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81 Egerton, Francis, 3rd Duke of Bridgewater
SUBJECT AREA: Ports and shipping[br]b. 21 May 1736d. 9 March 1803 London, England[br]English entrepreneur, described as the "father of British inland navigation".[br]Francis Egerton was the younger of the two surviving sons of Scroop, 1st Duke of Bridgewater, and on the death of his brother, the 2nd Duke, he succeeded to the title in 1748. Until that time he had received little or no education as his mother considered him to be of feeble intellect. His guardians, the Duke of Bedford and Lord Trentham, decided he should be given an opportunity and sent him to Eton in 1749. He remained there for three years and then went on the "grand tour" of Europe. During this period he saw the Canal du Midi, though whether this was the spark that ignited his interest in canals is hard to say. On his return to England he indulged in the social round in London and raced at Newmarket. After two unsuccessful attempts at marriage he retired to Lancashire to further his mining interests at Worsley, where the construction of a canal to Manchester was already being considered. In fact, the Act for the Bridgewater Canal had been passed at the time he left London. John Gilbert, his land agent at Worsley, encouraged the Duke to pursue the canal project, which had received parliamentary approval in March 1759. Brindley had been recommended on account of his work at Trentham, the estate of the Duke's brother-in-law, and Brindley was consulted and subsequently appointed Engineer; the canal opened on 17 July 1761. This was immediately followed by an extension project from Longford Brook to Runcorn to improve communications between Manchester and Liverpool; this was completed on 31 December 1772, after Brindley's death. The Duke also invested heavily in the Trent \& Mersey Canal, but his interests were confined to his mines and the completed canals for the rest of his life.It is said that he lacked a sense of humour and even refused to read books. He was untidy in his dress and habits yet he was devoted to the Worsley undertakings. When travelling to Worsley he would have his coach placed on a barge so that he could inspect the canal during the journey. He amassed a great fortune from his various activities, but when he died, instead of leaving his beloved canal to the beneficiaries under his will, he created a trust to ensure that the canal would endure; the trust did not expire until 1903. The Duke is commemorated by a large Corinthian pillar, which is now in the care of the National Trust, in the grounds of his mansion at Ashridge, Hertfordshire.[br]Further ReadingH.Malet, 1961, The Canal Duke, Dawlish: David \& Charles.JHBBiographical history of technology > Egerton, Francis, 3rd Duke of Bridgewater
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82 Henry, Joseph
[br]b. 17 December 1797 Albany, New York, USAd. 13 May 1878 Washington, DC, USA[br]American scientist after whom the unit of inductance is named.[br]Sent to stay with relatives at the age of 6 because of the illness of his father, when the latter died in 1811 Henry was apprenticed to a silversmith and then turned to the stage. Whilst he was ill himself, a book on science fired his interest and he began studying at Albany Academy, working as a tutor to finance his studies. Initially intending to pursue medicine, he then spent some time as a surveyor before becoming Professor of Mathematics and Natural Philosophy at Albany Academy in 1826. There he became interested in the improvement of electromagnets and discovered that the use of an increased number of turns of wire round the core greatly increased their power; by 1831 he was able to supply to Yale a magnet capable of lifting almost a ton weight. During this time he also discovered the principles of magnetic induction and self-inductance. In the same year he made, but did not patent, a cable telegraph system capable of working over a distance of 1 mile (1.6 km). It was at this time, too, that he found that adiabatic expansion of gases led to their sudden cooling, thus paving the way for the development of refrigerators. For this he was recommended for, but never received, the Copley Medal of the Royal Society. Five years later he became Professor of Natural Philosophy at New Jersey College (later Princeton University), where he deduced the laws governing the operation of transformers and observed that changes in magnetic flux induced electric currents in conductors. Later he also observed that spark discharges caused electrical effects at a distance. He therefore came close to the discovery of radio waves. In 1836 he was granted a year's leave of absence and travelled to Europe, where he was able to meet Michael Faraday. It was with his help that in 1844 Samuel Morse set up the first patented electric telegraph, but, sadly, the latter seems to have reaped all the credit and financial rewards. In 1846 he became the first secretary of the Washington Smithsonian Institute and did much to develop government support for scientific research. As a result of his efforts some 500 telegraph stations across the country were equipped with meteorological equipment to supply weather information by telegraph to a central location, a facility that eventually became the US National Weather Bureau. From 1852 he was a member of the Lighthouse Board, contributing to improvements in lighting and sound warning systems and becoming its chairman in 1871. During the Civil War he was a technical advisor to President Lincoln. He was a founder of the National Academy of Science and served as its President for eleven years.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsPresident, American Association for the Advancement of Science 1849. President, National Academy of Science 1893–1904. In 1893, to honour his work on induction, the International Congress of Electricians adopted the henry as the unit of inductance.Bibliography1824. "On the chemical and mechanical effects of steam". 1825. "The production of cold by the rarefaction of air".1832, "On the production of currents \& sparks of electricity \& magnetism", AmericanJournal of Science 22:403."Theory of the so-called imponderables", Proceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of Science 6:84.Further ReadingSmithsonian Institution, 1886, Joseph Henry, Scientific Writings, Washington DC.KF -
83 Jacobi, Moritz Hermann von
SUBJECT AREA: Electricity[br]b. 21 September 1801 Potsdam, Germanyd. 27 February 1874 St Petersburg, Russia[br]German scientist who developed one of the first practical electric motors.[br]After studying architecture at Göttingen University, Jacobi turned his attention to physics and chemistry. In 1835 he was appointed a professor of civil engineering at the University of Dorpat (which later assumed the Estonian name of Tartu). Later, moving to St Petersburg, he became a member of the Imperial Academy of Sciences and commenced research on electricity and its practical applications. In December 1834 Jacobi presented a paper to the Academy of Sciences in Paris in which he stated that he had obtained rotation by electromagnetic methods in May of that year. Tsar Nicholas of Russia gave him a grant to prove that his electric motor had a practical application. Jacobi had a boat constructed that measured 28 ft in length and was propelled by paddles connected to an electric motor of his own design. Powered by Grove cells, it carried about fourteen passengers at a speed of almost 3 mph (5 km/h) on the River Neva. The weight of and possibly the fumes from the batteries contributed to the abandonment of the project. In 1839 Jacobi introduced electrotyping, i.e. the reproduction of forms by electrodeposition, which was one of the first commercial applications of electricity. In 1840 he reported the results of his investigations into the power of the electromagnet as a function of various parameters to the British Association.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsMember, Imperial Academy of Sciences, St Petersburg, 1847.BibliographyJacobi's papers are listed in Catalogue of Scientific Papers, 1868, Vol. III, London: Royal Society, pp. 517–18.1837, Annals of Electricity 1:408–15 and 419–44 (describes his motor).Further ReadingBiography, 1876, Bulletin de l'Académie imperiale des sciences de St Petersburg 21:262–79.E.H.Huntress, 1951, in Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 79: 22–3 (a short biography).B.Bowers, 1982, A History of Electric Light and Power, London.GWBiographical history of technology > Jacobi, Moritz Hermann von
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84 Koch, Robert
SUBJECT AREA: Medical technology[br]b. 11 December 1843 Clausthal, Hannover, Germanyd. 28 May 1910 Baden-Baden, Germany[br]German bacteriologist and innovator of many bacteriological techniques, including the process of bacteria-free water filtration and the introduction of solid cultivation media.[br]Koch studied medicine at Gottingen and graduated MD in 1866. He served in the war of 1870, and in 1872 was appointed Medical Officer at Wollstein. It was there that he commenced his bacteriological researches which led to numerous technical advances and the culture of the anthrax bacillus in 1876.Appointed in 1880 to the Imperial Health Office in Berlin, he perfected his methods and was appointed Professor of Hygiene in the University of Berlin in 1885. From 1886 he was editor of the Zeitschrift für Hygiene und Infektionskrank-heiten, which was published in Leipzig. In 1891 he became Director of the Institute for Infectious Diseases, founded for him in Berlin. He had already discovered the tubercle bacillus in 1882 and the cholera vibrio in 1883. He travelled extensively in India, Africa and South Africa in connection with research into bubonic plague, malaria, rinderpest and sleeping sickness. His name will always be associated with Koch's postulates, the propositions which need to be satisfied before attributing a disease to a specific infective agent.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsNobel Prize for Medicine or Physiology 1905.Bibliography1877, "Verfahrungen zur Untersuchung zum Conservieren und Photographieren der Bacterien", Beitr. Biol. Pflanzen.Further ReadingM.Kirchner, 1924, Robert Koch.MG -
85 Korolov (Korolyev), Sergei Pavlovich
SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace[br]b. 12 January 1907 (30 December 1906 Old Style) Zhitomir, Ukrained. 14 January 1966 Moscow, Russia[br]Russian engineer and designer of air-and spacecraft.[br]His early life was spent in the Ukraine and he then studied at Tupolev's aeroplane institute in Moscow. In the mid-1930s, just before his thirtieth birthday, he joined the GIRD (Group Studying Rocket Propulsion) under Frederick Zander, a Latvian engineer, while earning a living designing aircraft in Tupolev's bureau. In 1934 he visited Konstantin Tsiolovsky. Soon after this, under the Soviet Armaments Minister, Mikhail N.Tukhachevsky, who was in favour of rocket weapons, financial support was available for the GIRD and Korolov was appointed General-Engineer (1-star) in the Soviet Army. In June 1937 the Armaments Minister and his whole staff were arrested under Stalin, but Korolov was saved by Tupolev and sent to a sharaska, or prison, near Moscow where he worked for four years on rocket-and jet-propelled aircraft, among other things. In 1946 he went with his superior, Valentin Glushko, to Germany where he watched the British test-firing of possibly three V-2s at Altenwaide, near Cuxhaven, in "Operation Backfire". They were not allowed within the wire enclosure. He remained in Germany to supervise the shipment of V-2 equipment and staff to Russia (it is possible that he underwent a second term of imprisonment from 1948), the Germans having been arrested in October 1946. He kept working in Russia until 1950 or the following year. He supervised the first Russian ballistic missile, R-1, in late 1947. Stalin died in 1953 and Korolov was rehabilitated, but freedom under Nikita Kruschev was almost as restrictive as imprisonment under Stalin. Kruschev would only refer to him as "the Chief Designer", never naming him, and would not let him go abroad or correspond with other rocket experts in the USA or Germany. Anything he published could only be under the name "Sergeyev". He continued to work on his R-7 without the approval that he sought for a satellite project. This was known as semyorka, or "old number seven". In January 1959 he added a booster stage to semyorka. He may have suffered confinement in the infamous Kolyma Gulag around this time. He designed all the Sputnik, Vostok and some of the Voshkod units and worked on the Proton space booster. In 1966 he underwent surgery performed by Dr Boris Petrovsky, then Soviet Minister of Health, for the removal, it is said, of tumours of the colon. In spite of the assistance of Dr Aleksandr Vishaevsky he bled to death on the operating table. The first moon landing (by robot) took place three weeks after his death and the first flight of the new Soyuz spacecraft a little later.[br]Further ReadingY.Golanov, 1975, Sergey Korolev. The Appren-ticeship of a Space Pioneer, Moscow: Mir.A.Romanov, 1976, Spacecraft Designers, Moscow: Novosti Press Agency. J.E.Oberg, 1981, Red Star in Orbit, New York: Random House.IMcNBiographical history of technology > Korolov (Korolyev), Sergei Pavlovich
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86 Lebon, Philippe
SUBJECT AREA: Public utilities[br]b. 29 May 1767 Bruchey, near Joinville, Franced. 2 December 1804 Paris, France[br]French pioneer of gas lighting.[br]Lebon was the son of a court official under Louis XV. He entered the Ecole des Ponts et Chaussées and graduated in 1792, by which time he had acquired a considerable reputation as a scientific engineer. He is credited with the invention of the firetube steam boiler and of the superheater, and he also devised an engine to work by gas, but from 1792 until his untimely death he worked mainly on his experiments to produce an inflammable gas for lighting purposes. He submitted a paper on the subject in 1799 to the Institut National and received a patent in the same year. The patent covers the detailed making and application of gas for light, heat and power, and the recovery of by-products. It describes the production of the gas by the carbonization of coal, although Lebon in feet used only wood gas for his experiments and demonstrations. He began demonstrations in a private house in Paris, but these attracted little attention. He achieved wider public interest when he moved to the Hôtel Seignelay, where he started a series of public demonstrations in 1801, but he attracted little profit, and in fact lost his money in his experiments. He then set up a plant near Rouen to manufacture wood tar, but his career was brought to an end by his brutal murder in the Champs Elysées in Paris. William Murdock was working along similar lines in England, although Lebon knew nothing of his experiments. The German entrepreneur F.A. Winsor visited Lebon and managed to discover the essentials of his processes, which he turned to good account in England with the founding of the Gas, Light \& Coke Company.[br]Further ReadingS.T.McCloy, 1952, French Inventors of the Eighteenth Century.A.Fayol, 1943, Philippe Lebon et le gaz d'éclair-age.LRD -
87 Petty, Sir William
SUBJECT AREA: Medical technology[br]b. 26 May 1623 Romsey, Hampshire, Englandd. 16 December 1687 London, England[br]English scientist, medical practitioner, researcher and founder member of the Royal Society of London.[br]Despite coming from modest circumstances, Petty had an illustrious career, which started with college in France at the age of 13, followed by service on a small coastal ship and then studies at the medical schools of Ley den and Paris. In 1651 he was appointed Professor of Anatomy at Oxford, and by this time was attending meetings of fellow scientists and philosophers which culminated in the founding of the Royal Society of London for Improving Natural Knowledge. In 1652 Petty was sent to Ireland as PhysicianGeneral for the Army; he was soon involved in many matters of an intellectual and experimental nature. He took responsibility for the first proper survey of the country and produced maps and an Irish atlas, Hiberniae Delineatio, published in 1685. His investigations into political economics had a profound effect on seventeenth-century thinking. Of equal importance were his radical proposals for ship design; he presented many papers on naval architecture to the Royal Society and at one time suggested floating harbours similar to the Mulberry harbours of nearly three centuries later. In 1662 he built the pioneer catamaran Invention II (described at the time as a double-bottomed ship!), which was capable of lifting 5 tons of cargo.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsKnighted 1661.Further ReadingP.G.Dale, 1987, Sir W.P. of Romsey, Romsey: LTVAS Group.FMW -
88 Phillips, Edouard
SUBJECT AREA: Mechanical, pneumatic and hydraulic engineering[br]b. 21 May 1821 Paris, Franced. 14 December 1889 Pouligny-Saint-Martin, France[br]French engineer and mathematician who achieved isochronous oscillations of a balance by deriving the correct shape for the balance spring.[br]Phillips was educated in Paris, at the Ecole Polytechnic and the Ecole des Mines. In 1849 he was awarded a doctorate in mathematical sciences by the University of Paris. He had a varied career in industry, academic and government institutions, rising to be Inspector- General of Mines in 1882.It was well known that the balance of a watch or chronometer fitted with a simple spiral or helical spring was not isochronous, i.e. the period of the oscillation was not entirely independent of the amplitude. Watch-and chronometer-makers, notably Breguet and Arnold, had devised empirical solutions to the problem by altering the curvature of the end of the balance spring. In 1858 Phillips was encouraged to tackle the problem mathematically, and two years later he published a complete solution for the helical balance spring and a partial solution for the more complex spiral spring. Eleven years later he was able to achieve a complete solution for the spiral spring by altering the curvature of both ends of the spring. Phillips published a series of typical curves that the watch-or chronometer-maker could use to shape the ends of the balance spring.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsAcadémie des Sciences 1868. Chairman, Jury on Mechanics, Universal Exhibition 1889.Bibliography1861, "Mémoire sur l'application de la Théorie du Spiral Réglant", Annales des Mines 20:1–107.1878, Comptes Rendus 86:26–31.An English translation (by J.D.Weaver) of both the above papers was published by the Antiquarian Horological Society in 1978 (Monograph No. 15).Further ReadingJ.D.Weaver, 1989, "Edouard Phillips: a centenary appreciation", Horological Journal 132: 205–6 (a good short account).F.J.Britten, 1978, Britten's Watch and Clock Maker's Handbook, 16th edn, rev. R Good (a description of the practical applications of the balance spring).DV -
89 Schawlow, Arthur Leonard
[br]b. 5 May 1921 Mount Vernon, New York, USA[br]American physicist involved in laser-spectroscopy research.[br]When Arthur L.Schawlow was 3 years old his family moved to Canada: it was in Toronto that he received his education, graduating from the University of Toronto with a BA in physics in 1941. He was awarded an MA in 1942, taught classes for military personnel at the University until 1944 and worked for a year on radar equipment. He returned to the University of Toronto in 1945 to carry out research on optical spectroscopy and received his PhD in 1949. From 1949 to 1951 he held a postgraduate fellowship at Columbia University, where he worked with Charles H. Townes on microwave spectroscopy. From 1951 to 1961 he was a research physicist at the Bell Telephone Laboratories, working mainly on superconductivity, but he maintained his association with Townes, who had pioneered the maser (an acronym of microwave amplification by stimulated emission of radiation). In a paper published in Physical Review in December 1958, Townes and Schawlow suggested the possibility of a development into optical frequencies or an optical maser, later known as a laser (an acronym of light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation). In 1960 the first such device was made by Theodore H. Maiman. In 1960 Schawlow returned to Columbia University as a visiting professor and in the following year was appointed Professor of Physics at Stanford University, where he continued his researches in laser spectroscopy. He is a member of the National Academy of Sciences, the American Physical Society, the Optical Society of America and the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsNobel Prize for Physics 1981. Franklin Institute Stuart Ballantine Medal 1962. Institute of Physics of London Thomas Young Medal and Prize 1963. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Morris N.Liebmann Memorial Prize 1964. Optical Society of America Frederick Ives Medal 1976. Honorary degrees from the State University of Ghent, the University of Bradford and the University of Toronto.BibliographySchawlow is the author of many scientific papers and, with Charles H.Townes, ofMicrowave Spectroscopy (1955).Further ReadingT.Wasson (ed.), 1987, Nobel Prize Winners, New York, pp. 930–3 (contains a short biography).RTSBiographical history of technology > Schawlow, Arthur Leonard
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90 Seguin, Marc
[br]b. 20 April 1786 Annonay, Ardèche, Franced. 24 February 1875 Annonay, Ardèche, France[br]French engineer, inventor of multi-tubular firetube boiler.[br]Seguin trained under Joseph Montgolfier, one of the inventors of the hot-air balloon, and became a pioneer of suspension bridges. In 1825 he was involved in an attempt to introduce steam navigation to the River Rhône using a tug fitted with a winding drum to wind itself upstream along a cable attached to a point on the bank, with a separate boat to transfer the cable from point to point. The attempt proved unsuccessful and was short-lived, but in 1825 Seguin had decided also to seek a government concession for a railway from Saint-Etienne to Lyons as a feeder of traffic to the river. He inspected the Stockton \& Darlington Railway and met George Stephenson; the concession was granted in 1826 to Seguin Frères \& Ed. Biot and two steam locomotives were built to their order by Robert Stephenson \& Co. The locomotives were shipped to France in the spring of 1828 for evaluation prior to construction of others there; each had two vertical cylinders, one each side between front and rear wheels, and a boiler with a single large-diameter furnace tube, with a watertube grate. Meanwhile, in 1827 Seguin, who was still attempting to produce a steamboat powerful enough to navigate the fast-flowing Rhône, had conceived the idea of increasing the heating surface of a boiler by causing the hot gases from combustion to pass through a series of tubes immersed in the water. He was soon considering application of this type of boiler to a locomotive. He applied for a patent for a multi-tubular boiler on 12 December 1827 and carried out numerous experiments with various means of producing a forced draught to overcome the perceived obstruction caused by the small tubes. By May 1829 the steam-navigation venture had collapsed, but Seguin had a locomotive under construction in the workshops of the Lyons-Sain t- Etienne Railway: he retained the cylinder layout of its Stephenson locomotives, but incorporated a boiler of his own design. The fire was beneath the barrel, surrounded by a water-jacket: a single large flue ran towards the front of the boiler, whence hot gases returned via many small tubes through the boiler barrel to a chimney above the firedoor. Draught was provided by axle-driven fans on the tender.Seguin was not aware of the contemporary construction of Rocket, with a multi-tubular boiler, by Robert Stephenson; Rocket had its first trial run on 5 September 1829, but the precise date on which Seguin's locomotive first ran appears to be unknown, although by 20 October many experiments had been carried out upon it. Seguin's concept of a multi-tubular locomotive boiler therefore considerably antedated that of Henry Booth, and his first locomotive was completed about the same date as Rocket. It was from Rocket's boiler, however, rather than from that of Seguin's locomotive, that the conventional locomotive boiler was descended.[br]BibliographyFebruary 1828, French patent no. 3,744 (multi-tubular boiler).1839, De l'Influence des chemins de fer et de l'art de les tracer et de les construire, Paris.Further ReadingF.Achard and L.Seguin, 1928, "Marc Seguin and the invention of the tubular boiler", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 7 (traces the chronology of Seguin's boilers).——1928, "British railways of 1825 as seen by Marc Seguin", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 7.J.B.Snell, 1964, Early Railways, London: Weidenfeld \& Nicolson.J.-M.Combe and B.Escudié, 1991, Vapeurs sur le Rhône, Lyons: Presses Universitaires de Lyon.PJGR -
91 Sturgeon, William
SUBJECT AREA: Electricity[br]b. 22 May 1783 Whittington, Lancashire, Englandd. 4 December 1850 Prestwich, Manchester, England[br]English inventor and lecturer, discoverer of the electromagnet, and inventor of the first electric motor put to practical use.[br]After leaving an apprenticeship as a shoemaker, Sturgeon enlisted in the militia. Self-educated during service as a private in the Royal Artillery, he began to construct scientific apparatus. When he left the army in 1820 Sturgeon became an industrious writer, contributing papers to the Philosophical Magazine. In 1823 he was appointed Lecturer in Natural Science at the East India Company's Military College in Addiscombe. His invention in 1823 of an electromagnet with a horseshoe-shaped, soft iron core provided a much more concentrated magnetic field than previously obtained. An electric motor he designed in 1832 embodied his invention of the first metallic commutator. This was used to rotate a meat-roasting jack. Over an extended period he conducted researches into atmospheric electricity and also introduced the practice of amalgamating zinc in primary cells to prevent local action.Sturgeon became Lecturer at the Adelaide Gallery, London, in 1832, an appointment of short duration, terminating when the gallery closed. In 1836 he established a monthly publication, The Annals of Electricity, Magnetism and Chemistry; and Guardian of Experimental Science, the first journal in England to be devoted to the subject. It was to this journal that James Prescot Joule contributed the results of his own researches in electromagnetism. Due to lack of financial support the publication ceased in 1843 after ten volumes had been issued. At the age of 57 Sturgeon became Superintendent of the Victoria Gallery of Practical Science in Manchester; after this gallery closed, the last five years of his life were spent in considerable poverty.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsSociety of Arts Silver Medal 1825.Bibliography1836, Annals of Electricity 1:75–8 (describes his motor).All his published papers were collected in Scientific Researches, Experimental and Theoretical in Electricity, Magnetism and Electro-Chemistry, 1850, Bury; 1852, London.Further ReadingJ.P.Joule, 1857, biography, in Memoirs of the Literary and Philosophical Society 14, Manchester: 53–8.Biography, 1895, Electrician 35:632–5 (includes a list of Sturgeon's published work). P.Dunsheath, 1957, A History of Electrical Engineering, London: Faber \& Faber.GW -
92 Walton, Frederick
[br]fl. 1860s Chiswick, Middlesex, England[br]English inventor and early manufacturer of linoleum.[br]Walton's linoleum consisted of a burlap base coated with a cement made from linseed oil, gum, resin and colour pigments. The linseed oil was oxidized in order to produce a rubbery consistency, and this was achieved either by adding the oil to the burlap in a series of coats, allowing each coat to dry in a heated room and so absorb the oxygen from the atmosphere, or by inserting the product into a steam-heated container, thereby hastening the process. The coated fabric was then calendered so that the heat and pressure of the rollers would soften the coating mixture, making it adhere firmly to the fabric backing. On 19 December 1863 Walton applied for a patent for the manufacture of his invention at British Grove Works in Chiswick, Middlesex. The patent was granted on 31 May 1864 for "Improvements in the Manufacture of Floor Cloths and Coverings and Similar Fabrics and in Pavements". Later in 1864 Walton set up a factory in Staines.The term linoleum derives from the Latin words linum, meaning linen thread, and oleum, meaning oil. Linoleum was made in rolls in everincreasing quantity until about 1950, by which time it was being replaced by synthetic vinyl-type coverings.[br]Further ReadingSee "Linoleum" in Children's Britannica, Chicago, Ill.: Encyclopaedia Britannica, and in Encyclopaedia Americana, Danbury, Conn.: Americana.DY -
93 Wilson, Robert
SUBJECT AREA: Mechanical, pneumatic and hydraulic engineering[br]b. September 1803 Dunbar, Haddingtonshire, East Lothian, Scotlandd. 28 July 1882 Matlock, Derbyshire, England[br]Scottish mechanical engineer and inventor who developed the self-acting control gear applied to the steam-hammer.[br]Robert Wilson was the son of a fisherman who was drowned in a lifeboat rescue attempt in December 1810. He received only a meagre education and was apprenticed to a joiner. From a very early age he was much concerned with the idea of applying screw propellers to ships, and his invention was approved by the Highland Society and by the Scottish Society of Arts, who in 1832 awarded him a silver medal. He must have gained some experience as a mechanic and while working on his invention he made the acquaintance of James Nasmyth. In 1838 he became Works Manager at Nasmyth's Bridgewater Foundry and made an important contribution to the success of the steam-hammer by developing the self-acting control gear. From 1845 he was with the Low Moor Ironworks near Bradford, Yorkshire, but in July 1856 he returned to the Bridgewater Foundry so that he was able to take over as Managing Partner after Nasmyth's early retirement at the end of 1856. In 1867 the name of the firm was changed to Nasmyth, Wilson \& Co., and Wilson remained a partner until May 1882, when the firm became a limited company. Wilson often returned to his first invention, and two of his many patents related to improvements in screw propellers. In 1880 he received £500 from the War Department for the use of his double-action screw propeller as applied to the torpedo.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsMember, Institution of Mechanical Engineers 1857. FRSE 1873. Member, Royal Scottish Society of Arts.Bibliography1860, The Screw Propeller: Who Invented It?, Glasgow.Further ReadingJ.A.Cantrell, 1984, James Nasmyth and the Bridgewater Foundry, Manchester, Appendix F, pp. 262–3 (a short biographical account and a list of his patents).RTS -
94 Winsor, Frederick Albert
SUBJECT AREA: Public utilities[br]b. 1763 Brunswick, Germanyd. 11 May 1830 Paris, France[br]German pioneer of gas lighting,[br]He was born Frederic Albrecht Winzer but anglicized his name after settling in England. His interest in gas lighting was aroused by the experiments of Philippe Lebon in Paris in 1802. Winsor had little scientific knowledge or engineering ability, but was well endowed with confidence and enterprise. He alone among the early practitioners of gas-making envisaged a central plant supplying a number of users through gas mains. He managed to discover the essentials of Lebon's process and tried without success to exploit it on the European continent. So he moved to England in 1803 and settled first in Grosvenor Square and then in Pall Mall. He gave public demonstrations of gas lighting at the Lyceum Theatre in London and in 1804 took out his first patent. In December he lit Pall Mall, the first street to be illuminated by gas. Winsor then began to promote a grandiose scheme for the formation of a National Light and Heat Company. He struggled against bitter opposition both in and out of Parliament to obtain sanction for his company, and it was only after the third attempt that the Gas Light \& Coke Company received its charter in 1812. However, Winsor lacked the knowledge to devise successful gas-producing plant, even with the help of the German immigrant chemist F.C.Accum. Winsor was dismissed in 1812 and returned to Paris the following year, while the company recovered with the appointment of an able engineer, Samuel Clegg. Winsor formed a company in Paris to install gas lighting, but that failed in 1819.[br]Further ReadingW.Matthew, 1827, An Historical Sketch of the Origin, Progress and Present State of Gaslighting, London.E.G.Stewart, 1958, Town Gas, Its Manufacture and Distribution, London: Science Museum.LRDBiographical history of technology > Winsor, Frederick Albert
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95 Honor
hŏnor or hŏnos (the latter form almost exclusively in Cic., who has honor only Phil. 9, 6 fin., and Fragm. pro Tull. 21; also in Caes., Liv., Sall., Prop., Verg., Nep., and Curt.; but honor in Sen., Vell., Ov.; and Hor. and Tac. use both forms. Honos was antiquated in Quintilian's day, v. Quint. 1, 4, 13; Neue, Formenl. 1, 168 sq.), ōris (archaic gen. honorus, like venerus, Lex Puteol. ap. Haubold, n. 7), m. [perh. Sanscr. hu-, call], honor, repute, esteem in which a person or thing is held.I.Lit.A.In gen.:B.cum honos sit praemium virtutis judicio studioque civium delatum ad aliquem, qui eum sententiis, qui suffragiis adeptus est, is mihi et honestus et honoratus videtur. Qui autem occasione aliqua etiam invitis suis civibus nactus est imperium, hunc nomen honoris adeptum, non honorem puto,
Cic. Brut. 81, 281; cf.:is autem, qui vere appellari potest honos, non invitamentum ad tempus, sed perpetuae virtutis est praemium,
id. Fam. 10, 10, 1 sq.:honos alit artes omnesque incenduntur ad studia gloria,
id. Tusc. 1, 2, 4;so with gloria,
id. Part. 24, 87: si honos is fuit, majorem tibi habere non [p. 862] potui, id. Fam. 5, 20, 2:quanto et honor hic illo est amplior, etc.,
id. Att. 9, 2, A, 1:gratia, dignitate, honore auctus,
Caes. B. G. 1, 43, 8:amplissimis honoribus et praemiis decorari... honos maximus,
Cic. de Or. 1, 54, 232:ut eum amplissimo regis honore et nomine affeceris,
id. Deiot. 5, 14:aliquem praecipuo honore habere,
Caes. B. G. 5, 54, 4:suum cuique honorem et gradum reddere,
Cic. Rosc. Am. 47, 136:apud eum sunt in honore et in pretio,
id. ib. 28, 77; Caes. B. C. 3, 61, 1; so with in:in honore magno esse,
Cic. Brut. 8, 30:summo in honore,
id. de Or. 1, 55, 235; id. Off. 2, 19, 65:tanto in honore,
id. Tusc. 2, 2, 4; Caes. B. C. 1, 77, 2; 3, 47, 7; Liv. 42, 6, 12; but without in:Jovem autem quanto honore in suo templo fuisse arbitramini,
Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 58, § 129:(Druides) magno sunt apud eos honore,
Caes. B. G. 6, 13, 4; 5, 54, 5; Liv. 1, 40, 1; Tac. A. 14, 6; id. H. 1, 6, 4:honorem accipere,
Cic. Att. 9, 2, A, 1:honorem huic generi (i. e. poëtis) non fuisse declarat oratio Catonis,
id. Tusc. 1, 2, 3:honori summo nostro Miloni fuit qui P. Clodii conatus compressit,
id. Off. 2, 17, 58; cf.:quod (i. e. medium ex tribus sedere) apud Numidas honori ducitur,
Sall. J. 11, 3:rite suum Baccho dicemus honorem,
honor, praise, Verg. G. 2, 393: tanto ille vobis quam mihi pejorem honorem habuit, worse honor, i. e. greater dishonor or disgrace, Q. Metell. ap. Gell. 12, 9, 4; cf.:exsilii honor,
i. e. honorable exile, Tac. H. 1, 21.—Personified:tute pone te latebis facile, ne inveniat te honos,
Plaut. Trin. 3, 2, 37.—Of inanim. and abstr. things, honor, esteem, value:physicae quoque non sine causa tributus idem est honos,
Cic. Fin. 3, 22, 73; id. Fam. 7, 26, 2:ornatus ille admirabilis, propter quem ascendit in tantum honorem eloquentia,
id. Or. 36, 125:multa renascentur quae jam cecidere, cadentque Quae nunc sunt in honore vocabula, si volet usus,
Hor. A. P. 71:apud antiquos piscium nobilissimus habitus acipenser nullo in honore est,
Plin. 9, 17, 27, § 60; 19, 6, 32, § 104:vino Pramnio etiam nunc honos durat,
id. 14, 4, 6, § 54 al. —In partic.1.Public honor, official dignity, office, post, preferment (cf. munus):2.ita quaestor sum factus, ut mihi honorem illum tum non solum datum, sed etiam creditum ac commissum putem,
Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 14, § 35:ille honoris gradus,
id. Sull. 29, 82:equites Romanos in tribunicium restituit honorem,
Caes. B. C. 1, 77 fin.:extraordinarium honorem appetere,
id. ib. 1, 32, 2:hic ipse honos (sc. dictatura), delatus ad me, testis est innocentiae meae,
Liv. 9, 26, 14:curulem adferri sellam eo jussit (Flavius) ac sede honoris sui inimicos spectavit,
id. 9, 46, 9:honore abiit,
Suet. Aug. 26; cf.:deposito honore,
id. ib. 36:paene honore summotus est,
id. Claud. 9:honor municipalis est administratio rei publicae cum dignitatis gradu, sive cum sumtu, sive sine erogatione contingens,
Dig. 50, 4, 14 pr.: honorem aut magistratum gerere, Gai Inst. 1, 96:clari velamen honoris sufficiunt tunicae summis aedilibus albae,
Juv. 3, 178:tempus honoris,
the term of office, id. 8, 150:honorem militiae largiri,
military honors, id. 7, 88.—In plur.:populum Romanum hominibus novis industriis libenter honores mandare semperque mandasse,
Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 37, § 81; cf.:qui (populus) stultus honores Saepe dat indignis,
Hor. S. 1, 6, 15:ascendisset ad honores, nisi, etc.,
Cic. Brut. 68, 241:honoribus amplissimis et laboribus maximis perfungi,
id. Fam. 1, 8, 3:obrepisti ad honores errore hominum,
id. Pis. 1, 1:Catulus maximis honoribus usus,
Sall. C. 49, 2:magistratus atque honores capere,
Suet. Aug. 26:largiri opes, honores,
Tac. A. 11, 12.—Particular phrases.a.Honoris causa.(α).Out of respect, in order to show honor (class.):(β).C. Curio, quem ego hominem honoris potius quam contumeliae causa nominatum volo,
Cic. Verr. 1, 7, 18:quem honoris causa nomino,
id. Rosc. Am. 2, 6:toties hunc et virum bonum esse dixisti et honoris causa appellasti,
id. Rosc. Com. 6, 18:Campanis equitum honoris causa, civitas sine suffragio data,
Liv. 8, 14, 10; 32, 34, 8; 39, 22, 2.—For the sake of (ante-class.):b.ejus honoris causa, feci thensaurum ut hic reperiret Euclio,
Plaut. Aul. prol. 25: mei honoris causa mittere coquos, id. ib. 3, 4, 4:huc honoris vostri venio gratia,
id. Am. 3, 1, 7; id. Stich. 2, 2, 14:vestri honoris causa,
Ter. Phorm. 5, 7, 35.—Praefari or dicere honorem, to make an excuse in saying any thing that may be distasteful = by your leave or saving your presence:3.si dicimus: ille patrem strangulavit, honorem non praefamur. Sin de Aurelia aliquid aut Lollia, honos. praefandus est,
Cic. Fam. 9, 22, 4;for which: haec sunt quae retulisse fas sit, ac pleraque ex his non nisi honore dicto,
Plin. 28, 8, 24, § 87; cf.also: honos auribus sit,
i. e. pardon the expression, Curt. 5, 1, 22.—Personified, Hŏnor or Hŏnos, as a deity whose temple adjoined that of Virtus, and who was worshipped with uncovered head, Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 54, § 121; id. Sest. 54, 116; id. Leg. 2, 23, 58; Val. Max. 1, 1, 8; Liv. 27, 25, 7 sqq.; Aug. Civ. Dei, 4, 21; Inscr. Orell. 543.II.Transf.A.Concr., any thing given as a mark of honor, an honorary gift, a reward, acknowledgment, recompense, fee; a sacrifice; funeral rites; a legacy, etc. (mostly poet. and since the Aug. period):B.Itan tandem hanc majores famam tradiderunt tibi tui,... honori posterorum tuorum ut vindex fieres,
Plaut. Trin. 3, 2, 18:Curio misi, ut medico honos haberetur et tibi daret quod opus esset,
Cic. Fam. 16, 9, 3; Vitr. 10, 22:geminum pugnae proponit honorem,
Verg. A. 5, 365:nil victor honoris Ex opibus posco,
Sil. 9, 199:dicite, Pierides, quonam donetur honore Neaera,
Tib. 3, 1, 5:nec Telamon sine honore recessit Hesioneque data potitur,
Ov. M. 11, 216:arae sacrificiis fument, honore, donis cumulentur,
Liv. 8, 33, 21:divūm templis indicit honorem,
Verg. A. 1, 632; Ov. F. 4, 409:nullos aris adoleret honores,
id. M. 8, 742:meritos aris mactavit honores,
Verg. A. 3, 118:honore sepulturae carere,
Cic. de Sen. 20, 75; id. Inv. 1, 55, 108:cernit ibi maestos et mortis honore carentes Leucaspim, etc.,
Verg. A. 6, 333; cf. Ov. Tr. 3, 3, 45:mille viri, qui supremum comitentur honorem,
Verg. A. 11, 61:solutus honos cineri,
Val. Fl. 3, 357:honorem habere alicui,
Curt. 3, 12, 13:omnem honorem funeri servare,
id. 4, 10, 23:communem sepulturae honorem alicui tribuere,
Suet. Aug. 17:nec enim quaerimus, cui acquiratur, sed cui honos habitus est,
the honorary legacy, Dig. 37, 5, 3; 32, 1, 11:sepulturae honore spoliatus,
Val. Max. 4, 7, 1; 9, 8, 1 fin.; cf.:supremitatis honor,
Amm. 31, 13:supremus condicionis humanae honos,
Val. Max. 6, 3, 1.—Objectively, a quality that brings honor or consideration, an ornament, grace, charm, beauty ( poet.):C.silvis Aquilo decussit honorem,
Verg. G. 2, 404:December silvis honorem decutit,
Hor. Epod. 11, 6; cf.:populeus cui frondis honor,
Val. Fl. 6, 296:notus in vultus honor,
Hor. Epod. 17, 18; Stat. Th. 10, 788.—In plur.:laetos oculis afflārat honores,
Verg. A. 1, 591; cf. Sil. 12, 244:hic tibi copia Manabit ad plenum benigno Ruris honorum opulenta cornu,
Hor. C. 1, 17, 16:nullum ver usquam nullique aestatis honores,
Sil. 3, 487.—A magistrate, office-holder:sed cum summus honor finito computet anno, sportula quid referat,
Juv. 1, 117; cf. v. 110. -
96 honor
hŏnor or hŏnos (the latter form almost exclusively in Cic., who has honor only Phil. 9, 6 fin., and Fragm. pro Tull. 21; also in Caes., Liv., Sall., Prop., Verg., Nep., and Curt.; but honor in Sen., Vell., Ov.; and Hor. and Tac. use both forms. Honos was antiquated in Quintilian's day, v. Quint. 1, 4, 13; Neue, Formenl. 1, 168 sq.), ōris (archaic gen. honorus, like venerus, Lex Puteol. ap. Haubold, n. 7), m. [perh. Sanscr. hu-, call], honor, repute, esteem in which a person or thing is held.I.Lit.A.In gen.:B.cum honos sit praemium virtutis judicio studioque civium delatum ad aliquem, qui eum sententiis, qui suffragiis adeptus est, is mihi et honestus et honoratus videtur. Qui autem occasione aliqua etiam invitis suis civibus nactus est imperium, hunc nomen honoris adeptum, non honorem puto,
Cic. Brut. 81, 281; cf.:is autem, qui vere appellari potest honos, non invitamentum ad tempus, sed perpetuae virtutis est praemium,
id. Fam. 10, 10, 1 sq.:honos alit artes omnesque incenduntur ad studia gloria,
id. Tusc. 1, 2, 4;so with gloria,
id. Part. 24, 87: si honos is fuit, majorem tibi habere non [p. 862] potui, id. Fam. 5, 20, 2:quanto et honor hic illo est amplior, etc.,
id. Att. 9, 2, A, 1:gratia, dignitate, honore auctus,
Caes. B. G. 1, 43, 8:amplissimis honoribus et praemiis decorari... honos maximus,
Cic. de Or. 1, 54, 232:ut eum amplissimo regis honore et nomine affeceris,
id. Deiot. 5, 14:aliquem praecipuo honore habere,
Caes. B. G. 5, 54, 4:suum cuique honorem et gradum reddere,
Cic. Rosc. Am. 47, 136:apud eum sunt in honore et in pretio,
id. ib. 28, 77; Caes. B. C. 3, 61, 1; so with in:in honore magno esse,
Cic. Brut. 8, 30:summo in honore,
id. de Or. 1, 55, 235; id. Off. 2, 19, 65:tanto in honore,
id. Tusc. 2, 2, 4; Caes. B. C. 1, 77, 2; 3, 47, 7; Liv. 42, 6, 12; but without in:Jovem autem quanto honore in suo templo fuisse arbitramini,
Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 58, § 129:(Druides) magno sunt apud eos honore,
Caes. B. G. 6, 13, 4; 5, 54, 5; Liv. 1, 40, 1; Tac. A. 14, 6; id. H. 1, 6, 4:honorem accipere,
Cic. Att. 9, 2, A, 1:honorem huic generi (i. e. poëtis) non fuisse declarat oratio Catonis,
id. Tusc. 1, 2, 3:honori summo nostro Miloni fuit qui P. Clodii conatus compressit,
id. Off. 2, 17, 58; cf.:quod (i. e. medium ex tribus sedere) apud Numidas honori ducitur,
Sall. J. 11, 3:rite suum Baccho dicemus honorem,
honor, praise, Verg. G. 2, 393: tanto ille vobis quam mihi pejorem honorem habuit, worse honor, i. e. greater dishonor or disgrace, Q. Metell. ap. Gell. 12, 9, 4; cf.:exsilii honor,
i. e. honorable exile, Tac. H. 1, 21.—Personified:tute pone te latebis facile, ne inveniat te honos,
Plaut. Trin. 3, 2, 37.—Of inanim. and abstr. things, honor, esteem, value:physicae quoque non sine causa tributus idem est honos,
Cic. Fin. 3, 22, 73; id. Fam. 7, 26, 2:ornatus ille admirabilis, propter quem ascendit in tantum honorem eloquentia,
id. Or. 36, 125:multa renascentur quae jam cecidere, cadentque Quae nunc sunt in honore vocabula, si volet usus,
Hor. A. P. 71:apud antiquos piscium nobilissimus habitus acipenser nullo in honore est,
Plin. 9, 17, 27, § 60; 19, 6, 32, § 104:vino Pramnio etiam nunc honos durat,
id. 14, 4, 6, § 54 al. —In partic.1.Public honor, official dignity, office, post, preferment (cf. munus):2.ita quaestor sum factus, ut mihi honorem illum tum non solum datum, sed etiam creditum ac commissum putem,
Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 14, § 35:ille honoris gradus,
id. Sull. 29, 82:equites Romanos in tribunicium restituit honorem,
Caes. B. C. 1, 77 fin.:extraordinarium honorem appetere,
id. ib. 1, 32, 2:hic ipse honos (sc. dictatura), delatus ad me, testis est innocentiae meae,
Liv. 9, 26, 14:curulem adferri sellam eo jussit (Flavius) ac sede honoris sui inimicos spectavit,
id. 9, 46, 9:honore abiit,
Suet. Aug. 26; cf.:deposito honore,
id. ib. 36:paene honore summotus est,
id. Claud. 9:honor municipalis est administratio rei publicae cum dignitatis gradu, sive cum sumtu, sive sine erogatione contingens,
Dig. 50, 4, 14 pr.: honorem aut magistratum gerere, Gai Inst. 1, 96:clari velamen honoris sufficiunt tunicae summis aedilibus albae,
Juv. 3, 178:tempus honoris,
the term of office, id. 8, 150:honorem militiae largiri,
military honors, id. 7, 88.—In plur.:populum Romanum hominibus novis industriis libenter honores mandare semperque mandasse,
Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 37, § 81; cf.:qui (populus) stultus honores Saepe dat indignis,
Hor. S. 1, 6, 15:ascendisset ad honores, nisi, etc.,
Cic. Brut. 68, 241:honoribus amplissimis et laboribus maximis perfungi,
id. Fam. 1, 8, 3:obrepisti ad honores errore hominum,
id. Pis. 1, 1:Catulus maximis honoribus usus,
Sall. C. 49, 2:magistratus atque honores capere,
Suet. Aug. 26:largiri opes, honores,
Tac. A. 11, 12.—Particular phrases.a.Honoris causa.(α).Out of respect, in order to show honor (class.):(β).C. Curio, quem ego hominem honoris potius quam contumeliae causa nominatum volo,
Cic. Verr. 1, 7, 18:quem honoris causa nomino,
id. Rosc. Am. 2, 6:toties hunc et virum bonum esse dixisti et honoris causa appellasti,
id. Rosc. Com. 6, 18:Campanis equitum honoris causa, civitas sine suffragio data,
Liv. 8, 14, 10; 32, 34, 8; 39, 22, 2.—For the sake of (ante-class.):b.ejus honoris causa, feci thensaurum ut hic reperiret Euclio,
Plaut. Aul. prol. 25: mei honoris causa mittere coquos, id. ib. 3, 4, 4:huc honoris vostri venio gratia,
id. Am. 3, 1, 7; id. Stich. 2, 2, 14:vestri honoris causa,
Ter. Phorm. 5, 7, 35.—Praefari or dicere honorem, to make an excuse in saying any thing that may be distasteful = by your leave or saving your presence:3.si dicimus: ille patrem strangulavit, honorem non praefamur. Sin de Aurelia aliquid aut Lollia, honos. praefandus est,
Cic. Fam. 9, 22, 4;for which: haec sunt quae retulisse fas sit, ac pleraque ex his non nisi honore dicto,
Plin. 28, 8, 24, § 87; cf.also: honos auribus sit,
i. e. pardon the expression, Curt. 5, 1, 22.—Personified, Hŏnor or Hŏnos, as a deity whose temple adjoined that of Virtus, and who was worshipped with uncovered head, Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 54, § 121; id. Sest. 54, 116; id. Leg. 2, 23, 58; Val. Max. 1, 1, 8; Liv. 27, 25, 7 sqq.; Aug. Civ. Dei, 4, 21; Inscr. Orell. 543.II.Transf.A.Concr., any thing given as a mark of honor, an honorary gift, a reward, acknowledgment, recompense, fee; a sacrifice; funeral rites; a legacy, etc. (mostly poet. and since the Aug. period):B.Itan tandem hanc majores famam tradiderunt tibi tui,... honori posterorum tuorum ut vindex fieres,
Plaut. Trin. 3, 2, 18:Curio misi, ut medico honos haberetur et tibi daret quod opus esset,
Cic. Fam. 16, 9, 3; Vitr. 10, 22:geminum pugnae proponit honorem,
Verg. A. 5, 365:nil victor honoris Ex opibus posco,
Sil. 9, 199:dicite, Pierides, quonam donetur honore Neaera,
Tib. 3, 1, 5:nec Telamon sine honore recessit Hesioneque data potitur,
Ov. M. 11, 216:arae sacrificiis fument, honore, donis cumulentur,
Liv. 8, 33, 21:divūm templis indicit honorem,
Verg. A. 1, 632; Ov. F. 4, 409:nullos aris adoleret honores,
id. M. 8, 742:meritos aris mactavit honores,
Verg. A. 3, 118:honore sepulturae carere,
Cic. de Sen. 20, 75; id. Inv. 1, 55, 108:cernit ibi maestos et mortis honore carentes Leucaspim, etc.,
Verg. A. 6, 333; cf. Ov. Tr. 3, 3, 45:mille viri, qui supremum comitentur honorem,
Verg. A. 11, 61:solutus honos cineri,
Val. Fl. 3, 357:honorem habere alicui,
Curt. 3, 12, 13:omnem honorem funeri servare,
id. 4, 10, 23:communem sepulturae honorem alicui tribuere,
Suet. Aug. 17:nec enim quaerimus, cui acquiratur, sed cui honos habitus est,
the honorary legacy, Dig. 37, 5, 3; 32, 1, 11:sepulturae honore spoliatus,
Val. Max. 4, 7, 1; 9, 8, 1 fin.; cf.:supremitatis honor,
Amm. 31, 13:supremus condicionis humanae honos,
Val. Max. 6, 3, 1.—Objectively, a quality that brings honor or consideration, an ornament, grace, charm, beauty ( poet.):C.silvis Aquilo decussit honorem,
Verg. G. 2, 404:December silvis honorem decutit,
Hor. Epod. 11, 6; cf.:populeus cui frondis honor,
Val. Fl. 6, 296:notus in vultus honor,
Hor. Epod. 17, 18; Stat. Th. 10, 788.—In plur.:laetos oculis afflārat honores,
Verg. A. 1, 591; cf. Sil. 12, 244:hic tibi copia Manabit ad plenum benigno Ruris honorum opulenta cornu,
Hor. C. 1, 17, 16:nullum ver usquam nullique aestatis honores,
Sil. 3, 487.—A magistrate, office-holder:sed cum summus honor finito computet anno, sportula quid referat,
Juv. 1, 117; cf. v. 110. -
97 Honos
hŏnor or hŏnos (the latter form almost exclusively in Cic., who has honor only Phil. 9, 6 fin., and Fragm. pro Tull. 21; also in Caes., Liv., Sall., Prop., Verg., Nep., and Curt.; but honor in Sen., Vell., Ov.; and Hor. and Tac. use both forms. Honos was antiquated in Quintilian's day, v. Quint. 1, 4, 13; Neue, Formenl. 1, 168 sq.), ōris (archaic gen. honorus, like venerus, Lex Puteol. ap. Haubold, n. 7), m. [perh. Sanscr. hu-, call], honor, repute, esteem in which a person or thing is held.I.Lit.A.In gen.:B.cum honos sit praemium virtutis judicio studioque civium delatum ad aliquem, qui eum sententiis, qui suffragiis adeptus est, is mihi et honestus et honoratus videtur. Qui autem occasione aliqua etiam invitis suis civibus nactus est imperium, hunc nomen honoris adeptum, non honorem puto,
Cic. Brut. 81, 281; cf.:is autem, qui vere appellari potest honos, non invitamentum ad tempus, sed perpetuae virtutis est praemium,
id. Fam. 10, 10, 1 sq.:honos alit artes omnesque incenduntur ad studia gloria,
id. Tusc. 1, 2, 4;so with gloria,
id. Part. 24, 87: si honos is fuit, majorem tibi habere non [p. 862] potui, id. Fam. 5, 20, 2:quanto et honor hic illo est amplior, etc.,
id. Att. 9, 2, A, 1:gratia, dignitate, honore auctus,
Caes. B. G. 1, 43, 8:amplissimis honoribus et praemiis decorari... honos maximus,
Cic. de Or. 1, 54, 232:ut eum amplissimo regis honore et nomine affeceris,
id. Deiot. 5, 14:aliquem praecipuo honore habere,
Caes. B. G. 5, 54, 4:suum cuique honorem et gradum reddere,
Cic. Rosc. Am. 47, 136:apud eum sunt in honore et in pretio,
id. ib. 28, 77; Caes. B. C. 3, 61, 1; so with in:in honore magno esse,
Cic. Brut. 8, 30:summo in honore,
id. de Or. 1, 55, 235; id. Off. 2, 19, 65:tanto in honore,
id. Tusc. 2, 2, 4; Caes. B. C. 1, 77, 2; 3, 47, 7; Liv. 42, 6, 12; but without in:Jovem autem quanto honore in suo templo fuisse arbitramini,
Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 58, § 129:(Druides) magno sunt apud eos honore,
Caes. B. G. 6, 13, 4; 5, 54, 5; Liv. 1, 40, 1; Tac. A. 14, 6; id. H. 1, 6, 4:honorem accipere,
Cic. Att. 9, 2, A, 1:honorem huic generi (i. e. poëtis) non fuisse declarat oratio Catonis,
id. Tusc. 1, 2, 3:honori summo nostro Miloni fuit qui P. Clodii conatus compressit,
id. Off. 2, 17, 58; cf.:quod (i. e. medium ex tribus sedere) apud Numidas honori ducitur,
Sall. J. 11, 3:rite suum Baccho dicemus honorem,
honor, praise, Verg. G. 2, 393: tanto ille vobis quam mihi pejorem honorem habuit, worse honor, i. e. greater dishonor or disgrace, Q. Metell. ap. Gell. 12, 9, 4; cf.:exsilii honor,
i. e. honorable exile, Tac. H. 1, 21.—Personified:tute pone te latebis facile, ne inveniat te honos,
Plaut. Trin. 3, 2, 37.—Of inanim. and abstr. things, honor, esteem, value:physicae quoque non sine causa tributus idem est honos,
Cic. Fin. 3, 22, 73; id. Fam. 7, 26, 2:ornatus ille admirabilis, propter quem ascendit in tantum honorem eloquentia,
id. Or. 36, 125:multa renascentur quae jam cecidere, cadentque Quae nunc sunt in honore vocabula, si volet usus,
Hor. A. P. 71:apud antiquos piscium nobilissimus habitus acipenser nullo in honore est,
Plin. 9, 17, 27, § 60; 19, 6, 32, § 104:vino Pramnio etiam nunc honos durat,
id. 14, 4, 6, § 54 al. —In partic.1.Public honor, official dignity, office, post, preferment (cf. munus):2.ita quaestor sum factus, ut mihi honorem illum tum non solum datum, sed etiam creditum ac commissum putem,
Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 14, § 35:ille honoris gradus,
id. Sull. 29, 82:equites Romanos in tribunicium restituit honorem,
Caes. B. C. 1, 77 fin.:extraordinarium honorem appetere,
id. ib. 1, 32, 2:hic ipse honos (sc. dictatura), delatus ad me, testis est innocentiae meae,
Liv. 9, 26, 14:curulem adferri sellam eo jussit (Flavius) ac sede honoris sui inimicos spectavit,
id. 9, 46, 9:honore abiit,
Suet. Aug. 26; cf.:deposito honore,
id. ib. 36:paene honore summotus est,
id. Claud. 9:honor municipalis est administratio rei publicae cum dignitatis gradu, sive cum sumtu, sive sine erogatione contingens,
Dig. 50, 4, 14 pr.: honorem aut magistratum gerere, Gai Inst. 1, 96:clari velamen honoris sufficiunt tunicae summis aedilibus albae,
Juv. 3, 178:tempus honoris,
the term of office, id. 8, 150:honorem militiae largiri,
military honors, id. 7, 88.—In plur.:populum Romanum hominibus novis industriis libenter honores mandare semperque mandasse,
Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 37, § 81; cf.:qui (populus) stultus honores Saepe dat indignis,
Hor. S. 1, 6, 15:ascendisset ad honores, nisi, etc.,
Cic. Brut. 68, 241:honoribus amplissimis et laboribus maximis perfungi,
id. Fam. 1, 8, 3:obrepisti ad honores errore hominum,
id. Pis. 1, 1:Catulus maximis honoribus usus,
Sall. C. 49, 2:magistratus atque honores capere,
Suet. Aug. 26:largiri opes, honores,
Tac. A. 11, 12.—Particular phrases.a.Honoris causa.(α).Out of respect, in order to show honor (class.):(β).C. Curio, quem ego hominem honoris potius quam contumeliae causa nominatum volo,
Cic. Verr. 1, 7, 18:quem honoris causa nomino,
id. Rosc. Am. 2, 6:toties hunc et virum bonum esse dixisti et honoris causa appellasti,
id. Rosc. Com. 6, 18:Campanis equitum honoris causa, civitas sine suffragio data,
Liv. 8, 14, 10; 32, 34, 8; 39, 22, 2.—For the sake of (ante-class.):b.ejus honoris causa, feci thensaurum ut hic reperiret Euclio,
Plaut. Aul. prol. 25: mei honoris causa mittere coquos, id. ib. 3, 4, 4:huc honoris vostri venio gratia,
id. Am. 3, 1, 7; id. Stich. 2, 2, 14:vestri honoris causa,
Ter. Phorm. 5, 7, 35.—Praefari or dicere honorem, to make an excuse in saying any thing that may be distasteful = by your leave or saving your presence:3.si dicimus: ille patrem strangulavit, honorem non praefamur. Sin de Aurelia aliquid aut Lollia, honos. praefandus est,
Cic. Fam. 9, 22, 4;for which: haec sunt quae retulisse fas sit, ac pleraque ex his non nisi honore dicto,
Plin. 28, 8, 24, § 87; cf.also: honos auribus sit,
i. e. pardon the expression, Curt. 5, 1, 22.—Personified, Hŏnor or Hŏnos, as a deity whose temple adjoined that of Virtus, and who was worshipped with uncovered head, Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 54, § 121; id. Sest. 54, 116; id. Leg. 2, 23, 58; Val. Max. 1, 1, 8; Liv. 27, 25, 7 sqq.; Aug. Civ. Dei, 4, 21; Inscr. Orell. 543.II.Transf.A.Concr., any thing given as a mark of honor, an honorary gift, a reward, acknowledgment, recompense, fee; a sacrifice; funeral rites; a legacy, etc. (mostly poet. and since the Aug. period):B.Itan tandem hanc majores famam tradiderunt tibi tui,... honori posterorum tuorum ut vindex fieres,
Plaut. Trin. 3, 2, 18:Curio misi, ut medico honos haberetur et tibi daret quod opus esset,
Cic. Fam. 16, 9, 3; Vitr. 10, 22:geminum pugnae proponit honorem,
Verg. A. 5, 365:nil victor honoris Ex opibus posco,
Sil. 9, 199:dicite, Pierides, quonam donetur honore Neaera,
Tib. 3, 1, 5:nec Telamon sine honore recessit Hesioneque data potitur,
Ov. M. 11, 216:arae sacrificiis fument, honore, donis cumulentur,
Liv. 8, 33, 21:divūm templis indicit honorem,
Verg. A. 1, 632; Ov. F. 4, 409:nullos aris adoleret honores,
id. M. 8, 742:meritos aris mactavit honores,
Verg. A. 3, 118:honore sepulturae carere,
Cic. de Sen. 20, 75; id. Inv. 1, 55, 108:cernit ibi maestos et mortis honore carentes Leucaspim, etc.,
Verg. A. 6, 333; cf. Ov. Tr. 3, 3, 45:mille viri, qui supremum comitentur honorem,
Verg. A. 11, 61:solutus honos cineri,
Val. Fl. 3, 357:honorem habere alicui,
Curt. 3, 12, 13:omnem honorem funeri servare,
id. 4, 10, 23:communem sepulturae honorem alicui tribuere,
Suet. Aug. 17:nec enim quaerimus, cui acquiratur, sed cui honos habitus est,
the honorary legacy, Dig. 37, 5, 3; 32, 1, 11:sepulturae honore spoliatus,
Val. Max. 4, 7, 1; 9, 8, 1 fin.; cf.:supremitatis honor,
Amm. 31, 13:supremus condicionis humanae honos,
Val. Max. 6, 3, 1.—Objectively, a quality that brings honor or consideration, an ornament, grace, charm, beauty ( poet.):C.silvis Aquilo decussit honorem,
Verg. G. 2, 404:December silvis honorem decutit,
Hor. Epod. 11, 6; cf.:populeus cui frondis honor,
Val. Fl. 6, 296:notus in vultus honor,
Hor. Epod. 17, 18; Stat. Th. 10, 788.—In plur.:laetos oculis afflārat honores,
Verg. A. 1, 591; cf. Sil. 12, 244:hic tibi copia Manabit ad plenum benigno Ruris honorum opulenta cornu,
Hor. C. 1, 17, 16:nullum ver usquam nullique aestatis honores,
Sil. 3, 487.—A magistrate, office-holder:sed cum summus honor finito computet anno, sportula quid referat,
Juv. 1, 117; cf. v. 110. -
98 sol
sōl, sōlis, m. [Sanscr. svar, shine; cf. Gr. Seirios, seir, selas, Helenê; and Lat. serenus].I.Sing., the sun, as a heavenly body.A.In gen.:B.tempora duorum generum sunt, unum annale, quod sol circuitu suo finit,
Varr. R. R. 1, 27:solis cursus lunaeque meatus,
Lucr. 5, 77:annum ad cursum solis accommodavit,
Suet. Caes. 40:liquidi fons luminis aetherius sol,
Lucr. 5, 282:quid potest esse sole majus?
Cic. Ac. 2, 26, 82:illud dubium esse nulli potest quin arcus imago solis sit,
Sen. Q. N. 1, 3, 11.—Esp.1.Sol oriens or solis ortus, the east, as a quarter of the heavens:2.spectant in septemtrionem et orientem solem,
Caes. B. G. 1, 1; 5, 13; 7, 69; cf.:a sole exoriente supra Maeotis paludes, Cic. poët. Tusc. 5, 17, 49: si illud signum solis ortum conspiceret,
id. Cat. 3, 8, 20:facem stellae ab ortu solis ad occidentem porrigi visam,
Liv. 29, 14, 3:ab ortu solis flare venti,
id. 25, 27, 6.—Sol occidens or solis occasus, the west:3.alterum (litus) vergit ad solem occidentem,
Caes. B. G. 5, 13:laborant ut spectent sua triclinaria ad solem occidentem,
Varr. R. R. 1, 13 fin.:spectat inter occasum solis et septemtriones,
north-west, Caes. B. G. 1, 1:quae (pars insulae) est propius solis occasum,
id. ib. 4, 28.—Cf. poet.:sub sole cadente,
Manil. 4, 791.—In phrases, sol is often omitted by ellipsis: unde sol oritur oriens nuncupatur aut ortus;quo demergitur occidens vel occasus,
Mel. 1, 1 init.; v. orior, ortus, occĭdo.—Sol oriens or sol (solis) ortus= sunrise; sol occidens or solis (sol) occasus = sunset:4.qui solem nec occidentem umquam viderint, nec orientem,
Cic. Fin. 2, 8, 23:sole orto Gracchus copias educit,
Liv. 24, 15, 1:prius orto Sole,
Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 113:certi solis lunaeque et ortus et occasus sunt,
Liv. 44, 37, 7:numquam ab orto sole ad occidentem... a curiā abscessit,
id. 27, 50, 4:ut, equis insidentes, solis ortu cursum in quemdam locum dirigerent,
Val. Max. 7, 3, 2 ext.:solis occasu,
Caes. B. G. 1, 50; Liv. 24, 17, 7:ad (sub) solis occasum,
towards sunset, Caes. B. G. 5, 8; 2, 11:in occasum declivi sole,
Plin. 8, 50, 76, § 203.— Poet.:surgente a sole,
Hor. S. 1, 4, 29.—For sol occasus, v. occidere, and Plaut. Men. 2, 3, 87 (ante solem occasum); id. ib. 5, 7, 35 (ad solem occasum); cf.:ab exortu ad occasum perstare contuentis solem,
Plin. 7, 2, 2, § 22.—To designate a clime, country, etc., as eastern or southern (post-Aug.):5.ille Liberi currus triumphantem usque ad Thebas a solis ortu vehat,
Sen. Vit. Beat. 25, 4:terminos civitatis nostrae cum sole metimur,
id. Ot. Sap. 4 (31), 1. it tamen ultra oceanum solemque, id. Ep. 94, 63:sub alio sole,
in another clime, Manil. 4, 171; cf.:ut sua orientis occidentisque terminis finiat (sc. solis),
Sen. Ep. 92, 32.—Trop., of a great good or a great man:6.sol excidisse mihi e mundo videtur,
Cic. Att. 9, 10, 3:solem e mundo tollere videntur qui, etc.,
id. Lael. 13, 47:P. Africanus, sol alter (with sole geminato),
id. N. D. 2, 5, 14; cf. Hor. S. 1, 7, 24:neque mundum posse duobus solibus regi, neque orbem, etc.,
Just. 11, 12.—Prov.:C.et sceleratis sol oritur,
Sen. Ben. 4, 26, 1; cf.:qui solem suum oriri facit super bonos et malos,
Vulg. Matt. 5, 45: nondum omnium dierum sol occidit (Germ. Es ist noch nicht aller Tage Abend) = there are more days yet to come, sc. when the tables may be turned, Liv. 39, 26, 9.—The poets reckon time in many ways by the movement, etc., of the sun:D.bis me sol adiit gelidae post frigora brumae,
two years, Ov. Tr. 4, 7, 1:donec sol annuus omnes conficeret metas,
within a year, Stat. Achill. 1, 455; cf. Nemes. Cyn. 122:octavo lumine solis,
on the eighth day, Lucr. 6, 1195:sol septimus,
Juv. 15, 44:cum sol Herculei terga leonis adit,
in midsummer, Ov. A. A. 1, 68: O sol Pulcher, O laudande (= dies;sc. Augusti reditus),
Hor. C. 4, 2, 46; cf. id. S. 1, 9, 72:supremo sole,
at noon, id. Ep. 1, 5, 3:sub medium solem,
Manil. 4, 651; cf. id. 4, 593:sol abit,
it is growing late, Plaut. Merc. 5, 2, 32; cf.:a primo ad ultimum solem,
all day long, Amm. 14, 6, 10.—Transf., the sun, sunlight, sunshine, heat of the sun:II.ager soli ostentus,
exposed to the sun, Cato, R. R. 6:sarmenta imponito quae frigus defendant et solem,
id. ib. 48 (49):uvas ponite in sole biduum,
id. ib. 112 (113):sol semper hic est a mani ad vesperum,
Plaut. Most. 3, 2, 80:quin exta inspicere in sole etiam vivo licet,
id. Aul. 3, 6, 29:nec res posse in sole videri, ni, etc.,
Lucr. 5, 292:nunc quidem paululum a sole,
out of the sun, Cic. Tusc. 5, 32, 92:cum in sole ambulem,
id. de Or. 2, 14, 60:apricatio in illo Lucretino tuo sole,
id. Att. 7, 11, 1; cf. id. ib. 12, 6, 1:iter in calescente sole factum erat,
Liv. 44, 36 init.:torrente meridiano sole,
id. 44, 38:ex vehementi sole,
id. 28, 15, 11:urente assiduo sole,
id. 44, 33 fin.:ut veniens dextrum latus aspiciat sol,
light of the morning sun, Hor. Ep. 1, 16, 6:reformidant insuetum lumina solem,
Ov. P. 3, 4, 49; cf.:nam et solem lumina aegra formidant,
Sen. Vit. Beat. 20, 6:adversi solis ab ictu,
sunstroke, Ov. M. 3, 183:altera (spelunca) solem non recipit,
Sen. Ep. 55, 6:sole correptis,
Plin. 29, 6, 38, § 119:pisces, quos sole torreant,
id. 7, 2, 2, § 30:siccatur in sole,
id. 19, 1, 3, § 16:in agmine (Caesar) anteibat capite detecto, seu sol seu imber esset,
Suet. Caes. 57:patiens pulveris atque solis,
Hor. C. 1, 8, 4.— And trop.: in solem ac pulverem procedere, or producere, into heat and dust, i. e. into practical life (opp. umbra eruditorum), Cic. Brut. 9, 37; id. Leg. 3, 6, 14.—In a similar sense:cedat stilus gladio, umbra soli,
Cic. Mur. 14, 30.—Prov.:clarior quam solis radii,
Plaut. Mil. 1, 1, 2:sole ipso est clarius,
Arn. 1, n. 47; cf.the class. luce clarius, and: cum id solis luce videatur clarius,
Cic. Div. 1, 3, 6.Plur.A.Suns, images of the sun (class.):B.neque pauci neque leves sunt qui se duo soles vidisse dicant,
Cic. Rep. 1, 10, 15:Albae duos soles visos ferebant,
Liv. 28, 11, 3:et rursus plures soles simul cernuntur,
Plin. 2, 31, 31, § 99:quid eas vocem? imagines solis? Historici soles vocant, et binos ternosque adparuisse memoriae tradunt,
Sen. Q. N. 1, 11, 2.—Poet. = days (v. I. C.):C.nec tamen illis solibus ulla comparebat avis,
Lucr. 6, 1219:saepe ego longos Cantando puerum memini me condere soles,
to spend the long summer days in singing, Verg. E. 9, 52:tres soles... Erramus,
id. A. 3, 203; cf. Sil. 3, 554:Bajani soles,
the sunny days of Bajœ, Mart. 6, 43, 5:O soles!
id. 10, 51, 6: soles fulsere quondam tibi candidi, Cat. 8, 3, 8:soles occidere et redire possunt,
id. 5, 4:longis solibus,
Stat. Th. 5, 460:solibus arctis,
short winter days, id. S. 1, 3, 88.—So, to describe certain seasons:solibus hibernis... gratior,
than the sun in winter, Ov. M. 13, 793:si numeres anno soles et nubila toto,
the sunny and cloudy days, id. Tr. 5, 8, 31.—Light or heat of the sun ( poet. and in postAug. prose; cf.III.D. supra): pars terrai perusta solibus assiduis,
Lucr. 5, 253; cf. Ov. H. 5, 112:pluviis et solibus icta,
Lucr. 6, 1101:quae carent ventis et solibus,
i. e. are buried, Hor. Epod. 16, 13; 2, 41:et soles melius nitent,
id. C. 4, 5, 8; cf. id. Ep. 1, 10, 17:ex imbri soles Prospicere... poteris,
Verg. G. 1, 393:inque novos soles audent se gramina tuto Credere,
id. ib. 2, 332;similarly,
Ov. F. 4, 404; Stat. Th. 1, 363; 4, 421; 4, 831:tum blandi soles,
Ov. F. 1, 157:frigore soles juvant,
id. R. Am. 405; so Mart. 10, 42:Romulus et frater... Solibus et campo corpora nuda dabant,
Ov. F. 2, 366:aequora semper solibus orba tument,
id. P. 1, 3, 54:solibus rupta glacies,
Juv. 4, 43:geminā pereunt caligine soles,
Stat. Th. 5, 154:aestivos quo decipis aere soles?
id. S. 4, 4, 19:tacent exhausti solibus amnes,
id. Th. 3, 2, 59; 4, 56; Mart. 10, 12, 7; 8, 14, 4; 14, 28; Ov. M. 1, 435:cura soles assiduo quaerendi,
Plin. 26, 3, 8, § 16:perpeti soles,
id. 36, 22, 45, § 162:evitatis solibus,
id. 28, 12, 50, § 186:(sal) siccatur aestivis solibus,
id. 31, 7, 39, § 73:merguntur in aquam solibus tepefactam,
id. 19, 1, 3, § 17:nec campi minus soles accipiunt,
id. 17, 4, 3, § 29:sarculatio novos soles admittit,
id. 18, 21, 50, § 184; cf. id. 12, 5, 11, § 23; 12, 7, 14, § 26:aurea pellebant tepidos umbracula soles,
Ov. F. 2, 311:dum patula defendimus arbore soles,
Stat. S. 3, 1, 70.—Very rarely of the sun's revolution, without reference to light or heat:quae via soles praecipitet,
Stat. Th. 6, 362.—In class. prose sometimes solis ardores, with the force of the poet. soles:et nimios solis defendit ardores,
Cic. Sen. 15, 53; cf.:propter nimios solis ardores,
Sen. Ep. 90, 17.Sol, the Sun-god.A.Lit.a.The ancient Italian deity Sol, represented as driving the four-horse sun-chariot from east to west; later identified with the Greek Helios, and hence often called Titan or Phœbus by the poets:b.signi dic quid est? Cum quadrigis Sol exoriens,
Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 269:Sol... aeternam suscepit lampada mundi,
Lucr. 5, 402:rapax vis Solis equorum,
id. 5, 402:quod magni filia Solis eram,
Ov. R. Am. 276; id. M. 14, 346:Solis currus,
id. P. 4, 6, 48:secundum (invocabis) Solem et Lunam,
Varr. R. R. 1, 1 med.:grates tibi ago, summe Sol,
Cic. Rep. 6, 9, 9:Sol Phaëthonti filio facturum se esse dixit quidquid optasset,
id. Off. 3, 25, 94:Quid? illum filium Solis nonne patris ipsius luce indignum putas?
id. Tusc. 3, 12, 26:qui Solem aurigando aequiperare existimaretur,
Suet. Ner. 53:Solis colossus Rhodi,
Plin. 34, 7, 18, § 41; 34, 8, 19, § 63.—Comic.:credo edepol equidem dormire Solem atque adpotum probe,
Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 129.—The Phœnician sun-god Heliogabalus (Elagabal), whose worship was introduced by the later emperors (Aurelianus, Heliogabalus):c.ad templum Heliogabali tetendit... et Romae Soli templum posuit,
Vop. Aur. 25; cf. id. ib. 4; 14; 35; 39; Lampr. Heliog. 1; 3; afterwards called Sol Invictus, whose birthday, acc. to the Calendar. Const., was celebrated December 25th; cf. Julian. Or. 4, p. 156.—Of the sun-worship of other nations:B.(Germani) deorum numero ducunt Solem et Vulcanum et Lunam,
Caes. B. G. 6, 21; cf.:rex regum, frater Solis et Lunae,
of the king of Persia, Amm. 17, 5, 3.—The sun-god as emblem of omniscience:C.non potuit reperire, si ipsi Soli quaerundas dares, lepidiores ad hanc rem quam ego dabo,
Plaut. Mil. 3, 1, 206:meliorem neque tu reperis, neque Sol videt,
id. Stich. 1, 2, 53:at vigiles mundi... Sol et Luna,
Lucr. 5, 1435:si hoc uno quicquam Sol vidisset iniquius,
Cic. Off. 2, 8, 28:O Solem ipsum beatissimum, qui antequam se abderet fugientem vidit Antonium,
id. Phil. 14, 10, 27:Solem consule, qui late facta diurna videt,
Ov. F. 4, 582:quis Solem fallere possit?
id. A. A. 2, 573; cf. Plaut. Bacch. 2, 3, 21; Sen. Herc. Fur. 595.—Hence represented as betrayer of conspiracies: propiusque honos [p. 1718] Boli, qui occulta conjurationis retexisset, Tac. A. 15, 74;to him was commended the detection of murderers, in inscriptions over the slain: SOL, TIBI COMMENDO QVI MANVS INTVLIT EI,
Inscr. Orell. 4791:SOL, TV INDICES EIVS MORTEM,
ib. 4792.—Poet., to describe the times of the day: solverat flagrantes Sol pronus equos, = it was night, Stat. Th. 3, 408: Sol operum medius summo librabat Olympo Lucentes, ceu staret, equos, = it was mid-day, id. ib. 5, 85.IV.In gen., solis as an appellation.A.DIES SOLIS, Sunday (late Lat.), Inscr. Orell. 508.—B.Solis gemma, a precious stone, Plin. 37, 10, 67, § 181.—C.Solis insula, off the coast of Gedrosia, Plin. 6, 22, 24, § 86; 6, 23, 26, § 97.—D.Solis fons, in Marmorica, Curt. 4, 7, 22; Mela, 1, 8, 1; Plin. 5, 5, 5, § 31.—E.Solis promunturium, in Africa, Plin. 5, 1, 1, § 9.—F.Solis oppidum, a town in Ægina, Plin. 5, 9, 11, § 61. -
99 praw|o
Ⅰ n 1. sgt (ogół przepisów) law- prawo nowożytne modern law- prawo polskie/francuskie Polish/French law- reguły a. normy prawa legal norms a. principles- rządy prawa the rule of law- zgodnie z prawem in accordance with a. according to the law- zgodnie z polskim prawem under Polish law- zgodnie z duchem i literą prawa in accordance with the spirit and the letter of the law- wbrew prawu against the law, contrary to the law- stosować się do przepisów prawa to abide by a. obey the law- złamać prawo to break the law- być niezgodnym z prawem a. wbrew prawu to be against the law- uznać przerywanie ciąży za niezgodne z prawem to criminalize abortion- działać w granicach prawa/niezgodnie z prawem to operate within/outside the law- stać ponad prawem to be above the law- wejść w konflikt z prawem to fall foul of a. to come into conflict with the law- wyjąć kogoś spod prawa Hist. to outlaw sb- człowiek wyjęty spod prawa Hist. an outlaw- w imieniu prawa in the name of the law- w obliczu prawa in the eyes of the law- nieznajomość prawa nie zwalnia od odpowiedzialności ignorance of the law is no excuse a. defence, ignorance is no defence- prawo drakońskie Hist. Draconian law2. (norma prawna, ustawa) law; (zapisana) statute- zbiór praw a legal code a. code of laws- system praw a system of law, a legal system- uchwalać a. stanowić prawa to enact a. make laws- uchwalić prawo to pass a. adopt a law- uchylić prawo to revoke a. rescind a law książk.- prawo o spółdzielczości/środkach masowego przekazu a law on the cooperative movement/on the mass media- nowe prawo wchodzi w życie a. obowiązuje od 1 maja the new law comes into effect on a. applies as of 1 May- prawo o stowarzyszeniach wygasa a. traci moc 31 grudnia the law on association lapses on a. as of 31 December3. sgt (nauka) law- wydział prawa a law faculty- student/studentka prawa a law student- studiować prawo to study a. read law- ukończyć prawo to graduate in law4. (uprawnienie) right (do czegoś to sth); entitlement książk. (do czegoś to sth); eligibility U (do czegoś for sth)- prawa człowieka/zwierząt human/animal rights- działacz/kampania na rzecz obrony praw zwierząt an animal rights activist/campaign- prawa kobiet women’s rights- prawa publiczne/obywatelskie public/civil rights- prawa małżeńskie/rodzicielskie marital/parental rights- prawa i obowiązki obywatela civil rights and duties- prawo własności proprietorship, ownership- prawa spadkowe inheritance rights- prawa miejskie a (town/city) charter- nadać/odebrać prawa miejskie to grant/revoke a town/city charter- uczestniczyć w zebraniu bez prawa głosu to take part in a meeting without the right to vote- prawo pierwszeństwa przejazdu the right of way- równe prawa equal rights- prawo do emerytury pension rights- prawo do pracy/do strajku the right to work/to strike- mieć prawo do corocznego urlopu/do emerytury to be entitled to annual leave/to a retirement pension- mieć prawa do książki to have a. hold the copyright on a. in a. for a book- mieć prawo do ekranizacji powieści to own the film rights to a novel- mieć prawo coś zrobić to have the right a. to be entitled to do sth- ona nie ma prawa tak cię traktować she has no right to treat you like that- masz pełne prawo odmówić you have every right to refuse- kto ci dał prawo mnie krytykować? what gives a. who gave you the right to criticize me?- rościć/zastrzec sobie prawo do czegoś to claim/reserve the right to sth- nabyć/utracić prawo do czegoś to gain a. acquire/lose the right to sth- zrzec się prawa do czegoś to relinquish a. renounce one’s right to sth książk.- przyznać komuś prawo do czegoś to grant sb the right to sth- odmówić komuś prawa do czegoś to deny sb the right to sth- pozbawić kogoś prawa wykonywania zawodu to deprive sb of the right to practise their profession, to ban sb from practising a profession- upominać się o swoje prawa a. dochodzić swoich praw to demand a. claim one’s rights- jakim prawem? by what right?- jakim prawem wtrącasz się w moje sprawy? who gave you the right to interfere in my affairs?- wszelkie prawa zastrzeżone all rights reserved- wywiad publikowany na prawach wyłączności an exclusive interview- na równych prawach on equal terms- ona jest tu na prawach domownika she’s treated here as one of the family- prawo łaski the prerogative of mercy- skorzystać z prawa łaski to pardon, to be pardoned5. Aut. prawo jazdy driving licence GB; driver’s license US- zdawać/zdać egzamin na prawo jazdy to take/pass one’s driving test- chodzić na kurs prawa jazdy to take driving lessons6. (zasada, prawidłowość) law, principle- prawa naturalne/ekonomiczne/społeczne natural/economic/social laws- prawa fizyczne/natury the laws of physics/nature- odkryć/sformułować prawo to formulate a law a. principle- podlegać prawom materii/przyrody to be subject to the laws of matter/natureⅡ adv. 1. na a. w prawo (w prawą stronę) to the right; (po prawej stronie) on a. to the right- na prawo od budynku jest sad to the right of the building there’s an orchard- na prawo jest a. widzicie ratusz to a. on your right is a. you can see the town hall- iść/skręcić w prawo a. na prawo to go/turn right- skręć w pierwszą (ulicę) w prawo take the first (street to the) right- na prawo patrz! Wojsk. eyes right!- szastał pieniędzmi na prawo i lewo he was spending money right, left and centre pot.- w prawo i w lewo (na wszystkie sposoby) in every possible way2. pot. (w polityce) pójść na prawo to veer to the right- zwrot na prawo a turn to the right- być na prawo od kogoś to be to the right of sb- być na prawo od centrum to be right of centreⅢ z prawa pot. (po prawej stronie) from the right- z prawa rozciągały się pola to the right, there were fields- z prawa i z lewa from all sidesⅣ prawo- w wyrazach złożonych 1. (odnoszący się do strony) right- 2. (dotyczący prawa) law-- □ prawa kardynalne Hist. cardinal laws- prawo administracyjne administrative law- prawo autorskie copyright law- prawo biogenetyczne recapitulation theory; Biol. palingenesis- prawo bliższości Hist., Prawo (the right of) primogeniture- prawo budowlane building code- prawo chełmińskie Hist., Prawo Chełm Law (a charter defining terms under which Polish towns were incorporated, modelled on the Magdeburg Law)- prawo ciążenia Newtona Fiz. Newton’s law of gravitation- prawo cywilne civil law- prawo doraźne Prawo summary justice- prawo finansowe a. skarbowe revenue law- prawo handlowe commercial a. trade law- prawo kanoniczne a. kościelne canon a. church a. ecclesiastical law- prawo karne Prawo criminal law- prawo karne wykonawcze penal law- prawo karne skarbowe penal revenue law- prawo lokalowe housing law- prawo łowieckie game laws- miasto na prawie magdeburskim a town chartered according to the Magdeburg law- prawo mennicze Hist. minting rights- prawo międzynarodowe international law- prawo Murphy’ego Murphy’s a. Sod’s pot., żart. Law- prawo obywatelstwa right of citizenship- prawo państwowe constitutional law- prawo Parkinsona Parkinson’s law- prawo pracy labour legislation, employment legislation- prawo prasowe press legislation- prawo probiercze assay law- prawo procesowe adjective a. procedural law- prawo rodzinne family law- prawo rzymskie Roman law- prawo wartości Ekon. the law of value- prawo wojenne law of war- prawo wyborcze electoral a. election law- bierne prawo wyborcze eligibility to stand for election, right to be elected- czynne prawo wyborcze voting rights, suffrage, franchise- powszechne prawo wyborcze universal suffrage a. a universal franchise- prawo wyborcze dla kobiet women’s suffrage- prawo zwyczajowe common law, custom- albo w prawo, albo w lewo you can’t have your cake and eat itThe New English-Polish, Polish-English Kościuszko foundation dictionary > praw|o
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100 с
I предл. (тв.); = со1) (указывает на совместность, объединение) with; andон прие́хал с детьми́ — he came with the children
я пойду́ с ва́ми — I'll go with you; I'll join you
брат с сестро́й ушли́ — brother and sister went away
мы с тобо́й [мы с ва́ми] — you and I; we
нам с ва́ми придётся подожда́ть — we'll have to wait
повида́ть отца́ с ма́терью — see one's father and mother
2) (в обществе кого-л, по отношению к кому-л) withвести́ себя сде́ржанно с кем-л — be reserved with smb
с ва́ми мне легко́ — I feel at ease with you
с ним ве́село — he is fun to be with
3) ( указывает на общую деятельность) withобме́ниваться мне́ниями с кем-л — exchange views with smb
игра́ть с соба́кой — play with the dog
мне не́ о чем с ва́ми разгова́ривать — I have nothing to discuss with you
4) (указывает на наличие чего-л, свойства или особенности предмета) withчай с молоко́м [са́харом] — tea with milk [sugar]
кни́га с карти́нками — picture book
стано́к с электро́нным управле́нием — electronically operated / controlled machine
бино́кль с увеличе́нием в 10 раз — 10-power binoculars
5) ( указывает на средство) withмыть с мы́лом — wash with soap
с курье́ром — by courier ['kʊrɪə] / messenger
с после́дним по́ездом — by the last train
с улы́бкой — with a smile
с интере́сом — with interest
с удово́льствием — with pleasure
со сме́хом — with a laugh, with laughter
с пе́снями и сме́хом — with song and laughter; singing and laughing
8) ( указывает на характеристику действия) withс уве́ренностью — with certainty; for certain; confidently
одева́ться со вку́сом — be dressed with taste, have good taste in clothes
с опереже́нием гра́фика — ahead of schedule
с то́чностью до 0,1 — to within 0.1
с части́чной нагру́зкой — at partial load
со ско́ростью 100 км в час — at a speed of 100 km per hour
с тако́й же ско́ростью, как — as fast as
9) ( указывает на цель действия) withс серьёзными наме́рениями — with serious intentions
с э́той це́лью — for this purpose, with this in mind; toward(s) this end
я к вам с про́сьбой — I have a request for you; I have something to ask you for
я́вка с пови́нной — surrender ( of a criminal to police), giving oneself up (with a confession of one's guilt)
10) ( одновременно) with; at the time ofпросну́ться с зарёй — awake with the dawn
с оконча́нием войны́ — when the war is [was] over
11) ( по мере чего-л) asс во́зрастом э́то пройдёт — it will pass with the years [with age; as one grows older]
с разви́тием эконо́мики — as the economy develops
с увеличе́нием глубины́ растёт давле́ние — as the depth increases, so does the pressure
с повыше́нием то́чности измере́ний на́ши взгля́ды на э́то явле́ние измени́лись — as the measurement accuracy increased, our view of that phenomenon changed
с удале́нием от це́нтра — away / outward from the centre
12) ( после) afterс приватиза́цией фи́рмы не́которые пробле́мы разреши́лись — after the company was privatized, some of the problems were resolved
13) (по поводу, относительно) with respect to, as regards; withкак у вас дела́ с повыше́нием? — how are things going on with your promotion?
с рабо́той всё хорошо́ — the work's going on all right
как у вас со здоро́вьем? — do you have any health problems?
у него́ что́-то с лёгкими — he has got lung trouble
у меня́ тугова́то с деньга́ми — I am a bit hard up for money
••что с тобо́й [ва́ми]? — what is the matter with you?
с ка́ждым (тв.; при обозначении регулярного отрезка времени) — every
с ка́ждым ча́сом [днём, ме́сяцем, го́дом] — every hour [day, month, year]
с ка́ждой секу́ндой [мину́той, неде́лей] — every second [minute, week]
II предл. (рд.); = совы молоде́ете с ка́ждым днём — you look younger every day
1) (указывает на поверхность, опору, уровень, откуда направлено движение) from; (прочь тж.) offвзять кни́гу с по́лки — take a book from the shelf
упа́сть с кры́ши — fall from a roof
сбро́сить со стола́ — throw off / from the table
снять кольцо́ с па́льца — take a ring off / from one's finger
спусти́ться со второ́го этажа́ — come downstairs
корми́ть с ло́жечки — spoon-feed
2) (указывает на место отправления, происхождения) fromверну́ться с рабо́ты — return from work
съе́хать с да́чи [с кварти́ры] — move from a country house [from a flat брит. / apartment амер.]
прие́хать с Кавка́за — come from the Caucasus
ры́ба с Во́лги — fish from the Volga
3) (указывает на часть, сторону предмета, на которой сосредоточено действие) fromподойти́ к до́му с торца́ — approach the building from the end side
пры́гать с ле́вой ноги́ — take off from the left foot
с двух сторо́н (о движении) — from both sides; ( о письме) on both sides
печа́ть с двух сторо́н полигр., информ. — two-sided printing
4) (указывает на то, что используется в начале действия) with, usingписа́ть с прописно́й [стро́чной] бу́квы — write with a capital [small] letter
идти́ с туза́ карт. — play an ace
начина́ть с ма́лого — start small [in a small way]
5) (указывает на позицию или показатель в прошлом, подвергнувшиеся изменению) fromперейти́ с пе́рвого ме́ста на пя́тое — move from first place to fifth place
зарпла́та повы́силась с 5 до 6 ты́сяч рубле́й — the salary (was) increased from 5,000 to 6,000 roubles
6) ( указывает на начало срока) fromс сентября́ по дека́брь — from September to December
с трёх до пяти́ — from three to five
7) (указывает на начало процесса, состояния в прошлом) sinceон не ви́дел её с про́шлого го́да — he has not seen her since last year
с тех пор ничего́ не измени́лось — nothing has changed since then
8) (указывает на начало процесса, состояния в будущем) starting / beginning fromон бу́дет там с января́ [пя́тницы; трёх часо́в] — he will be there starting from January [Friday; three o'clock]
зако́н вступа́ет в си́лу с 1 января́ — the law comes into force [becomes effective] (on) January (the) first
9) ( беря за образец) fromс нату́ры — from life
писа́ть портре́т с кого́-л — paint smb's picture
брать приме́р с кого́-л — follow smb's example
10) (указывает на лицо, от которого требуется оплата, вознаграждение и т.п.)с вас 20 рубле́й — 20 roubles, please; ( о возврате долга) you owe me 20 roubles
с тебя́ буты́лка — you owe me a bottle
11) разг. (от, из-за, под воздействием чего-л) because of; withс ра́дости — with joy
с го́ря — with grief / frustration
запи́ть с го́ря — drown one's sorrows in drink
с доса́ды [со зло́сти] — with vexation [with anger]
со стыда́ — for / with shame
со стра́ха — in one's fright, in panic
кра́сный с моро́за — (with a face) reddened by the cold
••с пе́рвого взгля́да — at first sight
с головы́ до ног — from head to foot
с нача́ла до конца́ — from beginning to end; from start to finish
взять с бо́ю — take by storm
с мину́ты на мину́ту — any minute / moment (now)
он придёт с мину́ты на мину́ту — he may come any minute now
с чьего́-л разреше́ния / позволе́ния — with smb's permission
с ва́шего согла́сия — with your consent
с ви́ду — in appearance
с доро́ги — after a journey
III предл.; = сос меня́ хва́тит — I've had enough
(вн.; указывает на приблизительную меру чего-л) the size of; aboutс була́вочную голо́вку — the size of a pin's head
с вас ро́стом — about the same height as yours
с ло́шадь величино́й — the size of a horse
туда́ бу́дет с киломе́тр — it is about a kilometre from here
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