crates+com

κάνθᾰρος, ὁ,

A dung-beetle, Scarabaeus pilularius, Arist.HA 490a15, al., Ael.NA10.15, Ar.Lys. 695, Crates Theb.10.6, Theoc.5.114, Aesop.7, etc.; Αἰτναῖος κ., a specially large kind, A.Fr. 233, S.Ichn. 300, cf. Epich.76: prov., κανθάρου σκιαί, of some paltry fear, Hsch., Diogenian.5.88; so

ἀθυμῶν ὅτι αὐτοῦ καταθέουσι δύο κανθάρω Lib.Ep. 91.4

.

II a sort of drinking-cup with large handles, Phryn.Com. 15, Amips.2, Axionic.7.

III a kind of Naxian boat, Ar. Pax 143, Sosicr.2, Nicostr.Com.10.

IV black sea-bream, Cantharus lineatus, Arist.HA 598a10.

V in Egypt, mark or knot on the tongue of the Apis-bull, Hdt.3.28.

VI woman's ornament, prob. a gem in scarab-form, Antiph.61.

dī-rĭgo or dērĭgo (the latter form preferred by Roby, L. G. 2, p. 387; cf. Rib. Proleg. ad Verg. p. 401 sq.; so Liv. 21, 19, 1; 21, 47, 8; 22, 28 Weissenb.; id. 22, 47, 2 Drak.; Lach. ad Lucr. 4, 609; Tac. A. 6, 40 Ritter; acc. to Brambach, s. v., the two forms are different words, de-rigo meaning to give a particular direction to; di-rigo, to arrange in distinct lines, set or move different ways; cf. describo and discribo. But the distinction is not observed in the MSS. and edd. generally), rexi, rectum, 3 ( perf. sync. direxti, Verg. A. 6, 57), v. a. [dis-rego], to lay straight, set in a straight line, to arrange, draw up (class.; cf.: guberno, collineo, teneo).

Lit.

In gen.:

coronam si diviseris, arcus erit: si direxeris, virga,

Sen. Q. N. 1, 10:

haec directa materia injecta consternebantur,

Caes. B. G. 4, 17, 8:

crates,

id. B. C. 3, 46, 5:

naves ante portum,

Liv. 37, 31; cf.:

naves in pugnam,

id. 22, 19:

vicos,

i. e. to build regularly, id. 5, 55; cf.

castella,

Flor. 4, 12, 26:

molem recta fronte,

Curt. 4, 3 et saep.:

regiones lituo,

i. e. to lay out, bound, Cic. Div. 1, 17; cf.:

finem alicui veterem viam regiam,

Liv. 39, 27.—Esp. freq.:

aciem,

to draw up the troops in battle array, Caes. B. G. 6, 8, 5; Liv. 21, 47 fin.; 34, 28; Front. Strat. 1, 12, 3; 2, 1, 4 et saep.; cf.

frontem,

Quint. 2, 13, 3; 5, 13, 11:

membrana plumbo derecta,

ruled with a lead-pencil, Cat. 22, 7.—

Perh. i. q., to split, cleave in twain:

elephantum machaeră dirigit,

Plaut. Curc. 3, 54 (dub.); cf.: dirigere apud Plautum invenitur pro discidere, Paul. ex Fest. p. 69, 15 Müll.—

In partic., with respect to the terminus, to send in a straight line, to direct to a place (so most freq.):

ex vestigio vela ad castra Corneliana,

Caes. B. C. 2, 25, 6:

aciem ad te,

Cat. 63, 56:

cursum ad litora,

Caes. B. C. 3, 25, 4: iter ad Mutinam, Planc. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 112 et saep.—Afterwards more freq. with in:

equum in consulem,

Liv. 2, 6:

currum in hostem,

Ov. M. 12, 78:

tela manusque in corpus Aeacidae,

Verg. A. 6, 57; Front. Strat. 3, 3, 4:

hastam in te,

Ov. M. 8, 66; cf.:

dentes in inguina,

id. ib. 8, 400:

cursum in Africam,

Vell. 2, 19 fin.:

cursum per auras in lucos,

Verg. A. 6, 195 et saep.:

navem eo,

Nep. Chabr. 4, 2:

gressum huc,

Verg. A. 5, 162; 11, 855 et saep.; and poet. with the dat.:

Ilo hastam,

Verg. A. 10, 401 et saep.—Without designating the limit:

ab iisdem (Etesiis) maritimi cursus (i. e. navium) celeres et certi diriguntur,

to be directed, steered, Cic. N. D. 2, 53:

iter navis,

Ov. F. 1, 4:

cursum,

Front. Strat. 3, 13, 6; esp. freq. of weapons, to aim, direct:

spicula,

Verg. A. 7, 497; Ov. M. 12, 606:

hastile,

Verg. A. 12, 490:

tela,

Hor. C. 4, 9, 18:

sagittas,

Suet. Dom. 19 et saep.— Poet.:

vulnera,

Verg. A. 10, 140; Sil. 2, 92 Drak.; Tac. H. 2, 35; cf.:

vulnera alicui,

Sen. Herc. Oet. 160.

Trop.

In gen., to set in order, arrange (very rare):

materias divisione dirigere,

Quint. 2, 6, 1.—Far more freq. (esp. in Cic. and Quint.),

In partic.: aliquid ad or in aliquid; also: aliqua re, to direct, guide, arrange a thing either to something (as its aim, scope) or according to something (as its rule or pattern).

With ad: meas cogitationes sic dirigo, non ad illam parvulam Cynosuram sed, etc., Ac. 2, 20, 66; cf.:

orationem ad exempla,

id. Rep. 2, 31 fin.; Quint. 10, 2, 1:

judicium ad ea,

id. 6, 5, 2:

se ad id quod, etc.,

id. 12, 3, 8; cf.:

se ad ea effingenda,

id. 10, 1, 127:

praecipua rerum ad famam,

Tac. A. 4, 40 et saep.—In a different sense (viz., with ad equiv. to secundum, v. ad):

in verbis et eligendis et collocandis nihil non ad rationem,

Cic. Brut. 37, 140:

vitam ad certam rationis normam,

to conform, id. Mur. 2:

leges hominum ad naturam,

id. Leg. 2, 5 fin.; id. Or. 2 fin. et saep.—

With in (not so in Cic.):

tota mente (intentionem) in opus ipsum,

Quint. 10, 3, 28:

communes locos in vitia,

id. 2, 1, 11; Front. Strat. 3, 2, 2 et saep.—

With abl. (only in Cic.):

quos (fines) utilitate aut voluptate dirigunt,

Cic. Fin. 5, 20 fin.:

omnia voluptate,

id. ib. 2, 22, 71:

utilitatem honestate,

id. Off. 3, 21, 83:

haec normā,

id. de Or. 3, 49, 190.—

Without an object:

(divinatio) ad veritatem saepissime dirigit,

Cic. Div. 1, 14 fin. —

With acc. only: epistolam (sc. ad aliquem), to write, Capit. Clod. Alb. 2.—

With adversus, Quint. 5, 7, 6.—Hence, dīrectus ( dērectus), a, um, P. a., made straight, straight, direct, whether horizontally or perpendicularly; straight, level; upright, steep.

Lit.:

auditus flexuosum iter habet, ne quid intrare possit, si simplex et directum pateret,

Cic. N. D. 2, 57, 144; cf.

aes (tubae), opp. flexum,

Ov. M. 1, 98:

iter,

Caes. B. C. 3, 79, 2: latera, id. B. G. 7, 72, 1; cf.

trabes,

id. ib. 7, 23, 1:

ordo (olearum),

Cic. Caecin. 8, 22:

arcus (opp. obliquus),

Ov. M. 2, 129:

paries,

i. e. that cuts another at right angles, Cic. Top. 4: ut directiores ictus flant, Quadrig. ap. Gell. 9, 1, 2:

praeruptus locus utraque ex parte directus,

Caes. B. C. 1, 45, 4; cf. id. ib. 2, 24, 3:

(Henna) ab omni aditu circumcisa atque directa,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 48 Zumpt N. cr.:

cornu,

Caes. B. G. 6, 26.— Subst.: dī-rectum, i, n., a straight line:

in directo pedum VIII. esse, in anfracto XVI.,

in a straight line, Varr. L. L. 7, § 15 Müll.; so,

altitudo (montis) per directum IV. M. pass.,

Plin. 5, 22, 18, § 80; cf. id. 3, 5, 9, § 66 al.:

cadere in directum moderate (with exire per devexum),

Sen. Q. N. 6, 20; Vulg. Ezech. 47, 20 al.—

Trop., straightforward, unceremonious, open, simple, direct:

o praeclaram beate vivendi et apertam et simplicem et directam viam,

Cic. Fin. 1, 18; cf.:

iter ad laudem,

id. Cael. 17, 41:

vera illa et directa ratio,

id. ib. 18:

tristis ac directus senex,

id. ib. 16, 38; cf.:

quid est in judicio? Directum, asperum, simplex, SI PARET HS ICCC DARI,

id. Rosc. Com. 4, 11:

percunctatio et denuntiatio belli,

Liv. 21, 19; cf.

contiones,

Just. 38, 3 fin. (v. obliquus):

verba,

Cod. Just. 6, 23, 15:

actio,

Dig. 3, 5, 46; 9, 4, 26 et saep.; cf.

institutio (opp. precaria),

id. 29, 1, 19:

libertates (opp. fideicommissariae),

id. 29, 4, 12.— Adv.

dīrectē, directly, straight (very rare):

dicere,

Cic. Part. Or. 7, 24:

ire,

Vulg. Sap. 5, 22.—Far more freq.,

dīrectō, directly, straight:

deorsum ferri,

Cic. N. D. 1, 25:

transversas trabes,

Caes. B. C. 2, 9, 2:

ad fidem spectare,

Cic. Part. Or. 13, 46; so id. Div. 2, 61 fin. (opp. anfractus and circuitio); Liv. 1, 11 fin.; Sen. Ep. 66; Dig. 9, 4, 26 al. —

dīrectā:

quo magis ursimus alte directā,

press deep down perpendicularly, Lucr. 2, 198.—

dīrectim, straightway, directly (post-class.), App. Dogm. Plat. 3, p. 34; Macr. S. 7, 12 fin.—Comp.:

directius gubernare,

Cic. Ac. 2, 20, 66.— Sup. seems not to occur either in the adj. or in the adv.

dī-rĭgo or dērĭgo (the latter form preferred by Roby, L. G. 2, p. 387; cf. Rib. Proleg. ad Verg. p. 401 sq.; so Liv. 21, 19, 1; 21, 47, 8; 22, 28 Weissenb.; id. 22, 47, 2 Drak.; Lach. ad Lucr. 4, 609; Tac. A. 6, 40 Ritter; acc. to Brambach, s. v., the two forms are different words, de-rigo meaning to give a particular direction to; di-rigo, to arrange in distinct lines, set or move different ways; cf. describo and discribo. But the distinction is not observed in the MSS. and edd. generally), rexi, rectum, 3 ( perf. sync. direxti, Verg. A. 6, 57), v. a. [dis-rego], to lay straight, set in a straight line, to arrange, draw up (class.; cf.: guberno, collineo, teneo).

Lit.

In gen.:

coronam si diviseris, arcus erit: si direxeris, virga,

Sen. Q. N. 1, 10:

haec directa materia injecta consternebantur,

Caes. B. G. 4, 17, 8:

crates,

id. B. C. 3, 46, 5:

naves ante portum,

Liv. 37, 31; cf.:

naves in pugnam,

id. 22, 19:

vicos,

i. e. to build regularly, id. 5, 55; cf.

castella,

Flor. 4, 12, 26:

molem recta fronte,

Curt. 4, 3 et saep.:

regiones lituo,

i. e. to lay out, bound, Cic. Div. 1, 17; cf.:

finem alicui veterem viam regiam,

Liv. 39, 27.—Esp. freq.:

aciem,

to draw up the troops in battle array, Caes. B. G. 6, 8, 5; Liv. 21, 47 fin.; 34, 28; Front. Strat. 1, 12, 3; 2, 1, 4 et saep.; cf.

frontem,

Quint. 2, 13, 3; 5, 13, 11:

membrana plumbo derecta,

ruled with a lead-pencil, Cat. 22, 7.—

Perh. i. q., to split, cleave in twain:

elephantum machaeră dirigit,

Plaut. Curc. 3, 54 (dub.); cf.: dirigere apud Plautum invenitur pro discidere, Paul. ex Fest. p. 69, 15 Müll.—

In partic., with respect to the terminus, to send in a straight line, to direct to a place (so most freq.):

ex vestigio vela ad castra Corneliana,

Caes. B. C. 2, 25, 6:

aciem ad te,

Cat. 63, 56:

cursum ad litora,

Caes. B. C. 3, 25, 4: iter ad Mutinam, Planc. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 112 et saep.—Afterwards more freq. with in:

equum in consulem,

Liv. 2, 6:

currum in hostem,

Ov. M. 12, 78:

tela manusque in corpus Aeacidae,

Verg. A. 6, 57; Front. Strat. 3, 3, 4:

hastam in te,

Ov. M. 8, 66; cf.:

dentes in inguina,

id. ib. 8, 400:

cursum in Africam,

Vell. 2, 19 fin.:

cursum per auras in lucos,

Verg. A. 6, 195 et saep.:

navem eo,

Nep. Chabr. 4, 2:

gressum huc,

Verg. A. 5, 162; 11, 855 et saep.; and poet. with the dat.:

Ilo hastam,

Verg. A. 10, 401 et saep.—Without designating the limit:

ab iisdem (Etesiis) maritimi cursus (i. e. navium) celeres et certi diriguntur,

to be directed, steered, Cic. N. D. 2, 53:

iter navis,

Ov. F. 1, 4:

cursum,

Front. Strat. 3, 13, 6; esp. freq. of weapons, to aim, direct:

spicula,

Verg. A. 7, 497; Ov. M. 12, 606:

hastile,

Verg. A. 12, 490:

tela,

Hor. C. 4, 9, 18:

sagittas,

Suet. Dom. 19 et saep.— Poet.:

vulnera,

Verg. A. 10, 140; Sil. 2, 92 Drak.; Tac. H. 2, 35; cf.:

vulnera alicui,

Sen. Herc. Oet. 160.

Trop.

In gen., to set in order, arrange (very rare):

materias divisione dirigere,

Quint. 2, 6, 1.—Far more freq. (esp. in Cic. and Quint.),

In partic.: aliquid ad or in aliquid; also: aliqua re, to direct, guide, arrange a thing either to something (as its aim, scope) or according to something (as its rule or pattern).

With ad: meas cogitationes sic dirigo, non ad illam parvulam Cynosuram sed, etc., Ac. 2, 20, 66; cf.:

orationem ad exempla,

id. Rep. 2, 31 fin.; Quint. 10, 2, 1:

judicium ad ea,

id. 6, 5, 2:

se ad id quod, etc.,

id. 12, 3, 8; cf.:

se ad ea effingenda,

id. 10, 1, 127:

praecipua rerum ad famam,

Tac. A. 4, 40 et saep.—In a different sense (viz., with ad equiv. to secundum, v. ad):

in verbis et eligendis et collocandis nihil non ad rationem,

Cic. Brut. 37, 140:

vitam ad certam rationis normam,

to conform, id. Mur. 2:

leges hominum ad naturam,

id. Leg. 2, 5 fin.; id. Or. 2 fin. et saep.—

With in (not so in Cic.):

tota mente (intentionem) in opus ipsum,

Quint. 10, 3, 28:

communes locos in vitia,

id. 2, 1, 11; Front. Strat. 3, 2, 2 et saep.—

With abl. (only in Cic.):

quos (fines) utilitate aut voluptate dirigunt,

Cic. Fin. 5, 20 fin.:

omnia voluptate,

id. ib. 2, 22, 71:

utilitatem honestate,

id. Off. 3, 21, 83:

haec normā,

id. de Or. 3, 49, 190.—

Without an object:

(divinatio) ad veritatem saepissime dirigit,

Cic. Div. 1, 14 fin. —

With acc. only: epistolam (sc. ad aliquem), to write, Capit. Clod. Alb. 2.—

With adversus, Quint. 5, 7, 6.—Hence, dīrectus ( dērectus), a, um, P. a., made straight, straight, direct, whether horizontally or perpendicularly; straight, level; upright, steep.

Lit.:

auditus flexuosum iter habet, ne quid intrare possit, si simplex et directum pateret,

Cic. N. D. 2, 57, 144; cf.

aes (tubae), opp. flexum,

Ov. M. 1, 98:

iter,

Caes. B. C. 3, 79, 2: latera, id. B. G. 7, 72, 1; cf.

trabes,

id. ib. 7, 23, 1:

ordo (olearum),

Cic. Caecin. 8, 22:

arcus (opp. obliquus),

Ov. M. 2, 129:

paries,

i. e. that cuts another at right angles, Cic. Top. 4: ut directiores ictus flant, Quadrig. ap. Gell. 9, 1, 2:

praeruptus locus utraque ex parte directus,

Caes. B. C. 1, 45, 4; cf. id. ib. 2, 24, 3:

(Henna) ab omni aditu circumcisa atque directa,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 48 Zumpt N. cr.:

cornu,

Caes. B. G. 6, 26.— Subst.: dī-rectum, i, n., a straight line:

in directo pedum VIII. esse, in anfracto XVI.,

in a straight line, Varr. L. L. 7, § 15 Müll.; so,

altitudo (montis) per directum IV. M. pass.,

Plin. 5, 22, 18, § 80; cf. id. 3, 5, 9, § 66 al.:

cadere in directum moderate (with exire per devexum),

Sen. Q. N. 6, 20; Vulg. Ezech. 47, 20 al.—

Trop., straightforward, unceremonious, open, simple, direct:

o praeclaram beate vivendi et apertam et simplicem et directam viam,

Cic. Fin. 1, 18; cf.:

iter ad laudem,

id. Cael. 17, 41:

vera illa et directa ratio,

id. ib. 18:

tristis ac directus senex,

id. ib. 16, 38; cf.:

quid est in judicio? Directum, asperum, simplex, SI PARET HS ICCC DARI,

id. Rosc. Com. 4, 11:

percunctatio et denuntiatio belli,

Liv. 21, 19; cf.

contiones,

Just. 38, 3 fin. (v. obliquus):

verba,

Cod. Just. 6, 23, 15:

actio,

Dig. 3, 5, 46; 9, 4, 26 et saep.; cf.

institutio (opp. precaria),

id. 29, 1, 19:

libertates (opp. fideicommissariae),

id. 29, 4, 12.— Adv.

dīrectē, directly, straight (very rare):

dicere,

Cic. Part. Or. 7, 24:

ire,

Vulg. Sap. 5, 22.—Far more freq.,

dīrectō, directly, straight:

deorsum ferri,

Cic. N. D. 1, 25:

transversas trabes,

Caes. B. C. 2, 9, 2:

ad fidem spectare,

Cic. Part. Or. 13, 46; so id. Div. 2, 61 fin. (opp. anfractus and circuitio); Liv. 1, 11 fin.; Sen. Ep. 66; Dig. 9, 4, 26 al. —

dīrectā:

quo magis ursimus alte directā,

press deep down perpendicularly, Lucr. 2, 198.—

dīrectim, straightway, directly (post-class.), App. Dogm. Plat. 3, p. 34; Macr. S. 7, 12 fin.—Comp.:

directius gubernare,

Cic. Ac. 2, 20, 66.— Sup. seems not to occur either in the adj. or in the adv.

dī-rĭgo or dērĭgo (the latter form preferred by Roby, L. G. 2, p. 387; cf. Rib. Proleg. ad Verg. p. 401 sq.; so Liv. 21, 19, 1; 21, 47, 8; 22, 28 Weissenb.; id. 22, 47, 2 Drak.; Lach. ad Lucr. 4, 609; Tac. A. 6, 40 Ritter; acc. to Brambach, s. v., the two forms are different words, de-rigo meaning to give a particular direction to; di-rigo, to arrange in distinct lines, set or move different ways; cf. describo and discribo. But the distinction is not observed in the MSS. and edd. generally), rexi, rectum, 3 ( perf. sync. direxti, Verg. A. 6, 57), v. a. [dis-rego], to lay straight, set in a straight line, to arrange, draw up (class.; cf.: guberno, collineo, teneo).

Lit.

In gen.:

coronam si diviseris, arcus erit: si direxeris, virga,

Sen. Q. N. 1, 10:

haec directa materia injecta consternebantur,

Caes. B. G. 4, 17, 8:

crates,

id. B. C. 3, 46, 5:

naves ante portum,

Liv. 37, 31; cf.:

naves in pugnam,

id. 22, 19:

vicos,

i. e. to build regularly, id. 5, 55; cf.

castella,

Flor. 4, 12, 26:

molem recta fronte,

Curt. 4, 3 et saep.:

regiones lituo,

i. e. to lay out, bound, Cic. Div. 1, 17; cf.:

finem alicui veterem viam regiam,

Liv. 39, 27.—Esp. freq.:

aciem,

to draw up the troops in battle array, Caes. B. G. 6, 8, 5; Liv. 21, 47 fin.; 34, 28; Front. Strat. 1, 12, 3; 2, 1, 4 et saep.; cf.

frontem,

Quint. 2, 13, 3; 5, 13, 11:

membrana plumbo derecta,

ruled with a lead-pencil, Cat. 22, 7.—

Perh. i. q., to split, cleave in twain:

elephantum machaeră dirigit,

Plaut. Curc. 3, 54 (dub.); cf.: dirigere apud Plautum invenitur pro discidere, Paul. ex Fest. p. 69, 15 Müll.—

In partic., with respect to the terminus, to send in a straight line, to direct to a place (so most freq.):

ex vestigio vela ad castra Corneliana,

Caes. B. C. 2, 25, 6:

aciem ad te,

Cat. 63, 56:

cursum ad litora,

Caes. B. C. 3, 25, 4: iter ad Mutinam, Planc. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 112 et saep.—Afterwards more freq. with in:

equum in consulem,

Liv. 2, 6:

currum in hostem,

Ov. M. 12, 78:

tela manusque in corpus Aeacidae,

Verg. A. 6, 57; Front. Strat. 3, 3, 4:

hastam in te,

Ov. M. 8, 66; cf.:

dentes in inguina,

id. ib. 8, 400:

cursum in Africam,

Vell. 2, 19 fin.:

cursum per auras in lucos,

Verg. A. 6, 195 et saep.:

navem eo,

Nep. Chabr. 4, 2:

gressum huc,

Verg. A. 5, 162; 11, 855 et saep.; and poet. with the dat.:

Ilo hastam,

Verg. A. 10, 401 et saep.—Without designating the limit:

ab iisdem (Etesiis) maritimi cursus (i. e. navium) celeres et certi diriguntur,

to be directed, steered, Cic. N. D. 2, 53:

iter navis,

Ov. F. 1, 4:

cursum,

Front. Strat. 3, 13, 6; esp. freq. of weapons, to aim, direct:

spicula,

Verg. A. 7, 497; Ov. M. 12, 606:

hastile,

Verg. A. 12, 490:

tela,

Hor. C. 4, 9, 18:

sagittas,

Suet. Dom. 19 et saep.— Poet.:

vulnera,

Verg. A. 10, 140; Sil. 2, 92 Drak.; Tac. H. 2, 35; cf.:

vulnera alicui,

Sen. Herc. Oet. 160.

Trop.

In gen., to set in order, arrange (very rare):

materias divisione dirigere,

Quint. 2, 6, 1.—Far more freq. (esp. in Cic. and Quint.),

In partic.: aliquid ad or in aliquid; also: aliqua re, to direct, guide, arrange a thing either to something (as its aim, scope) or according to something (as its rule or pattern).

With ad: meas cogitationes sic dirigo, non ad illam parvulam Cynosuram sed, etc., Ac. 2, 20, 66; cf.:

orationem ad exempla,

id. Rep. 2, 31 fin.; Quint. 10, 2, 1:

judicium ad ea,

id. 6, 5, 2:

se ad id quod, etc.,

id. 12, 3, 8; cf.:

se ad ea effingenda,

id. 10, 1, 127:

praecipua rerum ad famam,

Tac. A. 4, 40 et saep.—In a different sense (viz., with ad equiv. to secundum, v. ad):

in verbis et eligendis et collocandis nihil non ad rationem,

Cic. Brut. 37, 140:

vitam ad certam rationis normam,

to conform, id. Mur. 2:

leges hominum ad naturam,

id. Leg. 2, 5 fin.; id. Or. 2 fin. et saep.—

With in (not so in Cic.):

tota mente (intentionem) in opus ipsum,

Quint. 10, 3, 28:

communes locos in vitia,

id. 2, 1, 11; Front. Strat. 3, 2, 2 et saep.—

With abl. (only in Cic.):

quos (fines) utilitate aut voluptate dirigunt,

Cic. Fin. 5, 20 fin.:

omnia voluptate,

id. ib. 2, 22, 71:

utilitatem honestate,

id. Off. 3, 21, 83:

haec normā,

id. de Or. 3, 49, 190.—

Without an object:

(divinatio) ad veritatem saepissime dirigit,

Cic. Div. 1, 14 fin. —

With acc. only: epistolam (sc. ad aliquem), to write, Capit. Clod. Alb. 2.—

With adversus, Quint. 5, 7, 6.—Hence, dīrectus ( dērectus), a, um, P. a., made straight, straight, direct, whether horizontally or perpendicularly; straight, level; upright, steep.

Lit.:

auditus flexuosum iter habet, ne quid intrare possit, si simplex et directum pateret,

Cic. N. D. 2, 57, 144; cf.

aes (tubae), opp. flexum,

Ov. M. 1, 98:

iter,

Caes. B. C. 3, 79, 2: latera, id. B. G. 7, 72, 1; cf.

trabes,

id. ib. 7, 23, 1:

ordo (olearum),

Cic. Caecin. 8, 22:

arcus (opp. obliquus),

Ov. M. 2, 129:

paries,

i. e. that cuts another at right angles, Cic. Top. 4: ut directiores ictus flant, Quadrig. ap. Gell. 9, 1, 2:

praeruptus locus utraque ex parte directus,

Caes. B. C. 1, 45, 4; cf. id. ib. 2, 24, 3:

(Henna) ab omni aditu circumcisa atque directa,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 48 Zumpt N. cr.:

cornu,

Caes. B. G. 6, 26.— Subst.: dī-rectum, i, n., a straight line:

in directo pedum VIII. esse, in anfracto XVI.,

in a straight line, Varr. L. L. 7, § 15 Müll.; so,

altitudo (montis) per directum IV. M. pass.,

Plin. 5, 22, 18, § 80; cf. id. 3, 5, 9, § 66 al.:

cadere in directum moderate (with exire per devexum),

Sen. Q. N. 6, 20; Vulg. Ezech. 47, 20 al.—

Trop., straightforward, unceremonious, open, simple, direct:

o praeclaram beate vivendi et apertam et simplicem et directam viam,

Cic. Fin. 1, 18; cf.:

iter ad laudem,

id. Cael. 17, 41:

vera illa et directa ratio,

id. ib. 18:

tristis ac directus senex,

id. ib. 16, 38; cf.:

quid est in judicio? Directum, asperum, simplex, SI PARET HS ICCC DARI,

id. Rosc. Com. 4, 11:

percunctatio et denuntiatio belli,

Liv. 21, 19; cf.

contiones,

Just. 38, 3 fin. (v. obliquus):

verba,

Cod. Just. 6, 23, 15:

actio,

Dig. 3, 5, 46; 9, 4, 26 et saep.; cf.

institutio (opp. precaria),

id. 29, 1, 19:

libertates (opp. fideicommissariae),

id. 29, 4, 12.— Adv.

dīrectē, directly, straight (very rare):

dicere,

Cic. Part. Or. 7, 24:

ire,

Vulg. Sap. 5, 22.—Far more freq.,

dīrectō, directly, straight:

deorsum ferri,

Cic. N. D. 1, 25:

transversas trabes,

Caes. B. C. 2, 9, 2:

ad fidem spectare,

Cic. Part. Or. 13, 46; so id. Div. 2, 61 fin. (opp. anfractus and circuitio); Liv. 1, 11 fin.; Sen. Ep. 66; Dig. 9, 4, 26 al. —

dīrectā:

quo magis ursimus alte directā,

press deep down perpendicularly, Lucr. 2, 198.—

dīrectim, straightway, directly (post-class.), App. Dogm. Plat. 3, p. 34; Macr. S. 7, 12 fin.—Comp.:

directius gubernare,

Cic. Ac. 2, 20, 66.— Sup. seems not to occur either in the adj. or in the adv.

lŏco, āvi, ātum, 1 (old forms, locassim for locaverim, Plaut. Aul. 2, 2, 51; so,

locassint,

Cic. Leg. 3, 4, 11), v. a. [locus], to place, put, lay, set, dispose, arrange.

Lit.

In gen.:

equites pro cornibus,

Quint. 2, 13, 3:

crates adversas locari jubet,

Caes. B. C. 3, 46:

milites super vallum in munimentis,

Sall. J. 100:

cum sol ita locatus fuisset, ut, etc.,

Cic. Rep. 1, 15, 23:

fundamenta (urbis),

Verg. A. 4, 266; cf. id. ib. 1, 428:

gramineoque viros locat ipse sedili,

id. ib. 8, 176:

vicos,

Tac. G. 16:

stipendium et commeatum,

Sall. J. 90.—

In partic.

Locare puellam in matrimonium or in matrimonio, nuptiis, nuptum, or simply locare, to give a girl in marriage, to marry her to any one: cur me huic locabas nuptiis? Enn. ap. Auct. Her. 2, 24, 38 (Trag. v. 157 Vahl.):

virginem habeo grandem, neque eam queo locare quoiquam,

Plaut. Aul. 2, 2, 15:

in matrimonium,

id. Trin. 3, 3, 52:

aliquam in luculentam familiam,

id. Cist. 3, 2, 18:

nuptum virginem adulescenti,

Ter. Phorm. 5, 1, 25.—

To let, lease, to hire or farm out (opp. conduco):

vectigalia,

Cic. Agr. 1, 3, 7:

portorium,

id. Inv. 1, 30, 47:

agrum frumento,

Liv. 27, 3:

praedia non nummo sed partibus,

Plin. Ep. 9, 37, 3:

tabernas civitatibus ad stationem,

Suet. Ner. 37.—

To give out on contract, to contract for having a thing done:

tu idem optimum est Loces efferendum: nam jam credo mortuus est,

Plaut. Aul. 3, 6, 30:

impero, ut tu me quoivis castrandum loces,

id. ib. 2, 2, 73:

ut quod sit sibi operis locatum ecficeret,

id. As. 2, 4, 37:

ego operam meam tribus nummis hodie locavi ad artis naugatorias,

id. Trin. 4, 2, 2:

statuam faciendam,

Cic. Phil. 9, 7, 16:

funera,

id. Verr. 2, 5, 43, § 120:

majore pecuniā columnas dealbandas, quam, etc.,

id. ib. 2, 1, 59, §

154: statuas demoliendas,

id. ib. 2, 2, 67, § 161: auseribus cibaria publice locantur (sc. praebenda), [p. 1074] id. Rosc. Am. 20, 56:

Junoni templum (sc. exstruendum),

Liv. 5, 23:

vestimenta exercitui (sc. facienda),

id. 27, 10:

ingentesque locat Caesonia Rhenos,

Pers. 6, 47.—

Locare se or locare operam suam, to hire one's self out, hire out one's services:

quid si aliquo ad ludos me pro manduco locem,

Plaut. Rud. 2, 6, 51:

operam suam ad aliquam rem,

id. Trin. 4, 2, 1; Gell. 3, 3, 14:

vocem,

i. e. to become a ranter, Juv. 8, 185:

locare noctes, of courtesans,

Ov. Am. 1, 10, 30.—

To lend:

ornamenta quae locavi metuo ut possim recipere,

Plaut. Curc. 4, 1, 3.—

To quarter, establish in quarters:

cohortes novis hibernaculis,

Tac. A. 14, 38.—

Of money, to invest, place:

nec quicquam argenti locavi jam diu usquam aeque bene?

Plaut. Most. 1, 3, 144.—

To put or lend out money on interest:

locare argenti nemini nummum queo,

Plaut. Most. 3, 1, 4. —Hence, locare se, to bring in interest, to yield:

disciplina (histrionis) quae erat (Panurgo) ab hoc (Roscio) tradita, locabat se non minus HS CCCICCC,

Cic. Rosc. Com. 10, 28.—

Trop.

In gen., to place, put, set, lay, fix:

metuo hercle ne illa mulier mi insidias locet,

Plaut. Rud. 2, 5, 17:

num tu pudicae quoipiam insidias locas?

id. Curc. 1, 1, 25:

vitam in tam clara luce locavit,

Lucr. 5, 12:

inter recte factum atque peccatum media locabat quaedam,

Cic. Ac. 1, 10, 37:

aliquem in amplissimo gradu dignitatis,

id. Mur. 14, 30:

civitas in Catonis et Bruti fide locata,

id. Att. 6, 1, 5:

omnia mea studia in Milonis magistratu fixi et locavi,

id. Fam. 2, 6, 3:

eo loco locati sumus, ut, etc.,

id. Lael. 12, 40:

vos hortor, ut ita virtutem locetis, ut eā exceptā nihil amicitiā praestabilius esse putetis,

id. ib. 27, 104:

res certis in personis ac temporibus locata,

id. de Or. 1, 31, 138:

prudentia est locata in delectu bonorum et malorum,

consists in, id. Off. 3, 17, 71:

beneficium apud gratos,

to confer upon, Liv. 7, 20.—

(Acc. to I. B. 2. c.) To put out, as at interest; to place so as to secure a return: optumo optume optumam operam das;

datam pulcre locas,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 122:

beneficia apud gratos,

Liv. 7, 20, 5: benefacta male locata male facta arbitror, Enn. ap. Cic. Off. 2, 18, 62 (Trag. v. 429 Vahl.).—

Locare nomen, to become surety, Phaedr. 1, 16, 1.—Hence, P. a.: lŏcātus, a, um, only as subst.: lŏcātum, i, n., that which is placed on lease, hired out, Cic. N. D. 3, 30, 74.

lŏco, āvi, ātum, 1 (old forms, locassim for locaverim, Plaut. Aul. 2, 2, 51; so,

locassint,

Cic. Leg. 3, 4, 11), v. a. [locus], to place, put, lay, set, dispose, arrange.

Lit.

In gen.:

equites pro cornibus,

Quint. 2, 13, 3:

crates adversas locari jubet,

Caes. B. C. 3, 46:

milites super vallum in munimentis,

Sall. J. 100:

cum sol ita locatus fuisset, ut, etc.,

Cic. Rep. 1, 15, 23:

fundamenta (urbis),

Verg. A. 4, 266; cf. id. ib. 1, 428:

gramineoque viros locat ipse sedili,

id. ib. 8, 176:

vicos,

Tac. G. 16:

stipendium et commeatum,

Sall. J. 90.—

In partic.

Locare puellam in matrimonium or in matrimonio, nuptiis, nuptum, or simply locare, to give a girl in marriage, to marry her to any one: cur me huic locabas nuptiis? Enn. ap. Auct. Her. 2, 24, 38 (Trag. v. 157 Vahl.):

virginem habeo grandem, neque eam queo locare quoiquam,

Plaut. Aul. 2, 2, 15:

in matrimonium,

id. Trin. 3, 3, 52:

aliquam in luculentam familiam,

id. Cist. 3, 2, 18:

nuptum virginem adulescenti,

Ter. Phorm. 5, 1, 25.—

To let, lease, to hire or farm out (opp. conduco):

vectigalia,

Cic. Agr. 1, 3, 7:

portorium,

id. Inv. 1, 30, 47:

agrum frumento,

Liv. 27, 3:

praedia non nummo sed partibus,

Plin. Ep. 9, 37, 3:

tabernas civitatibus ad stationem,

Suet. Ner. 37.—

To give out on contract, to contract for having a thing done:

tu idem optimum est Loces efferendum: nam jam credo mortuus est,

Plaut. Aul. 3, 6, 30:

impero, ut tu me quoivis castrandum loces,

id. ib. 2, 2, 73:

ut quod sit sibi operis locatum ecficeret,

id. As. 2, 4, 37:

ego operam meam tribus nummis hodie locavi ad artis naugatorias,

id. Trin. 4, 2, 2:

statuam faciendam,

Cic. Phil. 9, 7, 16:

funera,

id. Verr. 2, 5, 43, § 120:

majore pecuniā columnas dealbandas, quam, etc.,

id. ib. 2, 1, 59, §

154: statuas demoliendas,

id. ib. 2, 2, 67, § 161: auseribus cibaria publice locantur (sc. praebenda), [p. 1074] id. Rosc. Am. 20, 56:

Junoni templum (sc. exstruendum),

Liv. 5, 23:

vestimenta exercitui (sc. facienda),

id. 27, 10:

ingentesque locat Caesonia Rhenos,

Pers. 6, 47.—

Locare se or locare operam suam, to hire one's self out, hire out one's services:

quid si aliquo ad ludos me pro manduco locem,

Plaut. Rud. 2, 6, 51:

operam suam ad aliquam rem,

id. Trin. 4, 2, 1; Gell. 3, 3, 14:

vocem,

i. e. to become a ranter, Juv. 8, 185:

locare noctes, of courtesans,

Ov. Am. 1, 10, 30.—

To lend:

ornamenta quae locavi metuo ut possim recipere,

Plaut. Curc. 4, 1, 3.—

To quarter, establish in quarters:

cohortes novis hibernaculis,

Tac. A. 14, 38.—

Of money, to invest, place:

nec quicquam argenti locavi jam diu usquam aeque bene?

Plaut. Most. 1, 3, 144.—

To put or lend out money on interest:

locare argenti nemini nummum queo,

Plaut. Most. 3, 1, 4. —Hence, locare se, to bring in interest, to yield:

disciplina (histrionis) quae erat (Panurgo) ab hoc (Roscio) tradita, locabat se non minus HS CCCICCC,

Cic. Rosc. Com. 10, 28.—

Trop.

In gen., to place, put, set, lay, fix:

metuo hercle ne illa mulier mi insidias locet,

Plaut. Rud. 2, 5, 17:

num tu pudicae quoipiam insidias locas?

id. Curc. 1, 1, 25:

vitam in tam clara luce locavit,

Lucr. 5, 12:

inter recte factum atque peccatum media locabat quaedam,

Cic. Ac. 1, 10, 37:

aliquem in amplissimo gradu dignitatis,

id. Mur. 14, 30:

civitas in Catonis et Bruti fide locata,

id. Att. 6, 1, 5:

omnia mea studia in Milonis magistratu fixi et locavi,

id. Fam. 2, 6, 3:

eo loco locati sumus, ut, etc.,

id. Lael. 12, 40:

vos hortor, ut ita virtutem locetis, ut eā exceptā nihil amicitiā praestabilius esse putetis,

id. ib. 27, 104:

res certis in personis ac temporibus locata,

id. de Or. 1, 31, 138:

prudentia est locata in delectu bonorum et malorum,

consists in, id. Off. 3, 17, 71:

beneficium apud gratos,

to confer upon, Liv. 7, 20.—

(Acc. to I. B. 2. c.) To put out, as at interest; to place so as to secure a return: optumo optume optumam operam das;

datam pulcre locas,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 122:

beneficia apud gratos,

Liv. 7, 20, 5: benefacta male locata male facta arbitror, Enn. ap. Cic. Off. 2, 18, 62 (Trag. v. 429 Vahl.).—

Locare nomen, to become surety, Phaedr. 1, 16, 1.—Hence, P. a.: lŏcātus, a, um, only as subst.: lŏcātum, i, n., that which is placed on lease, hired out, Cic. N. D. 3, 30, 74.

lŏco, āvi, ātum, 1 (old forms, locassim for locaverim, Plaut. Aul. 2, 2, 51; so,

locassint,

Cic. Leg. 3, 4, 11), v. a. [locus], to place, put, lay, set, dispose, arrange.

Lit.

In gen.:

equites pro cornibus,

Quint. 2, 13, 3:

crates adversas locari jubet,

Caes. B. C. 3, 46:

milites super vallum in munimentis,

Sall. J. 100:

cum sol ita locatus fuisset, ut, etc.,

Cic. Rep. 1, 15, 23:

fundamenta (urbis),

Verg. A. 4, 266; cf. id. ib. 1, 428:

gramineoque viros locat ipse sedili,

id. ib. 8, 176:

vicos,

Tac. G. 16:

stipendium et commeatum,

Sall. J. 90.—

In partic.

Locare puellam in matrimonium or in matrimonio, nuptiis, nuptum, or simply locare, to give a girl in marriage, to marry her to any one: cur me huic locabas nuptiis? Enn. ap. Auct. Her. 2, 24, 38 (Trag. v. 157 Vahl.):

virginem habeo grandem, neque eam queo locare quoiquam,

Plaut. Aul. 2, 2, 15:

in matrimonium,

id. Trin. 3, 3, 52:

aliquam in luculentam familiam,

id. Cist. 3, 2, 18:

nuptum virginem adulescenti,

Ter. Phorm. 5, 1, 25.—

To let, lease, to hire or farm out (opp. conduco):

vectigalia,

Cic. Agr. 1, 3, 7:

portorium,

id. Inv. 1, 30, 47:

agrum frumento,

Liv. 27, 3:

praedia non nummo sed partibus,

Plin. Ep. 9, 37, 3:

tabernas civitatibus ad stationem,

Suet. Ner. 37.—

To give out on contract, to contract for having a thing done:

tu idem optimum est Loces efferendum: nam jam credo mortuus est,

Plaut. Aul. 3, 6, 30:

impero, ut tu me quoivis castrandum loces,

id. ib. 2, 2, 73:

ut quod sit sibi operis locatum ecficeret,

id. As. 2, 4, 37:

ego operam meam tribus nummis hodie locavi ad artis naugatorias,

id. Trin. 4, 2, 2:

statuam faciendam,

Cic. Phil. 9, 7, 16:

funera,

id. Verr. 2, 5, 43, § 120:

majore pecuniā columnas dealbandas, quam, etc.,

id. ib. 2, 1, 59, §

154: statuas demoliendas,

id. ib. 2, 2, 67, § 161: auseribus cibaria publice locantur (sc. praebenda), [p. 1074] id. Rosc. Am. 20, 56:

Junoni templum (sc. exstruendum),

Liv. 5, 23:

vestimenta exercitui (sc. facienda),

id. 27, 10:

ingentesque locat Caesonia Rhenos,

Pers. 6, 47.—

Locare se or locare operam suam, to hire one's self out, hire out one's services:

quid si aliquo ad ludos me pro manduco locem,

Plaut. Rud. 2, 6, 51:

operam suam ad aliquam rem,

id. Trin. 4, 2, 1; Gell. 3, 3, 14:

vocem,

i. e. to become a ranter, Juv. 8, 185:

locare noctes, of courtesans,

Ov. Am. 1, 10, 30.—

To lend:

ornamenta quae locavi metuo ut possim recipere,

Plaut. Curc. 4, 1, 3.—

To quarter, establish in quarters:

cohortes novis hibernaculis,

Tac. A. 14, 38.—

Of money, to invest, place:

nec quicquam argenti locavi jam diu usquam aeque bene?

Plaut. Most. 1, 3, 144.—

To put or lend out money on interest:

locare argenti nemini nummum queo,

Plaut. Most. 3, 1, 4. —Hence, locare se, to bring in interest, to yield:

disciplina (histrionis) quae erat (Panurgo) ab hoc (Roscio) tradita, locabat se non minus HS CCCICCC,

Cic. Rosc. Com. 10, 28.—

Trop.

In gen., to place, put, set, lay, fix:

metuo hercle ne illa mulier mi insidias locet,

Plaut. Rud. 2, 5, 17:

num tu pudicae quoipiam insidias locas?

id. Curc. 1, 1, 25:

vitam in tam clara luce locavit,

Lucr. 5, 12:

inter recte factum atque peccatum media locabat quaedam,

Cic. Ac. 1, 10, 37:

aliquem in amplissimo gradu dignitatis,

id. Mur. 14, 30:

civitas in Catonis et Bruti fide locata,

id. Att. 6, 1, 5:

omnia mea studia in Milonis magistratu fixi et locavi,

id. Fam. 2, 6, 3:

eo loco locati sumus, ut, etc.,

id. Lael. 12, 40:

vos hortor, ut ita virtutem locetis, ut eā exceptā nihil amicitiā praestabilius esse putetis,

id. ib. 27, 104:

res certis in personis ac temporibus locata,

id. de Or. 1, 31, 138:

prudentia est locata in delectu bonorum et malorum,

consists in, id. Off. 3, 17, 71:

beneficium apud gratos,

to confer upon, Liv. 7, 20.—

(Acc. to I. B. 2. c.) To put out, as at interest; to place so as to secure a return: optumo optume optumam operam das;

datam pulcre locas,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 122:

beneficia apud gratos,

Liv. 7, 20, 5: benefacta male locata male facta arbitror, Enn. ap. Cic. Off. 2, 18, 62 (Trag. v. 429 Vahl.).—

Locare nomen, to become surety, Phaedr. 1, 16, 1.—Hence, P. a.: lŏcātus, a, um, only as subst.: lŏcātum, i, n., that which is placed on lease, hired out, Cic. N. D. 3, 30, 74.

γράμμα, ατος, τό, [dialect] Dor. [full] γράθμα, prob. in IG4.506 (Heraeum, vi/v B. C.), cf. An.Ox.1.102, but [full] γράσσμα, IG4.554 (Argos, v B. C.): late [dialect] Aeol. pl. [full] γρόππατα, Epigr.Gr.990.11 ([place name] Balbilla): ([etym.] γράφω):—

A that which is drawn: pl., lines of a drawing, picture, etc., E. Ion 1146 (of tapestry), Theoc.15.81; picture,

Ἀπέλλεω γ. Herod.4.73

, cf. AP 6.352 ([place name] Erinna): sg., drawing, picture, Pl.R. 472d, Cra. 430e, cf. 431c: pl., figures in a picture, Procop.Gaz.Ecphr.p.157B.

II written character, letter, Hdt.1.139, 148, etc.: in pl., letters, characters,

γραμμάτων τε συνθέσεις A.Pr. 460

;

πηλίκοις γ. Ep.Gal.6.11

; the letters, the alphabet, Hdt.5.58;

τὰ γ. καὶ τὰς συλλαβάς Pl.Cra. 390e

;

γ. Φοινίκια S.Fr. 514

; Ἀσσύρια, Ἑλληνικά, Hdt.4.87;

γράμματα ἐπίστασθαι Pl.Lg. 689d

; μαθεῖν to have learnt to read, Id.Prt. 325e;

γ. μὴ εἰδέναι SIG2844.6

; ἐδίδασκες γράμματα, ἐγὼ δ' ἐφοίτων you kept school—I went there, D.18.265;

ἤτοι τέθνηκεν ἢ διδάσκει γ. Com.Adesp.20

;

παιδεύειν γράμματα Arist.Pol. 1337b24

; τέχνη ἡμῶν γ. our profession is that of the scribe, PTeb.316.16 (i A. D.).

b articulate sound, letter, Pl.Phlb. 18c;

τὰ γ. πάθη ἐστὶ τῆς φωνῆς Arist.Pr. 895a12

; γράμματα φθέγγεσθαι ib.8, cf. PA 660a5.

c παρὰ γράμμα λέγοντα.. σκοπεῖν etymologically, Id.MM 1185b39; τὰ παρὰ γ. σκώμματα puns, Id.Rh. 1412a28; but ἀρετὴν παρὰ γ. διώκοντες, with ref. to Νικαρέτη, the mistress of Stilpo, Crates Theb.1.

d inscription,

τὸ Δελφικὸν γ. Pl.Phdr. 229e

, cf. Chrm. 164d, X.Mem.4.2.24, etc., IG 2.2876, al.: prov.,

εἰς πέλαγος.. γράμματα γράψαι Epigr.Gr.1038.8

([place name] Attalia).

2 in pl., notes in music, AP11.78 (Lucill.).

3 mathematical diagram, Epigr. ap. D.L.8.12.

4 letter inscribed on the lots which the δικασταί drew, Ar.Pl. 277, al., Arist.Ath.64.4; practically, = division of dicasts,

ἐν ὁποίῳ γ. δειπνεῖ Ar.Ec. 683

; ἁ κατὰ γράμμα φυλακά the roster of guards, SIG569.21 (Cos, iii B. C.).

b quarters of a town, PRein.49.2; accent, EM240.42, Zonar.

5 a small weight, 1/24 ounce, scruple, Androm. ap. Gal.13.114, Gp.7.13.2, PLips. 62 ii 27 (iv A. D.).

III in pl., set of written characters, piece of writing, Hdt.1.124: hence, letter, Id.5.14, IG22.103.8, etc.;

γραμμάτων πτυχαί S.Fr. 144

, cf. E.IT 594, al., Pl.Ep. 347c; inscription, epitaph, etc.,

ἐκόλαψε ἐς τὸν τάφον γράμματα λέγοντα τάδε Hdt. 1.187

, cf. 4.91, And.3.12, Theoc.18.47, IG3.751.

2 papers, documents, Antipho 1.30, D.36.21, etc. (sg., D.Chr.65.14); τούτων τὰ γ. the documents to prove this, Lys.32.14;

τὰ γ. τῆς δίκης Ar.Nu. 772

; τὰ δημόσια γ. the public records, Decr. ap. D.18.55; title-deeds, D.C.65.14; account of loans, D.49.59;

ἐπικαρπίαν ἐν γράμμασιν ἀποφέρειν Pl. Lg. 955d

; contract or estimate, BCH46.323 ([place name] Teos); catalogue, X.Cyr.7.4.12: in sg., bond, Ev. Luc.16.7; note of hand, J.AJ18.6.3.

3 a man's writings, i.e. book, treatise,

τὰ τοῦ Ζήνωνος γ. Pl.Prm. 127c

(but sg., ib. 128a): pl., books, X.Mem.4.2.1;

Πλάτωνος τὸ περὶ ψυχῆς γ. Call.Epigr.25

, cf. AP9.63 (Asclep.), Gal.18(2).928; τὰ ἱερὰ γ. the Holy Scriptures, OGI56.36 (iii B. C.), Ph.2.574, 2 Ep.Ti.3.15, J.Ap.1.10; ἱερὰ γ., = Imperial rescripts, IG12(5).132 (Paros, iii A. D.); = hieroglyphics, OGI90.54 (Rosetta, ii B. C.): in sg., the Law of Moses, Ep.Rom.2.27, al.; opp. πνεῦμα, ib.29: sg., article of a treaty, Th. 5.29.

4 laws or rules, Pl.R. 425b, Plt. 292a, al., Ar.Ec. 1050; κατὰ γράμματα ἄρχειν, opp. ἄνευ γραμμάτων, Pl.Plt. 293a;

ἡ κατὰ γ. καὶ νόμους πολιτεία Arist.Pol. 1286a15

, cf. 1272a38: οἱ κατὰ γ. νόμοι, opp. οἱ κατὰ τὰ ἔθη, ib. 1287b5, cf. Pl.Plt. 299d;

κατὰ γράμματα ἰατρεύεσθαι Arist.Pol. 1287a34

; ἡ ἐκ τῶν γ. θεραπεία ib.40.

IV in pl., also, letters, learning,

ἀπείρους γραμμάτων Pl.Ap. 26d

, etc.

κλύω, Hes.Op. 726, etc.: [tense] impf. ἔκλυον with [tense] aor. sense, poet.

A

κλύον Id.Th. 474

, B.16.67; [ per.] 3sg.

ἔκλεεν Maiist.58

: [tense] aor. imper.

κλῦθι Il.1.37

, etc.; pl.

κλῦτε Pi.O.14.4

; also with [dialect] Ep.redupl.

κέκλῠθι Il.10.284

, A.R.4.783,

κέκλῠτε Il.3.86

, etc.; also sg.

κέκλῠκε Epich. 190

. (Cf.

κλέω A.

) [[pron. full] ῠ, exc. in imper. κλῠθι and κλῦτε.]:— hear, Hom., etc.;

κλύειν, ἀκοῦσαι Ar.Ra. 1173

: poet. word (Com. only in mock Trag., Ar.l.c., Av. 407, 416, Pherecr.145.1):—Constr.: c.gen. pers. et acc. rei, hear a thing from a person,

κέκλυτέ μευ.. μῦθον Ἀλεξάνδροιο Il.3.86

, cf. Od.2.25, S.OT 235, etc.;

τι ἔκ τινος Od.19.93

;

τι πρός τινος S.OT 429

: c. gen. pers. only, esp. with part. added,

οὐδ' ἔκλυον αὐδήσαντος Il.10.47

, cf. Od.4.505, S.OC 1406, 1642: c. acc. rei only,

ἀγγελίην ἔκλυεν Od.2.30

;

κ. βάξιν Emp.112.11

; κλύε εὐχὰν Ζεύς B.l.c., cf. A.Pr. 124 (anap.), 588 (lyr.), etc.: c. gen.rei,

θεὰ δέ μευ ἔκλυεν αὐδῆς Od.10.311

;

θεὰ δέ οἱ ἔκλυεν ἀρῆς 4.767

;

κέκλυτέ μευ μύθων 12.271

, etc.: c. gen. objecti, hear of a person or thing, S.OC 307, Ant. 1182: with part.,

κ. νεκροὺς θανόντας A.Th. 837

(lyr.);

ὃν κλύεις.. ὄντα δεσπότην S.Ph. 261

, cf. 427: less freq. c.acc. et inf., ποῦ κλύεις νιν.. ἱδρῦσθαι; Id.Tr.68: κ. ὁθούνεκα hear that.., Id.El. 1307: [tense] pres. with [tense] pf. sense, have heard or learnt, know,

εἰ καὶ μὴ κλύεις τῶν ἀγγέλων Id.OT 305

, cf. Ph. 261, Tr. 422, 425;

λόγῳ κ. E.Hipp. 1004

: abs. in part.,

κλύοντες οὐκ ἤκουον A.Pr. 448

, cf. S.Ant. 691, etc.

2 perceive generally, μάλιστα δέ τ' ἔκλυον αὐτοί they themselves know [the blessing] most, Od.6.185;

κλῦθι ἰδὼν ἀΐων τε Hes. Op.9

.

II give ear to, attend to,

τοῦ κλύον ἠδ' ἐπίθοντο Il.15.300

, etc.: imper.,

κέκλυτέ μευ, πάντες τε θεοὶ πᾶσαί τε θέαιναι 8.5

; esp. in prayers, give ear to me,

κλῦθί μευ, Ἀργυρότοξε 1.37

: c. dat., give ear to, καί τ' ἔκλυες ᾧ κ' ἐθέλῃσθα (of Hermes) 24.335; κλῦθί μοι v.l.5.115 (v.

ἐγώ 11

);

κλῦτέ μοι εὐχομένῳ Sol.13.2

= Crates Theb.10.2, cf. Epic. Oxy.214r.10 (iii A.D.), Thgn.13; comply with, obey,

θυγατρὶ φίλῃ μάλα μὲν κλύον ἠδ' ἐπίθοντο Hes.Th. 474

: also c. gen.,

κακῶν κ. φρενῶν A. Ag. 1064

;

οἴακος Id.Supp. 718

;

τῶν ἐν τέλει S.Aj. 1352

, cf. OC 740, etc.

III in Trag. like ἀκούω 111, to be called or spoken of: with Adv., εὖ or κακῶς κ., A.Ag. 468 (lyr.), S.Tr. 721;

πρός τινος Id.El. 524

; κλύειν δικαίως (nisi leg. δίκαιος)

μᾶλλον ἢ πρᾶξαι θέλεις A.Eu. 430

: with a Noun,

κ. ἄναλκις μᾶλλον ἢ μιαιφόνος Id.Pr. 868

.

κόγχος, ὁ (ἡ Paus.1.44.6, cf.Plb.6.23.5),

A = κόγχη 1, A.Fr.34, Epich. 42.9, Crates Theb.7; κόγχων (gen. pl.) Arist.HA 528a24 (but κόγχαι ib.22).

2 = κόγχη 1.2, shell-full,

κ. ἁλῶν Phryn.Com.49

, cf. Dsc. 1.30.

II anything like a mussel-shell,

1 upper part of the skull, Lyc.1105.

2 boss of a shield, Plb.l.c.

3 small iron crucible, Dsc.5.95.

4 socket of the eye, Poll.2.71 (pl.).

5 kneepan, ib. 188.

III soup of lentils boiled with the pods, Timo 3.

νεότης, [dialect] Dor. [suff] νέο-τας, ητος, ἡ, ([etym.] νέος)

A youth,

ἐκ νεότητος.. ἐς γῆρας Il. 14.86

, cf. Ev.Marc.10.20, etc.;

ἀτέμβονται νεότητος Il.23.445

; ἐρατὴν γὰρ ἀπωλέσαμεν νεότητα, i.e. we died young, Simon.89, cf. E.HF 637 (lyr.), Fr. 149; ἐν νεότατι, ἐπὶ νεότητος, in one's youth, Sapph.Supp. 12.3, Ar.V. 1199, cf. Ach. 214: in pl.,

αἱ ν. ἄφρονες AP9.359

(Posidipp. or Pl.Com. or Crates); αἱ ν. ῥωμαλέαι ib. 360 (Metrod.).

2 youthful spirit, impetuosity, Hdt.7.13: in bad sense, youthful folly, insolence,

ἀκολασίᾳ καὶ ν. Pl.Ap. 26e

;

ν. καὶ ἄνοια And.2.7

.

II collective, = νεολαία, body of youth, esp. of military or athletic age, Pi.I.8(7).75, Hdt.4.3, 9.12, Th.2.8, 20, etc.

III in Crete, [full] νεότας, ἁ, acc. νεότα, gen. νεότας, board of officials representing the νέοι (cf.

νέος 1.1

), GDI5012.6, SIG525.9 (Gortyn, iii B.C.).

συστέλλω,

A draw together: shorten sail,

συστείλας ἄκροισι χρώμενος τοῖς ἱστίοις Ar.Ra. 999

(lyr.): Com. metaph.,

συστείλας γε τοὺς ἀλλᾶντας εἶτ' ἀφήσω κατὰ κῦμ' ἐμαυτὸν οὔριον Id.Eq. 432

; draw in, contract, of the mouth, Hp.VM22; σ. ἑαυτόν, of a snake, Arist.HA 594a19;

σ. καὶ προβάλλειν τὴν γλῶτταν Id.PA 660a23

; σ. τὸ πρόσωπον, so as to express disgust, Luc.DMeretr.13.5; of soldiers, σ. τινὰς εἰς τὸ τεῖχος, εἴσω τοῦ χάρακος ἑαυτούς, Plu.Sull.9, Cam.34:— [voice] Pass., contract oneself, draw in, Arist.MA 701b15, Pr. 949a17, Sor. 1.7;

τὸν ἀέρα.. τυποῦσθαι συστελλόμενον ὑπὸ τοῦ ὁρωμένου καὶ τοῦ ὁρῶντος Thphr.Sens.50

;

συνέσταλται.. τὸ θερμόν Id.Ign.13

;

σ. εἰς ὀλίγον Plu.Arist.14

;

εἰς μεῖόν τι X.Vect.4.3

; εἰς τρίβωνα ῥᾳδίως συστέλλομαι (cf. infr. 11) Crates Theb.16;

ἐς βραχύ Luc.Icar.12

;

τοῖς ὄγκοις συνεσταλμένοι D.S.4.20

; βραχίονας καὶ καρποὺς.. ἐν τοῖς συνεσταλμένοις ἀποδεσμεύειν at the narrow parts, Gal.12.693; - όμεναι ὥσπερ ὄρνιθες gathering together, Plu.2.565e; cf. συνεσταλμένως.

2 contract, reduce,

τὴν τῶν βασιλέων γένεσιν εἰς τὸ μέτριον Pl.Lg. 691e

; ἁμαρτήματα ὡς εἰς ἐλάχιστα ς. D.18.246;

σ. ἐπὶ τὸ ταπεινότερον Arist.Rh.Al. 1423b24

;

τὰς φυσικὰς λύπας εἰς μικρόν Diog.Oen.2

;

τὴν ῥύσιν Sor.2.41

;

τὰ συσσίτια πρὸς τὸ σωφρονέστερον D.C.54.2

:—[voice] Pass., draw cowering together,

συσταλέντες.. σιγῇ καθήμεθ' E.IT 295

; τῇ διαίτῃ συνεστάλθαι to be moderate, Hp.Art.50, cf. Phld.Vit.p.22 J.; ξ. ἐς εὐτέλειαν retrench expenses, Th.8.4;

ἵνα συνσταλῶσιν αἱ λίαν ἄκαιροι δαπάναι IG22.1329.11

, cf. PAmh.2.70.3 (ii A.D.).

b deprive of all food and drink,

συστέλλειν, εἰ δὲ μὴ ἀντέχοι τις, ἐπ' ὀλιγοσιτίας καὶ ὑδροποσίας τηρεῖν Sor.2.15

, cf. 86.

3 humble, abase, τά

τοι μέγιστα πολλάκις θεὸς.. συνέστειλεν E.Fr. 716

; ταπεινοῦντα καὶ ς. Pl.Ly. 210e;

αἱ συμφοραὶ σ. τινάς Isoc.8.85

; opp. ἐξαίρω, Phld.Vit. p.20 J.; depress (opp. διαχέω, ἀνίημι)

, διάνοιαν Aristid.Quint.2.9

, 10:— [voice] Pass., to be lowered or cast down,

συνέσταλμαι κακοῖς E.HF 1417

, cf. Tr. 108 (anap.); [

δοῦλοι] σ. τὰς φύσεις Heraclid.Pont.

ap. Ath.12.512b.

4 σ. λέξιν lower it, make it mean, Hermog.Id.1.6; pronounce a syllable short, opp. ἐκτείνω, D.H.Comp.14 ([voice] Pass.); δίχρονα συνεσταλμένα doubtful vowels when shortened, A.D.Pron.11.19.

5 [ ὀνόματα] συστέλλεται ἐκ τῆς πολλῆς ποιότητος τῇ παραθέσει τοῦ ἄρθρου are reduced or restricted out of their generality, Id.Synt.69.4.

II wrap closely up, shroud,

οὐ δάμαρτος ἐν χεροῖν πέπλοις συνεστάλησαν E.Tr. 378

, cf. Luc.Im.7:—[voice] Med., ξυστειλάμεναι θαἰμάτια wrapping our cloaks close round us, Ar.Ec.99; συστέλλου σεαυτήν gird up your loins, get ready for action, ib. 486 (lyr.); ξυστᾰλείς tucked up, ready for action, Id.V. 424 (troch.), cf. Lys. 1042 (troch.).

2 cloak,

συνέστελλε καὶ συνέκρυπτεν.. τὴν δυσμένειαν Plu.Galb.18

(unless in signf. 1.2).

ἀσκέω,

A work raw materials, εἴρια, κέρα, Il.3.388,4.110; work curiously, form by art, [κρητῆρα] Σιδόνες πολυδαίδαλοι εὖ ἤσκησαν ib. 23.743;

ἑρμῖν' ἀσκήσας Od.23.198

; πτύξασα καὶ ἀσκήσασα χιτῶνα having folded and smoothed it, ib.1.439;

ἅρμα.. χρυσῷ καὶ ἀργύρῳ εὖ ἤσκηται Il.10.438

; χορὸν ἤσκησεν ib.18.592;

γόμφοις ἀ. Emp.87

: added in [tense] aor. part. to Verbs, [

θρόνον] τεύξει ἀσκήσας

elaborately,

Il.14.240

; [

χρυσὸν] βοὸς κέρασιν περίχευεν ἀσκήσας Od.3.437

; [

ἑανὸν] ἔξυσ' ἀσκήσασα Il.14.179

.

2 of personal adornment, dress out, trick out,

ἀ. τινὰ κόσμῳ Hdt.3.1

;

ἐς κάλλος ἀσκεῖ

decks herself,

E.El. 1073

;

δέμας Id.Tr. 1023

:—freq. in [voice] Pass., σκιεροῖς ἠσκημένα γυίοις furnished with.., Emp.61.4;

πέπλοισι Περσικοῖς ἠσκημένη A.Pers. 182

;

οὐ χλιδαῖς ἠσκημένον S.El. 452

; of buildings,

παστὰς ἠσκημένη στύλοισι Hdt.2.169

;

Παρίῳ λίθῳ ἠσκημένα Id.3.57

: abs.,

οἴκημα ἠσκημένον Id.2.130

; σῶμα λόγοις ἠσκ. tricked out with words only, not real, S.El. 1217:—[voice] Med., σῶμ' ὅπλοις ἠσκήσατο adorned his own person, E.Hel. 1379, cf.Alc. 161.

3 in Pi., honour a divinity, do him reverence,

δαίμον' ἀσκήσω θεραπεύων P.3.109

;

ἀσκεῖται Θέμις O.8.22

.

II practise, exercise, train, esp. in Prose and Com., properly of athletic exercise,

1 c. acc. of person or thing,

ἀ. τὸν υἱὸν τὸν ἐπιχώριον τρόπον Ar.Pl.47

;

ἀ. τὰ σώματα εἰς ἰσχύν X.Cyr.2.1.20

, cf. Mem.1.2.19;

ἐχθρὸν ἐφ' ἡμᾶς αὐτοὺς τηλικοῦτον ἠσκήκαμεν D.3.28

:—[voice] Pass.,

σώματα εὖ ἠσκημένα X.Cyr.1.6.41

;

εἰς ἀγῶνα ἄμεινον ἡμῶν ἤσκηνται D.9.52

;

ἀσκεῖσθαι λέγειν Luc.Demon.4

;

τὴν Κυνικὴν ἄσκησιν Id.Tox.27

;

λόγοις D.C.45.2

;

ἐν παιδείᾳ Id.60.2

;

πρός τι D.S.2.54

.

2 c. acc. of the thing practised, ἀ. τέχνην, πεντάεθλον, Hdt.3.125, 9.33;

λόγους Democr.53a

, 110;

μανθάνειν καὶ ἀ. τι Pl.Grg. 509e

; ἀ. παγκράτιον, στάδιον, etc., Id.Lg. 795b, Thg. 128e;

ἠσκηκέναι μηδεμίαν ἄσκησιν κυριωτέραν τῆς πολεμικῆς Arist.Pol. 1271b5

: metaph., ἀ. τὴν ἀληθείην, δικαιοσύνην, Hdt.7.209, 1.96;

δίκαια S.OC 913

;

ἀρετήν E.Fr. 853

, Pl. R. 407a;

κακότητα A.Pr. 1066

(lyr.), cf. S.Tr. 384;

ἀσέβειαν E.Ba. 476

;

τὰ δίκαια Crates Theb.12

;

λαλιάν Ar.Nu. 931

(anap.): c. dupl. acc.,

ἀ. αὑτόν τε καὶ τοὺς σὺν αὑτῷ τὰ πολεμικά X.Cyr.8.6.10

.

3 c. inf., ἄσκει τοιαύτη μένειν practise, endeavour to remain such, S.El. 1024;

λέγειν ἠσκηκότες Id.Fr. 963

;

εὐσεβεῖν ἠσκηκότα E.Fr. 1067

; ἀ. γαστρὸς κρείττους εἶναι, τοὺς φίλους ἀγαθὰ ποιεῖν, X.Cyr.4.2.45,5.5.12, cf. Mem.2.1.6; ἤσκει ἐξομιλεῖν παντοδαποῖς he made a practice of associating.., Id.Ages.11.4.

4 abs., practise, go into training, Pl.R. 389c, X.Cyr.2.1.29;

οἱ ἀσκέοντες

those who practise gymnastics,

Hp.Acut. 9

;

περὶ τὰς βαναύσους τέχνας Plb.9.20.9

.

Ὁμηρ-ικός, ή, όν,

A Homeric, in the manner of Homer, Pl.R. 600b : [comp] Comp.

- κώτερος Str.1.1.6

: [comp] Sup.

- κώτατος Longin.13.3

. Adv.

- κῶς Strato Com.1.30

, Cic.Att.1.16.1 : [comp] Comp.

- κώτερον A.D.Synt.165.12

.

II used equivocally, as foreg. 111, AP11.218 ([place name] Crates).

Grammatical information: v.

Meaning: `to flow, to stream', also metaph., `to stream off, to fall off' (of hair, ripe fruits etc.), (Il.).

Other forms: Aor. ῥυῆναι (γ 455), Dor. ἐρρύᾱ, fut. ῥυῆσομαι, perf. ἐρρύηκα (Att.); fut. ῥεύσομαι (Thgn., com., Hp.), ῥευσοῦμαι (Arist.), ῥεύσω (AP), aor. ῥεῦσαι (Ar. in anap., Hp., hell.).

Compounds: Very often w. prefix, e.g. ἀπο-, δια-, ἐκ-, κατα-, περι-, ὑπο-.

Derivatives: Many derivv., also from the prefixcompp. (here only indicated): A. with full grade. 1. ῥέεθρον (ep. Ion. Il.), ῥεῖθρον (Att.) n. `stream, river, water'; 2. ` Ρεῖτος m. name of a stream or brook, (Eleusis V^a, Th., Paus.; Krahe Beitr. z. Namenforsch. 5, 89); 3. ῥεῦμα n. `current, stream' (IA.; cf. Porzig Satzinhalte 267f.), `stream, rheumatism' (medic.), with - μάτιον, - ματώδης, - ματικός, - ματίζομαι, - ματισμός; 4. ῥέος n. `stream' (A; cf. on ἐυ-ρρεής below); 5. ῥεῦσις f. (hell. for ῥύσις); 6. ῥευστός `streaming, fluid' (Emp., Arist. a.o.), - στικός (Plu.), - σταλέος (Orac. ap. Eus.); 7. - ρρεί-της (from - ρρεϜέ-της) in compounds, e.g. ἐϋ-ρρείτης `streaming beautifully' (Hom. a.o.), ἀκαλα-ρρείτης (s. v.); 8. - ρρεής only in gen. ἐϋ-ρρεῖος = ἐϋ-ρρεϜέος (Il.) from ἐϋ-ρρεής `id.'; rather to ῥέω than to ῥέος (Schwyzer 513). -- B. With ο-ablaut: 1. ῥόος ( κατά- etc.), Att. ῥοῦς, Cypr. ῥόϜος m. `stream, flow'; 2. ῥοή ( ἐκ- etc.), Dor. -ά, Corc. ρhοϜαῖσι f. `flowing, stream, outflow' (Il.); from 1. or 2. ῥοΐσκος m. `brooklet' (Halaesa), ῥοώδης ( ῥοι- Gal.) `flowing, suffering of flux, having strong currents, watery, falling off' (Hp., Th., Arist. etc.), ῥοϊκός `fluid' (Hp., Dsc.), ῥοΐζω `to drench', of horses (Hippiatr.) with ῥοϊσμός H.; 3. ῥοῖαι f. pl. `floods' (Hp.); 4. - ρροια f. in prefixcompp., e.g. διάρροια (: δια-ρρέω) `flowing through, diarrhoea' (IA.; on the formation Schwyzer 469). -- C. With zero grade: 1. ῥυτός `streaming, pouring out, flowing strongly' (trag. a.o.; ἀμφί-, περί- ῥέω Od. a.o.); ῥυτόν n. `drinking horn' (Att., hell.); 2. ῥύσις ( ἔκ- a.o.) f. `flowing, flow' (IA.); 3. ῥύμα = ῥεῦμα (late) s.v.; 4. ῥύᾱξ, -ᾱκος m. `strong current, rushing stream, stream of lava' (Th., Pl., Arist. a.o.), prob. Sicil. (Björck Alpha impurum 61 a. 285); cf. ῥύαγξ (cod. ῥοί-) φάραγξ H. [note that of the last two the suffixes are Pre-Greek]; 5. ῥυά̄χετος m. `multitude of people' (Lac.; Ar. Lys. 170), expressive enlargment of ῥύαξ after ὀχετός, συρφετός?; 6. ῥυάς f. (m., n.) `fluid, falling off' (Arist., Thphr. a.o.), also adjunct of ἰχθῦς or des. of certain fishes, that live in warms and follow the currents (Arist. a.o.; Strömberg Fischn. 50f., Thompson Fishes s.v.), `flow' with ῥυαδικός, `suffering flux etc.' (medic.); 7. ῥυδόν (ο 426), ῥύδην (Crates a.o.) `flooding, abounding'. -- On ῥυθμός s. v.; on ῥύτρος, ῥόα ( ῥοιά), ῥοῦς as plantnames s. ῥόα.

Origin: IE [Indo-European] [1003] *sreu̯- `flow, stream'

Etymology: The the themat. root-present ῥέω (\< *ῥέϜω; cf. ῥόϜος a.o. above) agrees Skt. srávati `flow', IE *sréu̯-eti. Also to other forms there are exact agreements outcide Greek, of which the age is however uncertain because of the strong productivity of the relevent form-categories: ρόος = Skt. srava- m. `the flowing'; cf. OCS o-strovъ, Russ. óstrov `island' (prop. "surrounded by stream(s)"); ῥοή = Lith. sravà f. `flowing, flow of blood, menstruation'; cf. Skt. giri-sravā f. `mountainstream', ῥύσις = Skt. srutí- f. `way, stret' (but e.g. vi-sruti- `flowing out'; cf. Liebert Nom. suffix -ti- 39); ambiguous Arm. aṙu `canal'; ῥυτός = Skt. srutá- `flowing'; cf. Lith. srùtos pl. (dial. -tà sg.) f. `liquid manure, (animal)urine'; (ἐϋ) - ρρεής: Skt. ( madhu) - sravas- m. "dripping of honey", plantname (lex.). Over aginst the neuter ῥεῦμα (IE *sreu̯-mn̥) stands in Balto-Slav. a corresponding masc., e.g. Lith. sraumuõ, gen. -meñs `rapid' (IE *srou̯-mon-); similar Thrac. rivername Στρυμών. An m-suffix also in Germ., e.g. OWNo. straumr ' stream' (IE *srou̯-mo-), in Celt., e.g. OIr. sruaim `stream' and in Alb. rrymë `stream' (Mann Lang. 28, 37). -- Genetic connection has also been supposed between Dor. aor. ἐ-ρρύᾱ and Lith. pret. pa-srùvo `flowed' (\< *-āt; Schwyzer 743 w. n. 11 a. lit.), also between Ion.-Att. ἐρρύη and Lith. inf. sravė́ti. Formally identical are also the futures ῥεύσομαι (- σω) and Skt. sroṣyati. Further the Greek and Sanskrit as well as the Balt. verbal systems go different ways. -- Further forms w. lit. in WP. 2, 702 f., Pok. 1003; Fraenkel s. sravė́ti, Vasmer s. strúmenъ; older lit. also in Bq. -- Vgl. ῥώομαι.

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θεός, οῦ (Hom.+; Herm. Wr.; ins, pap, LXX, pseudepigr., Philo, Joseph.) ὁ and ἡ, voc. θεέ (Pisidian ins [JHS 22, 1902, 355] θέ; PGM 4, 218 θεὲ θεῶν; 7, 529 κύριε θεὲ μέγιστε; 12, 120 κύριε θεέ; 13, 997; LXX [Thackeray 145; PKatz, Philo’s Bible ’50, 152f]; ApcMos 42; Jos., Ant. 14, 24 ὦ θεὲ βασιλεῦ τ. ὅλων; SibOr 13, 172 βασιλεῦ κόσμου θεέ) Mt 27:46, more frequently (s. 2 and 3c, h below) ὁ θεός (LXX; ParJer 6:12; ApcEsdr 7:5; ApcMos 32; B-D-F §147, 3m; JWackernagel, Über einige antike Anredeformen 1912; Mlt-H. 120). On the inclusion or omission of the art. gener. s. W-S. §19, 13d; B-D-F §254, 1; 268, 2; Rob. 758; 761; 780; 786; 795; Mlt-Turner 174; BWeiss, D. Gebr. des Artikels bei den Gottesnamen, StKr 84, 1911, 319–92; 503–38 (also published separately). The sg. article freq. suggests personal claim on a deity. ‘God, god’.

① In the Gr-Rom. world the term θεός primarily refers to a transcendent being who exercises extraordinary control in human affairs or is responsible for bestowal of unusual benefits, deity, god, goddess (s. on θεά) Ac 28:6; 2 Th 2:4 (cp. SibOr 5, 34 ἰσάζων θεῷ αὐτόν; Ar. 4, 1 οὐκ εἰσὶ θεοί; Tat. 10, 1 θεὸς … κύκνος γίνεται …; Ath. 18, 3 θεός τις δισώματος); θεὸς Ῥαιφάν Ac 7:43 (Am 5:26; s. entry Ῥαιφάν). οὐδεὶς θεὸς εἰ μὴ εἷς there is no god but one 1 Cor 8:4 (cp. AcPl Ha 1, 17 restored). θεοῦ φωνὴ καὶ οὐκ ἀνθρώπου Ac 12:22.—ἡ θεός the (female) god, goddess (Att., later more rarely; Peripl. Eryth. c. 58; Lucian, Dial. Deor. 17, 2; SIG 695, 28; ins, one of which refers to Artemis, in Hauser p. 81f; Jos., Ant. 9, 19; Ar. 11, 2 [Artemis]; Ath. 29, 2 [Ino]) Ac 19:37.—Pl. Ac 7:40 (Ex 32:1). Cp. 14:11; 19:26; PtK 2 p. 14, 21. εἴπερ εἰσὶν λεγόμενοι θεοί even if there are so-called gods 1 Cor 8:5a; s. vs. 5b (on θεοὶ πολλοί cp. Jos., Ant. 4, 149.—Maximus Tyr. 11, 5a: θ. πολλοί w. εἷς θ. πατήρ). οἱ φύσει μὴ ὄντες θεοί those who by nature are not really gods Gal 4:8b (cp. Ar. 4, 2 μὴ εἶναι τὸν οὐρανὸν θεόν al.). θεοὶ … λίθινοι etc. AcPl Ha 1, 18 (cp. JosAs 10:13 τοὺς χρυσοῦς καὶ ἀργυροῦς). Of the devil μὴ ὢν θεός AcPlCor 2:15.

② Some writings in our lit. use the word θ. w. ref. to Christ (without necessarily equating Christ with the Father, and therefore in harmony w. the Shema of Israel Dt 6:4; cp. Mk 10:18 and 4a below), though the interpretation of some of the pass. is in debate. In Mosaic and Gr-Rom. traditions the fundamental semantic component in the understanding of deity is the factor of performance, namely saviorhood or extraordinary contributions to one’s society. Dg. 10:6 defines the ancient perspective: ὸ̔ς ἃ παρὰ τοῦ θεοῦ λάβων ἔχει, ταῦτα τοῖς ἐπιδεομένοις χορηγῶν, θεὸς γίνεται τῶν λαμβανάντων one who ministers to the needy what one has received from God proves to be a god to the recipients (cp. Sb III, 6263, 27f of a mother). Such understanding led to the extension of the mng. of θ. to pers. who elicit special reverence (cp. pass. under 4 below; a similar development can be observed in the use of σέβομαι and cognates). In Ro 9:5 the interpr. is complicated by demand of punctuation marks in printed texts. If a period is placed before ὁ ὢν κτλ., the doxology refers to God as defined in Israel (so EAbbot, JBL 1, 1881, 81–154; 3, 1883, 90–112; RLipsius; HHoltzmann, Ntl. Theol.² II 1911, 99f; EGünther, StKr 73, 1900, 636–44; FBurkitt, JTS 5, 1904, 451–55; Jülicher; PFeine, Theol. d. NTs⁶ ’34, 176 et al.; RSV text; NRSV mg.). A special consideration in favor of this interpretation is the status assigned to Christ in 1 Cor 15:25–28 and the probability that Paul is not likely to have violated the injunction in Dt 5:7.—If a comma is used in the same place, the reference is to Christ (so BWeiss; EBröse, NKZ 10, 1899, 645–57 et al.; NRSV text; RSV mg. S. also εἰμί 1.—Undecided: THaering.—The transposition by the Socinian scholar JSchlichting [died 1661] ὧν ὁ=‘to whom belongs’ was revived by JWeiss, D. Urchristentum 1917, 363; WWrede, Pls 1905, 82; CStrömman, ZNW 8, 1907, 319f). In 2 Pt 1:1; 1J 5:20 the interpretation is open to question (but cp. ISmyrna McCabe.0010, 100 ὁ θεὸς καὶ σωτὴρ Ἀντίοχος). In any event, θ. certainly refers to Christ, as one who manifests primary characteristics of deity, in the foll. NT pass.: J 1:1b (w. ὁ θεός 1:1a, which refers to God in the monotheistic context of Israel’s tradition. On the problem raised by such attribution s. J 10:34 [cp. Ex 7:1; Ps 81:6]; on θεός w. and without the article, acc. to whether it means God or the Logos, s. Philo, Somn. 1, 229f; JGriffiths, ET 62, ’50/51, 314–16; BMetzger, ET 63, ’51/52, 125f), 18b. ὁ κύριός μου καὶ ὁ θεός μου my Lord and my God! (nom. w. art.=voc.; s. beg. of this entry.—On a resurrection as proof of divinity cp. Diog. L. 8, 41, who quotes Hermippus: Pythagoras returns from a journey to Hades and appears among his followers [εἰσέρχεσθαι εἰς τὴν ἐκκλησίαν], and they consider him θεῖόν τινα) J 20:28 (on the combination of κύριος and θεός s. 3c below). Tit 2:13 (μέγας θ.). Hb 1:8, 9 (in a quot. fr. Ps 44:7, 8). S. TGlasson, NTS 12, ’66, 270–72. Jd 5 P⁷². But above all Ignatius calls Christ θεός in many pass.: θεὸς Ἰησοῦς Χριστός ITr 7:1; Χριστὸς θεός ISm 10:1. ὁ θεὸς ἡμῶν IEph ins; 15:3; 18:2; IRo ins (twice); 3:3; IPol 8:3; τὸ πάθος τοῦ θεοῦ μου IRo 6:3. ἐν αἵματι θεοῦ IEph 1:1. ἐν σαρκὶ γενόμενος θεός 7:2. θεὸς ἀνθρωπίνως φανερούμενος 19:3. θεὸς ὁ οὕτως ὑμᾶς σοφίσας ISm 1:1.—Hdb. exc. 193f; MRackl, Die Christologie d. hl. Ign. v. Ant. 1914. ὁ θεός μου Χριστὲ Ἰησοῦ AcPl Ha 3, 10; Χριστὸς Ἰησοῦς ὁ θ[εός] 6, 24; cp. ln. 34 (also cp. Just., A I, 63, 15, D. 63, 5 al.; Tat. 13, 3; Ath. 24, 1; Mel., P. 4, 28 al.).—SLösch, Deitas Jesu u. antike Apotheose ’33. Cp. AWlosk, Römischer Kaiserkult ’78.

③ God in Israelite/Christian monotheistic perspective, God the predom. use, somet. with, somet. without the art.

ⓐ ὁ θεός Mt 1:23; 3:9; 5:8, 34; Mk 2:12; 10:18; 13:19 (cp. TestJob 37:4); Lk 2:13; J 3:2b; Ac 2:22b; Gal 2:6 al. With prep. εἰς τὸν θ. Ac 24:15. ἐκ τοῦ θ. J 8:42b, 47; 1J 3:9f; 4:1ff, 6f; 5:1, 4; 2 Cor 3:5; 5:18 al.; ἐν τῷ θ. Ro 5:11; Col 3:3 (Ath. 21, 1). ἔναντι τοῦ θ. Lk 1:8; ἐπὶ τὸν θ. Ac 15:19; 26:18, 20 (Just., D. 101, 1); ἐπὶ τῷ θ. Lk 1:47 (Just., D. 8, 2); παρὰ τοῦ θ. J 8:40 (Ar. 4, 2; Just., A I, 33, 6 al.; without art. Just., D. 69, 6 al.). παρὰ τῷ θ. Ro 2:13; 9:14 (Just., A I, 28, 3; Tat. 7, 1; Ath. 31, 2 al.); πρὸς τὸν θ. J 1:2; Ac 24:16; AcPl Ha 3, 8 (Just., D. 39, 1 al.; Mel., HE 4, 26, 13 al.); τὰ πρὸς τὸν θ. Hb 2:17; 5:1; Ro 15:17 is acc. of respect: with respect to one’s relation to God or the things pert. to God, in God’s cause (s. B-D-F §160; Rob. 486. For τὰ πρὸς τ. θ. s. Soph., Phil. 1441; X., De Rep. Lac. 13, 11; Aristot., Pol. 1314b, 39; Lucian, Pro Imag. 8; Mitt-Wilck. I/2, 109, 3 [III B.C.] εὐσεβὴς τὰ πρὸς θεούς; Ex 4:16; 18:19; Jos., Ant. 9, 236 εὐσεβὴς τὰ πρὸς τ. θεόν). τὰ πρὸς τ[ὸν] θεὸν ἐτήρουσαν, when they were observant of matters pert. to God AcPl Ha 8, 13 (=τα π̣ρος θ̣̄ν̄| ἐτήρουσαν Ox 1602, 10f=BMM recto 16 restored after the preceding).

ⓑ without the art. Mt 6:24; Lk 2:14; 20:38; J 1:18a; Ro 8:8, 33b; 2 Cor 1:21; 5:19; Gal 2:19; 4:8f; 2 Th 1:8; Tit 1:16; 3:8; Hb 3:4; AcPl Ha 8, 20=BMM recto 25 (s. also HSanders’ rev. of Ox 1602, 26, in HTR 31, ’38, 79, n. 2, Ghent 62 verso, 6); AcPlCor 1:15; 2:19, 26. W. prep. ἀπὸ θεοῦ J 3:2a; 16:30 (Just., A II, 13, 4 τὸν … ἀπὸ ἀγεννήτου … θεοῦ λόγον). εἰς θεόν IPhld 1:2. ἐκ θεοῦ (Pind., O. 11, 10, P. 1, 41; Jos., Ant. 2, 164; Just., A I, 22, 2; Mel., P. 55, 404) Ac 5:39; 2 Cor 5:1; Phil 3:9. ἐν θεῷ J 8:21; Ro 2:17; Jd 1; AcPl Ha 1, 15; 2, 35. ἐπὶ θεόν AcPl Ha 2, 29 (cp. πρὸς θεόν Just., D. 138, 2). κατὰ θεόν acc. to God’s will (Appian, Iber. 19 §73; 23 §88; 26 §101, Liby. 6 §25, Bell. Civ. 4, 86 §364) Ro 8:27; 2 Cor 7:9ff; IEph 2:1. ἡ κατὰ θ. ἀγάπη godly love IMg 1:1; cp. 13:1; ITr 1:2. παρὰ θεῷ (Jos., Bell. 1, 635) Mt 19:26; Lk 2:52.

ⓒ w. gen. foll. or w. ἴδιος to denote a special relationship: ὁ θ. Ἀβραάμ Mt 22:32; Mk 12:26; Lk 20:37; Ac 3:13; 7:32 (all Ex 3:6). ὁ θ. (τοῦ) Ἰσραήλ (Ezk 44:2; JosAs 7:5) Mt 15:31; Lk 1:68; cp. Ac 13:17; 2 Cor 6:16; Hb 11:16. ὁ θ. μου Ro 1:8; 1 Cor 1:4; 2 Cor 12:21; Phil 1:3; 4:19; Phlm 4. OT κύριος ὁ θ. σου (ἡμῶν, ὑμῶν, αὐτῶν) Mt 4:7 (Dt 6:16); 22:37 (Dt 6:5); Mk 12:29 (Dt 6:4); Lk 1:16; 4:8 (Dt 6:13); 10:27 (Dt 6:5); Ac 2:39. ὁ κύριος καὶ ὁ θ. ἡμῶν Rv 4:11 (Just., D. 12, 3; the combination of κύριος and θεός is freq. in the OT: 2 Km 7:28; 3 Km 18:39; Jer 38:18; Zech 13:9; Ps 29:3; 34:23; 85:15; 87:2; TestAbr A 3 p. 79, 19 [Stone p. 6]; JosAs 3:4; 12:2 κύριε ὁ θ. τῶν αἰώνων. But s. also Epict. 2, 16, 13 κύριε ὁ θεός [GBreithaupt, Her. 62, 1927, 253–55], Herm. Wr.: Cat. Cod. Astr. VIII/2, p. 172, 6 κύριε ὁ θεὸς ἡμῶν, the PGM ref. at the beg. of this entry, and the sacral uses τ. θεῷ κ. κυρίῳ Σοκνοπαίῳ [OGI 655, 3f—24 B.C.]; PTebt 284, 6; τῷ κυρίῳ θεῷ Ἀσκληπίῳ [Sb 159, 2]; deo domino Saturno [ins fr. imperial times fr. Thala in the prov. of Africa: BPhW 21, 1901, 475], also Suetonius, Domit. 13 dominus et deus noster [for the formulation s. 4a: PMich 209]; Ar. 15, 10; Just., D. 60, 3 al.) τὸν ἴδιον θ. AcPl Ha 3, 22.—ὁ θ. τοῦ κυρίου ἡμῶν Ἰ. Χ. Eph 1:17.

ⓓ used w. πατήρ (s. πατήρ 6a) ὁ θ. καὶ πατὴρ τοῦ κυρίου ἡμῶν Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ Ro 15:6; 2 Cor 1:3; Eph 1:3; Col 1:3; 1 Pt 1:3. ὁ θ. καὶ πατὴρ ἡμῶν Gal 1:4; Phil 4:20; 1 Th 1:3; 3:11, 13. ὁ θ. καὶ πατήρ 1 Cor 15:24; Eph 5:20; Js 1:27. θ. πατήρ Phil 2:11; 1 Pt 1:2; cp. 1 Cor 8:6. ἀπὸ θεοῦ πατρὸς ἡμῶν Ro 1:7b; 1 Cor 1:3; 2 Cor 1:2; Gal 1:3; Eph 1:2; Phil 1:2; Col 1:2; Phlm 3; ἀπὸ θ. π. Gal 1:3 v.l.; Eph 6:23; 2 Th 1:2; 2 Ti 1:2; Tit 1:4; παρὰ θεοῦ π. 2 Pt 1:17; 2J 3.

ⓔ w. gen. of what God brings about, in accordance w. the divine nature: ὁ θ. τῆς εἰρήνης Ro 15:33; 1 Th 5:23. τῆς ἐλπίδος the God fr. whom hope comes Ro 15:13. πάσης παρακλήσεως 2 Cor 1:3b. ὁ θ. τῆς ἀγάπης 13:11. ὁ θ. πάσης χάριτος 1 Pt 5:10. In οὐ γάρ ἐστιν ἀκαταστασίας ὁ θεός 1 Cor 14:33, θεός is to be supplied before ἀκατ.: for God is not a God of disorder.

ⓕ The gen. (τοῦ) θεοῦ is

α. subj. gen., extremely freq. depending on words like βασιλεία, δόξα, θέλημα, ἐντολή, εὐαγγέλιον, λόγος, ναός, οἶκος, πνεῦμα, υἱός, υἱοί, τέκνα and many others. Here prob. (s. β) belongs τὸ μωρὸν τ. θ. the (seeming) foolishness of G. 1 Cor 1:25 (s. B-D-F §263, 2).

β. obj. gen. ἡ ἀγάπη τοῦ θ. love for God Lk 11:42; J 5:42; ἡ προσευχὴ τοῦ θ. prayer to God Lk 6:12. πίστις θεοῦ faith in God Mk 11:22. φόβος θεοῦ fear of, reverence for God Ro 3:18 al. (s. φόβος 2bα) If 1 Cor 1:25 is to be placed here (s. α above), τὸ μωρὸν τ. θ. refers to apostolic allegiance to God, which is viewed by outsiders as folly.

γ. τὰ τοῦ θεοῦ the things, ways, thoughts, or secret purposes of God 1 Cor 2:11. φρονεῖν τὰ τ. θ. Mt 16:23; Mk 8:33 s. φρονέω 2b (ἀτιμάζοντας τὰ τοῦ θ. Just., D. 78, 10 al.). ἀποδιδόναι τὰ τ. θ. τῷ θεῷ give God what belongs to God Mt 22:21; Mk 12:17; Lk 20:25.

δ. Almost as a substitute for the adj. divine IMg 6:1f; 15 (cp. Ath. 21, 4 οὐδὲν ἔχων θεοῦ [of Zeus]).

ⓖ The dat. τῷ θεῷ (s. B-D-F §188, 2; 192; Rob. 538f; WHavers, Untersuchungen z. Kasussyntax d. indogerm. Sprachen 1911, 162ff) is

α. dat. of advantage (cp. e.g. Ath. 26, 3 ὡς ἐπηκόῳ θεῷ) for God 2 Cor 5:13. Perh. (s. β) ὅπλα δυνατὰ τῷ θ. 10:4. The dat. of Ro 6:10f rather expresses the possessor.

β. ethical dat. in the sight of God, hence w. superl. force (s. Beginn. IV, 75, on Ac 7:20) very: μεγάλοι τῷ θ. B 8:4 (cp. Jon 3:3). ἀστεῖος τῷ θ. Ac 7:20. Perh. (s. α) ὅπλα δυνατὰ τ. θ. weapons powerful in the sight of God 2 Cor 10:4. This idea is usu. expressed by ἐνώπιον τοῦ θ.

ⓗ ὁ θ. is used as a vocative Mk 15:34 (Ps 21:2. θεός twice at the beginning of the invocation of a prayer: Ael. Dion. θ, 8; Paus. Attic. θ, 7 ‘θεὸς θεός’ ταῖς ἀρχαῖς ἐπέλεγον ἐπιφημιζόμενοι); Lk 18:11; Hb 1:8 (Ps 44:7; MHarris, TynBull 36, ’85, 129–62); 10:7 (Ps 39:9); AcPl Ha 3, 10; 5, 12; 31. S. also 2 and 3c and the beg. of this entry.

ⓘ θ. τῶν αἰώνων s. αἰών 3 and 4; θ. αἰώνιος s. αἰώνιος 2; θ. ἀληθινός s. ἀληθινός 3b; εἷς ὁ θεός s. εἷς 2b; (ὁ) θ. (ὁ) ζῶν s. [ζάω] 1aε.—ὁ μόνος θεός the only God (4 Km 19:15, 19; Ps 85:10; Is 37:20; Da 3:45; Philo, Leg. All. 2, 1f; s. Norden, Agn. Th. 145) J 5:44 (some mss. lack τοῦ μόνου); 1 Ti 1:17.—ὁ μόνος ἀληθινὸς θ. (Demochares: 75 Fgm. 2 p. 135, 7 Jac. [in Athen. 6, 62, 253c] μόνος θ. ἀληθινός) J 17:3. cp. the sim. combinations w. μόνος θ. Ro 16:27; Jd 25. μόνος ὁ θεὸς μένει AcPl Ha 2, 27.—θ. σωτήρ s. σωτήρ 1.—OHoltzmann, D. chr. Gottesglaube, s. Vorgesch. u. Urgesch.1905; EvDobschütz, Rationales u. irrat. Denken über Gott im Urchristent.: StKr 95, 1924, 235–55; RHoffmann, D. Gottesbild Jesu ’34; PAlthaus, D. Bild Gottes b. Pls: ThBl 20, ’41, 81–92; Dodd 3–8; KRahner, Theos im NT: Bijdragen (Maastricht) 11, ’50, 212–36; 12, ’51, 24–52.

④ that which is nontranscendent but considered worthy of special reverence or respect, god (Artem. 2, 69 p. 161, 17: γονεῖς and διδάσκαλοι are like gods; Simplicius in Epict. p. 85, 27 acc. to ancient Roman custom children had to call their parents θεοί; s. 2 above and note on σέβομαι).

ⓐ of humans θεοί (as אֱלֹהִים) J 10:34f (Ps 81:6; humans are called θ. in the OT also Ex 7:1; 22:27; cp. Philo, Det. Pot. Insid. 161f, Somn. 1, 229, Mut. Nom. 128, Omn. Prob. Lib. 43, Mos. 1, 158, Decal. 120, Leg. All. 1, 40, Migr. Abr. 84). θ. γίνεται τῶν λαμβανόντων (a benefactor) proves to be a god to recipients Dg 10:6 (cp. Pliny, NH 2, 7, 18; s. 2 above, beg.—Aristot., Pol. 3, 8, 1, 1284a of the superior pers. as a god among humans; Arcesilaus [III B.C.] describes Crates and Polemo as θεοί τινες=‘a kind of gods’ [Diog. L. 4, 22]; Antiphanes says of the iambic poet Philoxenus: θεὸς ἐν ἀνθρώποισιν ἦν [Athen. 14, 50, 643d]; Diod S 1, 4, 7 and 5, 21, 2 of Caesar; for honors accorded Demetrius, s. IKertész, Bemerkungen zum Kult des Demetrios Poliorketes: Oikumene 2, ’78, 163–75 [lit.]; Dio Chrys. 30 [47], 5 Πυθαγόρας ἐτιμᾶτο ὡς θεός; Heliod. 4, 7, 8 σωτὴρ κ. θεός, addressed to a physician; BGU 1197, 1 [4 B.C.] a high official, and 1201, 1 [2 B.C.] a priest θεός and κύριος; PMich 209, 11f [II/III A.D.] οἶδας ἄδελφε, ὅτει οὐ μόνον ὧς ἀδελφόν σε ἔχω, ἀλλὰ καὶ ὡς πατέρα κ. κύριον κ. θεόν; Just., A I, 26, 2 [Σίμων] θεὸς ἐνομίσθη καὶ … ὡς θεὸς τετίμηται; Tat. 3, 2 μὴ θεὸς ὤν [Empedocles]; Ath. 30, 2 Ἀντίνους … ἔτυχε νομίζεσθαι θεός of benefactors in gener. AcJ 27 [Aa II/1, 166, 4]).—JEmerton, JTS 11, ’60, 329–32.

ⓑ of the belly (=appetite) as the god of certain people Phil 3:19 (cp. Athen. 3, 97c γάστρων καὶ κοιλιοδαίμων. Also Eupolis Com. [V B.C.] Fgm. 172 K. [in Athen. 3, 100b]; on the use of θ. in ref. to impersonal entities [e.g. Eur., Cyclops 316 of wealth as a god] s. DDD 693f).

⑤ of the devil ὁ θ. τοῦ αἰῶνος τούτου 2 Cor 4:4 (s. αἰών 2a and WMüllensiefen, StKr 95, 1924, 295–99).—668–99. RAC XI 1202–78; XII 81–154; B. 1464. LfgrE s.v. θεός col. 1001 (lit.). Schmidt, Syn. IV 1–21. DELG. M-M. TW. Sv.

τὶς, τὶ, gen. τινός, dat. τινί, acc. τινά, τὶ (Hom.+) enclitic, indefinite pronoun (W-S. §26, 1–4; B-D-F §301 al.; Rob. 741–44)

① a ref. to someone or someth. indefinite, anyone, anything; someone, something; many a one/thing, a certain one

ⓐ subst.

α. τὶς, τινές

א. someone, anyone, somebody Mt 12:29, 47; Mk 8:4; 9:30; 11:16; Lk 8:46; 9:57; 13:6, 23; J 2:25; 6:46; Ac 5:25; 17:25; Ro 5:7ab; 1 Cor 15:35; 2 Cor 11:20 (five times); Hb 3:4; Js 2:18; 2 Pt 2:19 al. Pl. τινές some, a number of (people—supplied as in Appian, Hann. 47 §203 λαβών τινας=he received some, i.e. people; TestAbr B 14 p. 118, 20 [Stone p. 84]; TestJob 9:8; Just., A I, 28, 2) Lk 13:1; Ac 15:1; Gal 2:12; 2 Th 3:11; anyone 2 Pt 3:9b (TestAbr B 12 p. 116, 24 [Stone p. 80] εἶδεν … τινὰς ἀπερχομένους εἰς ἔρημον τόπον).—In contrast to a majority made evident by the context some of those present (Appian, Bell. Civ. 1, 26 §119 ἔφερόν τινες) Mk 14:65; J 13:29a; of all (under consideration) 1 Cor 8:7; 9:22. ἀνατρέπουσιν τήν τινων πίστιν 2 Tim 2:18; AcPlCor 1:2.—W. partitive gen. (Diod S 2, 24, 4; Plut., Mor. 189a τῶν ἐχθρῶν τις; Epict. 2, 14, 1 τὶς τῶν Ῥωμαϊκῶν; TestReub 4:2 τινὶ τῶν ἀδελφῶν; Ar. 12, 7 τινὲς … αὐτῶν; Just., A I, 27, 3; Tat. 36, 2) τὶς τῶν Φαρισαίων (some) one of the Pharisees, a Pharisee Lk 7:36. Cp. 11:45; Ac 5:15. τὶς ὑμῶν 1 Cor 6:1. Pl. τινὲς τῶν γραμματέων some (of the) scribes Mt 9:3. Cp. 12:38; 28:11; Mk 7:1f; 12:13; Lk 6:2; Ac 10:23; 12:1; 17:18a, 28; 1 Cor 10:7–10 al.—Also τὶς ἐκ (Plut., Galba 1065 [27, 2]; Appian, Bell. Civ. 3, 84 §343 τὶς ἐκ τῆς βουλῆς) τὶς ἐξ ὑμῶν Js 2:16; Hb 3:13; GJs 24:2. Pl. τινὲς ἐξ αὐτῶν (Jos., Bell. 1, 311; Just., D. 85, 1 τινὲς ἐξ ὑμῶν) Lk 11:15. Cp. J 6:64; 7:25, 44; 9:16; 11:37, 46; Ac 15:24.—τὶς ἐν ὑμῖν any one among you, any of you Js 5:13a, 14, 19. ἐν ὑμῖν τινες 1 Cor 15:12.—ταῦτά τινες ἦτε some of you were that sort of people 6:11 (οὗτος 1bζ). τινές described by a rel. clause (Dionysius Com. [IV B.C.] 11 εἰσίν τινες νῦν, οὓς …) Mk 9:1. τὶς in 14:47 is prob. not original (PDickerson, JBL 116, ’97, 302).

ב. with suggestion of non-specificity in a context where an entity is specified to some extent τίς a certain pers., etc., of a definite pers. Lk 9:49; 2 Cor 2:5; 10:7; 11:21 (of an opponent as UPZ 146, 2 [II B.C.]; Sallust. 12 p. 24, 20; 24.—Artem. 4, 22 p. 214, 20ff τὶς … οὗ ἐγὼ καίπερ εὖ εἰδὼς τὸ ὄνομα οὐκ ἐπιμνησθήσομαι; Tat. 27, 1 [of Callimachus]). Pl. τινές certain people, etc. (Crates, Ep. 32 [p. 82 Malherbe]; Demosth. 25, 40, Ep. 3, 8; Diod S 15, 18, 1; Appian, Bell. Civ. 5, 112 §470 ‘certain’ people who had conspired to cause trouble; Iambl., Myst. 1, 13 p. 43, 2 P.; Sallust. 4 p. 4, 28) Ro 3:8; 1 Cor 4:18; 15:34; 2 Cor 3:1; 1 Ti 1:3, 19 al.; 2 Pt 3:9a. W. a name added ἦν δέ τις ἀσθενῶν, Λάζαρος there was a man who was ill, named L. J 11:1 (begins like a story that originally circulated independently; cp. Alcman 84 Diehl² ἦσκέ [=ἦν] τις Καφεὺς ἀνάσσων=there was once someone, named Capheus, who ruled). The name is also added in Ac 18:7. W. a subst. ptc. τινές εἰσι οἱ ταράσσοντες Gal 1:7 (cp. Lysias 19, 57 εἰσί τινες οἱ προαναλίσκοντες).

ג. For εἷς τις s. εἷς 3c. For εἴ τις s. εἰ 7. ἐάν τις (TestAbr B 13 p. 118, 7 [Stone p. 84]; Just., D. 46, 1 ἐὰν δέ τινε) Mt 21:3a; 24:23; Mk 11:3; Lk 16:30; J 6:51 al.; Ac 13:41 (Hab 1:5); 1 Cor 8:10; 10:28; Col 3:13a; 1 Ti 1:8; 2 Ti 2:5; Js 2:14; 1J 2:1, 15; 4:20; Rv 3:20; 22:18f. ἐὰν μή τις if someone … not J 3:3, 5; 15:6; if no one Ac 8:31. τὶς w. a neg. no one, nobody οὐ … τὶς J 10:28. οὐδὲ … τὶς Mt 11:27; 12:19. οὔτε … τὶς Ac 28:21. οὐ … ὑπό τινος 1 Cor 6:12. μή τις that no one Mt 24:4; Mk 13:5; Ac 27:42; 1 Cor 1:15; 16:11; 2 Cor 8:20; 11:16a; Eph 2:9; 1 Th 5:15; Hb 4:11 al. πρὸς τὸ μή τινα 1 Th 2:9. ὥστε μὴ … τινά Mt 8:28.

ד. The ptc. that belongs directly w. the indef. pron. is added w. the art. πρός τινας τοὺς πεποιθότας to some who put their trust Lk 18:9. Cp. 2 Cor 10:2; Gal 1:7; Col 2:8. But it also stands without the art: τινῶν λεγόντων when some were talking Lk 21:5. Cp. 1 Ti 6:10, 21; Hb 10:28.

ה. corresponding τὶς … ἕτερος δέ someone … and another 1 Cor 3:4. τινὲς (μὲν) … τινὲς (δέ) Lk 9:7f; Phil 1:15 (τινὲς μὲν … τινὲς δέ as Diod S 12, 41, 6; Ar. 8, 2).

ו. each one καθώς τις ἄξιός ἐστιν κατοικεῖν as each one deserves to dwell Hs 8, 2, 5a. Cp. 8, 4, 2. B-D-F §301, 2.

β. τὶ, τινά

א. something, anything ὁ ἀδελφός σου ἔχει τι κατὰ σοῦ Mt 5:23. Cp. 20:20; Mk 8:23; 9:22; 13:15; Lk 7:40; 11:54; J 13:29a; 1 Cor 10:31 al.—W. partitive gen. (Diod S 20, 39, 3 τινὰ τῶν ἀφηρπασμένων=some of what had been seized [by the enemy]; Just., D. 2, 4 τὶ τῶν εἰς εὐδαιμονίαν συντελούντων something that contributes to happiness) τὶ τῶν ὑπαρχόντων Ac 4:32. Cp. Ro 15:18; Eph 5:27. τὶ ἀγαθοῦ Hs 5, 3, 3.

ב. in negative statements not (nor) anything = nothing οὔτε … τὶ Ac 25:8. οὐδὲ … τὶ 1 Ti 6:7 (TestJob 11:12; cp. JosAs 10:20 μηδὲ … τινό).

ג. τινὰ μὲν … τινὰ δέ some … others (w. ref. to πρόβατα and hence neut.) Hs 6, 2, 2.

ד. On εἴ τι s. εἰ 7.

ה. εἶναί τι be or amount to someth. Gal 2:6; 1 Cor 3:7. εἰ δοκεῖ τις εἶναί τι μηδὲν ὤν Gal 6:3 (s. 2 below and s. W-S. §26, 3).

ⓑ adj.

α. some, any, a certain, though oft. omitted in transl. into Engl.; used with

א. a subst. τὶς: ἱερεύς τις Lk 1:5; 10:31. ἀνήρ (a narrative begins in this way Syntipas p. 16, 4; 30, 3; 46, 16; 57, 1; Just., D. 81, 4 [of John]) Ac 3:2; 8:9a; 14:8. ἄνθρωπος Mt 18:12 (JosAs 28:4). κώμη Lk 17:12 (Just., A I, 34, 2). Cp. 7:2, 41; 18:2; J 4:46; Ac 27:8; Hb 4:7.—τὶ: ὕδωρ Ac 8:36. σκεῦος 10:11.

ב. a proper name (X., Hell. 5, 4, 3; Jos., Ant. 12, 160; Ar. 10, 1 Ἥφαιστόν τινα; Just., A I, 26, 4 Μένανδρον … τινά; Ath. 12, 1 Μίνως τις) Σίμωνά τινα a certain Simon Lk 23:26; Ac 10:5f; Mk 15:21. Σίμων τις AcPlCor 1:2. Cp. Ac 21:16; 22:12; 25:19b.

ג. an adj. or adjectival pron. μέγας Ac 8:9b. ἕτερός τις vs. 34 (GrBar 6:6; Just., D. 128, 4; Mel., P. 26, 180). τὶς ἕτερος Papias (2, 4). τὶς ἄλλος 1 Cor 1:16; Phil 3:4 (TestAbr B 6 p. 110, 7 [Stone p. 68] ἄλλο τι; TestJob 11:2 ἄλλοι τινές; Just., D. 6, 1 ἄλλο τι). τινὲς ἄλλοι (Diod S 5, 81, 4 ἄλλοι τινὲς [τ. ποιητῶν]; Jos., Ant. 8, 248; Just., D. 84, 4 ἄλλαι τινές) Ac 15:2. τὶ ἀγαθόν Ro 9:11; Hs 2:10. ἀσφαλές τι Ac 25:26. Cp. Hb 11:40.—In neg. statements (TestAbr A 8 p. 86, 3 [Stone p. 20]) not any = no Lk 11:36; Js 5:12.

β. serving to moderate or heighten

א. to moderate an expr. that is too definite (Just., D. 48, 1 [λόγος] … παράδοξός τις … δοκεῖ μοι εἶναι [your statement], in my judgment, does not make much sense; Diod S 1, 1, 3; Appian, Bell. Civ. 1, 15 §65 οἷά τινες δορυφόροι=as a kind of bodyguard) ἀπαρχήν τινα a kind of first-fruits Js 1:18 (Appian, Bell. Civ. 3, 39 §162 τὶς μετάνοια=something like remorse; 3, 77 §314 συγγνώμη τις=some kind of pardon).—So perh. δύο τινὰς τῶν μαθητῶν several disciples, perhaps two Lk 7:18 (cp. Appian, Bell. Civ. 2, 59 §245 δύο τινάς=a few [ships], about two; Jos., Ant. 16, 274). But the expr. in Ac 23:23 τινὰς δύο τῶν ἑκατονταρχῶν certainly means two, who simply cannot be more closely defined (s. W-S. §26, 1b; Rob. 742; Mlt-Turner 195).

ב. w. adjectives of quality and quantity to heighten the rhetorical emphasis φοβερά τις ἐκδοχὴ κρίσεως Hb 10:27. βραχύ τι (only) a little 2:7, 9 (Ps 8:6).

γ. of an indefinite quantity that is nevertheless not without importance, some, considerable χρόνον τινά (Diod S 13, 75, 6 μετά τινα χρόνον; Jos., Ant. 8, 398) Ac 18:23; 1 Cor 16:7. Cp. Ro 1:11, 13. μέρος τι 1 Cor 11:18.

δ. τινές several (Appian, Bell. Civ. 2, 49 §202 ἱππεῖς τινες; Just., D. 50, 2 λόγους τινάς; Ath. 23, 1 τινὰς … ἐνεργείας) ἡμέρας τινάς Ac 9:19; 10:48; 15:36. γυναῖκές τινες Lk 8:2. Cp. Ac 15:2; 17:5f al.—On its position in the sentence s. W-S. §26, 4; B-D-F §473, 1; Rob. 743.

② a ref. to someone of prominence, a person of importance τὶς εἶναι τις to be a person of importance, to be somebody (Eur., El. 939; Theocr. 11, 79; Herodas 6, 54; Epict. 3, 14, 2, Ench. 13; Lucian, Lexiph. 22, Adv. Indoct. 1; Tat. 16, 2 εἶναί τινες; PGM 13, 288 ἐγώ εἰμί τις) λέγων εἶναί τινα ἑαυτόν claiming to be somebody Ac 5:36; IEph 3:1 (so also τὶ; s. 1aβה above; antonym s.v. οὐδείς 2bβ).—DELG. M-M. EDNT.