crudus

* * *

crūdus, a, um, adj. [root kru-, of Gr. kruos; cf. cruor, crudelis], bloody, bleeding, trickling with blood, etc.

Prop. (so rare):

vulnus,

Plin. Ep. 5, 16, 11:

vulnera,

Ov. Tr. 3, 11, 19; id. P. 1, 3, 16.—

Transf.

Of food, raw, not cooked: quid tu curas, utrum [p. 485] crudum an coctum edim? Plaut. Aul. 3, 2, 15:

exta,

Liv. 29, 27, 5:

carnem mandere,

Suet. Ner. 37.—So also of undigested food:

pavo,

Juv. 1, 143; cf.

trop.: lectio non cruda sed multā iteratione mollita et velut confecta,

Quint. 10, 1, 19;

and, alvus,

Cato, R. R. 125:

qui crudum ructat,

i. e. when undigested food rises in the stomach, Cels. 1, 2; v. ructo.— Transf., of persons suffering from indigestion, etc., Cic. Fin. 2, 8, 23; Quint. 11, 3, 27; Hor. S. 1, 5, 49; id. Ep. 1, 6, 61:

crudior,

Cic. Clu. 60, 168; cf. cruditas; so,

bos,

Hor. Epod. 8, 6 Orell. ad loc.—Hence, in a pun, Mart. 3, 13, 3 sq.—

In gen., of all physical or moral crudeness, immaturity, roughness, etc.

Lit.

Unripe, immature, crude:

poma ex arboribus, cruda si sunt, vix evelluntur, si matura et cocta, decidunt,

Cic. Sen. 19, 71:

pruna (opp. maturissima),

Col. 12, 10, 3:

muria (opp. matura),

id. 12, 6, 2 al.:

palmes,

Luc. 4, 317 (viridis, Schol.);

of an abscess,

not mature, Cels. 5, 28, 11:

puella,

Mart. 8, 64, 11; cf. Hor. C. 3, 11, 12:

funera nepotis,

premature, early, Stat. Th. 9, 391; cf. id. Achill. 1, 478:

amor,

yet young, fresh, id. Th. 2, 341; cf.:

crudum adhuc servitium,

Tac. A. 1, 8 fin.:

adhuc studia,

Petr. 4:

crudi sine viribus anni,

Sil. 12, 348:

juventus,

not yet armed, id. 3, 302; Claud. Cons. Hon. 3, 42.—

Opp. to age, and the weakness arising from age, fresh, vigorous:

jam senior, sed cruda deo viridisque senectus,

Verg. A. 6, 304;

imitated by Tac.: quibus cruda ac viridis senectus,

Tac. Agr. 29: cf.

meus,

Sil. 5, 569.—

Unprepared, immature, raw, crude:

crudum et immotum solum,

Col. 2, 2, 25; cf. Plin. 18, 19, 49, § 179:

pix,

Col. 12, 20, 6:

corium,

Varr. L. L. 5, § 116 Müll.; for which, poet., taurus, Val. Fl. 4, 250;

and, caestus,

made of raw hide, undressed leather, Verg. A. 5, 69:

rudis cortice crudo hasta,

id. ib. 9, 743.—Of verses, unpolished, rude:

junctura addita crudis (numeris),

Pers. 1, 92 (cf.:

si forte aliquid decoctius audis,

id. 1, 125).—Of the voice, rough, hoarse:

quia crudus fuerit,

Cic. de Or. 1, 27, 125.—

Trop.

Raw, not prepared or matured:

ut cibos mansos ac prope liquefactos demittimus, quo facilius digerantur, ita lectio non cruda, sed multā iteratione mollita et velut confecta memoriae tradatur,

Quint. 10, 1, 19.—

Rough, unfeeling, cruel, merciless ( poet.).

Of personal subjects:

dicat me Crudum virum esse,

Plaut. Truc. 2, 8, 14; id. Poen. 5, 2, 148; Ov. M. 4, 240:

Getae,

id. Tr. 5, 3, 8:

cena, crude Thyesta, tua,

Mart. 4, 49, 4:

crudus et leti artifex,

Sen. Hippol. 1220.—More freq.,

Of things as subjects:

bella,

Ov. Am. 3, 8, 58:

ensis,

Verg. A. 10, 682; cf. Sil. 7, 113; Stat. Th. 10, 342:

tyrannis,

Juv. 8, 223: crudissimum pistrinum, most rude, uncultivated, Cassius ap. Suet. Aug. 4.— Adv. not in use.

green, fresh, immature, untimely / undigested / harsh

bleeding / raw, uncooked / unripe / unprepared food

rŭdis, e, adj. [cf. crudus], unwrought, untilled, unformed, unused, rough, raw, wild (cf. crudus): omnis fere materia non deformata, rudis appellatur, sicut vestimentum rude, non perpolitum: sic aes infectum rudusculum, Cincius ap. Fest. p. 265 Müll. (class.; esp. freq. in the trop. signif.).

Lit.:

terra (opp. restibilis),

Varr. R. R. 1, 44, 2; so,

terra,

id. ib. 1, 27, 2:

ager,

Col. 3, 11, 1:

campus,

Verg. G. 2, 211:

humus,

Ov. M. 5, 646:

rudis atque infecta materies,

Petr. 114, 13; cf.:

rudis indigestaque moles (Chaos),

Ov. M. 1, 7:

marmor,

Quint. 2, 19, 3:

saxum,

id. 9, 4, 27; cf.:

signa (de marmore coepto),

Ov. M. 1, 406:

aes (opp. signatum),

Plin. 33, 3, 13:

hasta,

rudely finished, ill-made, Verg. A. 9, 743; cf.:

novacula (with retusa),

Petr. 94, 14:

circumjectus parietum,

Plin. 11, 51, 112, § 270:

caementum,

Tac. Or. 20 (with informes tegulae):

lana,

Ov. M. 6, 19:

textum,

rough, coarse, id. ib. 8, 640; so,

vestis,

id. F. 4, 659:

herba,

wild, Mart. 2, 90, 8: cf.

uva,

unripe, green, hard, id. 13, 68.— Neutr. plur. as subst.: detrahit doctrina aliquid, ut lima rudibus et cotes hebetibus, Quint. 2, 12, 8. —

Poet., transf., young, new (cf. integer):

illa (carina, sc. Argo) rudem cursu prima imbuit Amphitriten,

untried, not yet sailed on, Cat. 64, 11;

hence, also, Argo,

Luc. 3, 193:

agna,

Mart. 9, 71, 6:

filia,

id. 7, 95, 8:

dextram cruore regio imbuit,

Sen. Troad. 217:

pannas,

new, Vulg. Matt. 9, 16. —

Trop., rude, unpolished, uncultivated, unskilled, awkward, clumsy, ignorant; hence (like ignarus), with gen., unacquainted with, inexperienced in, etc. (cf. imperitus).

Absol.:

consilium,

Plaut. Poen. 1, 1, 61; cf.:

forma ingenii impolita et plane rudis,

Cic. Brut. 85, 294:

incohata ac rudia,

id. de Or. 1, 2, 5:

quae rudia atque imperfecta adhuc erant,

Quint. 3, 1, 7:

rudia et incomposita,

id. 9, 4, 17:

vox surda, rudis, immanis, dura, etc.,

id. 11, 3, 32:

modulatio,

id. 1, 10, 16; cf.:

modus (tibicinis),

Ov. A. A. 1, 111:

rude et Graecis intactum carmen,

Hor. S. 1, 10, 66:

stilus (with confusus),

Quint. 1, 1, 28; 12, 10, 3:

animi,

id. 1, 10, 9 (with agrestes);

1, 1, 36: adhuc ingenia,

id. 1, 2, 27; cf.

ingenium,

Hor. A. P. 410:

rudis fuit vita priscorum et sine litteris,

Plin. 18, 29, 69, § 284:

saeculum,

Quint. 2, 5, 23; 12, 11, 23; Tac. H. 1, 86:

anni,

i. e. young, early, Quint. 1, 1, 5; Tac. A. 13, 16 fin.; cf.:

adhuc aetas,

id. ib. 4, 8:

rudem me et integrum discipulum accipe et ea, quae requiro, doce,

Cic. N. D. 3, 3, 7; Quint. 2, 3, 3; 3, 6, 83:

Aeschylus rudis in plerisque et incompositus,

id. 10, 1, 66:

tam eram rudis? tam ignarus rerum? etc.,

Cic. Sest. 21, 47; so (with ignarus) Quint. 1, 8, 4:

rudis ac stultus,

id. 11, 3, 76:

illi rudes homines primique,

id. 8, 3, 36; 10, 2, 5:

illi rudes ac bellicosi,

id. 1, 10, 20:

nescit equo rudis Haerere ingenuus puer,

Hor. C. 3, 24, 54.—

With in and abl.:

cum superiores alii fuissent in disputationibus perpoliti, alii in disserendo rudes,

Cic. Rep. 1, 8, 13:

(oratorem) nullā in re tironem ac rudem esse debere,

id. de Or. 1, 50, 218; (with hebes) id. ib. 1, 58, 248:

rudis in re publicā,

id. Phil. 6, 6, 17:

in causā,

id. Fam. 4, 1, 1:

in jure civili,

id. de Or. 1, 10, 40:

in minoribus navigiis,

id. ib. 1, 38, 174:

omnino in nostris poëtis,

id. Fin. 1, 2, 5:

sermo nullā in re,

id. de Or. 1, 8, 32.—With simple abl. (very rare):

Ennius ingenio maximus, arte rudis,

Ov. Tr. 2, 424:

arte,

Stat. Th. 6, 437:

studiis,

Vell. 2, 73, 1.—

With gen.:

imperiti homines rerum omnium rudes ignarique,

Cic. Fl. 7, 16:

dicat se non imperitum foederis, non rudem exemplorum, non ignarum belli fuisse,

id. Balb. 20, 47:

provinciae rudis,

id. Verr. 2, 2, 6, § 17:

Graecarum litterarum,

id. Off. 1, 1, 1; Nep. Pelop. 1, 1:

rei militaris,

Cic. Ac. 2, 1, 2:

harum rerum,

id. Verr. 2, 2, 35, § 87:

artium,

Liv. 1, 7:

bonarum artium,

Tac. A. 1, 3:

facinorum,

id. ib. 12, 51:

agminum,

Hor. C. 3, 2, 9:

civilis belli,

id. Ep. 2, 2, 47; cf.:

bellorum (elephanti),

Flor. 4, 2, 67:

operum conjugiique,

Ov. F. 4, 336:

somni,

i. e. sleepless, id. M. 7, 213:

dicendi,

Tac. A. 1, 29.—

With ad (very rare):

rudem ad pedestria bella Numidarum gentem esse,

Liv. 24, 48, 5:

ad quae (spectacula) rudes tum Romani erant,

id. 45, 32, 10; 10, 22, 6; 21, 25, 6:

ad partus,

Ov. H. 11, 48:

ad mala,

id. P. 3, 7, 18:

rudes adhuc ad resistendum populos,

Just. 1, 1, 5:

rudis natio ad voluptates,

Curt. 6, 21, 9; 8, 8, 24.—

With dat. (very rare):

fontes rudes puellis,

i. e. strange, Mart. 6, 42, 4.—

With inf.:

nec ferre rudis medicamina,

Sil. 6, 90:

Martem rudis versare,

id. 8, 262.— Comp., sup., and adv. do not occur.

rŭdis, is, f. ( abl. sing. rudi, Capitol. Opil. Macr. 4, 5), a slender stick or rod.

To stir with in cooking; a stirring-stick, spatula:

versato crebro duabus rudibus,

Cato, R. R. 79; so,

ferreae,

Plin. 34, 18, 50, § 170; cf. rudicula.—

A staff used by soldiers and gladiators in their exercises (perh. a wooden sword), answering to a quarter-staff, a foil (freq. and class.):

(milites) rudibus inter se in modum justae pugnae concurrerunt,

Liv. 26, 51; 40, 6 and 9 Drak. N. cr. (al. sudibus); Ov. Am. 2, 9, 22; id. A. A. 3, 515:

rudibus batuere,

Suet. Calig. 32.—Hence, transf.: PRIMA or SVMMA RVDIS (also in one word, SVMMARVDIS), the first or head fencer, the fencing-master, Inscr. Orell. 2575; 2584: SECVNDA RVDIS, the second fencer, the fencing-master ' s assistant, ib. 2573 sq.—A gladiator received such a rudis when honorably discharged (whence he was called rudiarius):

tam bonus gladiator rudem tam cito accepisti?

Cic. Phil. 2, 29, 74:

acceptā rude,

Juv. 6, 113:

essedario rudem indulgere,

Suet. Claud. 21.—And hence transf. to other persons who receive an honorable discharge:

tardā vires minuente senectā, Me quoque donari jam rude tempus erat,

i. e. to dismiss, discharge, Ov. Tr. 4, 8, 24; id. Am. 2, 9, 22; cf.:

spectatum satis et donatum jam rude,

Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 2 (v. Orell. ad h. l.):

ergo sibi dabit ipse rudem,

Juv. 7, 171; Mart. 3, 36, 10.

1) General subject: Anglo-Saxon, Boeotian, Gothic, X rated, X-rated, abrupt (о манерах и т.п.), acerb, agrestic, baboon, bad (об ошибке), barbaric, barbarous, barking, bearish, beastly, bestial, blunt, boarish, booish, boor, boorish, broad, brushy, brusque, brut, brutal, brutish, burly, burry, caddish, chuffy, churl, churlish, clodhopping, clover, clownish, clumsy, coarse (о пище, одежде и т. п.), coarse grained, common, crass, crude, currish, curt, custard pie, dead hearted, dead-hearted, doggish, earthy, feral, ferine, glaring, gnarled, gnarly, gnarly (о внешности), gross, gruff (о голосе), gruffy, ham-handed, hard bitten, hard boiled, hard case, hard shelled, hard-mouthed, harsh, heathenish, hoarse, home made, homespun, horny, horse, horse-laugh, ill mannered, ill-mannered, ill-natured, illiberal, incondite, inelegant, inurbane, iron sided, jazz, knockabout, larrikin, loutish, low, low lived, lowbred, menial (о работе), obscene, of coarse fiber (о человеке), pebbly, petulant, plebeian, primitive, profane, randy, rank, raw (в художественном отношении), ribald, robust, rough, rough hewn, rough spoken, rough-hewn, rude, ruffian, rugged, rustic, savage, scratchy (о рисунке), scurril, scurrile, scurrilous, shaggy, sharp (о словах), short (о речи), slight (о наброске, очерке), snappish, snippy, strong, surly, swinish, tough (о человеке), truculent, uncivil, underbred, unfinished, ungentle, ungracious, unhandsome, unmannerly, unrefined, visceral, vulgar, woolly, woolly (о живописи), yokelish, offhanded, reedy, (о человеке) kind of crude, naked, outright, ruvid, cur

2) Geology: rudaceous (об осадочных породах)

3) Biology: gross (о корме)

4) Colloquial: coarse-grained (о человеке), hard-case, ignorant, low-down, tike, tyke, roughhewn, messy

5) Dialect: iron-sided

6) American: hard-bitten, hobnailed, wild and woolly

7) Obsolete: mobbish

8) Botanical term: raw (лат. crudus)

9) Bookish: discourteous, obdurate

10) Agriculture: rough (о корме)

11) Rare: brief (о манерах), scurvy, thersitical

12) Mathematics: structurally stable

13) Law: flagrant

14) Australian slang: Maori, hairy

15) Architecture: unpolished

16) Mining: heavy

17) Psychology: impertinent, rude (о поведении), voyeurism

18) Theatre: custard-pie

19) Textile: hard

20) Jargon: hard-boiled, hot, uncool, bitchy (Don't be so bitchy! Не будь таким грубым!), trashy, ripe, snottie, zhlubby, Barbie Doll, Wop, cheeky, down, raunchie, raunchy, ronchie, woozy, wuzzy

21) Literature: Scrooge, rowdy, bawdy

22) Student language: butter head, butterhead

23) Metrology: coarse (например, о настройке)

24) Drilling: bastard

25) Polymers: grained

26) Automation: coarse (напр. о регулировке)

27) Quality control: rough (о приближении)

28) Aviation medicine: abrasive (о человеке)

29) Makarov: barbaresque (о стилях в искусстве), barbarian, barbarous (о языке), base, brute, churly, coarse (о материале), crude (об аналогии), dragoon, gnarled (о внешности), hackly (о ПВ), hard-shelled, harsh (на ощупь), harsh (о вкусе), harsh (о выражениях и т.п.), home-made, homely, ill-bred, inartificial, incult, indelicate, low-lived, offhand, plain, rough (о вычислениях, оценках), rough (о поверхности), rugged (о ПВ), rugged (о поверхности), shafty (о шерсти), termagant, uncivilized, uncouth, uncultivated

30) Taboo: snotty, (о юморе) toss-prick

31) Internet: unmanner

32) Phraseological unit: born in a barn (ill-mannered.)

33) Numismatics: routh

* * *

(hrá, hrátt), a.

1) raw, of meat or food (hrár fiskr, hrátt kjöt);

2) raw, fresh, sappy (h. viðr).

* * *

hrá, hrátt, adj. [A. S. hreow = crudus, whence Engl. rough and raw; Germ. rauh; Dan. raa]:—raw, only of meat or food; eta hrátt, Hkv. 2. 6, Hom. 84, Fbr. 97, Karl. 426; hrán fisk, Al. 171.

2. raw, fresh, sappy; góð jörð ok hrá, Edda 150 (pref.); hrár viðr, a sapling, young plant, Grág. ii. 298, Fb. i. 342, Skm. 32.

* * *

* * *

* * *

is n. raw flesh, carrion, I, 162, 9 and 10; X, 87, 16 AV. VIII, 6, 23 ;

hard, Irish cruaidh, Old Irish cruaid, *kroudi-s; root kreva, to be blood, raw, whence crò, blood, q.v.; Latin crûdus, English crude. Hence cruailinn, hard, rocky.

ăcerbus, a, um, adj. [fr. 2. acer, like superbus fr. super, yet the short ă should be noticed], harsh to the taste, of every object which has an astringent effect upon the tongue (opp. suavis, Lucr. 4, 661 sq.).

Prop.:

Neptuni corpus acerbum,

bitter, briny, Lucr. 2, 472; and esp. of unripe fruit, sharp, sour, harsh, and the like:

uva primo est peracerba gustatu, deinde maturata dulcescit,

Cic. de Sen. 15:

saporum genera tredecim reperiuntur: acer, acutus, acerbus, acidus, salsus, etc.,

Plin. 15, 27, 32; and since the harshness of fruit is always a sign of immaturity, so Varro, Cicero, Pliny, et al. use acerbus as a syn. for crudus, immaturus, unripe, crude, lit. and trop.: nondum matura uva est, nolo acerbam sumere, Phaed. 4, 2, 4; so Ov. Am. 2, 14, 24;

and trop.: impolitae res et acerbae si erunt relictae,

Cic. Prov. Cons. 14; cf. Gell. 13, 2.—Hence: virgo acerba, not yet marriageable, Varr. ap. Non. 247, 15; and esp. poet. (opp. to virgo matura, v. maturus): funus acerbum, as a translation of the Gr. thaWatos aôros (Eur. Orest. 1030), Auct. Or. pro Dom. 16:

ante diem edere partus acerbos,

premature, Ov. F. 4, 647. —

Transf.

to sounds, harsh, hoarse, rough, shrill:

serrae stridentis acerbum horrorem, Lucr, 2, 410: vox acerbissima,

Auct. Her. 4, 47;

to feeling, sharp, keen:

frigus,

bitter, Hor. Ep. 1, 17, 53.

Fig.

Of men: Rough, coarse, repulsive, morose, violent, hard, rigorous, severe:

melius de quibusdam acerbos inimicos mereri quam eos amicos, qui dulces videantur,

Cic. Lael. 24:

posse enim asotos ex Aristippi, acerbos e Zenonis schola exire,

for there may go forth sensualists from the school of Aristippus, crabbed fellows from that of Zeno, id. N. D. 3, 31 (cf. acriculus):

acerbissimi feneratores,

id. Att. 6, 1;

so of adversaries or enemies,

violent, furious, bitter, Cic. Fam. 1, 4:

acerbissimus hostis,

id. Cat. 4, 6 fin.; so id. Fam. 3, 8:

acerbus odisti,

Hor. S. 1, 3, 85 K. &

H.: quid messes uris acerba tuas?

Tib. 1, 2, 98 al. —

Of things, harsh, heavy, disagreeable, grievous, troublesome, bitter, sad (very often, esp. in Cic.):

ut acerbum est, pro benefactis cum mali messem metas!

Plaut. Ep. 5, 2, 52; cf. Ter. Hec. 3, 1, 1; Att. ap. Non. 72, 29:

in rebus acerbis,

Lucr. 3, 54:

acerbissimum supplicium,

Cic. Cat. 4, 6:

acerbissima vexatio,

id. ib. 4, 1:

acerba memoria temporis,

id. Planc. 41: acerbissimā morte affectus, Serv. ap. Cic. Fam. 4, 12, 2 al.—Hence acerbum funus (diff. from above), a bitter, painful death, Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 35:

acerbum funus filiae,

id. As. 3, 3, 5, and so Nep. Cim. 4: vita ejus fuit secura et mors acerba, afflicting, painful, unwelcome. —In the neutr. subst.: ăcer-bum, i, calamity, misfortune, Ov. Tr. 5, 2, 21; Verg. A. 12, 500—acerba, n. plur. adv. acc. to the Gr. idiom, Lucr. 5, 34 (cf. acuta et al.), several times imitated by Verg. A. 12, 398; 9, 794; id. G. 3, 149.— Adv.: ăcerbe, harshly, sharply, severely, etc., in the trop. signif. of the adj., Cic. Fam. 1, 5; id. N. D. 2, 33; id. Planc. 1:

idem acerbe severus in filium,

id. Off. 3, 31, 112; Liv. 3, 50. 12; 7, 3, 9; Tac. A. 2, 87 al.— Comp., Cic. Lael. 16; Suet. Tib. 25.— Sup., Cic. Att. 11, 1; Caes. B. C. 1, 2; also Cic. Planc. 35, 86, where, of an exclamation of severe grief, acerbissime for acerrime is defended against Lambinus and Ernesti by Wunder, Planc. l. c. p. 217; so B. & K.

ăcerbus, a, um, adj. [fr. 2. acer, like superbus fr. super, yet the short ă should be noticed], harsh to the taste, of every object which has an astringent effect upon the tongue (opp. suavis, Lucr. 4, 661 sq.).

Prop.:

Neptuni corpus acerbum,

bitter, briny, Lucr. 2, 472; and esp. of unripe fruit, sharp, sour, harsh, and the like:

uva primo est peracerba gustatu, deinde maturata dulcescit,

Cic. de Sen. 15:

saporum genera tredecim reperiuntur: acer, acutus, acerbus, acidus, salsus, etc.,

Plin. 15, 27, 32; and since the harshness of fruit is always a sign of immaturity, so Varro, Cicero, Pliny, et al. use acerbus as a syn. for crudus, immaturus, unripe, crude, lit. and trop.: nondum matura uva est, nolo acerbam sumere, Phaed. 4, 2, 4; so Ov. Am. 2, 14, 24;

and trop.: impolitae res et acerbae si erunt relictae,

Cic. Prov. Cons. 14; cf. Gell. 13, 2.—Hence: virgo acerba, not yet marriageable, Varr. ap. Non. 247, 15; and esp. poet. (opp. to virgo matura, v. maturus): funus acerbum, as a translation of the Gr. thaWatos aôros (Eur. Orest. 1030), Auct. Or. pro Dom. 16:

ante diem edere partus acerbos,

premature, Ov. F. 4, 647. —

Transf.

to sounds, harsh, hoarse, rough, shrill:

serrae stridentis acerbum horrorem, Lucr, 2, 410: vox acerbissima,

Auct. Her. 4, 47;

to feeling, sharp, keen:

frigus,

bitter, Hor. Ep. 1, 17, 53.

Fig.

Of men: Rough, coarse, repulsive, morose, violent, hard, rigorous, severe:

melius de quibusdam acerbos inimicos mereri quam eos amicos, qui dulces videantur,

Cic. Lael. 24:

posse enim asotos ex Aristippi, acerbos e Zenonis schola exire,

for there may go forth sensualists from the school of Aristippus, crabbed fellows from that of Zeno, id. N. D. 3, 31 (cf. acriculus):

acerbissimi feneratores,

id. Att. 6, 1;

so of adversaries or enemies,

violent, furious, bitter, Cic. Fam. 1, 4:

acerbissimus hostis,

id. Cat. 4, 6 fin.; so id. Fam. 3, 8:

acerbus odisti,

Hor. S. 1, 3, 85 K. &

H.: quid messes uris acerba tuas?

Tib. 1, 2, 98 al. —

Of things, harsh, heavy, disagreeable, grievous, troublesome, bitter, sad (very often, esp. in Cic.):

ut acerbum est, pro benefactis cum mali messem metas!

Plaut. Ep. 5, 2, 52; cf. Ter. Hec. 3, 1, 1; Att. ap. Non. 72, 29:

in rebus acerbis,

Lucr. 3, 54:

acerbissimum supplicium,

Cic. Cat. 4, 6:

acerbissima vexatio,

id. ib. 4, 1:

acerba memoria temporis,

id. Planc. 41: acerbissimā morte affectus, Serv. ap. Cic. Fam. 4, 12, 2 al.—Hence acerbum funus (diff. from above), a bitter, painful death, Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 35:

acerbum funus filiae,

id. As. 3, 3, 5, and so Nep. Cim. 4: vita ejus fuit secura et mors acerba, afflicting, painful, unwelcome. —In the neutr. subst.: ăcer-bum, i, calamity, misfortune, Ov. Tr. 5, 2, 21; Verg. A. 12, 500—acerba, n. plur. adv. acc. to the Gr. idiom, Lucr. 5, 34 (cf. acuta et al.), several times imitated by Verg. A. 12, 398; 9, 794; id. G. 3, 149.— Adv.: ăcerbe, harshly, sharply, severely, etc., in the trop. signif. of the adj., Cic. Fam. 1, 5; id. N. D. 2, 33; id. Planc. 1:

idem acerbe severus in filium,

id. Off. 3, 31, 112; Liv. 3, 50. 12; 7, 3, 9; Tac. A. 2, 87 al.— Comp., Cic. Lael. 16; Suet. Tib. 25.— Sup., Cic. Att. 11, 1; Caes. B. C. 1, 2; also Cic. Planc. 35, 86, where, of an exclamation of severe grief, acerbissime for acerrime is defended against Lambinus and Ernesti by Wunder, Planc. l. c. p. 217; so B. & K.

crūdēlis, e, adj. [cf. Gr. kruos; Lat. crudus, cruor, caro], morally rude or unfeeling, with exclusive reference to conduct towards persons or things, hard, unmerciful, hard-hearted, cruel, severe, fierce (freq. and class. in prose and poetry).

Of living subjects.

With in and abl.: crudeles gaudent in tristi funere fratris, Lucr. 3, 72; cf.:

crudelis in calamitate hominis consularis,

Cic. de Or. 2, 48, 198:

cui nimis videtur senatus in conservandā patriā fuisse crudelis,

id. Pis. 8, 17.—

With in and acc.:

cum in eos, quos numquam viderat, tam crudelis fuisset,

Cic. Phil. 5, 8, 22:

in liberos atque in sanguinem suum,

id. Fin. 1, 10, 34:

in quos Sulla crudelis hoc socio fuisset,

id. Att. 9, 14, 2:

in patriam,

id. Cat. 4, 6, 13; Liv. 2, 56, 7.—

Absol.:

crudelem Castorem, ne dicam sceleratum et impium!

Cic. Deiot. 1, 2:

crudelis atque importuna mulier,

id. Clu. 63, 177:

malus atque crudelis,

Sall. C. 16, 3:

o crudelis adhuc, etc.,

Hor. C. 4, 10, 1:

Neptunus tanto amori,

Prop. 2 (3), 26, 45 et saep.— Comp.:

ecquid acerbius? ecquid crudelius?

Cic. Att. 9, 14, 2:

magis timeo ne in eum exsistam crudelior,

id. ib. 10, 11, 3:

heu, Fortuna, quis est crudelior in nos Te deus?

Hor. S. 2, 8, 61.— Sup.:

parricidae,

Sall. C. 52, 31.—

Of inanimate subjects:

crudele et exitiosum bellum,

Cic. Att. 9, 6, 7:

o rem cum auditu crudelem tum visu nefariam,

id. Planc. 41, 99:

poena in cives crudelis,

id. Phil. 11, 1, 1:

in tam crudelem necessitatem incidere,

id. Tusc. 3, 25, 60:

facinora (with foeda),

Sall. C. 11, 4:

crudele intolerandumque imperium (opp. justissimum atque optimum),

id. ib. 10, 6:

sententia,

id. ib. 51, 17:

consilia,

Cat. 64, 175; cf. id. 64, 136:

pestes,

id. 69, 9; cf. id. 64, 76:

venenum vitae nostrae,

id. 77, 5:

ferrum,

Prop. 2 (3), 15, 43:

verber,

Ov. F. 2, 695:

poena,

id. M. 2, 612; Verg. A. 6, 585:

egestas,

Val. Fl. 4, 459 et saep.:

quid faciat? crudele, suos addicere amores,

Ov. M. 1, 617.— Comp.:

ignis,

Cat. 62, 20:

janua,

Prop. 1, 16, 17:

mens,

Ov. M. 11, 701:

quid crudelius, quam? etc.,

Quint. 11, 1, 85. — Sup.:

nomen tyranni,

Nep. Dion, 1, 4:

manus,

Petr. 105:

caedes,

Suet. Calig. 30.— Hence, advv.

crūdēlĕ (prop. neutr. sing. of adj.), cruelly, etc., Stat. Th. 3, 211; Claud. Rapt. Pros. 3, 340; id. in Eutr. 2, 108. —

crūdēlĭter, cruelly, in a cruel manner (very freq.), Cic. Cat. 1, 12, 30; id. Off. 1, 24, 82; Caes. B. G. 7, 38; Nep. Paus. 3, 3; Quint. 1, 5, 9; Suet. Tib. 61 al.— Comp., Liv. 31, 29, 11; Cat. 62, 24; Ov. M. 3, 442.— Sup., Cic. Sull. 27, 75; id. Phil. 1, 14, 34; Caes. B. C. 1, 2 fin.; Nep. Eum. 6, 3 et saep.

crūdēlis, e, adj. [cf. Gr. kruos; Lat. crudus, cruor, caro], morally rude or unfeeling, with exclusive reference to conduct towards persons or things, hard, unmerciful, hard-hearted, cruel, severe, fierce (freq. and class. in prose and poetry).

Of living subjects.

With in and abl.: crudeles gaudent in tristi funere fratris, Lucr. 3, 72; cf.:

crudelis in calamitate hominis consularis,

Cic. de Or. 2, 48, 198:

cui nimis videtur senatus in conservandā patriā fuisse crudelis,

id. Pis. 8, 17.—

With in and acc.:

cum in eos, quos numquam viderat, tam crudelis fuisset,

Cic. Phil. 5, 8, 22:

in liberos atque in sanguinem suum,

id. Fin. 1, 10, 34:

in quos Sulla crudelis hoc socio fuisset,

id. Att. 9, 14, 2:

in patriam,

id. Cat. 4, 6, 13; Liv. 2, 56, 7.—

Absol.:

crudelem Castorem, ne dicam sceleratum et impium!

Cic. Deiot. 1, 2:

crudelis atque importuna mulier,

id. Clu. 63, 177:

malus atque crudelis,

Sall. C. 16, 3:

o crudelis adhuc, etc.,

Hor. C. 4, 10, 1:

Neptunus tanto amori,

Prop. 2 (3), 26, 45 et saep.— Comp.:

ecquid acerbius? ecquid crudelius?

Cic. Att. 9, 14, 2:

magis timeo ne in eum exsistam crudelior,

id. ib. 10, 11, 3:

heu, Fortuna, quis est crudelior in nos Te deus?

Hor. S. 2, 8, 61.— Sup.:

parricidae,

Sall. C. 52, 31.—

Of inanimate subjects:

crudele et exitiosum bellum,

Cic. Att. 9, 6, 7:

o rem cum auditu crudelem tum visu nefariam,

id. Planc. 41, 99:

poena in cives crudelis,

id. Phil. 11, 1, 1:

in tam crudelem necessitatem incidere,

id. Tusc. 3, 25, 60:

facinora (with foeda),

Sall. C. 11, 4:

crudele intolerandumque imperium (opp. justissimum atque optimum),

id. ib. 10, 6:

sententia,

id. ib. 51, 17:

consilia,

Cat. 64, 175; cf. id. 64, 136:

pestes,

id. 69, 9; cf. id. 64, 76:

venenum vitae nostrae,

id. 77, 5:

ferrum,

Prop. 2 (3), 15, 43:

verber,

Ov. F. 2, 695:

poena,

id. M. 2, 612; Verg. A. 6, 585:

egestas,

Val. Fl. 4, 459 et saep.:

quid faciat? crudele, suos addicere amores,

Ov. M. 1, 617.— Comp.:

ignis,

Cat. 62, 20:

janua,

Prop. 1, 16, 17:

mens,

Ov. M. 11, 701:

quid crudelius, quam? etc.,

Quint. 11, 1, 85. — Sup.:

nomen tyranni,

Nep. Dion, 1, 4:

manus,

Petr. 105:

caedes,

Suet. Calig. 30.— Hence, advv.

crūdēlĕ (prop. neutr. sing. of adj.), cruelly, etc., Stat. Th. 3, 211; Claud. Rapt. Pros. 3, 340; id. in Eutr. 2, 108. —

crūdēlĭter, cruelly, in a cruel manner (very freq.), Cic. Cat. 1, 12, 30; id. Off. 1, 24, 82; Caes. B. G. 7, 38; Nep. Paus. 3, 3; Quint. 1, 5, 9; Suet. Tib. 61 al.— Comp., Liv. 31, 29, 11; Cat. 62, 24; Ov. M. 3, 442.— Sup., Cic. Sull. 27, 75; id. Phil. 1, 14, 34; Caes. B. C. 1, 2 fin.; Nep. Eum. 6, 3 et saep.

crŭor, ōris, m. [cf. kreas, kruos, caro, crudus].

Blood (which flows from a wound), a stream of blood (more restricted in meaning than sanguis, which designates both that circulating in bodies and that shed by wounding):

e nostro cum corpore sanguis Emicat exsultans alte spargitque cruorem,

Lucr. 2, 194; Tac. A. 12, 47; and:

cruor inimici recentissimus,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 7, 19 (cf.:

sanguis per venas in omne corpus diffunditur,

id. N. D. 2, 55, 138 al.; v. sanguis; cf., however, under II.; class.;

most freq. in the poets): occisos homines, cruorem in locis pluribus vidisse,

id. Tull. 10, 24:

nisi cruor appareat, vim non esse factum,

id. Caecin. 27, 76:

res familiaris, cum ampla, tum casta a cruore civili,

id. Phil. 13, 4, 8; id. Mil. 32, 86; id. Inv. 1, 30, 48; Lucr. 1, 883; Sall. C. 51, 9; Plin. 23, 1, 24, § 49; Tac. A. 14, 30; id. H. 2, 21; Suet. Tib. 59; * Cat. 68, 79; Ov. M. 4, 121; 6, 253; 6, 388 et saep.; Verg. G. 4, 542; id. A. 3, 43; 5, 469 al.; Hor. C. 2, 1, 36; id. Epod. 3, 6 et saep.—In plur., Verg. A. 4, 687; Val. Fl. 4, 330; cf. the foll.—

Trop.:

scit cruor imperii qui sit, quae viscera rerum,

the vital power, Luc. 7, 579.—

Transf., bloodshed, murder:

hinc cruor, hinc caedes,

Tib. 2, 3 (38), 60; so Ov. M. 4, 161; 15, 463; Hor. S. 2, 3, 275; Luc. 9, 1022. —In plur., Hor. C. 2, 1, 5; Luc. 7, 636.—

Sometimes, poet., i. q. sanguis, for the blood in the body, Lucr. 2, 669; 3, 787; 5, 131; 1, 864 (for which id. 1, 860 and 867, sanguen).