connected+by+necessary

   1) To Exist Is to Be Perceived

   It is indeed an opinion strangely prevailing amongst men, that houses, mountains, rivers, and, in a word, all sensible objects, have an existence, natural or real, distinct from their being perceived by the understanding. But, with how great an assurance and acquiescence soever this principle may be entertained in the world, yet whoever shall find in his heart to call it into question may, if I mistake not, perceive it to involve a manifest contradiction. For, what are the forementioned objects but things we perceive by sense? and what do we perceive besides our own ideas or sensations? and is it not plainly repugnant that any one of these, or any combination of them, should exist unperceived? (Berkeley, 1996, Pt. I, No. 4, p. 25)

   2) Abstract Science or Demonstration Is a More Perfect Species of Knowledge

   It seems to me that the only objects of the abstract sciences or of demonstration are quantity and number, and that all attempts to extend this more perfect species of knowledge beyond these bounds are mere sophistry and illusion. As the component parts of quantity and number are entirely similar, their relations become intricate and involved; and nothing can be more curious, as well as useful, than to trace, by a variety of mediums, their equality or inequality, through their different appearances.

   But as all other ideas are clearly distinct and different from each other, we can never advance farther, by our utmost scrutiny, than to observe this diversity, and, by an obvious reflection, pronounce one thing not to be another. Or if there be any difficulty in these decisions, it proceeds entirely from the undeterminate meaning of words, which is corrected by juster definitions. That the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the squares of the other two sides cannot be known, let the terms be ever so exactly defined, without a train of reasoning and enquiry. But to convince us of this proposition, that where there is no property, there can be no injustice, it is only necessary to define the terms, and explain injustice to be a violation of property. This proposition is, indeed, nothing but a more imperfect definition. It is the same case with all those pretended syllogistical reasonings, which may be found in every other branch of learning, except the sciences of quantity and number; and these may safely, I think, be pronounced the only proper objects of knowledge and demonstration. (Hume, 1975, Sec. 12, Pt. 3, pp. 163-165)

   3) Knowledge Derives from Two Fundamental Sources of the Mind

   Our knowledge springs from two fundamental sources of the mind; the first is the capacity of receiving representations (the ability to receive impressions), the second is the power to know an object through these representations (spontaneity in the production of concepts).

   Through the first, an object is given to us; through the second, the object is thought in relation to that representation.... Intuition and concepts constitute, therefore, the elements of all our knowledge, so that neither concepts without intuition in some way corresponding to them, nor intuition without concepts, can yield knowledge. Both may be either pure or empirical.... Pure intuitions or pure concepts are possible only a priori; empirical intuitions and empirical concepts only a posteriori. If the receptivity of our mind, its power of receiving representations in so far as it is in any way affected, is to be called "sensibility," then the mind's power of producing representations from itself, the spontaneity of knowledge, should be called "understanding." Our nature is so constituted that our intuitions can never be other than sensible; that is, it contains only the mode in which we are affected by objects. The faculty, on the other hand, which enables us to think the object of sensible intuition is the understanding.... Without sensibility, no object would be given to us; without understanding, no object would be thought. Thoughts without content are empty; intuitions without concepts are blind. It is therefore just as necessary to make our concepts sensible, that is, to add the object to them in intuition, as to make our intuitions intelligible, that is to bring them under concepts. These two powers or capacities cannot exchange their functions. The understanding can intuit nothing, the senses can think nothing. Only through their union can knowledge arise. (Kant, 1933, Sec. 1, Pt. 2, B74-75 [p. 92])

   4) The Means by Which Metaphysics Can Be Perfected as a Science

   Metaphysics, as a natural disposition of Reason is real, but it is also, in itself, dialectical and deceptive.... Hence to attempt to draw our principles from it, and in their employment to follow this natural but none the less fallacious illusion can never produce science, but only an empty dialectical art, in which one school may indeed outdo the other, but none can ever attain a justifiable and lasting success. In order that, as a science, it may lay claim not merely to deceptive persuasion, but to insight and conviction, a Critique of Reason must exhibit in a complete system the whole stock of conceptions a priori, arranged according to their different sources-the Sensibility, the understanding, and the Reason; it must present a complete table of these conceptions, together with their analysis and all that can be deduced from them, but more especially the possibility of synthetic knowledge a priori by means of their deduction, the principles of its use, and finally, its boundaries....

   This much is certain: he who has once tried criticism will be sickened for ever of all the dogmatic trash he was compelled to content himself with before, because his Reason, requiring something, could find nothing better for its occupation. Criticism stands to the ordinary school metaphysics exactly in the same relation as chemistry to alchemy, or as astron omy to fortune-telling astrology. I guarantee that no one who has comprehended and thought out the conclusions of criticism, even in these Prolegomena, will ever return to the old sophistical pseudo-science. He will rather look forward with a kind of pleasure to a metaphysics, certainly now within his power, which requires no more preparatory discoveries, and which alone can procure for reason permanent satisfaction. (Kant, 1891, pp. 115-116)

   5) Knowledge Is Only Real in the Form of System

   Knowledge is only real and can only be set forth fully in the form of science, in the form of system. Further, a so-called fundamental proposition or first principle of philosophy, even if it is true, it is yet none the less false, just because and in so far as it is merely a fundamental proposition, merely a first principle. It is for that reason easily refuted. The refutation consists in bringing out its defective character; and it is defective because it is merely the universal, merely a principle, the beginning. If the refutation is complete and thorough, it is derived and developed from the nature of the principle itself, and not accomplished by bringing in from elsewhere other counter-assurances and chance fancies. It would be strictly the development of the principle, and thus the completion of its deficiency, were it not that it misunderstands its own purport by taking account solely of the negative aspect of what it seeks to do, and is not conscious of the positive character of its process and result. The really positive working out of the beginning is at the same time just as much the very reverse: it is a negative attitude towards the principle we start from. Negative, that is to say, in its one-sided form, which consists in being primarily immediate, a mere purpose. It may therefore be regarded as a refutation of what constitutes the basis of the system; but more correctly it should be looked at as a demonstration that the basis or principle of the system is in point of fact merely its beginning. (Hegel, 1910, pp. 21-22)

   6) Knowledge, Action, and Evaluation Are Interconnected

   Knowledge, action, and evaluation are essentially connected. The primary and pervasive significance of knowledge lies in its guidance of action: knowing is for the sake of doing. And action, obviously, is rooted in evaluation. For a being which did not assign comparative values, deliberate action would be pointless; and for one which did not know, it would be impossible. Conversely, only an active being could have knowledge, and only such a being could assign values to anything beyond his own feelings. A creature which did not enter into the process of reality to alter in some part the future content of it, could apprehend a world only in the sense of intuitive or esthetic contemplation; and such contemplation would not possess the significance of knowledge but only that of enjoying and suffering. (Lewis, 1946, p. 1)

   7) The Evolution of Knowledge

   "Evolutionary epistemology" is a branch of scholarship that applies the evolutionary perspective to an understanding of how knowledge develops. Knowledge always involves getting information. The most primitive way of acquiring it is through the sense of touch: amoebas and other simple organisms know what happens around them only if they can feel it with their "skins." The knowledge such an organism can have is strictly about what is in its immediate vicinity. After a huge jump in evolution, organisms learned to find out what was going on at a distance from them, without having to actually feel the environment. This jump involved the development of sense organs for processing information that was farther away. For a long time, the most important sources of knowledge were the nose, the eyes, and the ears. The next big advance occurred when organisms developed memory. Now information no longer needed to be present at all, and the animal could recall events and outcomes that happened in the past. Each one of these steps in the evolution of knowledge added important survival advantages to the species that was equipped to use it.

   Then, with the appearance in evolution of humans, an entirely new way of acquiring information developed. Up to this point, the processing of information was entirely intrasomatic.... But when speech appeared (and even more powerfully with the invention of writing), information processing became extrasomatic. After that point knowledge did not have to be stored in the genes, or in the memory traces of the brain; it could be passed on from one person to another through words, or it could be written down and stored on a permanent substance like stone, paper, or silicon chips-in any case, outside the fragile and impermanent nervous system. (Csikszentmihalyi, 1993, pp. 56-57)

• Большая часть исследования была сконцентрирована на поиске... - Much research has been concentrated on the search for...

• В своем классическом исследовании Смит [1] установил, что... - In a classical investigation, Smith [1] established that...

• Важно, что исследование также показывает, что... - Importantly, the study also shows that...

• Вместо того, чтобы пытаться сделать общее исследование задачи, мы... - Rather than attempt a general investigation of the problem, we...

• Все эти исследования основываются на одном и том же предположении. - All these studies rest on the same assumption.

• Дальнейшее исследование, однако, показало, что... - Further investigation, however, has shown that...

• Данная идея получила свое начало при исследовании... - The idea originated with the study of...

• Для данного исследования мы возьмем... - For the present investigation we shall take...

• Для данного исследования необходимо... - For this treatment it is necessary to...

• До сих пор мы ограничивали наше исследование (чем-л). - So far we have confined our attention to...

• До сих пор наше исследование было посвящено ( чему-л). - Our treatment has so far been confined to...

• Долговременные исследования показали, что... - Long-term studies have shown that...

• Другие исследования также указали, что... - Other studies have also indicated that...

• Другое исследование показало, что... - Another study showed that...

• Закончим наше исследование объяснением (чего-л). - We conclude our treatment with an explanation of...

• Из этого исследования вытекает, что... - From this investigation it appears that...

• Исследование... имеет долгую и интересную историю. - The study of... has a long and interesting history.

• Исследование Смита [1] также свидетельствует о... - The research of Smith jlj also gives evidence of...

• Исследование каждого случая отдельно приводит к... - Examination of each individual case leads to...

• Исследование охватывает некоторые вопросы механики... - Investigation covers the fields of mechanics...

• Исследование уравнения (4) показывает, что... - An examination of (4) shows that...

• Исследование, продолжающееся два десятилетия, принесло удивительно немного результатов относительно... - Research spanning two decades has yielded surprisingly few results on...

• Исследования... выявили, что... - Studies of... have revealed that...

• Исследования показали важность... - The studies demonstrated the importance of...

• Кажется, было относительно немного исследований... - There seem to have been relatively few investigations of...

• Многочисленные исторические исследования показали, как... - Numerous historical analyses have shown how...

• Могло бы показаться естественным начать наше исследование с... - It might seem natural to start our investigation with...

• Мы использовали это в качестве отправного пункта нашего исследования. - We have taken this as a starting point for our investigation.

• Мы ограничим наше исследование (проблемой и т. п.)... - We shall confine the investigation to...

• Мы ограничим наше исследование (случаем и т. п.)... - We limit our study to...

• Мы сейчас проведем более систематическое исследование... - We shall now make a more systematic study of...

• Мы увидим, что данное исследование применимо также в случае... - It will be observed that this investigation applies also to the case of...

• В действительности его исследование, похоже, показывает, что... - Actually his investigation seemed to show that...

• Несколько исследований указывают, что... - Several studies indicate that...

• Объектом исследования является... - The investigation is concerned with...

• Однако имеются более ранние исследования, в которых... - However, there are more recent studies in which...

• Однако легко обобщить это исследование на случай, когда... - It is easy, however, to generalize this treatment to the case of...

• Однако наше исследование составляет лишь малую часть... - However, our study comprises only a small portion of...

• Однако тщательное исследование показывает, что... - Careful study shows, however, that...

• Описанные здесь исследования показывают, что... - The studies described here show that...

• Повсюду в этом исследовании будет сделан акцент... - Throughout this treatment an effort will be made to...

• Подробные исследования выявили, что... - Detailed studies have revealed that...

• Продвижение в исследовании было тесно связано с... - The progress of research has been intimately connected with...

• Чтобы предпринять подобное исследование, мы... - То undertake such a study we...

• Чтобы упростить исследование, мы теперь введем... - То simplify the treatment we shall now introduce...

• Эти задачи поддаются исследованию (с помощью)... - These problems are amenable to treatment by...

• Это гипотеза, заслуживающая дальнейшего исследования. - This is a hypothesis worthy of further investigation.

• Это исследование упрощается, если воспользоваться... - This study is facilitated by the use of...

• Это предлагает широкое поле для исследований. - This offers a wide field for research.

अनुषङ्गः 1 Close adherence or attendance; connec- tion, conjunction, association; तस्य वैरानुषङ्गस्य गन्ता$स्म्यन्तं सुदुर्गमम् Mb.5.162.35. सानुषङ्गाणि कल्याणानि U.7. good things closely follow one another (come close upon one another).

-2 Coalition, commixture.

-3 Connection of word with word.

-4 A word or words repeated from the context to supply an ellipsis. cf. अनुषङ्गश्च फलवचनमभविष्यत् ŚB. on MS.6.1.5.

-5 Necessary consequence, inevitable result.

-6 Connection of a subsequent with a previous act.

-7 Incidental mention or relation (प्रसङ्ग).

-8 Yearning, eager longing.

-9 Compassion, pity, tenderness.

-1 (In Nyāya) Connecting together the उपनय or application and निगमन or conclusion by the use of the pronoun इदं (उपनयवाक्य- स्थस्य अयमिति पदस्य निगमनवाक्ये आकर्षणम्).

-11 The nasals connected with certain roots ending in consonants; P. VII.1.59. Sk.

-12 An ellipsis. A mode of interpreting an incomplete sentence by supplying the required word or words from the immediate context. This mode is admissible only if there is no break (व्यवाय). This corresponds to the principle known as अनुवृत्ति (in grammar) on which a word or expression from a preceding सूत्र is read in the succeeding सूत्र or सूत्रs. नानुषङ्गः प्राप्नुयात् । कुतः । व्यवायात् । ŚB. on. MS.4.4.7.

अनुषङ्गिक a. Following as a necessary result, consequent; concomitant, adhering to, connected with.

आनुषङ्गिक a. (

-की f.) [अनुषङ्गात् आगतः ठक् स्त्रियां ङीप्]

1 Connected with, concomitant.

-2 Implied, inherent.

-3 Necessarily following, inevitable, necessary.

-4 Of secondary importance, secondary; असुभिः <?><?>स्नु यशश्चि- चीषतः...ननु लक्ष्मीः फलमानुषङ्गिकम् Ki.2.19; अन्यतरस्यानुषङ्गिक- त्वे$न्वाचयः Sk.; see अन्वाचय.

-5 Attached to, fond of, frequenting; तत्र˚ Pt.1.

-6 Like, analogous.

-7 Rela- tive, proportionate.

-8 (In gram.) Elliptical, including words not included in the sentence.

-9 Incidental; यस्यैव प्रधानकर्मफलं तस्यैवानुषङ्गिकमपि भवितुमर्हति ŚB. on MS. 6.2.1.

-1 Lasting, enduring; Rāj. T.

* * *

m. close adherence, connection, association, conjunction, coalition, commixture;

mfn. consequent, following as a necessary result;

n. depending on orﾠ resting upon;

saṉ-sarjana etc. seeﾠ saṉ-sṛij

cōnecto (less correctly, connecto, v. Ritschl, Opusc. II. 448 sq.; Gell. 2, 17, 8), nexŭi, nexum, 3, v. a. [necto], to tie, bind, fasten, or join together, to connect, entwine, link together (class.; most freq. in part. pass. and the trop. signif.); constr. with cum, inter se, the dat., or absol.

Lit.:

id (palliolum) conexum in umero laevo,

folded, gathered, Plaut. Mil. 4, 4, 42:

omnia inter se conexa et apta,

Cic. N. D. 2, 38, 97:

omnia omnimodis,

Lucr. 2, 700:

terrestria membra marinis,

id. 2, 704; 2, 712; 3, 691:

illae (apes) pedibus conexae ad limina pendent,

Verg. G. 4, 257; cf. Sil. 2, 220:

crines,

Prop. 2, 5, 23:

nodos,

Ov. M. 12, 430:

bracchia in genibus digitis conexa tenere,

id. ib. 9, 311:

naves validis utrimque trabibus,

Tac. H. 2, 34:

Mosellam atque Ararim facta inter utrumque fossa,

id. A. 13, 53; cf.:

Adiabenis conectuntur Carduchi,

Plin. 6, 15, 17, § 44:

lata alvus (navium) sine vinculo aeris aut ferri conexa,

Tac. H. 3, 47:

ferreae laminae serie inter se conexae,

Curt. 4, 9, 3.—

Trop.

In gen.:

amicitia cum voluptate conectitur,

Cic. Fin. 1, 20, 67; Quint. 8, 3, 77:

ita sunt inter se conexa et indiscreta omnia,

id. 10, 1, 2; 5, 14, 32; cf.

Tib. 43:

membra historiae,

Quint. 9, 4, 129 al.:

quod discrimini patris filiam conectebat,

to implicate, involve, Tac. A. 16, 30; cf. id. ib. 16, 32:

causam dolori meo,

id. ib. 3, 12; id. H. 1, 65.—

Esp.,

In discourse, to connect with what precedes, join to, etc.:

facilius est enim apta dissolvere quam dissipata conectere,

Cic. Or. 71, 235:

illud non est in uno verbo translato, sed ex pluribus continuatis conectitur,

id. de Or. 3, 41, 166:

inter se pleraque conexa et apta,

id. Part. Or. 39, 137; Quint. 10, 1, 2: verba lyrae conectere, Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 86:

carmina secum gracili filo,

Col. 10, 227:

res ac verba,

Quint. 2, 4, 15; 9, 4, 58:

conexa oratio (opp. interrupta),

id. 9, 4, 7:

aliam majorem insaniam,

to join to, Plin. 36, 15, 24, § 116; hence also: versus orationesque ejus, to quote, cite, Treb. Gall. 11 fin. —

In philos. lang., = concludo, to annex or subjoin a logical conclusion:

si enim est verum, quod ita conectitur: si quis, etc.... illud quoque verum est, etc.,

Cic. Fat. 6, 12; 7, 14:

omne, quod ipsum ex se conexum sit (e. g. si lucet, lucet) verum esse, etc.,

id. Ac. 2, 30, 98.—Hence, cō-nexus, a, um, P. a., = conjunctus, connected, joined, cohering together with something (very rare):

sive aliud quid vis potius conexius (quam animus) ei (sc. corpori) fingere,

Lucr. 3, 555:

Silanum per adfinitatem conexum Germanico,

Tac. A. 2, 43;

so also without affinitas, of relationship: Caesari,

id. ib. 2, 50;

4, 66: insequitur magno jam tunc conexus amore Patroclus,

Stat. Achill. 1, 174.—

In time, immediately following:

conexi his funeribus dies,

Cic. Pis. 5, 11.—Hence, subst.: cōnexum ( conn-), i, a necessary consequence, inevitable inference:

ipsa ratio conexi, cum concesseris superius, cogit inferius concedere,

Cic. Ac. 2, 30, 96:

primumque quod est in conexo... necessarium est,

id. Fat. 7, 14; cf. id. ib. 8, 15: quod Graeci sunêmmenon axiôma dicunt, alii nostrorum conjunctum, alii conexum dixerunt, Gell. 16, 8, 9; cf. the context.—And adv.: cōnexē ( conn-), in connection, connectedly:

dicere aliquid,

Mart. Cap. 4, § 387.

cōnecto (less correctly, connecto, v. Ritschl, Opusc. II. 448 sq.; Gell. 2, 17, 8), nexŭi, nexum, 3, v. a. [necto], to tie, bind, fasten, or join together, to connect, entwine, link together (class.; most freq. in part. pass. and the trop. signif.); constr. with cum, inter se, the dat., or absol.

Lit.:

id (palliolum) conexum in umero laevo,

folded, gathered, Plaut. Mil. 4, 4, 42:

omnia inter se conexa et apta,

Cic. N. D. 2, 38, 97:

omnia omnimodis,

Lucr. 2, 700:

terrestria membra marinis,

id. 2, 704; 2, 712; 3, 691:

illae (apes) pedibus conexae ad limina pendent,

Verg. G. 4, 257; cf. Sil. 2, 220:

crines,

Prop. 2, 5, 23:

nodos,

Ov. M. 12, 430:

bracchia in genibus digitis conexa tenere,

id. ib. 9, 311:

naves validis utrimque trabibus,

Tac. H. 2, 34:

Mosellam atque Ararim facta inter utrumque fossa,

id. A. 13, 53; cf.:

Adiabenis conectuntur Carduchi,

Plin. 6, 15, 17, § 44:

lata alvus (navium) sine vinculo aeris aut ferri conexa,

Tac. H. 3, 47:

ferreae laminae serie inter se conexae,

Curt. 4, 9, 3.—

Trop.

In gen.:

amicitia cum voluptate conectitur,

Cic. Fin. 1, 20, 67; Quint. 8, 3, 77:

ita sunt inter se conexa et indiscreta omnia,

id. 10, 1, 2; 5, 14, 32; cf.

Tib. 43:

membra historiae,

Quint. 9, 4, 129 al.:

quod discrimini patris filiam conectebat,

to implicate, involve, Tac. A. 16, 30; cf. id. ib. 16, 32:

causam dolori meo,

id. ib. 3, 12; id. H. 1, 65.—

Esp.,

In discourse, to connect with what precedes, join to, etc.:

facilius est enim apta dissolvere quam dissipata conectere,

Cic. Or. 71, 235:

illud non est in uno verbo translato, sed ex pluribus continuatis conectitur,

id. de Or. 3, 41, 166:

inter se pleraque conexa et apta,

id. Part. Or. 39, 137; Quint. 10, 1, 2: verba lyrae conectere, Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 86:

carmina secum gracili filo,

Col. 10, 227:

res ac verba,

Quint. 2, 4, 15; 9, 4, 58:

conexa oratio (opp. interrupta),

id. 9, 4, 7:

aliam majorem insaniam,

to join to, Plin. 36, 15, 24, § 116; hence also: versus orationesque ejus, to quote, cite, Treb. Gall. 11 fin. —

In philos. lang., = concludo, to annex or subjoin a logical conclusion:

si enim est verum, quod ita conectitur: si quis, etc.... illud quoque verum est, etc.,

Cic. Fat. 6, 12; 7, 14:

omne, quod ipsum ex se conexum sit (e. g. si lucet, lucet) verum esse, etc.,

id. Ac. 2, 30, 98.—Hence, cō-nexus, a, um, P. a., = conjunctus, connected, joined, cohering together with something (very rare):

sive aliud quid vis potius conexius (quam animus) ei (sc. corpori) fingere,

Lucr. 3, 555:

Silanum per adfinitatem conexum Germanico,

Tac. A. 2, 43;

so also without affinitas, of relationship: Caesari,

id. ib. 2, 50;

4, 66: insequitur magno jam tunc conexus amore Patroclus,

Stat. Achill. 1, 174.—

In time, immediately following:

conexi his funeribus dies,

Cic. Pis. 5, 11.—Hence, subst.: cōnexum ( conn-), i, a necessary consequence, inevitable inference:

ipsa ratio conexi, cum concesseris superius, cogit inferius concedere,

Cic. Ac. 2, 30, 96:

primumque quod est in conexo... necessarium est,

id. Fat. 7, 14; cf. id. ib. 8, 15: quod Graeci sunêmmenon axiôma dicunt, alii nostrorum conjunctum, alii conexum dixerunt, Gell. 16, 8, 9; cf. the context.—And adv.: cōnexē ( conn-), in connection, connectedly:

dicere aliquid,

Mart. Cap. 4, § 387.

cōnecto (less correctly, connecto, v. Ritschl, Opusc. II. 448 sq.; Gell. 2, 17, 8), nexŭi, nexum, 3, v. a. [necto], to tie, bind, fasten, or join together, to connect, entwine, link together (class.; most freq. in part. pass. and the trop. signif.); constr. with cum, inter se, the dat., or absol.

Lit.:

id (palliolum) conexum in umero laevo,

folded, gathered, Plaut. Mil. 4, 4, 42:

omnia inter se conexa et apta,

Cic. N. D. 2, 38, 97:

omnia omnimodis,

Lucr. 2, 700:

terrestria membra marinis,

id. 2, 704; 2, 712; 3, 691:

illae (apes) pedibus conexae ad limina pendent,

Verg. G. 4, 257; cf. Sil. 2, 220:

crines,

Prop. 2, 5, 23:

nodos,

Ov. M. 12, 430:

bracchia in genibus digitis conexa tenere,

id. ib. 9, 311:

naves validis utrimque trabibus,

Tac. H. 2, 34:

Mosellam atque Ararim facta inter utrumque fossa,

id. A. 13, 53; cf.:

Adiabenis conectuntur Carduchi,

Plin. 6, 15, 17, § 44:

lata alvus (navium) sine vinculo aeris aut ferri conexa,

Tac. H. 3, 47:

ferreae laminae serie inter se conexae,

Curt. 4, 9, 3.—

Trop.

In gen.:

amicitia cum voluptate conectitur,

Cic. Fin. 1, 20, 67; Quint. 8, 3, 77:

ita sunt inter se conexa et indiscreta omnia,

id. 10, 1, 2; 5, 14, 32; cf.

Tib. 43:

membra historiae,

Quint. 9, 4, 129 al.:

quod discrimini patris filiam conectebat,

to implicate, involve, Tac. A. 16, 30; cf. id. ib. 16, 32:

causam dolori meo,

id. ib. 3, 12; id. H. 1, 65.—

Esp.,

In discourse, to connect with what precedes, join to, etc.:

facilius est enim apta dissolvere quam dissipata conectere,

Cic. Or. 71, 235:

illud non est in uno verbo translato, sed ex pluribus continuatis conectitur,

id. de Or. 3, 41, 166:

inter se pleraque conexa et apta,

id. Part. Or. 39, 137; Quint. 10, 1, 2: verba lyrae conectere, Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 86:

carmina secum gracili filo,

Col. 10, 227:

res ac verba,

Quint. 2, 4, 15; 9, 4, 58:

conexa oratio (opp. interrupta),

id. 9, 4, 7:

aliam majorem insaniam,

to join to, Plin. 36, 15, 24, § 116; hence also: versus orationesque ejus, to quote, cite, Treb. Gall. 11 fin. —

In philos. lang., = concludo, to annex or subjoin a logical conclusion:

si enim est verum, quod ita conectitur: si quis, etc.... illud quoque verum est, etc.,

Cic. Fat. 6, 12; 7, 14:

omne, quod ipsum ex se conexum sit (e. g. si lucet, lucet) verum esse, etc.,

id. Ac. 2, 30, 98.—Hence, cō-nexus, a, um, P. a., = conjunctus, connected, joined, cohering together with something (very rare):

sive aliud quid vis potius conexius (quam animus) ei (sc. corpori) fingere,

Lucr. 3, 555:

Silanum per adfinitatem conexum Germanico,

Tac. A. 2, 43;

so also without affinitas, of relationship: Caesari,

id. ib. 2, 50;

4, 66: insequitur magno jam tunc conexus amore Patroclus,

Stat. Achill. 1, 174.—

In time, immediately following:

conexi his funeribus dies,

Cic. Pis. 5, 11.—Hence, subst.: cōnexum ( conn-), i, a necessary consequence, inevitable inference:

ipsa ratio conexi, cum concesseris superius, cogit inferius concedere,

Cic. Ac. 2, 30, 96:

primumque quod est in conexo... necessarium est,

id. Fat. 7, 14; cf. id. ib. 8, 15: quod Graeci sunêmmenon axiôma dicunt, alii nostrorum conjunctum, alii conexum dixerunt, Gell. 16, 8, 9; cf. the context.—And adv.: cōnexē ( conn-), in connection, connectedly:

dicere aliquid,

Mart. Cap. 4, § 387.

cōnecto (less correctly, connecto, v. Ritschl, Opusc. II. 448 sq.; Gell. 2, 17, 8), nexŭi, nexum, 3, v. a. [necto], to tie, bind, fasten, or join together, to connect, entwine, link together (class.; most freq. in part. pass. and the trop. signif.); constr. with cum, inter se, the dat., or absol.

Lit.:

id (palliolum) conexum in umero laevo,

folded, gathered, Plaut. Mil. 4, 4, 42:

omnia inter se conexa et apta,

Cic. N. D. 2, 38, 97:

omnia omnimodis,

Lucr. 2, 700:

terrestria membra marinis,

id. 2, 704; 2, 712; 3, 691:

illae (apes) pedibus conexae ad limina pendent,

Verg. G. 4, 257; cf. Sil. 2, 220:

crines,

Prop. 2, 5, 23:

nodos,

Ov. M. 12, 430:

bracchia in genibus digitis conexa tenere,

id. ib. 9, 311:

naves validis utrimque trabibus,

Tac. H. 2, 34:

Mosellam atque Ararim facta inter utrumque fossa,

id. A. 13, 53; cf.:

Adiabenis conectuntur Carduchi,

Plin. 6, 15, 17, § 44:

lata alvus (navium) sine vinculo aeris aut ferri conexa,

Tac. H. 3, 47:

ferreae laminae serie inter se conexae,

Curt. 4, 9, 3.—

Trop.

In gen.:

amicitia cum voluptate conectitur,

Cic. Fin. 1, 20, 67; Quint. 8, 3, 77:

ita sunt inter se conexa et indiscreta omnia,

id. 10, 1, 2; 5, 14, 32; cf.

Tib. 43:

membra historiae,

Quint. 9, 4, 129 al.:

quod discrimini patris filiam conectebat,

to implicate, involve, Tac. A. 16, 30; cf. id. ib. 16, 32:

causam dolori meo,

id. ib. 3, 12; id. H. 1, 65.—

Esp.,

In discourse, to connect with what precedes, join to, etc.:

facilius est enim apta dissolvere quam dissipata conectere,

Cic. Or. 71, 235:

illud non est in uno verbo translato, sed ex pluribus continuatis conectitur,

id. de Or. 3, 41, 166:

inter se pleraque conexa et apta,

id. Part. Or. 39, 137; Quint. 10, 1, 2: verba lyrae conectere, Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 86:

carmina secum gracili filo,

Col. 10, 227:

res ac verba,

Quint. 2, 4, 15; 9, 4, 58:

conexa oratio (opp. interrupta),

id. 9, 4, 7:

aliam majorem insaniam,

to join to, Plin. 36, 15, 24, § 116; hence also: versus orationesque ejus, to quote, cite, Treb. Gall. 11 fin. —

In philos. lang., = concludo, to annex or subjoin a logical conclusion:

si enim est verum, quod ita conectitur: si quis, etc.... illud quoque verum est, etc.,

Cic. Fat. 6, 12; 7, 14:

omne, quod ipsum ex se conexum sit (e. g. si lucet, lucet) verum esse, etc.,

id. Ac. 2, 30, 98.—Hence, cō-nexus, a, um, P. a., = conjunctus, connected, joined, cohering together with something (very rare):

sive aliud quid vis potius conexius (quam animus) ei (sc. corpori) fingere,

Lucr. 3, 555:

Silanum per adfinitatem conexum Germanico,

Tac. A. 2, 43;

so also without affinitas, of relationship: Caesari,

id. ib. 2, 50;

4, 66: insequitur magno jam tunc conexus amore Patroclus,

Stat. Achill. 1, 174.—

In time, immediately following:

conexi his funeribus dies,

Cic. Pis. 5, 11.—Hence, subst.: cōnexum ( conn-), i, a necessary consequence, inevitable inference:

ipsa ratio conexi, cum concesseris superius, cogit inferius concedere,

Cic. Ac. 2, 30, 96:

primumque quod est in conexo... necessarium est,

id. Fat. 7, 14; cf. id. ib. 8, 15: quod Graeci sunêmmenon axiôma dicunt, alii nostrorum conjunctum, alii conexum dixerunt, Gell. 16, 8, 9; cf. the context.—And adv.: cōnexē ( conn-), in connection, connectedly:

dicere aliquid,

Mart. Cap. 4, § 387.

nĕcessĭtūdo, ĭnis, f. [necesse], necessity, inevitableness, want, need, distress.

Lit. (in Cic. less freq. than necessitas; in gen. more antiquated; cf. Gell. 13, 3, 3): calamitatis necessitudine inductus, Sisenn. ap. Non. 354, 6:

puto hanc esse necessitudinem, cui nullā vi resisti potest: quae neque mutari neque leniri potest,

Cic. Inv. 2, 57, 170; cf.

the context: an necessitudine, quod alio modo agi non possit,

id. ib. 2, 20, 61;

2, 57, 171: neve eam necessitudinem imponatis, ut, etc.,

Sall. C. 33, 5:

non eadem nobis et illis necessitudo impendet,

id. ib. 58, 5:

necessitudinem alicui facere,

Tac. A. 3, 64:

miserrima,

Vell. 2, 50, 2.—

Transf., a close connection, in which one person stands to another as relative or friend, relationship, friendship, intimacy, bond, etc.:

plerique grammaticorum asseverant, necessitudinem et necessitatem longe differre, ideo, quod necessitas sit vis quaedam premens et cogens: necessitudo autem dicatur jus quoddam et vinculum religiosae conjunctionis idque unum solitarium significet,

Gell. 13, 3, 1:

nomina necessitudinum mutare,

Cic. Clu. 70, 199:

sancta necessitudinum nomina, Mos. et Rom. Leg. Coll. 6, 4, 2: liberorum necessitudo,

Cic. Fam. 13, 10, 1:

etiam antea Jugurthae filia Bocchi nupserat. Verum ea necessitudo apud Numidas Maurosque levis ducitur,

Sall. J. 80, 6:

in amicitiae conjunctionisque necessitudine,

Cic. Lael. 20, 71; cf.:

sunt mihi cum illo omnes amicitiae necessitudines,

id. Sest. 17, 39:

necessitudo et affinitas,

id. Quint. 4, 13:

summā necessitudine et summā conjunctione adductus,

id. Fam. 13, 27, 2:

bonos viros ad tuam necessitudinem adjungere,

id. ib. 13, 11, 2:

cum accusatore tuo satis justam causam conjungendae necessitudinis putant, quod, etc.,

id. Verr. 2, 4, 65, § 145:

necessitudinem sancte colere,

id. Fam. 13, 19, 1:

familiaritatis necessitudinisque oblitus,

id. Mur. 3, 7:

caput illud est ut Lysonem... recipias in necessitudinem tuam,

id. Fam. 13, 19, 3; cf. id. ib. 13, 12, 1; 9, 13, 3.—

Trop., a necessary connection:

numerus autem... neque habebat aliquam necessitudinem aut cognationem cum oratione,

Cic. Or. 56, 186.—

Concr.: necessitudines, persons with whom one is closely connected, relatives, connections, friends (post-Aug.):

petiit, ut sibi permitteretur revisere necessitudines,

i. e. mother and children, Suet. Tib. 11 fin.:

remisit tamen hosti judicato necessitudines amicosque omnes,

id. Aug. 17; id. Tib. 50; Tac. H. 3, 59 fin.:

crederes Alexandrum inter suas necessitudines flere,

Curt. 4, 10, 12:

relictis obsidum loco necessitudinibus suis,

Amm. 15, 5, 6.

per-nĕcessārĭus, a, um, adj.

Very necessary:

tempus,

Cic. Att. 5, 21, 1:

res,

Dig. 4, 4, 11, § 4.—

Very closely connected with one:

amicus,

Cic. Fl. 6, 14:

homo,

id. de Or. 2, 50, 202; cf.:

pro homine intimo ac mihi pernecessario,

id. Fam. 13, 69.— Subst.:

meus familiaris et Leptae nostri familiarissimi pernecessarius,

Cic. Fam. 9, 13, 1:

meos,

id. ib. 13, 40.

γάρ ([etym.] γε, ἄρα), causal Conj., used alone or with other Particles.

I introducing the reason or cause of what precedes, for,

τῷ γὰρ ἐπὶ φρεσὶ θῆκε θεὰ λευκώλενος Ἥρη· κήδετο γ. Δαναῶν Il.1.56

, etc.; but freq. in expl. of that wh. is implied in the preceding clause,

πολλάων πολίων κατέλυσε κάρηνα.. τοῦ γὰρ κράτος ἐστὶ μέγιστον 2.118

, etc.: hence,

b in simple explanations, esp. after a Pronoun or demonstr. Adj.,

ἀλλὰ τόδ' αἰνὸν ἄχος κραδίην καὶ θυμὸν ἱκάνει· Ἕκτωρ γ. ποτε φήσει 8.148

, cf. Od.2.163; ὃ δὲ δεινότατον.. ὁ Ζεὺς γ. .. Ar.Av. 514;

ὃ δὲ πάντων ἀδικώτατον ἔδοξε· τῶν γὰρ προγε γραμμένων ἠτίμωσε καὶ υἱούς Plu.Sull.31

; freq. in introducing proofs or examples, μαρτύριον δέ· Δήλου γ. καθαιρομένης .. Th.1.8; τεκμήριον δέ· οὔτε γ. Λακεδαιμόνιοι .. Id.2.39, cf. D.20.10, etc.; in full, τεκμήριον δὲ τούτου τόδε· αἱ μὲν γ. .. Hdt.2.58; παράδειγμα τόδε τοῦ λόγου· ἐκ γ. .. Th.1.2; δηλοῖ δέ μοι τόδε· πρὸ γ. .. ib.3.

c to introduce a detailed description or narration already alluded to, ὅμως δὲ λεκτέα ἃ γιγνώσκω· ἔχει γ. [ἡ χώρα] πεδία κάλλιστα .. X.An.5.6.6, etc.

d in answers to questions or statements challenging assent or denial, yes,.., no,.., οὔκουν.. ἀνάγκη ἐστί;—ἀνάγκη γ. οὖν, ἔφη, ay doubtless it is necessary, X.Cyr.2.1.7, cf. § 4 and 13; indicating assent,

ἔχει γ. Pl.Phdr. 268a

; ἱκανὸς γ., ἔφη, συμβαίνει γ., ἔφη, Id.R. 502b, 502c,cf. Ap. 41a, etc.; οὔκουν δὴ τό γ' εἰκός.—οὐ γ.: Id.Phdr. 276c.

2 by inversion, preceding the fact explained, since, as,

Ἀτρεΐδη, πολλοὶ γ. τεθνᾶσιν Ἀχαιοί.. τῷ σε χρὴ πόλεμον παῦσαι Il.7.328

; χρόνου δὲ οὐ πολλοῦ διελθόντος ([etym.] χρῆν γ. Κανδαύλῃ γενέσθαι κακῶς) ἔλεγε πρὸς τὸν Γύγην τοιάδε, Γύγη, οὐ γ. σε δοκέω πείθεσθαι.. ([etym.] ὦτα γ. τυγχάνει κτλ.) , ποίει ὅκως .. Hdt.1.8. cf. 6.102, al.; εἶεν, σὺ γ. τούτων ἐπιστήμων, τί χρὴ ποιεῖν; Pl.Phd. 117a; the principal proposition is sts.

b blended with the causal one, τῇ δὲ κακῶς γ. ἔδεε γενέσθαι εἶπε, i.e. ἡ δέ ([etym.] κακῶς γ. οἱ ἔδεε γενέσθαι)

εἶπε Hdt. 9.109

, cf. 1.24, 4.149, 200, Th.1.72, 8.30.

c attached to the hypothet. Particle instead of being joined to the apodosis, οὐδ' εἰ γ. ἦν τὸ πρᾶγμα μὴ θεήλατον, ἀκάθαρτον ὑμᾶς εἰκὸς ἦν οὕτως ἐᾶν, i.e. οὐδὲ γ. εἰ ἦν .., S.OT 255.

d repeated, οὐ γ. οὖν σιγήσομαι· ἔτικτε γ. .. Id.OC 980, cf. Ant. 659 sq., 1255.

3 in elliptical phrases, where that of which γάρ gives the reason is omitted, and must be supplied,

a freq. in Trag. dialogue and Pl., when yes or no may be supplied from the context, καὶ δῆτ' ἐτόλμας τούσδ' ὑπερβαίνειν νόμους;—οὐ γ. τί μοι Ζεὺς ἦν ὁ κηρύξας τάδε [yes], for it was not Zeus, etc., S.Ant. 450, cf. OT 102, etc.;

καλῶς γὰρ αὐτὸς ἠγάνισαι Pl. Smp. 194a

; freq. in phrase ἔστι γ. οὕτω [yes], for so it is, i. e. yes certainly: λέγεταί τι καινόν; γένοιτο γ. ἄν τι καινότερον ἢ .. ; [why,] could there be.. ? D.4.10; with negs., Ar.Ra. 262 τούτῳ γ. οὐ νικήσετε [do so], yet shall ye never prevail by this means: for ἀλλὰ γ., v. infr.11.1.

b to confirm or strengthen something said, οἵδ' οὐκέτ' εἰσί· τοῦτο γάρ σε δήξεται [I say this], for it will sting thee, E. Med. 1370: after an Exclamation,

ὦ πόποι· ἀνάριθμα γ. φέρω πήματα S.OT 168

(lyr.), cf. E.Hel. 857.

c in conditional propositions, where the condition is omitted, else, οὐ γ. ἄν με ἔπεμπον πάλιν (sc. εἰ μὴ ἐπίστευον) X.An.7.6.33; γίνεται γ. ἡ κοινωνία συμμαχία for in that case, Arist.Pol. 1280b8.

4 in abrupt questions, why, what, τίς γ. σε θεῶν ἐμοὶ ἄγγελον ἧκεν; why who hath sent thee? Il.18.182; πῶς γ. νῦν.. εὕδουσι; 10.424; πατροκτονοῦσα γ. ξυνοικήσεις ἐμοί; what, wilt thou.. ? A.Ch. 909: generally, after interrog. Particles, ἦ γ. .. ; what, was it.. ? S.OT 1000, 1039, etc.; τί γ.; quid enim? i. e. it must be so, Id.OC 539, 542, 547, etc.; τί γ. δή ποτε; D.21.44; also πῶς γ.; πῶς γ. οὔ;, v. πῶς.

5 to strengthen a wish, c. opt., κακῶς γ. ἐξόλοιο O that you might perish ! E.Cyc. 261; cf. αἴ, εἰ, εἴθε, πῶς.

II joined with other Particles:

1 ἀλλὰ γ. where γάρ gives the reason of a clause to be supplied between ἀλλά and itself, as ἀλλ' ἐν γὰρ Τρώων πεδίῳ .. but [far otherwise], for.., Il.15.739; ἀλλὰ γὰρ ἥκουσ' αἵδ' ἐπὶ πρᾶγος πικρόν but [hush], for.., A.Th. 861; ἀλλ' οὐ γ. σ' ἐθέλω .. but [look out] for.., Il.7.242; in full,

ἀλλ' οὐ γάρ σφιν ἐφαίνετο κέρδιον εἶναι μαίεσθαι προτ έρω, τοὶ μὲν πάλιν αὖτις ἔβαινον Od.14.355

;

ἀλλ', οὐ γ. ἔπειθε, διδοῖ τὸ φᾶρος Hdt.9.109

.

2 γ. ἄρα for indeed, Pl.Prt. 315d, Smp. 205b.

3 γ. δή for of course, for you know, Il.2.301,23.607, Hdt.1.34, 114, etc.; φάμεν γ. δή yes certainly we say so, Pl.Tht. 187e, cf. 164d;

οὐ γ. δή S.Ant.46

, etc.

4

γ. νυ Od.14.359

.

5 γ. οὖν for indeed, to confirm or explain, Il.15.232, Hdt.5.34, S.Ant. 489, 771, etc.; φησὶ γ. οὖν yes of course he says so, Pl.Tht. 170a;

γ. οὖν δή Id.Prm. 148c

, etc.; οὐ γ. οὖν ib. 134b; cf. τοιγαροῦν.

6 γ. που for I suppose, esp. with negs., Id.R. 381c, Phd. 62d, etc.;

οὐ γ. δήπου Id.Prt. 309c

.

7 γ. ῥα, = γὰρ ἄρα, Il.1.113, al.

8 γ. τε, 23.156; also

τε γ. D.19.159

, Arist.Pol. 1333a2, al.

9 γ. τοι for surely.., E.Hel.93, Supp. 564, etc.;

οὐ γ. τοι Od.21.172

, etc.; cf. τοιγάρτοι.

B POSITION: γάρ prop. stands after the first word in a clause, but in Pocts it freq. stands third or fourth, when the preceding words are closely connected, as ὁ μὲν γὰρ .. S.Aj. 764; χἠ ναῦς γὰρ .. Id.Ph. 527; τό τ' εἰκαθεῖν γὰρ .. Id.Ant. 1096; τὸ μὴ θέμις γὰρ .. A.Ch. 641, cf. 753: also in Prose, τὸ κατ' ἀξίαν γὰρ .. Arist. EN 1163b11: sts. for metrical reasons, where there is no such connexion, as third (A.Ag.222.729, S.Ph. 219 (all lyr.)), fourth (Ar.Av. 1545); in later Com. fifth (Men.462.2); sixth (Antiph.26.22); seventh (Men.Epit. 531, Pk. 170, Athenio 1.5); once sixth in S.,

καιρὸς καὶ πλοῦς ὅδ' ἐπείγει γὰρ κατὰ πρύμναν Ph. 1451

.

2 inserted before the demonstr. -ί, as νυνγαρί for νυνὶ γάρ; cf. νυνί.

C QUANTITY: γάρ is sts. long in Hom. metri gr.,

θήσειν γὰρ ἔτ' ἔμελλεν Il.2.39

;

φωνῆς γὰρ ἤκουσα h.Cer.57

.—In [dialect] Att. always short: Ar.Eq. 366, V. 217, Lys.20 are corrupt.

Grammatical information: f.

Meaning: `intestinal worm, parasitic worm' (Hp., Arist.); NGr. forms in Rohlfs ByzZ 37, 56f.

Other forms: (Arist.), gen. ἕλμινθος (with new nom. ἕλμινς Hp.), also ἕλμιγγος etc.; also acc. ἕλμιθα (epid.); nom. pl. ἕλμεις (Dsc.). Difficult λίμινθες ἕλμινθες. Πάφιοι H.

Compounds: As 1. member in ἑλμινθο-βότανον `herb used against worms' (medic.).

Derivatives: ἑλμίνθ-ιον (dimin.), - ώδης `worm-like', - ιάω `suffer from worms' (Hp., Arist.).

Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]

Etymology: If the dental- and velar enlargements are removed (Schwyzer 510 and 498, Chantr. Form. 366 and 400) we get a word, that agrees in its ending with two other names for `worm'. (One is found in Indo-Iranian (e. g. Skt. kŕ̥mi-), in Albanian ( krimp), Baltic (e. g. Lith. kirmìs), Slavic (e. g. OCS črъmьnъ `red' \< * črъmь, slov. čr̂m `fingerworm, carbuncle'), Celtic (e. g. OIr. cruim). The other is limited to Latin ( vermis) and Germanic (e. g. Goth. waurms), but has relatives in Balto-Slavic (e. g. OPr. vormyan `red', ORuss. vermie `ἀκρίδες') and Greek (Boeot. PN Ϝάρμιχος; cf. also, with different formation, ῥόμος σκώληξ ἐν ξύλοις H.). Of these IE *kʷr̥mi- seems to be the oldest, both for its wide distribution, especially in frontier areas, as because it is etymologically isolated (cf. Porzig Gliederung 208f.). The riming *u̯r̥mi- may have been adapted to the verb *u̯er- `turn, bend' (cf. ῥόμος and ῥατάναν). A further innovation would be found in Greek because it connected the verb u̯el- `turn, wind' (s. 2. εἰλέω), which gave two further forms for `worm', εὑλή and Ϝάλη (written ὑάλη). (From Tocharian A one adds walyi pl. `worms'.) - The last mentioned (three) forms (with -l-) are clearly unrelated. The IE forms have -r-, but our word has -l- (so the word is not IE, as Furnée 290 holds). Though DELG does not think it necessary to take the - νθ- as a sign of Pre-Greek, I don't see why. Note that the form ἔλμιγγος also shows the typical Pre-Greek prenasalization (cf. acc. ἔλμιθα IG IV 1², 122,10 Epidauros). The form λίμινθες also rather suggests a Pre-Greek variant. Was it *l^ymi(n)t-? (with proothetic vowel a- which became e- before the palatal l?). Note that the NGr. forms λεβίθα, - ίδες confirm the vowel right of the l (see DELG).

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