographies from student papers; serial holdings of the university library; and interviews with instructors.
    Ex: An authority entry is an entry for which the initial element is the uniform heading for a person, corporate body, or work, as established by the cataloguing agency responsible.
    Ex: For instance, if children are doing a project work on dogs, they will hunt out anything and everything that so much as mentions them and the bits thus mined are assiduously transcribed into project folders.
    Ex: In 1994, 21 students on an introductory course on communication processes completed analyses of 14 different electronic lists or newsgroups as their term projects.
    * impresor de pequeños trabajos = jobbing house, jobbing office, jobbing printer.
    * mesa de trabajo = writing desk, work desk.
    * preparar un trabajo de clase = research + paper.
    * trabajo de clase = essay assignment, class assignment, course assignment, student assignment, written assignment.
    * trabajo de lectura obligatoria = a must-read.
    * trabajo de restauración = restoration work.
    * trabajo editado = published work.
    * trabajo escolar = school work [schoolwork].
    * trabajo impreso = printed work.
    * trabajo publicado = published work.
    * trabajos de clase = classroom asignment.
    * un trabajo cuqlquiera = casual job.

    * * *
    A
    1
    (empleo): conseguir trabajo to get o find work
    consiguió un trabajo muy bien pagado he got himself a very well-paid job
    hay dos trabajos interesantes en el periódico de hoy there are two interesting vacancies o jobs in today's paper
    se fue a la capital a buscar trabajo he went to the capital to look for work o for a job
    se quedó sin trabajo she lost her job, she was made redundant, she was let go ( AmE)
    no tiene trabajo fijo he doesn't have a steady job
    buscaba trabajo de jornada completa or a tiempo completo or de tiempo completo I was looking for full-time work o for a full-time job
    2 (lugar) work
    está en el trabajo she's at work
    ir al trabajo to go to work
    llámame al trabajo give me a call at work
    la estación queda cerca de mi trabajo the station's close to where I work
    Compuesto:
    work-sharing
    B (actividad, labor) work
    trabajo intelectual intellectual work o brainwork
    su capacidad de trabajo es enorme he has an enormous capacity for work
    la máquina hace el trabajo de cinco personas the machine does the work of five people
    requiere años de trabajo it takes years of work
    todo nuestro trabajo ha sido en vano all our work has been in vain
    es un trabajo especializado/de precisión it's specialized/precision work
    me tocó a mí hacer todo el trabajo I ended up doing all the work, I got stuck o ( BrE) landed with all the work ( colloq)
    hoy no puedo, tengo mucho trabajo I can't today, I have o I've got a lot of work to do
    tengo mucho trabajo acumulado I have a huge backlog of work to do
    este bordado tiene mucho trabajo a lot of work has gone into this embroidery
    ¡buen trabajo! te felicito nice work! well done
    fue premiado por su trabajo en esa película he was given an award for his performance in that movie
    hacer un trabajo de zapa to work o scheme behind the scenes
    le he estado haciendo un trabajo de trabajo y ya lo tengo en el bote I've been quietly working on him o softening him up and now I've got him right where I want him
    Compuestos:
    piece work
    agricultural work
    (CS) work to rule
    fieldwork
    fiddly o laborious job
    labor*
    work experience
    assembly-line work
    mpl hard labor*
    mpl handicrafts (pl)
    social work
    voluntary o ( AmE) volunteer work
    C
    1 (tarea, obra) job
    es un trabajo que no lo puede hacer cualquiera it's not a job that just anyone can do
    limpiar el horno es un trabajo que odio cleaning the oven is a job o chore I hate
    la satisfacción de un trabajo bien hecho the satisfaction of a job well done
    me cobró un dineral por un par de trabajos he charged me a fortune for doing a couple of little jobs o tasks
    2 (obra escrita) piece of work
    un trabajo bien documentado a well-documented piece of work
    estoy haciendo un trabajo sobre Lorca I'm doing a paper/an essay on Lorca
    D
    (esfuerzo): con mucho trabajo consiguió levantarse with great effort she managed to get up
    nos dio mucho trabajo pintarlo painting it was hard work o took a lot of work
    los niños dan mucho trabajo children are hard work o a lot of work
    me cuesta trabajo creerlo I find it hard to believe
    nos costó trabajo convencerla de que viniera we had a hard time persuading her to come
    se tomó/dio el trabajo de venir a buscarme she took the trouble to come and pick me up
    puedes ahorrarte el trabajo de ir hasta allá you can save yourself the trouble o bother of going all the way over there
    E ( Econ) labor*
    el capital y el trabajo capital and labor
    F ( Fís) work
    * * *

     

    Del verbo trabajar: ( conjugate trabajar)

    trabajo es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo

    trabajó es:

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo

    Multiple Entries:
    trabajar    
    trabajo
    trabajar ( conjugate trabajar) verbo intransitivo
    1 ( en general) to work;

    trabajo jornada completa or a tiempo completo to work full-time;
    trabajo media jornada to work part-time;
    trabajo mucho to work hard;
    ¿en qué trabajas? what do you do (for a living)?;
    estoy trabajando en una novela I'm working on a novel;
    trabajo DE or COMO algo to work as sth
    2 ( actuar) to act, perform;
    ◊ ¿quién trabaja en la película who's in the movie?

    verbo transitivo
    1
    a) ‹campo/tierra/madera› to work


    2 (perfeccionar, pulir) to work on
    trabajo sustantivo masculino
    1
    a) ( empleo) job;

    ◊ buscar trabajo to look for work o for a job;

    quedarse sin trabajo to lose one's job;
    un trabajo fijo a steady job;
    un trabajo de media jornada a part-time job;
    un trabajo de jornada completa or a tiempo completo a full-time job
    b) ( lugar) work;


    ir al trabajo to go to work
    2 (actividad, labor) work;

    el trabajo de la casa housework;
    los niños dan mucho trabajo children are hard work;
    ¡buen trabajo! well done!;
    trabajo de campo fieldwork;
    trabajos forzados hard labor( conjugate labor);
    trabajos manuales handicrafts (pl);
    trabajo voluntario voluntary o (AmE) volunteer work
    3
    a) ( tarea) job;



    (en universidad, escuela) essay
    4 ( esfuerzo):

    me cuesta trabajo creerlo I find it hard to believe
    trabajar
    I verbo intransitivo
    1 to work: trabaja de secretaria, she works as a secretary
    trabaja en los astilleros, she works in the shipyard
    trabaja bien, he's a good worker
    2 Cine (actuar) to act: en esta película trabaja mi actriz favorita, my favourite actress is in this movie
    II verbo transitivo
    1 (pulir, ejercitar, estudiar) to work on: tienes que trabajar más el estilo, you have to work on your style
    2 (la madera) to work
    (un metal) to work
    (la tierra) to work, till
    (cuero) to emboss
    2 (comerciar) to trade, sell: nosotros no trabajamos ese artículo, we don't stock that item
    trabajo sustantivo masculino
    1 work: hoy tengo poco trabajo, I have little work today
    2 (empleo) job: no tiene trabajo, he is unemployed
    3 (esfuerzo) work, effort: nos costó mucho trabajo hacerlo, it was hard to do it
    4 Educ (sobre un tema) paper
    (de manualidades) craft work
    5 (tarea) task
    un trabajo de chinos, a laborious job
    ' trabajo' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    abarcar
    - abundancia
    - actual
    - adicta
    - adicto
    - afanosa
    - afanoso
    - agencia
    - agobiada
    - agobiado
    - agobiante
    - antigüedad
    - ascender
    - asquerosidad
    - aterrizar
    - balde
    - bestialidad
    - bicoca
    - bolsa
    - bordar
    - buscar
    - cadena
    - calendario
    - calle
    - cambiar
    - campo
    - capear
    - cara
    - cargada
    - cargado
    - caterva
    - chapucera
    - chapucero
    - chapuza
    - chollo
    - colocarse
    - como
    - condición
    - condicionamiento
    - construcción
    - cuanta
    - cuanto
    - cubierta
    - cubierto
    - dar
    - dejar
    - desbandada
    - descansada
    - descansado
    - descargar
    English:
    abandon
    - acclaim
    - actual
    - allocation
    - ambivalent
    - anxiety
    - apathetic
    - application
    - apply
    - apply for
    - apprentice
    - arm-twisting
    - artwork
    - assignment
    - at
    - attack
    - backlog
    - backup
    - barrel
    - be-all and end-all
    - begrudge
    - better
    - blouse
    - blue
    - board
    - bog down
    - boiler suit
    - book
    - botch
    - bother
    - bread-and-butter
    - bulk
    - burn out
    - bury
    - busywork
    - by
    - capacity
    - careless
    - carry over
    - casual
    - catch up
    - chapter
    - choose
    - chuck in
    - clerical
    - collaboration
    - colleague
    - comedown
    - commute
    - commuter
    * * *
    1. [tarea, actividad, práctica] work;
    tengo mucho trabajo que hacer I've got a lot of work to do;
    una casa tan grande da mucho trabajo a big house like that is a lot of work;
    uno de los últimos trabajos de Diego Rivera one of Diego Rivera's last works;
    recibió un Óscar por su trabajo en “Cabaret” she received an Oscar for (her performance in) “Cabaret”;
    ¡buen trabajo! good work!;
    hacer un buen trabajo to do a good job;
    ser un trabajo de chinos [minucioso] to be a fiddly o finicky job;
    [pesado] to be hard work trabajo de campo fieldwork;
    trabajo de o en equipo teamwork;
    trabajo físico physical work, manual labour;
    trabajos forzados o forzosos hard labour;
    trabajo intelectual intellectual work;
    trabajo manual manual labour;
    trabajos manuales [en el colegio] arts and crafts;
    trabajo de oficina office job;
    trabajo remunerado paid work;
    trabajo social social work;
    trabajo sucio dirty work;
    trabajo temporal temporary work;
    trabajo por turnos shiftwork;
    trabajo voluntario voluntary work
    2. [empleo] job;
    buscar/encontrar trabajo to look for/find work o a job;
    no tener trabajo, estar sin trabajo to be out of work;
    me he quedado sin trabajo I've been left without a job, I'm out of work;
    tener un trabajo fijo to have a permanent job
    3. [lugar] work;
    en el trabajo at work;
    ir al trabajo to go to work;
    ¿quieres que pase a recogerte al trabajo? do you want me to pick you up from work?
    4. [escrito] [por estudiante] essay, paper;
    hacer un trabajo sobre algo/alguien to write an essay on sth/sb
    5. [esfuerzo] effort;
    lograron sacar el armario con mucho trabajo they managed to remove the wardrobe, but not without a lot of effort o but it was no easy task;
    costar mucho trabajo (a alguien) to take (sb) a lot of effort;
    me cuesta mucho trabajo levantarme por las mañanas I find it a real struggle getting up in the morning;
    cuesta trabajo admitir que uno se ha equivocado it's not easy to admit that you're wrong;
    tomarse el trabajo de hacer algo to go to o take the trouble of doing sth
    6. Econ & Pol labour
    7. Fís work
    8. Literario
    trabajos [apuros] hardships;
    pasar trabajos to suffer hardships
    * * *
    m work; ( tarea, puesto) job;
    buscar trabajo be looking for work, be looking for a job;
    tengo un buen trabajo I have a good job;
    costar trabajo be hard o difficult;
    tomarse el trabajo de take the trouble to
    * * *
    1) : work, job
    2) labor: labor, work
    tengo mucho trabajo: I have a lot of work to do
    3) tarea: task
    4) esfuerza: effort
    5)
    costar trabajo : to be difficult
    6)
    tomarse el trabajo : to take the trouble
    7)
    trabajo en equipo : teamwork
    8) trabajos nmpl
    : hardships, difficulties
    * * *
    1. (actividad, esfuerzo) work
    2. (empleo, tarea) job
    3. (lugar) work
    4. (redacción) essay / project

    Spanish-English dictionary > trabajo

  • 67 розробляти

    = розробити
    1) (тему, питання) to treat, to develop, to work out (up); to elaborate
    2) ( нову техніку) to develop; ( експлуатувати) to exploit

    Українсько-англійський словник > розробляти

  • 68 presentare

    documenti, biglietto show, present
    domanda submit
    scuse make
    theatre present
    ( contenere) contain
    ( far conoscere) introduce (a to)
    * * *
    presentare v.tr.
    1 to present; ( proporre) to propose; ( inoltrare) to send* in: presentare una cambiale, un assegno al pagamento, to present a bill, a cheque for payment; presentare i conti, to render accounts; presentare una domanda, un documento, to send in an application, a document; presentare un progetto di legge, to bring in (o to introduce) a bill; presentare un'istanza, to lodge a petition (o to petition); presentare qlcu. come candidato, to present (o to propose) s.o. as a candidate; presentare un reclamo, to put in a claim
    2 ( mostrare) to present, to show; ( esibire) to produce: la luna ci presenta sempre la stessa faccia, the moon always shows us the same face; mi presentò la lettera, he showed me the letter; questo caso presenta delle difficoltà, this case presents some difficulties; (dir.) presentare una prova, to produce (o to introduce o to exhibit) a piece of evidence // presentare un saldo a favore di qlcu., to show a balance in s.o.'s favour; presentare un debito, una perdita, to be in the red // (mil.) presentare le armi, to present arms: presentat'arm!, present arms!
    3 ( offrire) to present, to offer: le presentò un mazzo di fiori, he offered her a bunch of flowers (o he presented her with a bunch of flowers); presentare vantaggi, to offer advantages // presentare i propri omaggi, to pay one's respects; presentare i propri complimenti, le proprie scuse, to present one's compliments, apologies
    4 ( far conoscere) to introduce, to present: mi hai già presentato quel signore, you have already introduced that gentleman to me; presentami il tuo amico, introduce me to your friend; essere presentato a corte, to be presented at court
    5 ( uno spettacolo) to present: presentare un programma radiofonico, to present a radio programme.
    ◘ presentarsi v.rifl.
    1 to present oneself: non ti vergogni a presentarti in queste condizioni?, aren't you ashamed to present yourself looking like that?; si presentò al giudice, al suo principale, he presented himself to the judge, to his boss; presentare a un esame, to sit for (o to present oneself for) an examination; a cena si sono presentati in cinque, five people appeared for dinner; presentare come candidato per qlco., to stand for (o to offer oneself as a candidate for) sthg.; (amer.) to run for sthg.: quest'anno egli si presenterà come candidato alla presidenza, this year he will run for the presidency; presentare davanti al tribunale, to appear in court (o to come before the court); si presenterà al concorso di poesia, he's going to enter the poetry competition // quella ragazza si presenta molto bene, that girl looks very nice
    2 ( farsi conoscere) to introduce oneself: si presentò allo zio del suo amico, he introduced himself to his friend's uncle
    ◆ v.intr.pron.
    1 ( offrirsi) to arise*; ( capitare) to occur, to turn up: è la prima occasione che si presenta, it is the first opportunity that has turned up; questa possibilità non mi si era mai presentata alla mente, this possibility had never occurred to me before; spero che un caso simile non si presenterà mai qui, I hope that such a case will never arise here
    2 ( sembrare, apparire) to seem, to appear: il problema non si presenta difficile, the problem doesn't seem to be difficult; la torta si presenta bene, speriamo che sia anche buona, the cake looks lovely, lets's hope that it tastes good too.
    * * *
    [prezen'tare]
    1. vt
    1) (gen) to present, (documento) to present, show, produce, (proposta, conti, bilancio) to present, submit, (domanda, reclamo) to put in
    2) (nuovo modello) to present, (spettacolo) to present, host, (persona) to introduce

    presentare qc in un'esposizione — to show o display sth at an exhibition

    3) (dono) to present, give, (omaggi) to present, pay
    1) (recarsi, farsi vedere) to present o.s., appear

    presentarsi bene/male — to have a good/poor appearance

    2) (farsi conoscere) to introduce o.s.
    3) (candidato) to come forward

    presentarsi a — (elezione) to stand for Brit, run for Am, (concorso) to enter for, (esame) to sit, take

    1) (capitare: occasione, caso strano) to occur, arise

    presentarsi alla mente — (idea) to come o spring to mind

    2) (apparire) to look, seem

    la situazione si presenta difficile — things aren't looking too good, things look a bit tricky

    * * *
    [prezen'tare] 1.
    verbo transitivo
    1) (far conoscere) to introduce, to present

    ti presento Lisa — this is Lisa, meet Lisa

    2) (sottoporre) to bring* forward, to present, to submit [conto, mozione, piano]; to introduce [documento, proposta]; to put* in, to file [reclamo, richiesta]; to resign [ dimissioni]

    presentare qcn. come candidato — to put sb. forward as a candidate

    presentare una domanda di impiego — to put in o make an application for a job

    3) (porgere) to make*, to give* [ scuse]; to offer, to pay* [saluti, rispetti]; to offer [ condoglianze]
    4) (descrivere) to present, to represent [persona, situazione]
    5) (esibire) to present, to produce, to exhibit [documento, passaporto]
    6) (comportare) to present, to involve [problemi, rischi]; to have [ inconvenienti]
    7) (produrre) to present [attore, mostra, film]; to show* [ collezione di moda]
    8) rad. telev. to compère, to host, to present
    9) (manifestare) [ paziente] to develop, to show* [ sintomo]
    2.
    verbo pronominale presentarsi
    1) (comparire, apparire) to report, to show* up, to turn up

    - rsi al proprio reparto — mil. to report to one's unit

    - rsi all'udienza — dir. to appear in court

    permettetemi di presentarmi — allow me to introduce myself, let me introduce myself

    - rsi a — to attend [ colloquio]; to go in for [ esame]

    - rsi a un'elezione — pol. to run for election

    4) (sopraggiungere) [opportunità, problema, questione] to arise*, to occur
    5) (sembrare, rivelarsi) to appear, to look; (essere) to be*
    6) med. [condizione, paziente, sintomo] to present
    ••

    presentare il conto a qcn. — to bring sb. to book

    * * *
    presentare
    /prezen'tare/ [1]
     1 (far conoscere) to introduce, to present; posso presentarle mio figlio? may I introduce o present my son? vi hanno presentati? have you been introduced? ti presento Lisa this is Lisa, meet Lisa
     2 (sottoporre) to bring* forward, to present, to submit [conto, mozione, piano]; to introduce [documento, proposta]; to put* in, to file [reclamo, richiesta]; to resign [ dimissioni]; presentare qcn. come candidato to put sb. forward as a candidate; presentare una domanda di impiego to put in o make an application for a job
     3 (porgere) to make*, to give* [ scuse]; to offer, to pay* [saluti, rispetti]; to offer [ condoglianze]
     4 (descrivere) to present, to represent [persona, situazione]
     5 (esibire) to present, to produce, to exhibit [documento, passaporto]
     6 (comportare) to present, to involve [problemi, rischi]; to have [ inconvenienti]
     7 (produrre) to present [attore, mostra, film]; to show* [ collezione di moda]
     8 rad. telev. to compère, to host, to present
     9 (manifestare) [ paziente] to develop, to show* [ sintomo]
    II presentarsi verbo pronominale
     1 (comparire, apparire) to report, to show* up, to turn up; - rsi in jeans to turn up in jeans; - rsi al proprio reparto mil. to report to one's unit; - rsi all'udienza dir. to appear in court; non ci si presenta a casa della gente a mezzanotte you don't call on people at midnight; una scena straordinaria mi si presentò alla vista an amazing sight greeted me o met my eyes
     2 (farsi conoscere) permettetemi di presentarmi allow me to introduce myself, let me introduce myself
     3 (proporsi come candidato) - rsi a to attend [ colloquio]; to go in for [ esame]; - rsi a un'elezione pol. to run for election; - rsi per un lavoro to put oneself forward for a post
     4 (sopraggiungere) [opportunità, problema, questione] to arise*, to occur; se si presentasse l'occasione should the occasion arise
     5 (sembrare, rivelarsi) to appear, to look; (essere) to be*; la situazione si presenta critica the situation appears to be critical
     6 med. [condizione, paziente, sintomo] to present; il bambino si presenta in posizione podalica the baby is in the breech position
    presentare il conto a qcn. to bring sb. to book.

    Dizionario Italiano-Inglese > presentare

  • 69 Empire, Portuguese overseas

    (1415-1975)
       Portugal was the first Western European state to establish an early modern overseas empire beyond the Mediterranean and perhaps the last colonial power to decolonize. A vast subject of complexity that is full of myth as well as debatable theories, the history of the Portuguese overseas empire involves the story of more than one empire, the question of imperial motives, the nature of Portuguese rule, and the results and consequences of empire, including the impact on subject peoples as well as on the mother country and its society, Here, only the briefest account of a few such issues can be attempted.
       There were various empires or phases of empire after the capture of the Moroccan city of Ceuta in 1415. There were at least three Portuguese empires in history: the First empire (1415-1580), the Second empire (1580-1640 and 1640-1822), and the Third empire (1822-1975).
       With regard to the second empire, the so-called Phillipine period (1580-1640), when Portugal's empire was under Spanish domination, could almost be counted as a separate era. During that period, Portugal lost important parts of its Asian holdings to England and also sections of its colonies of Brazil, Angola, and West Africa to Holland's conquests. These various empires could be characterized by the geography of where Lisbon invested its greatest efforts and resources to develop territories and ward off enemies.
       The first empire (1415-1580) had two phases. First came the African coastal phase (1415-97), when the Portuguese sought a foothold in various Moroccan cities but then explored the African coast from Morocco to past the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa. While colonization and sugar farming were pursued in the Atlantic islands, as well as in the islands in the Gulf of Guinea like São Tomé and Príncipe, for the most part the Portuguese strategy was to avoid commitments to defending or peopling lands on the African continent. Rather, Lisbon sought a seaborne trade empire, in which the Portuguese could profit from exploiting trade and resources (such as gold) along the coasts and continue exploring southward to seek a sea route to Portuguese India. The second phase of the first empire (1498-1580) began with the discovery of the sea route to Asia, thanks to Vasco da Gama's first voyage in 1497-99, and the capture of strong points, ports, and trading posts in order to enforce a trade monopoly between Asia and Europe. This Asian phase produced the greatest revenues of empire Portugal had garnered, yet ended when Spain conquered Portugal and commanded her empire as of 1580.
       Portugal's second overseas empire began with Spanish domination and ran to 1822, when Brazil won her independence from Portugal. This phase was characterized largely by Brazilian dominance of imperial commitment, wealth in minerals and other raw materials from Brazil, and the loss of a significant portion of her African and Asian coastal empire to Holland and Great Britain. A sketch of Portugal's imperial losses either to native rebellions or to imperial rivals like Britain and Holland follows:
       • Morocco (North Africa) (sample only)
       Arzila—Taken in 1471; evacuated in 1550s; lost to Spain in 1580, which returned city to a sultan.
       Ceuta—Taken in 1415; lost to Spain in 1640 (loss confirmed in 1668 treaty with Spain).
       • Tangiers—Taken in 15th century; handed over to England in 1661 as part of Catherine of Braganza's dowry to King Charles II.
       • West Africa
       • Fort/Castle of São Jorge da Mina, Gold Coast (in what is now Ghana)—Taken in 1480s; lost to Holland in 1630s.
       • Middle East
       Socotra-isle—Conquered in 1507; fort abandoned in 1511; used as water resupply stop for India fleet.
       Muscat—Conquered in 1501; lost to Persians in 1650.
       Ormuz—Taken, 1505-15 under Albuquerque; lost to England, which gave it to Persia in the 17th century.
       Aden (entry to Red Sea) — Unsuccessfully attacked by Portugal (1513-30); taken by Turks in 1538.
       • India
       • Ceylon (Sri Lanka)—Taken by 1516; lost to Dutch after 1600.
       • Bombay—Taken in 16th century; given to England in 1661 treaty as part of Catherine of Braganza's dowry for Charles II.
       • East Indies
       • Moluccas—Taken by 1520; possession confirmed in 1529 Saragossa treaty with Spain; lost to Dutch after 1600; only East Timor remaining.
       After the restoration of Portuguese independence from Spain in 1640, Portugal proceeded to revive and strengthen the Anglo- Portuguese Alliance, with international aid to fight off further Spanish threats to Portugal and drive the Dutch invaders out of Brazil and Angola. While Portugal lost its foothold in West Africa at Mina to the Dutch, dominion in Angola was consolidated. The most vital part of the imperial economy was a triangular trade: slaves from West Africa and from the coasts of Congo and Angola were shipped to plantations in Brazil; raw materials (sugar, tobacco, gold, diamonds, dyes) were sent to Lisbon; Lisbon shipped Brazil colonists and hardware. Part of Portugal's War of Restoration against Spain (1640-68) and its reclaiming of Brazil and Angola from Dutch intrusions was financed by the New Christians (Jews converted to Christianity after the 1496 Manueline order of expulsion of Jews) who lived in Portugal, Holland and other low countries, France, and Brazil. If the first empire was mainly an African coastal and Asian empire, the second empire was primarily a Brazilian empire.
       Portugal's third overseas empire began upon the traumatic independence of Brazil, the keystone of the Lusitanian enterprise, in 1822. The loss of Brazil greatly weakened Portugal both as a European power and as an imperial state, for the scattered remainder of largely coastal, poor, and uncolonized territories that stretched from the bulge of West Africa to East Timor in the East Indies and Macau in south China were more of a financial liability than an asset. Only two small territories balanced their budgets occasionally or made profits: the cocoa islands of São Tomé and Príncipe in the Gulf of Guinea and tiny Macau, which lost much of its advantage as an entrepot between the West and the East when the British annexed neighboring Hong Kong in 1842. The others were largely burdens on the treasury. The African colonies were strapped by a chronic economic problem: at a time when the slave trade and then slavery were being abolished under pressures from Britain and other Western powers, the economies of Guinea- Bissau, São Tomé/Príncipe, Angola, and Mozambique were totally dependent on revenues from the slave trade and slavery. During the course of the 19th century, Lisbon began a program to reform colonial administration in a newly rejuvenated African empire, where most of the imperial efforts were expended, by means of replacing the slave trade and slavery, with legitimate economic activities.
       Portugal participated in its own early version of the "Scramble" for Africa's interior during 1850-69, but discovered that the costs of imperial expansion were too high to allow effective occupation of the hinterlands. After 1875, Portugal participated in the international "Scramble for Africa" and consolidated its holdings in west and southern Africa, despite the failure of the contra-costa (to the opposite coast) plan, which sought to link up the interiors of Angola and Mozambique with a corridor in central Africa. Portugal's expansion into what is now Malawi, Zambia, and Zimbabwe (eastern section) in 1885-90 was thwarted by its oldest ally, Britain, under pressure from interest groups in South Africa, Scotland, and England. All things considered, Portugal's colonizing resources and energies were overwhelmed by the African empire it possessed after the frontier-marking treaties of 1891-1906. Lisbon could barely administer the massive area of five African colonies, whose total area comprised about 8 percent of the area of the colossal continent. The African territories alone were many times the size of tiny Portugal and, as of 1914, Portugal was the third colonial power in terms of size of area possessed in the world.
       The politics of Portugal's empire were deceptive. Lisbon remained obsessed with the fear that rival colonial powers, especially Germany and Britain, would undermine and then dismantle her African empire. This fear endured well into World War II. In developing and keeping her potentially rich African territories (especially mineral-rich Angola and strategically located Mozambique), however, the race against time was with herself and her subject peoples. Two major problems, both chronic, prevented Portugal from effective colonization (i.e., settling) and development of her African empire: the economic weakness and underdevelopment of the mother country and the fact that the bulk of Portuguese emigration after 1822 went to Brazil, Venezuela, the United States, and France, not to the colonies. These factors made it difficult to consolidate imperial control until it was too late; that is, until local African nationalist movements had organized and taken the field in insurgency wars that began in three of the colonies during the years 1961-64.
       Portugal's belated effort to revitalize control and to develop, in the truest sense of the word, Angola and Mozambique after 1961 had to be set against contemporary events in Europe, Africa, and Asia. While Portugal held on to a backward empire, other European countries like Britain, France, and Belgium were rapidly decolonizing their empires. Portugal's failure or unwillingness to divert the large streams of emigrants to her empire after 1850 remained a constant factor in this question. Prophetic were the words of the 19th-century economist Joaquim Oliveira Martins, who wrote in 1880 that Brazil was a better colony for Portugal than Africa and that the best colony of all would have been Portugal itself. As of the day of the Revolution of 25 April 1974, which sparked the final process of decolonization of the remainder of Portugal's third overseas empire, the results of the colonization program could be seen to be modest compared to the numbers of Portuguese emigrants outside the empire. Moreover, within a year, of some 600,000 Portuguese residing permanently in Angola and Mozambique, all but a few thousand had fled to South Africa or returned to Portugal.
       In 1974 and 1975, most of the Portuguese empire was decolonized or, in the case of East Timor, invaded and annexed by a foreign power before it could consolidate its independence. Only historic Macau, scheduled for transfer to the People's Republic of China in 1999, remained nominally under Portuguese control as a kind of footnote to imperial history. If Portugal now lacked a conventional overseas empire and was occupied with the challenges of integration in the European Union (EU), Lisbon retained another sort of informal dependency that was a new kind of empire: the empire of her scattered overseas Portuguese communities from North America to South America. Their numbers were at least six times greater than that of the last settlers of the third empire.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Empire, Portuguese overseas

  • 70 Goldmark, Peter Carl

    [br]
    b. 2 December 1906 Budapest, Hungary
    d. 7 December 1977 Westchester Co., New York, USA
    [br]
    Austro-Hungarian engineer who developed the first commercial colour television system and the long-playing record.
    [br]
    After education in Hungary and a period as an assistant at the Technische Hochschule, Berlin, Goldmark moved to England, where he joined Pye of Cambridge and worked on an experimental thirty-line television system using a cathode ray tube (CRT) for the display. In 1936 he moved to the USA to work at Columbia Broadcasting Laboratories. There, with monochrome television based on the CRT virtually a practical proposition, he devoted his efforts to finding a way of producing colour TV images: in 1940 he gave his first demonstration of a working system. There then followed a series of experimental field-sequential colour TV systems based on segmented red, green and blue colour wheels and drums, where the problem was to find an acceptable compromise between bandwidth, resolution, colour flicker and colour-image breakup. Eventually he arrived at a system using a colour wheel in combination with a CRT containing a panchromatic phosphor screen, with a scanned raster of 405 lines and a primary colour rate of 144 fields per second. Despite the fact that the receivers were bulky, gave relatively poor, dim pictures and used standards totally incompatible with the existing 525-line, sixty fields per second interlaced monochrome (black and white) system, in 1950 the Federal Communications Commission (FCC), anxious to encourage postwar revival of the industry, authorized the system for public broadcasting. Within eighteen months, however, bowing to pressure from the remainder of the industry, which had formed its own National Television Systems Committee (NTSC) to develop a much more satisfactory, fully compatible system based on the RCA three-gun shadowmask CRT, the FCC withdrew its approval.
    While all this was going on, Goldmark had also been working on ideas for overcoming the poor reproduction, noise quality, short playing-time (about four minutes) and limited robustness and life of the long-established 78 rpm 12 in. (30 cm) diameter shellac gramophone record. The recent availability of a new, more robust, plastic material, vinyl, which had a lower surface noise, enabled him in 1948 to reduce the groove width some three times to 0.003 in. (0.0762 mm), use a more lightly loaded synthetic sapphire stylus and crystal transducer with improved performance, and reduce the turntable speed to 33 1/3 rpm, to give thirty minutes of high-quality music per side. This successful development soon led to the availability of stereophonic recordings, based on the ideas of Alan Blumlein at EMI in the 1930s.
    In 1950 Goldmark became a vice-president of CBS, but he still found time to develop a scan conversion system for relaying television pictures to Earth from the Lunar Orbiter spacecraft. He also almost brought to the market a domestic electronic video recorder (EVR) system based on the thermal distortion of plastic film by separate luminance and coded colour signals, but this was overtaken by the video cassette recorder (VCR) system, which uses magnetic tape.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Morris N.Liebmann Award 1945. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Vladimir K. Zworykin Award 1961.
    Bibliography
    1951, with J.W.Christensen and J.J.Reeves, "Colour television. USA Standard", Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers 39: 1,288 (describes the development and standards for the short-lived field-sequential colour TV standard).
    1949, with R.Snepvangers and W.S.Bachman, "The Columbia long-playing microgroove recording system", Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers 37:923 (outlines the invention of the long-playing record).
    Further Reading
    E.W.Herold, 1976, "A history of colour television displays", Proceedings of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers 64:1,331.
    KF

    Biographical history of technology > Goldmark, Peter Carl

  • 71 возникать

    (= возникнуть, появляться) arise, come into existence, emerge, appear, spring up, there occur, originate, come about from
    • В зависимости от... возникают три случая. - Three cases arise depending on whether...
    • В основном, эти вариации возникают вследствие... - Basically, these variations result from...
    • Возникает вопрос, действительно ли... - The question arises whether...
    • Возникает вопрос, действительно ли... - The question now arises of whether...
    • Возникает вопрос, действительно ли обратное (утверждение и т. п.) выполняется необходимо. - A question arises as to whether the converse necessarily holds.
    • Возникает еще одна возможность... - A further possibility arises that...
    • Все это возникает как частные случаи (чего-л). - All of these arise as particular cases of...
    • Данная книга возникла в результате чтения курса в... - This book grew out of a course taught at...
    • Данная концепция возникла очень давно. - The concept goes back a long way.
    • Данное затруднение не возникает, когда (= если)... - This difficulty does not arise when...
    • Данный вопрос возник, поскольку... - This issue is raised here because...
    • Другая проблема возникает, когда... - Another problem arises when...
    • Затруднение, которое мы обсуждали, не возникнет, если... - The difficulty we have been discussing will not arise if...
    • Знак минус возникает, потому что... - The minus sign appears because...; The minus sign arises from the fact that...
    • Из физических соображений это возникает вследствие... - Physically this arises because of...
    • Из этого вытекает следующий вопрос:... - This brings up the question:...
    • Имеются три важных затруднения, которые возникают при анализе... - There are three important complications which arise in the analysis of...
    • Иногда у нас возникает ситуация, что... - Sometimes we have the situation that...
    • Интересный случай возникает, когда... - An interesting case occurs when...
    • Как указывалось выше, данный эффект возникает вследствие... - As indicated above this effect is due to...
    • На самом деле, такая ситуация возникает, потому что... - Effectively, the situation arises because...
    • Некоторые из этих трудностей возникают из-за того, что..., - Some of the problems arise from the fact that...
    • Новое свойство возникает, когда мы рассматриваем... - A new feature appears when we consider...
    • Очевидно, что эта ситуация возникает просто потому, что... - It is obvious that this situation arises simply because...
    • Подобная ситуация возникнет (каждый раз), когда мы рассматриваем... - A similar situation will arise when we discuss...
    • Подобные процессы просто не возникают. - Such processes simply do not occur.
    • Подобный эффект возникает очень часто. - Such phenomena are of very frequent occurrence.
    • Работа, представленная в данной статье, возникла путем сотрудничества между отделением... и... - The work presented in this paper came about through a collaboration between the Department of... and...
    • Серьезная проблема в большинстве лабораторных измерений возникает из-за того, что... - A severe complication in most laboratory measurements arises from...
    • Следовательно, в связи с..., не возникает никаких трудностей. - Therefore, no difficulties arise in connection with...
    • Сложности возникают, как только мы пытаемся... - Difficulties occur as soon as we try to...
    • Случай такого рода возникает, когда... - This kind of case arises when...
    • Случай, вызывающий особый интерес, возникает, когда... - A case of special interest arises when...
    • Существенно более серьезный недостаток (= дефект) возникает при/ когда... - A much more serious defect is encountered with...
    • Теперь возникает вопрос, а действительно ли... - The question now arises as to whether...
    • Теперь возникает вопрос, как могут птицы ориентироваться после захода солнца. - The question now arises as to how birds can navigate after sunset.
    • Теперь мы разовьем некоторые из более простых концепций, которые возникают в/ при... - We now develop a few of the simpler concepts that arise in...
    • Трудно увидеть, как эти различия возникают из
    (
    чего-л). - It is difficult to see how these differences could arise from...
    • Трудность возникает, когда... - A difficulty arises when...
    • Уравнение такого типа также возникает при изучении... - An equation of this type also arises in the study of...
    • Эта проблема не возникает при/ когда... - This problem does not arise with...
    • Эта ситуация может также возникнуть, если... - This situation may also arise if...
    • Эта терминология возникла на ранних этапах становления физики элементарных частиц. - This terminology dates from the early days of particle physics.
    • Эта трудность возникает вследствие использования... - This difficulty arises from the use of...
    • Это возникает исключительно из... - This arises entirely from...
    • Этот эффект обычно возникает, например, в окрестности... - The phenomenon commonly occurs, for example, near...

    Русско-английский словарь научного общения > возникать

  • 72 raum

    m; -(e)s, Räume
    1. (Zimmer) room
    2. nur Sg.; (Platz) space, room; viel Raum beanspruchen take up a lot of space; auf engstem Raum leben live in cramped surroundings; luftleerer Raum vacuum; Raum sparend space-saving
    3. (Gegend, Gebiet) area; (Ausdehnung) expanse; die endlosen Räume Sibiriens / des Weltalls the limitless expanses of Siberia / of the universe; im Raum München in the Munich area; im süddeutschen Raum in southern Germany
    4. PHYS., PHILOS. (auch Weltraum) space; die Erforschung des Raums the exploration of space; Raum und Zeit space and time; der offene ( oder leere) Raum the void
    5. nur Sg.; (Volumen) volume; (Fläche) area
    6. meist Sport (Platz auf Spielfeld) space; freier Raum open space; Spiel in den freien Raum opening up the game; den Raum decken mark space; die Räume eng machen close down the game
    7. nur Sg.; fig. (Spielraum) scope, room; es nahm in der Diskussion einen breiten Raum ein it occupied a large part of the discussion; Raum geben oder gewähren (einem Gedanken) give way to; (einer Hoffnung) entertain; (einer Bitte) grant; das Problem steht im Raum the problem demands an answer; eine Frage im Raum stehen lassen leave a question unanswered; ich möchte die Frage einfach in den Raum stellen I’d just like to throw up ( oder pose) the question (for discussion)
    * * *
    der Raum
    (Freiraum) space;
    (Region) area;
    (Zimmer) room; apartment
    * * *
    [raum]
    m -(e)s, Räume
    ['rɔymə]
    1) no pl (= Platz) room, space; (= Weite) expanse

    Ráúm schaffen — to make some space or room

    auf engstem Ráúm leben — to live in a very confined space

    Ráúm geben (geh) — to yield to sth

    eine Frage in den Ráúm stellen — to pose a question

    eine Frage im Ráúm stehen lassen — to leave a question unresolved or hanging

    den Ráúm decken (Sport) — to cover the area

    2) (= Spielraum) room, scope
    3) (= Zimmer) room
    4) (= Gebiet, Bereich) area; (größer) region; (fig) sphere

    der Ráúm Frankfurt — the Frankfurt area

    der mitteleuropäische Ráúm — the Central European region

    im ländlichen Ráúm — in rural areas

    im geistigen Ráúm — in the intellectual sphere

    Ráúm gewinnen (Mil, fig) — to gain ground

    5) no pl (PHYS, SPACE) space no art

    der offene or leere Ráúm — the void

    See:
    * * *
    der
    1) ((often with for) the opportunity or chance to do, use or develop: There's no scope for originality in this job.) scope
    2) (a gap; an empty or uncovered place: I couldn't find a space for my car.) space
    3) (room; the absence of objects; the area available for use: Have you enough space to turn round?; Is there space for one more?) space
    * * *
    <-[e]s, Räume>
    [raum, pl ˈrɔymə]
    m
    1. (Zimmer) room
    2. kein pl (Platz) room no art, space no art
    auf engstem \Raum in a very confined space [or the most confined of spaces]
    \Raum [für etw akk] schaffen to make room [or create space] [for sth]
    rechtsfreier \Raum JUR legal vacuum
    3. kein pl PHYS space no art; ASTRON [outer] space no pl, no art
    4. GEOG (Gebiet) region, area
    im \Raum Hamburg in the Hamburg area
    5.
    ▶ im \Raum[e] stehen to be unresolved
    ▶ etw in den \Raum stellen to raise [or pose] [or sep bring up] sth
    eine Hypothese/These in den \Raum stellen to put forward a hypothesis/theory
    * * *
    der; Raum[e]s, Räume
    1) (WohnRaum, NutzRaum) room

    im Raum stehen — (fig.) be in the air

    2) (Gebiet) area; region
    3) o. Pl. (Platz) room; space
    4) (Math., Philos., Astron.) space
    * * *
    …raum m im subst
    1. allg (Zimmer) room;
    eine Zwei-Raum Wohnung a two-room flat (US apartment);
    Büroraum office;
    Kellerraum basement room;
    Schlafraum bedroom;
    Vorraum anteroom
    Siedlungsraum settlement area;
    Wirtschaftsraum industrial area
    * * *
    der; Raum[e]s, Räume
    1) (WohnRaum, NutzRaum) room

    im Raum stehen — (fig.) be in the air

    2) (Gebiet) area; region
    3) o. Pl. (Platz) room; space
    4) (Math., Philos., Astron.) space
    * * *
    ( ¨-e) (Mathematik) m.
    space n. -¨e m.
    range n.
    room n.
    space n.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > raum

  • 73 vivo

    adj.
    1 live, alive, living, above-ground.
    2 lively, keen, alert, brisk.
    3 bright, shining, vivid.
    4 alive, passionate.
    f. & m.
    living person.
    pres.indicat.
    1st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: vivir.
    * * *
    2 (fuego, llama) live, burning
    3 (lengua) living
    4 figurado (color etc) bright, vivid
    5 figurado (animado) lively, vivacious
    6 figurado (dolor, emoción, etc) acute, deep, intense
    7 figurado (descripción etc) lively, graphic
    8 figurado (carácter) quick, irritable
    9 figurado (listo) quick-witted
    10 figurado (astuto) shrewd, sly
    11 figurado (llaga, herida) open
    ► nombre masculino,nombre femenino
    1 living person
    2 familiar figurado (astuto) quick-witted person
    1 COSTURA trimming, border
    \
    a lo vivo vividly
    de viva voz verbally, by word of mouth
    en carne viva raw, red raw 2 figurado fresh
    al rojo vivo red-hot
    herir a alguien en lo más vivo / tocar a alguien en lo más vivo figurado to cut somebody to the quick
    ¿quién vive? MILITAR who goes there?
    ser el vivo retrato de / ser la viva imagen de familiar to be the spitting image of
    tener el genio vivo to be quick-tempered
    fuerzas vivas figurado driving forces
    ————————
    1 COSTURA trimming, border
    * * *
    (f. - viva)
    adj.
    * * *
    vivo, -a
    1. ADJ
    1) (=con vida)
    a) [persona, animal] (tras sustantivo) living; (tras verbo) alive

    se busca vivo o muerto — wanted, dead or alive

    b) [piel] raw

    me dio o hirió en lo más vivo — it cut me to the quick

    a lo vivo —

    cal, fuerza 5), lágrima, lengua 4)
    2) (TV, Radio)

    en vivo — (=en directo) live; (=en persona) in person

    un espectáculo con música en vivo — a live music show, a show with live music

    ¿has visto en vivo a algún famoso? — have you ever seen anyone famous in the flesh?

    3) (=intenso) [descripción] vivid, graphic; [imaginación, mirada, ritmo] lively; [movimiento, paso] quick, lively; [color] bright; [sensación] acute; [genio] fiery; [ingenio] ready; [inteligencia] sharp, keen; [filo] sharp

    su recuerdo siempre seguirá vivo entre nosotros — her memory will always be with us, her memory will live on in our minds

    rojo 2., 1), voz 1)
    4) [persona] (=listo) clever; (=astuto) sharp; (=animado) lively
    2. SM/ F
    1) *
    (=aprovechado)

    es un vivo — he's a clever one *, he's a sly one *

    2)
    3.
    SM (Cos) edging, border
    * * *
    I
    - va adjetivo
    1)
    a) ( con vida) alive

    a lo vivo — (fam) without anesthetic*

    en vivo — <actuación/transmisión> live

    b) < lengua> living (before n)
    2)
    a) < persona> (despierto, animado) vivacious, bubbly; < descripción> vivid, graphic; <relato/imaginación> lively
    b) < color> bright, vivid; <llama/fuego> bright; <ojos/mirada> lively, bright
    c) <sentimiento/deseo> intense, strong

    en lo más vivo: me hirió en lo más vivo he cut me to the quick; me afectó en lo más vivo — it affected me very deeply

    3) (avispado, astuto) sharp

    no seas tan vivo — don't try to be clever

    II
    - va masculino, femenino ( oportunista) sharp o smooth operator (colloq); ( aprovechado) freeloader
    * * *
    = alive, live, living, vivid, quickened, vibrant + Color, bright [brighter -comp., brightest -sup.], living and breathing, surviving, walking, land of the living, the, spry [spryer comp., spryest -sup.], sprightly [sprightlier -comp., sprightliest -sup.], shrewd [shrewder -comp., shrewdest -sup.].
    Ex. Armstrong Sperry's 'Call It Courage' is now some years old but still to my mind an attractive and alive book.
    Ex. By designing the floors to carry a superimposed live load of 6.5 kN/m2, it is easy to move bookshelves, reader places and other library functions to any part of the building.
    Ex. Few librarians have had both his dedication and ability to make the catalog a living tool serving all of the people.
    Ex. There are vivid examples of serious fires and other natural disasters occuring in libraries that cause incalculable financial and academic losses to society.
    Ex. For a storyteller preparation is like rehearsal for an orchestra; there will be passages that need emphasis, and some that need a slow pace, others that need a quickened tempo, and so on = La preparación de un narrador de cuentos es como el ensayo de una orquesta; habrá pasajes que necesiten énfasis, otros un ritmo lento, otros un ritmo acelerado, etcétera.
    Ex. The store was gutted and rebuilt, according to his specifications, into a beautiful, modern facility, decorated in vibrant hues and furnished with the latest Herman Miller offerings.
    Ex. The openness of the now accessible stacks is emphasised by use of glass and bright colours.
    Ex. They are more than simple documents -- they are living and breathing expressions of important ethical concerns.
    Ex. Interviews were with a surviving next of kin or a nonrelative about three months after the event of death.
    Ex. He is a walking history of modern librarianship and has been a mentor to many.
    Ex. This is a review article on a book by Stephen M. Borish ' The Land of the Living'.
    Ex. A spry 80 years young, Virginia has been painting murals for the last 50 years and a lot can be said for the advantages of experience.
    Ex. He was described as a ' sprightly nonagenarian' who was born in 1905.
    Ex. Payment is very important and can be a problem so the businessman needs to be streetwise and shrewd with a good business acumen.
    ----
    * actuación en vivo = live performance, live entertainment.
    * apagar la cal viva = slake + quicklime.
    * a viva voz = open outcry.
    * cal viva = quicklime.
    * comerse Algo vivo, devorarse Algo = eat + Nombre + alive.
    * concierto en vivo = live concert.
    * continuar vivo = live on.
    * cosa viva = living thing.
    * de viva voz = orally, word-of-mouth, by word of mouth.
    * el muerto al hoyo y el vivo al bollo = dead men have no friends.
    * entre los vivos = land of the living, the.
    * en vivo = live-action, in vivo, live.
    * imaginación muy viva = vivid imagination.
    * leyenda vivida = living legend.
    * llorar a lágrima viva = sob + Posesivo + heart out, cry + Posesivo + heart out, cry + uncontrollably.
    * mantener Algo vivo = keep + the flame alive, keep + Nombre + at the fore.
    * mantener vivo = keep + alive, keep + Nombre + going.
    * materia viva = living matter.
    * monumento vivo = living monument.
    * música en vivo = live music.
    * no vivo = nonliving [non-living].
    * organismo vivo = living thing.
    * permanecer vivo = remain + alive.
    * ponerse al rojo vivo = reach + boiling point, fire up.
    * publicación seriada viva = active serial.
    * revista viva = active journal.
    * rojo vivo = vibrant red, vermilion [vermillion].
    * seguir vivo = live on, stay + alive.
    * sentirse vivo = feel + alive.
    * ser un vivo retrato de = be a dead ringer for.
    * servicio de referencia en vivo = live reference.
    * ser vivo = sentient being.
    * tener algo muy vivo en la mente de uno = be strong in + mind.
    * viva + Nombre = long live + Nombre.
    * vivos, los = living, the.
    * * *
    I
    - va adjetivo
    1)
    a) ( con vida) alive

    a lo vivo — (fam) without anesthetic*

    en vivo — <actuación/transmisión> live

    b) < lengua> living (before n)
    2)
    a) < persona> (despierto, animado) vivacious, bubbly; < descripción> vivid, graphic; <relato/imaginación> lively
    b) < color> bright, vivid; <llama/fuego> bright; <ojos/mirada> lively, bright
    c) <sentimiento/deseo> intense, strong

    en lo más vivo: me hirió en lo más vivo he cut me to the quick; me afectó en lo más vivo — it affected me very deeply

    3) (avispado, astuto) sharp

    no seas tan vivo — don't try to be clever

    II
    - va masculino, femenino ( oportunista) sharp o smooth operator (colloq); ( aprovechado) freeloader
    * * *
    = alive, live, living, vivid, quickened, vibrant + Color, bright [brighter -comp., brightest -sup.], living and breathing, surviving, walking, land of the living, the, spry [spryer comp., spryest -sup.], sprightly [sprightlier -comp., sprightliest -sup.], shrewd [shrewder -comp., shrewdest -sup.].

    Ex: Armstrong Sperry's 'Call It Courage' is now some years old but still to my mind an attractive and alive book.

    Ex: By designing the floors to carry a superimposed live load of 6.5 kN/m2, it is easy to move bookshelves, reader places and other library functions to any part of the building.
    Ex: Few librarians have had both his dedication and ability to make the catalog a living tool serving all of the people.
    Ex: There are vivid examples of serious fires and other natural disasters occuring in libraries that cause incalculable financial and academic losses to society.
    Ex: For a storyteller preparation is like rehearsal for an orchestra; there will be passages that need emphasis, and some that need a slow pace, others that need a quickened tempo, and so on = La preparación de un narrador de cuentos es como el ensayo de una orquesta; habrá pasajes que necesiten énfasis, otros un ritmo lento, otros un ritmo acelerado, etcétera.
    Ex: The store was gutted and rebuilt, according to his specifications, into a beautiful, modern facility, decorated in vibrant hues and furnished with the latest Herman Miller offerings.
    Ex: The openness of the now accessible stacks is emphasised by use of glass and bright colours.
    Ex: They are more than simple documents -- they are living and breathing expressions of important ethical concerns.
    Ex: Interviews were with a surviving next of kin or a nonrelative about three months after the event of death.
    Ex: He is a walking history of modern librarianship and has been a mentor to many.
    Ex: This is a review article on a book by Stephen M. Borish ' The Land of the Living'.
    Ex: A spry 80 years young, Virginia has been painting murals for the last 50 years and a lot can be said for the advantages of experience.
    Ex: He was described as a ' sprightly nonagenarian' who was born in 1905.
    Ex: Payment is very important and can be a problem so the businessman needs to be streetwise and shrewd with a good business acumen.
    * actuación en vivo = live performance, live entertainment.
    * apagar la cal viva = slake + quicklime.
    * a viva voz = open outcry.
    * cal viva = quicklime.
    * comerse Algo vivo, devorarse Algo = eat + Nombre + alive.
    * concierto en vivo = live concert.
    * continuar vivo = live on.
    * cosa viva = living thing.
    * de viva voz = orally, word-of-mouth, by word of mouth.
    * el muerto al hoyo y el vivo al bollo = dead men have no friends.
    * entre los vivos = land of the living, the.
    * en vivo = live-action, in vivo, live.
    * imaginación muy viva = vivid imagination.
    * leyenda vivida = living legend.
    * llorar a lágrima viva = sob + Posesivo + heart out, cry + Posesivo + heart out, cry + uncontrollably.
    * mantener Algo vivo = keep + the flame alive, keep + Nombre + at the fore.
    * mantener vivo = keep + alive, keep + Nombre + going.
    * materia viva = living matter.
    * monumento vivo = living monument.
    * música en vivo = live music.
    * no vivo = nonliving [non-living].
    * organismo vivo = living thing.
    * permanecer vivo = remain + alive.
    * ponerse al rojo vivo = reach + boiling point, fire up.
    * publicación seriada viva = active serial.
    * revista viva = active journal.
    * rojo vivo = vibrant red, vermilion [vermillion].
    * seguir vivo = live on, stay + alive.
    * sentirse vivo = feel + alive.
    * ser un vivo retrato de = be a dead ringer for.
    * servicio de referencia en vivo = live reference.
    * ser vivo = sentient being.
    * tener algo muy vivo en la mente de uno = be strong in + mind.
    * viva + Nombre = long live + Nombre.
    * vivos, los = living, the.

    * * *
    vivo1 -va
    A
    1 (con vida) alive
    [ S ] se busca vivo o muerto wanted, dead or alive
    los mosquitos me están comiendo vivo ( fam); I'm being eaten alive by mosquitoes
    no vimos ninguna serpiente viva we didn't see any live snakes
    es ya una leyenda viva he is a legend in his own lifetime, he is a living legend
    mantuvo viva su fé she kept her faith alive
    a lo vivo ( fam); without anesthetic*
    en vivo live
    música en vivo live music
    hicieron el programa en vivo they did the program live
    2 ‹lengua› living ( before n)
    el idioma sigue vivo the language is still alive
    B
    1 ‹persona› (despierto, animado) vivacious, bubbly
    2 ‹descripción› vivid, graphic; ‹relato/imaginación› lively
    aún tengo vivo en la memoria aquel momento I can still remember that moment vividly
    3 ‹color› bright, vivid; ‹llama/fuego› bright rojo2 (↑ rojo (2))
    4 ‹ojos/mirada› lively, bright
    5 ‹sentimiento/deseo› intense, strong
    lo más vivo: sus palabras me llegaron a lo más vivo her words cut me to the quick
    su muerte me afectó en lo más vivo his death affected me very deeply
    C (avispado, astuto) sharp
    ése es muy vivo y no se va a dejar engañar that guy is too smart o sharp to be taken in ( colloq)
    no seas tan vivo, que ésta es mi parte don't try to be clever o to pull a fast one, this is my share ( colloq)
    esos vendedores son muy vivos those salesmen are razor-sharp ( colloq)
    vivo2 -va
    masculine, feminine
    ( fam)
    1 (oportunista) sharp o smooth operator ( colloq)
    2 (aprovechado) crafty devil ( colloq)
    * * *

     

    Del verbo vivir: ( conjugate vivir)

    vivo es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo

    Multiple Entries:
    vivir    
    vivo
    vivir ( conjugate vivir) verbo intransitivo
    1 ( en general) to live;
    ◊ vive solo he lives alone o on his own;

    vivo para algo/algn to live for sth/sb;
    vivo en paz to live in peace;
    la pintura no da para vivo you can't make a living from painting;
    el sueldo no le alcanza para vivo his salary isn't enough (for him) to live on;
    vivo de algo ‹ de la caridad› to live on sth;

    ‹del arte/de la pesca› to make a living from sth;
    ver tb
    ◊ renta

    2 ( estar vivo) to be alive
    3 ( como interj):
    ◊ ¡viva el Rey! long live the King!;

    ¡vivan los novios! three cheers for the bride and groom!;
    ¡viva! hurray!
    verbo transitivo
    a) ( pasar por):


    los que vivimos la guerra those of us who lived through the war
    b) ‹personaje/música› to live

    c) ‹ vida› to live

    vivo
    ◊ -va adjetivo

    1


    en vivo ‹actuación/transmisión› live
    b) ‹ lengua› living ( before n)

    2
    a) ‹ persona› (despierto, animado) vivacious, bubbly;

    ‹ descripción› vivid, graphic;
    ‹relato/imaginación› lively
    b) ‹ color› bright, vivid;

    ‹llama/fuego› bright;
    ‹ojos/mirada› lively, bright
    c) ‹sentimiento/deseo› intense, strong

    3 (avispado, astuto) sharp;
    ◊ no seas tan vivo don't try to be clever

    ■ sustantivo masculino, femenino ( oportunista) sharp o smooth operator (colloq);
    ( aprovechado) freeloader
    vivir
    I verbo intransitivo
    1 (tener vida) to live: vivió ochenta años, she lived to be eighty
    ¡aún vive!, he's still alive!
    2 (estar residiendo) to live: viven en Australia, they live in Australia
    3 (en la memoria) su recuerdo aún vive en nosotros, our memories of him still live on
    4 (subsistir) no es suficiente para vivir, it's not enough to live on
    esa gente vive de la caza, those people live from o by hunting
    5 (convivir) viven juntos desde hace muchos años, they've been living together for years
    II vtr (pasar una experiencia) to live through
    III sustantivo masculino
    1 life, living
    2 (una persona) de mal vivir, loose, disreputable
    ♦ Locuciones: dejar vivir a alguien, (no molestar) vive y deja vivir, live and let live; familiar no vivir alguien, (preocupación, angustia) desde que tiene esa grave enfermedad, sus padres no viven, his parents have been in a state of anxiety since he's had this serious illness; familiar vivir la vida alguien, (libertad, ociosidad) ha acabado la carrera y ahora se dedica a vivir la vida, now he's finished his university studies he's going to enjoy life
    vivo,-a
    I adjetivo
    1 alive: todavía está vivo, he's still alive
    (un espectáculo) en vivo, live ➣ Ver nota en alive 2 (persona: vital, alegre) vivacious
    (astuta) sharp
    3 (intenso, brillante) bright
    una camisa de un rojo vivo, a bright red shirt
    4 (un relato, descripción) lively, graphic
    (un sentimiento) intense, deep
    II sustantivo masculino y femenino (persona avispada, astuta) sharp
    ♦ Locuciones: al rojo vivo, red-hot
    familiar vivito y coleando, alive and kicking
    ' vivo' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    actualmente
    - alegre
    - alta
    - alto
    - ardiente
    - criatura
    - despierta
    - despierto
    - emisión
    - ser
    - estrangular
    - extremidad
    - fogón
    - macho
    - mantener
    - prodigio
    - retrato
    - revivir
    - roja
    - rojo
    - salud
    - subsistir
    - viva
    - crecer
    - espabilado
    - inquieto
    - listo
    - paseo
    - posibilidad
    - punta
    - que
    - vivir
    English:
    active
    - actually
    - alive
    - alone
    - animate
    - animated
    - bright
    - brighten up
    - dad
    - daddy
    - deep
    - develop
    - eat
    - fur
    - hot up
    - image
    - keen
    - live
    - lively
    - living
    - midway
    - near
    - on
    - out
    - quicktempered
    - red-hot
    - rich
    - solid
    - spit
    - still
    - up
    - vivid
    - beyond
    - concert
    - glow
    - hedge
    - hedgerow
    - home
    - longing
    - memory
    - pull
    - quick
    - red
    - sear
    - survive
    * * *
    vivo, -a
    ♦ adj
    1. [ser, lengua] living
    2. [tras verbo] alive;
    estar vivo [persona, costumbre, recuerdo] to be alive;
    su recuerdo sigue vivo entre los suyos his memory lives on among his family;
    quemar vivo alguien to burn sb alive
    3. [intenso] [dolor, deseo, olor] intense;
    [luz, color, tono] bright; [genio] quick, hot; [paso, ritmo] lively;
    un vivo interés por algo a lively interest in sth
    4. [con vitalidad] [gestos, ojos] lively;
    [descripción, recuerdo] vivid;
    es el vivo retrato de su padre he's the spitting image of his father
    5. [despierto] quick, sharp;
    [astuto] shrewd, sly
    ♦ los vivos nmpl
    the living
    ♦ en vivo loc adj
    [en directo] live; [sin anestesia] without anaesthetic;
    haremos el programa en vivo we will do the programme live
    * * *
    I adj
    1 alive;
    los seres vivo living things;
    sharp, smart
    3 color bright
    4 ritmo lively
    II m, viva f sharp operator
    * * *
    vivo, -va adj
    1) : alive
    2) intenso: vivid, bright, intense
    3) animado: lively, vivacious
    4) astuto: sharp, clever
    5)
    en vivo : live
    transmisión en vivo: live broadcast
    6)
    al rojo vivo : red-hot
    * * *
    vivo adj
    1. (con vida) alive
    2. (intenso) bright
    3. (listo) clever [comp. cleverer; superl. cleverest]

    Spanish-English dictionary > vivo

  • 74 Artificial Intelligence

       In my opinion, none of [these programs] does even remote justice to the complexity of human mental processes. Unlike men, "artificially intelligent" programs tend to be single minded, undistractable, and unemotional. (Neisser, 1967, p. 9)
       Future progress in [artificial intelligence] will depend on the development of both practical and theoretical knowledge.... As regards theoretical knowledge, some have sought a unified theory of artificial intelligence. My view is that artificial intelligence is (or soon will be) an engineering discipline since its primary goal is to build things. (Nilsson, 1971, pp. vii-viii)
       Most workers in AI [artificial intelligence] research and in related fields confess to a pronounced feeling of disappointment in what has been achieved in the last 25 years. Workers entered the field around 1950, and even around 1960, with high hopes that are very far from being realized in 1972. In no part of the field have the discoveries made so far produced the major impact that was then promised.... In the meantime, claims and predictions regarding the potential results of AI research had been publicized which went even farther than the expectations of the majority of workers in the field, whose embarrassments have been added to by the lamentable failure of such inflated predictions....
       When able and respected scientists write in letters to the present author that AI, the major goal of computing science, represents "another step in the general process of evolution"; that possibilities in the 1980s include an all-purpose intelligence on a human-scale knowledge base; that awe-inspiring possibilities suggest themselves based on machine intelligence exceeding human intelligence by the year 2000 [one has the right to be skeptical]. (Lighthill, 1972, p. 17)
       4) Just as Astronomy Succeeded Astrology, the Discovery of Intellectual Processes in Machines Should Lead to a Science, Eventually
       Just as astronomy succeeded astrology, following Kepler's discovery of planetary regularities, the discoveries of these many principles in empirical explorations on intellectual processes in machines should lead to a science, eventually. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)
       Many problems arise in experiments on machine intelligence because things obvious to any person are not represented in any program. One can pull with a string, but one cannot push with one.... Simple facts like these caused serious problems when Charniak attempted to extend Bobrow's "Student" program to more realistic applications, and they have not been faced up to until now. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 77)
       What do we mean by [a symbolic] "description"? We do not mean to suggest that our descriptions must be made of strings of ordinary language words (although they might be). The simplest kind of description is a structure in which some features of a situation are represented by single ("primitive") symbols, and relations between those features are represented by other symbols-or by other features of the way the description is put together. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)
       [AI is] the use of computer programs and programming techniques to cast light on the principles of intelligence in general and human thought in particular. (Boden, 1977, p. 5)
       The word you look for and hardly ever see in the early AI literature is the word knowledge. They didn't believe you have to know anything, you could always rework it all.... In fact 1967 is the turning point in my mind when there was enough feeling that the old ideas of general principles had to go.... I came up with an argument for what I called the primacy of expertise, and at the time I called the other guys the generalists. (Moses, quoted in McCorduck, 1979, pp. 228-229)
       9) Artificial Intelligence Is Psychology in a Particularly Pure and Abstract Form
       The basic idea of cognitive science is that intelligent beings are semantic engines-in other words, automatic formal systems with interpretations under which they consistently make sense. We can now see why this includes psychology and artificial intelligence on a more or less equal footing: people and intelligent computers (if and when there are any) turn out to be merely different manifestations of the same underlying phenomenon. Moreover, with universal hardware, any semantic engine can in principle be formally imitated by a computer if only the right program can be found. And that will guarantee semantic imitation as well, since (given the appropriate formal behavior) the semantics is "taking care of itself" anyway. Thus we also see why, from this perspective, artificial intelligence can be regarded as psychology in a particularly pure and abstract form. The same fundamental structures are under investigation, but in AI, all the relevant parameters are under direct experimental control (in the programming), without any messy physiology or ethics to get in the way. (Haugeland, 1981b, p. 31)
       There are many different kinds of reasoning one might imagine:
        Formal reasoning involves the syntactic manipulation of data structures to deduce new ones following prespecified rules of inference. Mathematical logic is the archetypical formal representation. Procedural reasoning uses simulation to answer questions and solve problems. When we use a program to answer What is the sum of 3 and 4? it uses, or "runs," a procedural model of arithmetic. Reasoning by analogy seems to be a very natural mode of thought for humans but, so far, difficult to accomplish in AI programs. The idea is that when you ask the question Can robins fly? the system might reason that "robins are like sparrows, and I know that sparrows can fly, so robins probably can fly."
        Generalization and abstraction are also natural reasoning process for humans that are difficult to pin down well enough to implement in a program. If one knows that Robins have wings, that Sparrows have wings, and that Blue jays have wings, eventually one will believe that All birds have wings. This capability may be at the core of most human learning, but it has not yet become a useful technique in AI.... Meta- level reasoning is demonstrated by the way one answers the question What is Paul Newman's telephone number? You might reason that "if I knew Paul Newman's number, I would know that I knew it, because it is a notable fact." This involves using "knowledge about what you know," in particular, about the extent of your knowledge and about the importance of certain facts. Recent research in psychology and AI indicates that meta-level reasoning may play a central role in human cognitive processing. (Barr & Feigenbaum, 1981, pp. 146-147)
       Suffice it to say that programs already exist that can do things-or, at the very least, appear to be beginning to do things-which ill-informed critics have asserted a priori to be impossible. Examples include: perceiving in a holistic as opposed to an atomistic way; using language creatively; translating sensibly from one language to another by way of a language-neutral semantic representation; planning acts in a broad and sketchy fashion, the details being decided only in execution; distinguishing between different species of emotional reaction according to the psychological context of the subject. (Boden, 1981, p. 33)
       Can the synthesis of Man and Machine ever be stable, or will the purely organic component become such a hindrance that it has to be discarded? If this eventually happens-and I have... good reasons for thinking that it must-we have nothing to regret and certainly nothing to fear. (Clarke, 1984, p. 243)
       The thesis of GOFAI... is not that the processes underlying intelligence can be described symbolically... but that they are symbolic. (Haugeland, 1985, p. 113)
        14) Artificial Intelligence Provides a Useful Approach to Psychological and Psychiatric Theory Formation
       It is all very well formulating psychological and psychiatric theories verbally but, when using natural language (even technical jargon), it is difficult to recognise when a theory is complete; oversights are all too easily made, gaps too readily left. This is a point which is generally recognised to be true and it is for precisely this reason that the behavioural sciences attempt to follow the natural sciences in using "classical" mathematics as a more rigorous descriptive language. However, it is an unfortunate fact that, with a few notable exceptions, there has been a marked lack of success in this application. It is my belief that a different approach-a different mathematics-is needed, and that AI provides just this approach. (Hand, quoted in Hand, 1985, pp. 6-7)
       We might distinguish among four kinds of AI.
       Research of this kind involves building and programming computers to perform tasks which, to paraphrase Marvin Minsky, would require intelligence if they were done by us. Researchers in nonpsychological AI make no claims whatsoever about the psychological realism of their programs or the devices they build, that is, about whether or not computers perform tasks as humans do.
       Research here is guided by the view that the computer is a useful tool in the study of mind. In particular, we can write computer programs or build devices that simulate alleged psychological processes in humans and then test our predictions about how the alleged processes work. We can weave these programs and devices together with other programs and devices that simulate different alleged mental processes and thereby test the degree to which the AI system as a whole simulates human mentality. According to weak psychological AI, working with computer models is a way of refining and testing hypotheses about processes that are allegedly realized in human minds.
    ... According to this view, our minds are computers and therefore can be duplicated by other computers. Sherry Turkle writes that the "real ambition is of mythic proportions, making a general purpose intelligence, a mind." (Turkle, 1984, p. 240) The authors of a major text announce that "the ultimate goal of AI research is to build a person or, more humbly, an animal." (Charniak & McDermott, 1985, p. 7)
       Research in this field, like strong psychological AI, takes seriously the functionalist view that mentality can be realized in many different types of physical devices. Suprapsychological AI, however, accuses strong psychological AI of being chauvinisticof being only interested in human intelligence! Suprapsychological AI claims to be interested in all the conceivable ways intelligence can be realized. (Flanagan, 1991, pp. 241-242)
        16) Determination of Relevance of Rules in Particular Contexts
       Even if the [rules] were stored in a context-free form the computer still couldn't use them. To do that the computer requires rules enabling it to draw on just those [ rules] which are relevant in each particular context. Determination of relevance will have to be based on further facts and rules, but the question will again arise as to which facts and rules are relevant for making each particular determination. One could always invoke further facts and rules to answer this question, but of course these must be only the relevant ones. And so it goes. It seems that AI workers will never be able to get started here unless they can settle the problem of relevance beforehand by cataloguing types of context and listing just those facts which are relevant in each. (Dreyfus & Dreyfus, 1986, p. 80)
       Perhaps the single most important idea to artificial intelligence is that there is no fundamental difference between form and content, that meaning can be captured in a set of symbols such as a semantic net. (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)
        18) The Assumption That the Mind Is a Formal System
       Artificial intelligence is based on the assumption that the mind can be described as some kind of formal system manipulating symbols that stand for things in the world. Thus it doesn't matter what the brain is made of, or what it uses for tokens in the great game of thinking. Using an equivalent set of tokens and rules, we can do thinking with a digital computer, just as we can play chess using cups, salt and pepper shakers, knives, forks, and spoons. Using the right software, one system (the mind) can be mapped into the other (the computer). (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)
        19) A Statement of the Primary and Secondary Purposes of Artificial Intelligence
       The primary goal of Artificial Intelligence is to make machines smarter.
       The secondary goals of Artificial Intelligence are to understand what intelligence is (the Nobel laureate purpose) and to make machines more useful (the entrepreneurial purpose). (Winston, 1987, p. 1)
       The theoretical ideas of older branches of engineering are captured in the language of mathematics. We contend that mathematical logic provides the basis for theory in AI. Although many computer scientists already count logic as fundamental to computer science in general, we put forward an even stronger form of the logic-is-important argument....
       AI deals mainly with the problem of representing and using declarative (as opposed to procedural) knowledge. Declarative knowledge is the kind that is expressed as sentences, and AI needs a language in which to state these sentences. Because the languages in which this knowledge usually is originally captured (natural languages such as English) are not suitable for computer representations, some other language with the appropriate properties must be used. It turns out, we think, that the appropriate properties include at least those that have been uppermost in the minds of logicians in their development of logical languages such as the predicate calculus. Thus, we think that any language for expressing knowledge in AI systems must be at least as expressive as the first-order predicate calculus. (Genesereth & Nilsson, 1987, p. viii)
        21) Perceptual Structures Can Be Represented as Lists of Elementary Propositions
       In artificial intelligence studies, perceptual structures are represented as assemblages of description lists, the elementary components of which are propositions asserting that certain relations hold among elements. (Chase & Simon, 1988, p. 490)
       Artificial intelligence (AI) is sometimes defined as the study of how to build and/or program computers to enable them to do the sorts of things that minds can do. Some of these things are commonly regarded as requiring intelligence: offering a medical diagnosis and/or prescription, giving legal or scientific advice, proving theorems in logic or mathematics. Others are not, because they can be done by all normal adults irrespective of educational background (and sometimes by non-human animals too), and typically involve no conscious control: seeing things in sunlight and shadows, finding a path through cluttered terrain, fitting pegs into holes, speaking one's own native tongue, and using one's common sense. Because it covers AI research dealing with both these classes of mental capacity, this definition is preferable to one describing AI as making computers do "things that would require intelligence if done by people." However, it presupposes that computers could do what minds can do, that they might really diagnose, advise, infer, and understand. One could avoid this problematic assumption (and also side-step questions about whether computers do things in the same way as we do) by defining AI instead as "the development of computers whose observable performance has features which in humans we would attribute to mental processes." This bland characterization would be acceptable to some AI workers, especially amongst those focusing on the production of technological tools for commercial purposes. But many others would favour a more controversial definition, seeing AI as the science of intelligence in general-or, more accurately, as the intellectual core of cognitive science. As such, its goal is to provide a systematic theory that can explain (and perhaps enable us to replicate) both the general categories of intentionality and the diverse psychological capacities grounded in them. (Boden, 1990b, pp. 1-2)
       Because the ability to store data somewhat corresponds to what we call memory in human beings, and because the ability to follow logical procedures somewhat corresponds to what we call reasoning in human beings, many members of the cult have concluded that what computers do somewhat corresponds to what we call thinking. It is no great difficulty to persuade the general public of that conclusion since computers process data very fast in small spaces well below the level of visibility; they do not look like other machines when they are at work. They seem to be running along as smoothly and silently as the brain does when it remembers and reasons and thinks. On the other hand, those who design and build computers know exactly how the machines are working down in the hidden depths of their semiconductors. Computers can be taken apart, scrutinized, and put back together. Their activities can be tracked, analyzed, measured, and thus clearly understood-which is far from possible with the brain. This gives rise to the tempting assumption on the part of the builders and designers that computers can tell us something about brains, indeed, that the computer can serve as a model of the mind, which then comes to be seen as some manner of information processing machine, and possibly not as good at the job as the machine. (Roszak, 1994, pp. xiv-xv)
       The inner workings of the human mind are far more intricate than the most complicated systems of modern technology. Researchers in the field of artificial intelligence have been attempting to develop programs that will enable computers to display intelligent behavior. Although this field has been an active one for more than thirty-five years and has had many notable successes, AI researchers still do not know how to create a program that matches human intelligence. No existing program can recall facts, solve problems, reason, learn, and process language with human facility. This lack of success has occurred not because computers are inferior to human brains but rather because we do not yet know in sufficient detail how intelligence is organized in the brain. (Anderson, 1995, p. 2)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Artificial Intelligence

  • 75 Cognitive Science

       The basic idea of cognitive science is that intelligent beings are semantic engines-in other words, automatic formal systems with interpretations under which they consistently make sense.... [P]eople and intelligent computers turn out to be merely different manifestations of the same underlying phenomenon. (Haugeland, 1981b, p. 31)
       2) Experimental Psychology, Theoretical Linguistics, and Computational Simulation of Cognitive Processes Are All Components of Cognitive Science
       I went away from the Symposium with a strong conviction, more intuitive than rational, that human experimental psychology, theoretical linguistics, and computer simulation of cognitive processes were all pieces of a larger whole, and that the future would see progressive elaboration and coordination of their shared concerns.... I have been working toward a cognitive science for about twenty years beginning before I knew what to call it. (G. A. Miller, 1979, p. 9)
        Cognitive Science studies the nature of cognition in human beings, other animals, and inanimate machines (if such a thing is possible). While computers are helpful within cognitive science, they are not essential to its being. A science of cognition could still be pursued even without these machines.
        Computer Science studies various kinds of problems and the use of computers to solve them, without concern for the means by which we humans might otherwise resolve them. There could be no computer science if there were no machines of this kind, because they are indispensable to its being. Artificial Intelligence is a special branch of computer science that investigates the extent to which the mental powers of human beings can be captured by means of machines.
       There could be cognitive science without artificial intelligence but there could be no artificial intelligence without cognitive science. One final caveat: In the case of an emerging new discipline such as cognitive science there is an almost irresistible temptation to identify the discipline itself (as a field of inquiry) with one of the theories that inspired it (such as the computational conception...). This, however, is a mistake. The field of inquiry (or "domain") stands to specific theories as questions stand to possible answers. The computational conception should properly be viewed as a research program in cognitive science, where "research programs" are answers that continue to attract followers. (Fetzer, 1996, pp. xvi-xvii)
       What is the nature of knowledge and how is this knowledge used? These questions lie at the core of both psychology and artificial intelligence.
       The psychologist who studies "knowledge systems" wants to know how concepts are structured in the human mind, how such concepts develop, and how they are used in understanding and behavior. The artificial intelligence researcher wants to know how to program a computer so that it can understand and interact with the outside world. The two orientations intersect when the psychologist and the computer scientist agree that the best way to approach the problem of building an intelligent machine is to emulate the human conceptual mechanisms that deal with language.... The name "cognitive science" has been used to refer to this convergence of interests in psychology and artificial intelligence....
       This working partnership in "cognitive science" does not mean that psychologists and computer scientists are developing a single comprehensive theory in which people are no different from machines. Psychology and artificial intelligence have many points of difference in methods and goals.... We simply want to work on an important area of overlapping interest, namely a theory of knowledge systems. As it turns out, this overlap is substantial. For both people and machines, each in their own way, there is a serious problem in common of making sense out of what they hear, see, or are told about the world. The conceptual apparatus necessary to perform even a partial feat of understanding is formidable and fascinating. (Schank & Abelson, 1977, pp. 1-2)
       Within the last dozen years a general change in scientific outlook has occurred, consonant with the point of view represented here. One can date the change roughly from 1956: in psychology, by the appearance of Bruner, Goodnow, and Austin's Study of Thinking and George Miller's "The Magical Number Seven"; in linguistics, by Noam Chomsky's "Three Models of Language"; and in computer science, by our own paper on the Logic Theory Machine. (Newell & Simon, 1972, p. 4)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Cognitive Science

  • 76 дистанционное техническое обслуживание

    1. remote sevice
    2. remote maintenance

     

    дистанционное техническое обслуживание
    Техническое обслуживание объекта, проводимое под управлением персонала без его непосредственного присутствия.
    [ОСТ 45.152-99 ]

    Параллельные тексты EN-RU из ABB Review. Перевод компании Интент

    Service from afar

    Дистанционный сервис

    ABB’s Remote Service concept is revolutionizing the robotics industry

    Разработанная АББ концепция дистанционного обслуживания Remote Service революционизирует робототехнику

    ABB robots are found in industrial applications everywhere – lifting, packing, grinding and welding, to name a few. Robust and tireless, they work around the clock and are critical to a company’s productivity. Thus, keeping these robots in top shape is essential – any failure can lead to serious output consequences. But what happens when a robot malfunctions?

    Роботы АББ используются во всех отраслях промышленности для перемещения грузов, упаковки, шлифовки, сварки – всего и не перечислить. Надежные и неутомимые работники, способные трудиться день и ночь, они представляют большую ценность для владельца. Поэтому очень важно поддерживать их в надлежащей состоянии, ведь любой отказ может иметь серьезные последствия. Но что делать, если робот все-таки сломался?

    ABB’s new Remote Service concept holds the answer: This approach enables a malfunctioning robot to alarm for help itself. An ABB service engineer then receives whole diagnostic information via wireless technology, analyzes the data on a Web site and responds with support in just minutes. This unique service is paying off for customers and ABB alike, and in the process is revolutionizing service thinking.

    Ответом на этот вопрос стала новая концепция Remote Service от АББ, согласно которой неисправный робот сам просит о помощи. C помощью беспроводной технологии специалист сервисной службы АББ получает всю необходимую диагностическую информацию, анализирует данные на web-сайте и через считанные минуты выдает рекомендации по устранению отказа. Эта уникальная возможность одинаково ценна как для заказчиков, так и для самой компании АББ. В перспективе она способна в корне изменить весь подход к организации технического обслуживания.

    Every minute of production downtime can have financially disastrous consequences for a company. Traditional reactive service is no longer sufficient since on-site service engineer visits also demand great amounts of time and money. Thus, companies not only require faster help from the service organization when needed but they also want to avoid disturbances in production.

    Каждая минута простоя производства может привести к губительным финансовым последствиям. Традиционная организация сервиса, предусматривающая ликвидацию возникающих неисправностей, становится все менее эффективной, поскольку вызов сервисного инженера на место эксплуатации робота сопряжен с большими затратами времени и денег. Предприятия требуют от сервисной организации не только более быстрого оказания помощи, но и предотвращения возможных сбоев производства.

    In 2006, ABB developed a new approach to better meet customer’s expectations: Using the latest technologies to reach the robots at customer sites around the world, ABB could support them remotely in just minutes, thereby reducing the need for site visits. Thus the new Remote Service concept was quickly brought to fruition and was launched in mid-2007. Statistics show that by using the system the majority of production stoppages can be avoided.

    В 2006 г. компания АББ разработала новый подход к удовлетворению ожиданий своих заказчиков. Использование современных технологий позволяет специалистам АББ получать информацию от роботов из любой точки мира и в считанные минуты оказывать помощь дистанционно, в результате чего сокращается количество выездов на место установки. Запущенная в середине 2007 г. концепция Remote Service быстро себя оправдала. Статистика показывает, что её применение позволило предотвратить большое число остановок производства.

    Reactive maintenance The hardware that makes ABB Remote Service possible consists of a communication unit, which has a function similar to that of an airplane’s so-called black box 1. This “service box” is connected to the robot’s control system and can read and transmit diagnostic information. The unit not only reads critical diagnostic information that enables immediate support in the event of a failure, but also makes it possible to monitor and analyze the robot’s condition, thereby proactively detecting the need for maintenance.

    Устранение возникающих неисправностей Аппаратное устройство, с помощью которого реализуется концепция Remote Service, представляет собой коммуникационный блок, работающий аналогично черному ящику самолета (рис. 1). Этот блок считывает диагностические данные из контроллера робота и передает их по каналу GSM. Считывается не только информация, необходимая для оказания немедленной помощи в случае отказа, но и сведения, позволяющие контролировать и анализировать состояние робота для прогнозирования неисправностей и планирования технического обслуживания.

    If the robot breaks down, the service box immediately stores the status of the robot, its historical data (as log files), and diagnostic parameters such as temperature and power supply. Equipped with a built-in modem and using the GSM network, the box transmits the data to a central server for analysis and presentation on a dedicated Web site. Alerts are automatically sent to the nearest of ABB’s 1,200 robot service engineers who then accesses the detailed data and error log to analyze the problem.

    При поломке робота сервисный блок немедленно сохраняет данные о его состоянии, сведения из рабочего журнала, а также значения диагностических параметров (температура и характеристики питания). Эти данные передаются встроенным GSM-модемом на центральный сервер для анализа и представления на соответствующем web-сайте. Аварийные сообщения автоматически пересылаются ближайшему к месту аварии одному из 1200 сервисных инженеров-робототехников АББ, который получает доступ к детальной информации и журналу аварий для анализа возникшей проблемы.

    A remotely based ABB engineer can then quickly identify the exact fault, offering rapid customer support. For problems that cannot be solved remotely, the service engineer can arrange for quick delivery of spare parts and visit the site to repair the robot. Even if the engineer must make a site visit, service is faster, more efficient and performed to a higher standard than otherwise possible.

    Специалист АББ может дистанционно идентифицировать отказ и оказать быструю помощь заказчику. Если неисправность не может быть устранена дистанционно, сервисный инженер организовывает доставку запасных частей и выезд ремонтной бригады. Даже если необходимо разрешение проблемы на месте, предшествующая дистанционная диагностика позволяет минимизировать объем работ и сократить время простоя.

    Remote Service enables engineers to “talk” to robots remotely and to utilize tools that enable smart, fast and automatic analysis. The system is based on a machine-to-machine (M2M) concept, which works automatically, requiring human input only for analysis and personalized customer recommendations. ABB was recognized for this innovative solution at the M2M United Conference in Chicago in 2008 Factbox.

    Remote Service позволяет инженерам «разговаривать» с роботами на расстоянии и предоставляет в их распоряжение интеллектуальные средства быстрого автоматизированного анализа. Система основана на основе технологии автоматической связи машины с машиной (M2M), где участие человека сводится к анализу данных и выдаче рекомендаций клиенту. В 2008 г. это инновационное решение от АББ получило приз на конференции M2M United Conference в Чикаго (см. вставку).

    Proactive maintenance 
    Remote Service also allows ABB engineers to monitor and detect potential problems in the robot system and opens up new possibilities for proactive maintenance.

    Прогнозирование неисправностей
    Remote Service позволяет инженерам АББ дистанционно контролировать состояние роботов и прогнозировать возможные неисправности, что открывает новые возможности по организации профилактического обслуживания.

    The service box regularly takes condition measurements. By monitoring key parameters over time, Remote Service can identify potential failures and when necessary notify both the end customer and the appropriate ABB engineer. The management and storage of full system backups is a very powerful service to help recover from critical situations caused, for example, by operator errors.

    Сервисный блок регулярно выполняет диагностические измерения. Непрерывно контролируя ключевые параметры, Remote Service может распознать потенциальные опасности и, при необходимости, оповещать владельца оборудования и соответствующего специалиста АББ. Резервирование данных для возможного отката является мощным средством, обеспечивающим восстановление системы в критических ситуациях, например, после ошибки оператора.

    The first Remote Service installation took place in the automotive industry in the United States and quickly proved its value. The motherboard in a robot cabinet overheated and the rise in temperature triggered an alarm via Remote Service. Because of the alarm, engineers were able to replace a faulty fan, preventing a costly production shutdown.

    Первая система Remote Service была установлена на автозаводе в США и очень скоро была оценена по достоинству. Она обнаружила перегрев материнской платы в шкафу управления роботом и передала сигнал о превышении допустимой температуры, благодаря чему инженеры смогли заменить неисправный вентилятор и предотвратить дорогостоящую остановку производства.

    MyRobot: 24-hour remote access
    Having regular access to a robot’s condition data is also essential to achieving lean production. At any time, from any location, customers can verify their robots’ status and access maintenance information and performance reports simply by logging in to ABB’s MyRobot Web site. The service enables customers to easily compare performances, identify bottlenecks or developing issues, and initiate the most

    Сайт MyRobot: круглосуточный дистанционный доступ
    Для того чтобы обеспечить бесперебойное производство, необходимо иметь регулярный доступ к информации о состоянии робота. Зайдя на соответствующую страницу сайта MyRobot компании АББ, заказчики получат все необходимые данные, включая сведения о техническом обслуживании и отчеты о производительности своего робота. Эта услуга позволяет легко сравнивать данные о производительности, обнаруживать возможные проблемы, а также оптимизировать планирование технического обслуживания и модернизации. С помощью MyRobot можно значительно увеличить выпуск продукции и уменьшить количество выбросов.

    Award-winning solution
    In June 2008, the innovative Remote Service solution won the Gold Value Chain award at the M2M United Conference in Chicago. The value chain award honors successful corporate adopters of M2M (machine–to-machine) technology and highlights the process of combining multiple technologies to deliver high-quality services to customers. ABB won in the categoryof Smart Services.

    Приз за удачное решение
    В июне 2008 г. инновационное решение Remote Service получило награду Gold Value Chain (Золотая цепь) на конференции M2M United Conference в Чикаго. «Золотая цепь» присуждается за успешное масштабное внедрение технологии M2M (машина – машина), а также за достижения в объединении различных технологий для предоставления высококачественных услуг заказчикам. АББ одержала победу в номинации «Интеллектуальный сервис».

    Case study: Tetley Tetley GB Ltd is the world’s second-largest manufacturer and distributor of tea. The company’s manufacturing and distribution business is spread across 40 countries and sells over 60 branded tea bags. Tetley’s UK tea production facility in Eaglescliffe, County Durham is the sole producer of Tetley tea bags 2.

    Пример применения: Tetley Компания TetleyGB Ltd является вторым по величине мировым производителем и поставщиком чая. Производственные и торговые филиалы компании имеются в 40 странах, а продукция распространяется под 60 торговыми марками. Чаеразвесочная фабрика в Иглсклифф, графство Дарем, Великобритания – единственный производитель чая Tetley в пакетиках (рис. 2).

    ABB offers a flexible choice of service agreements for both new and existing robot installations, which can help extend the mean time between failures, shorten the time to repair and lower the cost of automated production.

    Предлагаемые АББ контракты на выполнение технического обслуживания как уже имеющихся, так и вновь устанавливаемых роботов, позволяют значительно увеличить среднюю наработку на отказ, сократить время ремонта и общую стоимость автоматизированного производства.

    Robots in the plant’s production line were tripping alarms and delaying the whole production cycle. The spurious alarms resulted in much unnecessary downtime that was spent resetting the robots in the hope that another breakdown could be avoided. Each time an alarm was tripped, several hours of production time was lost. “It was for this reason that we were keen to try out ABB’s Remote Service agreement,” said Colin Trevor, plant maintenance manager.

    Установленные в технологической линии роботы выдавали аварийные сигналы, задерживающие выполнение производственного цикла. Ложные срабатывания вынуждали перезапускать роботов в надежде предотвратить возможные отказы, в результате чего после каждого аварийного сигнала производство останавливалось на несколько часов. «Именно поэтому мы решили попробовать заключить с АББ контракт на дистанционное техническое обслуживание», – сказал Колин Тревор, начальник технической службы фабрики.

    To prevent future disruptions caused by unplanned downtime, Tetley signed an ABB Response Package service agreement, which included installing a service box and system infrastructure into the robot control systems. Using the Remote Service solution, ABB remotely monitors and collects data on the “wear and tear” and productivity of the robotic cells; this data is then shared with the customer and contributes to smooth-running production cycles.

    Для предотвращения ущерба в результате незапланированных простоев Tetley заключила с АББ контракт на комплексное обслуживание Response Package, согласно которому системы управления роботами были дооборудованы сервисными блоками с необходимой инфраструктурой. С помощью Remote Service компания АББ дистанционно собирает данные о наработке, износе и производительности роботизированных модулей. Эти данные предоставляются заказчику для оптимизации загрузки производственного оборудования.

    Higher production uptime
    Since the implementation of Remote Service, Tetley has enjoyed greatly reduced robot downtime, with no further disruptions caused by unforeseen problems. “The Remote Service package has dramatically changed the plant,” said Trevor. “We no longer have breakdown issues throughout the shift, helping us to achieve much longer periods of robot uptime. As we have learned, world-class manufacturing facilities need world-class support packages. Remote monitoring of our robots helps us to maintain machine uptime, prevent costly downtime and ensures my employees can be put to more valuable use.”

    Увеличение полезного времени
    С момента внедрения Remote Service компания Tetley была приятно удивлена резким сокращением простоя роботов и отсутствием незапланированных остановок производства. «Пакет Remote Service резко изменил ситуацию на предприятии», – сказал Тревор. «Мы избавились от простоев роботов и смогли резко увеличить их эксплуатационную готовность. Мы поняли, что для производственного оборудования мирового класса необходим сервисный пакет мирового класса. Дистанционный контроль роботов помогает нам поддерживать их в рабочем состоянии, предотвращать дорогостоящие простои и задействовать наш персонал для выполнения более важных задач».

    Service access
    Remote Service is available worldwide, connecting more than 500 robots. Companies that have up to 30 robots are often good candidates for the Remote Service offering, as they usually have neither the engineers nor the requisite skills to deal with robotics faults themselves. Larger companies are also enthusiastic about Remote Service, as the proactive services will improve the lifetime of their equipment and increase overall production uptime.

    Доступность сервиса
    Сеть Remote Service охватывает более 700 роботов по всему миру. Потенциальными заказчиками Remote Service являются компании, имеющие до 30 роботов, но не имеющие инженеров и техников, способных самостоятельно устранять их неисправности. Интерес к Remote Service проявляют и более крупные компании, поскольку они заинтересованы в увеличении срока службы и эксплуатационной готовности производственного оборудования.

    In today’s competitive environment, business profitability often relies on demanding production schedules that do not always leave time for exhaustive or repeated equipment health checks. ABB’s Remote Service agreements are designed to monitor its customers’ robots to identify when problems are likely to occur and ensure that help is dispatched before the problem can escalate. In over 60 percent of ABB’s service calls, its robots can be brought back online remotely, without further intervention.

    В условиях современной конкуренции окупаемость бизнеса часто зависит от соблюдения жестких графиков производства, не оставляющих времени для полномасштабных или периодических проверок исправности оборудования. Контракт Remote Service предусматривает мониторинг состояния роботов заказчика для прогнозирования возможных неисправностей и принятие мер по их предотвращению. В более чем 60 % случаев для устранения неисправности достаточно дистанционной консультации в сервисной службе АББ, дальнейшего вмешательства не требуется.

    ABB offers a flexible choice of service agreements for both new and existing robot installations, which helps extend the mean time between failures, shorten the time to repair and lower the total cost of ownership. With four new packages available – Support, Response, Maintenance and Warranty, each backed up by ABB’s Remote Service technology – businesses can minimize the impact of unplanned downtime and achieve improved production-line efficiency.

    Компания АББ предлагает гибкий выбор контрактов на выполнение технического обслуживания как уже имеющихся, так и вновь устанавливаемых роботов, которые позволяют значительно увеличить среднюю наработку на отказ, сократить время ремонта и эксплуатационные расходы. Четыре новых пакета на основе технологии Remote Service – Support, Response, Maintenance и Warranty – позволяют минимизировать внеплановые простои и значительно повысить эффективность производства.

    The benefits of Remote Sevice are clear: improved availability, fewer service visits, lower maintenance costs and maximized total cost of ownership. This unique service sets ABB apart from its competitors and is the beginning of a revolution in service thinking. It provides ABB with a great opportunity to improve customer access to its expertise and develop more advanced services worldwide.

    Преимущества дистанционного технического обслуживания очевидны: повышенная надежность, уменьшение выездов ремонтных бригад, уменьшение затрат на обслуживание и общих эксплуатационных расходов. Эта уникальная услуга дает компании АББ преимущества над конкурентами и демонстрирует революционный подход к организации сервиса. Благодаря ей компания АББ расширяет доступ заказчиков к опыту своих специалистов и получает возможность более эффективного оказания технической помощи по всему миру.

    Тематики

    • тех. обсл. и ремонт средств электросвязи

    Обобщающие термины

    EN

    Русско-английский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > дистанционное техническое обслуживание

  • 77 разрабатывать

    1) age

    2) develop
    3) stabilize
    – разрабатывать конструкцию
    – разрабатывать проблему

    разрабатывать проблему методами — attack problem by methods

    Русско-английский технический словарь > разрабатывать

  • 78 единственная оставшаяся проблема

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > единственная оставшаяся проблема

  • 79 У-71

    ЗЕЛЁНАЯ УЛИЦА NP sing only fixed WO
    1. a clear path, without obstacles or delays (along which a vehicle can move, a project can develop, a plan can be implemented etc): a green light all the way
    clear passage.
    «Приношу (в издательство) рецензии (на свою брошюру) от светил, - это не проблема. За меня хватаются. Тут же - в план. Зеленая улица» (Зиновьев 2). "I submit (to the publishers) a few testimonials (for my pamphlet) from leading lights-that's no problem. I've got plenty of them. And they immediately include me in their publishing plan. It's a green light all the way" (2a).
    2. obs a punishment in the Imperial army by which the offending soldier was forced to run between two rows of soldiers who beat him with rods as he ran: (run (make s.o. run)) the gauntlet.

    Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > У-71

  • 80 важно

    it is important, it is essential, of importance
    • В инженерном проектировании жизненно важно... - In engineering design, it is vital to...
    • Важно добавить, что... - It is important to add that...
    • Важно иметь в виду, что... - It is important to keep in mind that...
    • Важно иметь реальный взгляд на... - It is essential to have a realistic view of...
    • Важно использовать... - The use of... is essential...
    • Важно принять, что... - It is important to appreciate that...
    • Важно то, что... - An important point is that...
    • Возможно, что это более важно в контексте... - This is perhaps more significant in the context of...
    • Вот почему так важно... - This is why it is so important to...
    • Для дальнейшего важно понять, что... - Because of what follows it is important to realize that...
    • На практике чрезвычайно важно быть способным... - It is of great practical importance to be able to...
    • Особенно важно... - It is particularly important to...
    • Очень важно, что... - It is of great importance that...
    • При любых условиях важно, чтобы... - Whatever the conditions, it is vital that...
    • При решении данной задачи важно заметить, что... - In solving this problem it is important to notice that...
    • Следовательно, важно иметь возможность определить, действительно ли... - It is therefore important to be able to determine whether...
    • Следовательно, чрезвычайно важно развить (теорию и т. п.)... - It is therefore of great value to develop...
    • Также жизненно важно... - Also it is vitally important to...
    • Таким образом, важно узнать основные свойства... - Thus, it is important to understand the basic properties of...
    • Чрезвычайно важно, что... - It is very significant that...
    • Что важно в любом из этих случаев, это... - What is important in either case is that...
    • Важно, что... - It is significant that...
    • Это не важно, (является ли и т. п.)... - It is immaterial whether...
    • Это открытие было важно вследствие того, что... - This discovery was notable for the fact that...

    Русско-английский словарь научного общения > важно

Страницы

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  • Problem Frames Approach — Problem Analysis or the Problem Frames Approach is an approach to software requirements analysis. It was developed by British software consultant Michael A. Jackson. The Problem Frames Approach was first sketched by Jackson in his book Software… …   Wikipedia

  • problem-solving — UK US noun [uncountable] the process of finding solutions to problems Thesaurus: ways of solving problemssynonym * * * noun [noncount] : the process or act of finding a solution to a problem Let s do some problem solving and see if we can t… …   Useful english dictionary

  • develop — de|vel|op W1S3 [dıˈveləp] v ▬▬▬▬▬▬▬ 1¦(grow)¦ 2¦(new idea/product)¦ 3¦(feeling)¦ 4¦(skill/ability)¦ 5¦(disease)¦ 6¦(fault/problem)¦ 7¦(problem/difficulty)¦ 8¦(idea/argument)¦ 9¦(land)¦ 10¦(photography)¦ …   Dictionary of contemporary English

  • develop */*/*/ — UK [dɪˈveləp] / US verb Word forms develop : present tense I/you/we/they develop he/she/it develops present participle developing past tense developed past participle developed Get it right: develop: Don t write the ed and ing forms of develop… …   English dictionary

  • develop — de|vel|op [ dı veləp ] verb *** ▸ 1 grow/change ▸ 2 be affected by/affect ▸ 3 improve/create ▸ 4 use land for something ▸ 5 prepare photograph 1. ) intransitive if people, animals, or plants develop, they change or grow as they get older: All… …   Usage of the words and phrases in modern English

  • develop — [[t]dɪve̱ləp[/t]] ♦ develops, developing, developed 1) VERB When something develops, it grows or changes over a period of time and usually becomes more advanced, complete, or severe. As children develop, some of the most important things they… …   English dictionary

  • develop — verb 1 GROW (I, T) to grow or gradually change into a larger, stronger, or more advanced state, or to make someone or something do this: Children develop very rapidly. (+ into): James has developed into a charming young man. (+ from): In less… …   Longman dictionary of contemporary English

  • Problem of evil — Part of a series on God General conceptions …   Wikipedia

  • problem — {{Roman}}I.{{/Roman}} noun 1 sth that causes difficulties ADJECTIVE ▪ acute, big, enormous, grave, great, huge, important, major, serious, significant …   Collocations dictionary

  • develop*/*/*/ — [dɪˈveləp] verb 1) [I/T] to change, grow, or improve, or to make something grow, change, or improve All children develop at different rates.[/ex] The area is working to develop its tourist industry.[/ex] As the economy developed, social change… …   Dictionary for writing and speaking English

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