certum+atque+la

dŭbĭus, a, um, adj. [for duhibius, duohabeo, held as two or double, i. e. doubtful; cf. dubito, Corss. Ausspr. 2, 1027].

Moving in two directions alternately, vibrating to and fro, fluctuating (cf. ambiguus, anceps, incertus, perplexus, duplex).

Lit. (very rare):

ut vas non quit constare, nisi humor Destitit in dubio fluctu jactarier intus,

Lucr. 6, 556; cf.:

fluctibus dubiis volvi coeptum est mare,

Liv. 37, 16, 4.—Far more freq. and class.,

Trop., vacillating in mind, uncertain.

Wavering in opinion, doubting, doubtful, dubious, uncertain, = ambigens, haesitans, etc.:

sin est is homo, anni multi me dubiam dant,

Plaut. Ep. 4, 1, 17:

quae res est, quae cujusquam animum in hac causa dubium facere possit?

Cic. de Imp. Pomp. 10.— With an interrog. clause, A. and S. Gr. §

213 R. 4 (1.): temptat dubiam mentem rationis egestas, ecquae nam fuerit mundi genitalis origo,

Lucr. 5, 1211; cf.:

equites procul visi ab dubiis, quinam essent,

Liv. 4, 40:

dubius sum, quid faciam,

Hor. S. 1, 9, 40:

dubius, unde rumperet silentium,

id. Epod. 5, 85:

spemque metumque inter dubii, seu vivere credant, Sive extrema pati,

Verg. A. 1, 218; cf. Liv. 1, 42:

Philippus non dubius, quin, etc.,

id. 31, 42:

haud dubius quin,

id. 42, 14; Curt. 5, 12.—With acc. and inf.:

dictator minime dubius, bellum cum his populis Patres jussuros,

Liv. 6, 14; so,

haud dubius,

id. 31, 24; Curt. 9, 7:

nec sum animi dubius, verbis ea vincere magnum Quam sit,

well aware how hard it is, Verg. G. 3, 289; so,

dubius with the genitives animi, Auct. B. Alex. 56, 2: mentis,

Ov. F. 6, 572:

consilii,

Just. 2, 13:

sententiae,

Liv. 33, 25 Drak.:

salutis,

Ov. M. 15, 438:

vitae,

id. Tr. 3, 3, 25:

fati,

Luc. 7, 611 al.; cf. Zumpt, Gr. § 437; A. and S. Gr. § 213 R. 1 ( a.).—

Wavering in resolution, irresolute, undecided (very rare):

dubio atque haesitante Jugurtha incolumes transeunt,

Sall. J. 107, 6; cf.

hostes (opp. firmi),

id. ib. 51 fin.:

nutantes ac dubiae civitates,

Suet. Caes. 4 fin.:

quid faciat dubius,

Ov. M. 8, 441.— Poet. transf.:

cuspis,

Sil. 4, 188.—

Pass., that is doubted of, uncertain, doubtful, dubious, undetermined (so most freq. in all periods and kinds of composition):

videsne igitur, quae dubia sint, ea sumi pro certis atque concessis?

Cic. Div. 2, 51, 106; cf. id. ib. 2, 50 fin.; id. Fin. 4, 24, 67; id. de Or. 1, 20, 92; id. Mur. 32, 68; Quint. 3, 4, 8; 7, 8, 6:

nihil aegrius est quam res secernere apertas Ab dubiis,

Lucr. 4, 468 (cf. verba, vague language, opp. aperta, Quint. 7, 2, 48):

jus, opp. certum,

id. 12, 3, 6;

opp. confessum,

id. 7, 7, 7:

in regno, ubi ne obscura quidem est aut dubia servitus,

Cic. Rep. 1, 31:

dubium vel anceps genus causarum,

Quint. 4, 1, 40; cf. id. 9, 2, 69: dubii variique casus, Auct. ap. Cic. Clu. 21, 58:

et incerta societas,

Suet. Aug. 17 et saep.:

quia sciebam dubiam esse fortunam scenicam, Ter. Hec. prol. alt. 8: salus (opp. aperta pernicies),

Cic. N. D. 3, 27, 69:

spes pacis,

id. Att. 8, 13:

victoria,

Caes. B. G. 7, 80, 6; cf.:

victoria, praeda, laus,

Sall. J. 85, 48:

Marte,

Vell. 2, 55, 3:

spes armorum,

id. 2, 71:

discrimen pugnae,

indecisive, Sil. 5, 519:

proelia,

Tac. G. 6:

auctor,

unknown, Ov. M. 12, 61 et saep.:

an auspicia repetenda, ne quid dubiis diis agerem?

i. e. unassured of their favor, Liv. 8, 32:

dubii socii suspensaeque ex fortuna fidei (opp. fideles socii and certi hostes),

id. 44, 18; cf. Caes. B. C. 1, 3, 5:

Hispaniae,

Tac. A. 3, 44; cf.:

gens dubiae ad id voluntatis,

Liv. 9, 15:

lux,

i. e. morning twilight, dawn, Ov. M. 11, 596:

sidera,

Juv. 5, 22; cf.

nox,

evening twilight, Ov. M. 4, 401:

caelum,

i. e. over cast, Verg. G. 1, 252:

fulgor solis,

Sen. Herc. Fur. 670; cf.:

et quasi languidus dies,

Plin. Ep. 6, 20, 6:

dubiāque tegens lanugine malas,

i. e. between down and a beard, Ov. M. 9, 398; 13, 754; cf.:

dubia lanuginis umbra, Claud. Epith. Pall. et Cel. 42: vina,

not sure to ripen, Plin. 18, 31, 74, § 319:

consilia,

wavering, Tac. Agr. 18 et saep.:

hunc annum sequitur annus haud dubiis consulibus (shortly thereafter the contrary: Papirius Semproniusque, quorum de consulatu dubitabatur),

Liv. 4, 8; so,

haud dubius praetor,

id. 39, 39 fin.:

haud dubii hostes,

open enemies, id. 37, 49:

haud dubii Galli (opp. degeneres, mixti, Gallograeci vere),

id. 38, 17: cena dubia, see below, II.—

In the neutr. absol.

(Non, haud) dubium est, it is ( not, not at all) doubtful, uncertain, undecided. (aa) Absol.:

si quid erit dubium,

Plaut. Ep. 5, 1, 40:

haud dubium id quidem est,

id. Poen. 3, 4, 27; Ter. And. 2, 3, 25; cf.

in the interrog.: o! dubiumne id est?

Ter. Eun. 1, 2, 49; id. Heaut. 3, 3, 46; id. Phorm. 5, 2, 9; and with the dat.:

an dubium id tibi est?

Ter. Heaut. 5, 1, 38; Cic. Fam. 4, 15.—(bb) With de:

de Pompeii exitu mihi dubium numquam fuit,

Cic. Att. 11, 6, 5; so,

de eorum jure,

id. de Or. 1, 57:

de re,

Quint. 7, 3, 4; cf. id. 7, 6, 3.—(ng) With an interrog. clause:

illud dubium (est), ad id, quod summum bonum dicitis, ecquaenam fieri possit accessio,

Cic. Fin. 4, 24, 67; cf. Quint. 7, 9, 12:

hoc ergo, credo, dubium est, uter nostrum sit verecundior,

Cic. Ac. 2, 41, 126:

hoc enim dubium est, utrum... an,

Quint. 6, 3, 83:

Ambiorix copias suas judicione non conduxerit... an tempore exclusus, dubium est,

Caes. B. G. 6, 31, 1:

an dubium vobis fuit inesse vis aliqua videretur necne?

Cic. Caecin. 11, 31 et saep.—Since the Aug. per. freq. dubium, absol. and adv.:

codicilli, dubium ad quem scripti,

Quint. 7, 2, 52:

quo postquam dubium pius an sceleratus, Orestes venerat,

Ov. Tr. 4, 4, 69; Suet. Caes. 58; id. Aug. 28; id. Tib. 10; Flor. 1, 1, 12; 2, 14, 3:

Erechtheus, Justitiā dubium validisne potentior armis,

Ov. M. 6, 678; cf. id. Pont. 3, 1, 17:

neque multo post exstincto Maximo, dubium an quaesita morte,

Tac. A. 1, 5; Flor. 1, 1, 8; 4, 2, 91 al.—(dd) Non dubium est quin uxorem nolit filius, Ter. And. 1, 2, 1; id. Eun. 5, 6, 27; Cic. de Or. 2, 8, 32; id. Att. 13, 45; Quint. 11, 2, 10 et saep.:

haud dubium est, quin,

Ter. And. 2, 3, 17; 3, 2, 50; id. Ad. 5, 9, 19;

and interrog.,

Quint. 3, 2, 1; 10, 1, 5. —(ee) With acc. and inf.:

periisso me una haud dubium est,

Ter. Hec. 3, 1, 46; so Liv. 38, 6; Suet. Caes. 52 fin.; cf.

interrog.: an dubium tibi est, eam esse hanc?

Plaut. Mil. 2, 5, 9.—Ellipt.:

si exploratum tibi sit posse te, etc., non esse cunctandum: si dubium sit, non esse conandum,

Cic. Fam. 1, 7, 5.—

Dubium habere, to regard as uncertain, to doubt:

an tu dubium habebis, etiam sancte quom jurem tibi?

Plaut. Capt. 4, 2, 112:

an dubium habetis, num obficere quid vobis possit? etc.,

Sall. H. Fragm. III. 61, 8 Dietsch; cf.:

haec habere dubia, neque, etc.,

Cic. Ac. 2, 9 fin. —

In dubium:

in dubium vocare,

to call in question, Cic. de Or. 2, 34; cf.: illud me dixisse nemo vocabit in dubium, Asin. Pollio ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 31, 5. Vid. also under 3. b.:

venire in dubium,

Cic. Quint. 2; id. ib. 21, 67; Liv. 3, 13; cf.:

alii non veniunt in dubium de voluntate,

i. e. there is no doubt what their wish is, Cic. Att. 11, 15, 2. Vid. also under 3. b.—

In dubio, in doubt, in question, undetermined:

dum in dubio est animus,

Ter. And. 1, 5, 31; cf. Luc. 7, 247:

in dubioque fuere utrorum ad regna cadendum esset, etc.,

Lucr. 3, 836; cf. id. 1085; Quint. 7, 9, 9:

aestate potius quam hieme dandum, non est in dubio,

Plin. 25, 5, 24, § 59 et saep.:

ut in dubio poneret, utrum... an, etc.,

Liv. 34, 5. Vid. also 3. b.—

Sine dubio, without doubt, doubtless, indisputably, certainly (very freq.; in Cic. more than twenty times; not in Caes. and Sall.): Th. Numquid dubitas quin? etc. Gn. Sine dubio, opinor, Ter. Eun. 5, 9, 14; Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 2; 47; id. Cat. 2, 1; id. Balb. 24, 55; id. Tusc. 2, 7, 18; id. Off. 1, 29, 102; id. N. D. 1, 9, 23; id. Att. 1, 19, 2 et saep. Vid. the passages in Stuerenb. Cic. Off. p. 134 sq. Sometimes, esp. in Quint., with adversative particles: sed, verum, at, etc., no doubt, doubtless... but, yet, etc.: cum te togatis omnibus sine dubio anteferret... sed, etc.. Cic. N. D. 1, 21, 58; so with sed, id. de Or, 3, 57; Quint. 1, 6, 38; 5, 10, 53; 6, 3, 64;

with sed tamen,

id. 12, 6, 7;

with tamen,

id. 3, 8, 21; 5, 7, 28; 6, 4, 12;

with verum,

id. 8 prooem. § 33;

with at,

id. 8, 3, 67;

with autem,

id. 1, 6, 12 Spald.—

Procul dubio, beyond question, undoubtedly (very rare), Lucr. 3, 638; Liv. 39, 40 fin.; Plin. 18, 21, 50, § 187; and:

dubio procul,

Lucr. 1, 812; 2, 261.—

Meton., like anceps (4), doubtful, dubious, i. e. precarious, dangerous, critical, difficult (freq. but mostly poet.):

res dubias, egenas, inopiosas consili,

critical condition, Plaut. Poen. 1, 1, 2; so,

res,

id. Capt. 2, 3, 46; id. Most. 5, 1, 1; Sall. C. 10, 2; 39, 3; id. J. 14, 5; Liv. 2, 50 fin.; Tac. A. 2, 62; Verg. A. 6, 196; 11, 445 al.; cf.

pericla (with advorsae res),

Lucr. 3, 55; 1076:

tempora (opp. secunda),

Hor. C. 4, 9, 36:

mons erat ascensu dubius,

Prop. 4, 4, 83; cf.:

quae (loca) dubia nisu videbantur,

Sall. J. 94, 2.—

In the neutr. absol. (i. q. discrimen, II. B. 2, and periculum):

mea quidem hercle certe in dubio vita est,

is in danger, Ter. And. 2, 2, 10 Ruhnk.; Sall. C. 52, 6; cf. Ov. Am. 2, 13, 2:

sese suas exercitusque fortunas in dubium non devocaturum,

Caes. B. G. 6, 7, 6; cf. Cic. Caecin. 27, 76:

tua fama et gnatae vita in dubium veniet,

Ter. Ad. 3, 2, 42; cf. id. ib. 2, 2, 35; Ov. H. 16, 138 Loers.— Plur. as subst.:

hinc Italae gentes in dubiis responsa petunt,

Verg. A. 7, 86:

mens dubiis percussa pavet,

Luc. 6, 596.

For the syn. varius, manifold, various (only in the foll. passages): o multimodis variūm et dubiūm et prosperūm copem diem, Pac. ap. Non. 84, 23 (Trag. Rel. p. 115, ed. Rib.). And so prob. is to be explained dubia cena, a multifarious, richly provided supper, Ter. Ph. 2, 2, 28 (for the subjoined explanation of Terence: ubi tu dubites, quid sumas potissimum, is only outwardly adapted to the meaning of dubius); so,

dubia cena,

Hor. S. 2, 2, 77; and:

fercula dubiae cenae,

Aus. Mos. 102; Hier. Ep. 22, no. 16.—Hence, adv., in two forms.

dŭbĭe (acc. to I. B. 1.), doubtfully, dubiously (not in Plaut., Ter., or Caes.):

potest accidere, ut aliquod signum dubie datum pro certo sit acceptum,

Cic. Div. 1, 55.—Esp. freq. (particularly since the Aug. per.) with negatives: haud (rarely non) dubie, undoubtedly, indisputably, positively, certainly:

etsi non dubie mihi nuntiabatur Parthos transisse Euphratem, tamen, etc.,

Cic. Fam. 15, 1 (nowhere else as an adv. in Cic.):

non dubie,

Quint. 7, 2, 6; 9, 4, 67; Front. Strat. 2, 3, 16; and with sed (cf. dubius, I. B. 2. b. e), Quint. 11, 2, 1; so,

too, nec dubie,

Liv. 2, 23 fin.; Quint. 2, 14, 2;

and with verum,

id. 3, 4, 1;

with sed,

Tac. A. 4, 19 fin.: haud dubie jam victor, [p. 615] Sall. J. 102, 1 (cf. on the contrary in Cic.: sine ulla dubitatione hostis, Phil. 14, 4, 10; cf. Liv. 3, 38; Cic. Cat. 4, 3, 5); so,

haud dubie,

Liv. 1, 9; 13; 3, 24; 38; 53; 4, 2; 23; 5, 10 fin.; 33 fin.; 49 fin. et saep. (about 70 times; see the passages in Stuerenb. Cic. Off. p. 138); Quint. 10, 1, 85; Tac. A. 2, 43; 88; id. H. 1, 7; 46; 72; 3, 86; 4, 27 fin.; 80; id. G. 28; Suet. Caes. 55; id. Calig. 9; id. Galb. 2; Vulg. Lev. 13, 43.—

dubio = dubie, App. M. 9, 2.

dŭbĭus, a, um, adj. [for duhibius, duohabeo, held as two or double, i. e. doubtful; cf. dubito, Corss. Ausspr. 2, 1027].

Moving in two directions alternately, vibrating to and fro, fluctuating (cf. ambiguus, anceps, incertus, perplexus, duplex).

Lit. (very rare):

ut vas non quit constare, nisi humor Destitit in dubio fluctu jactarier intus,

Lucr. 6, 556; cf.:

fluctibus dubiis volvi coeptum est mare,

Liv. 37, 16, 4.—Far more freq. and class.,

Trop., vacillating in mind, uncertain.

Wavering in opinion, doubting, doubtful, dubious, uncertain, = ambigens, haesitans, etc.:

sin est is homo, anni multi me dubiam dant,

Plaut. Ep. 4, 1, 17:

quae res est, quae cujusquam animum in hac causa dubium facere possit?

Cic. de Imp. Pomp. 10.— With an interrog. clause, A. and S. Gr. §

213 R. 4 (1.): temptat dubiam mentem rationis egestas, ecquae nam fuerit mundi genitalis origo,

Lucr. 5, 1211; cf.:

equites procul visi ab dubiis, quinam essent,

Liv. 4, 40:

dubius sum, quid faciam,

Hor. S. 1, 9, 40:

dubius, unde rumperet silentium,

id. Epod. 5, 85:

spemque metumque inter dubii, seu vivere credant, Sive extrema pati,

Verg. A. 1, 218; cf. Liv. 1, 42:

Philippus non dubius, quin, etc.,

id. 31, 42:

haud dubius quin,

id. 42, 14; Curt. 5, 12.—With acc. and inf.:

dictator minime dubius, bellum cum his populis Patres jussuros,

Liv. 6, 14; so,

haud dubius,

id. 31, 24; Curt. 9, 7:

nec sum animi dubius, verbis ea vincere magnum Quam sit,

well aware how hard it is, Verg. G. 3, 289; so,

dubius with the genitives animi, Auct. B. Alex. 56, 2: mentis,

Ov. F. 6, 572:

consilii,

Just. 2, 13:

sententiae,

Liv. 33, 25 Drak.:

salutis,

Ov. M. 15, 438:

vitae,

id. Tr. 3, 3, 25:

fati,

Luc. 7, 611 al.; cf. Zumpt, Gr. § 437; A. and S. Gr. § 213 R. 1 ( a.).—

Wavering in resolution, irresolute, undecided (very rare):

dubio atque haesitante Jugurtha incolumes transeunt,

Sall. J. 107, 6; cf.

hostes (opp. firmi),

id. ib. 51 fin.:

nutantes ac dubiae civitates,

Suet. Caes. 4 fin.:

quid faciat dubius,

Ov. M. 8, 441.— Poet. transf.:

cuspis,

Sil. 4, 188.—

Pass., that is doubted of, uncertain, doubtful, dubious, undetermined (so most freq. in all periods and kinds of composition):

videsne igitur, quae dubia sint, ea sumi pro certis atque concessis?

Cic. Div. 2, 51, 106; cf. id. ib. 2, 50 fin.; id. Fin. 4, 24, 67; id. de Or. 1, 20, 92; id. Mur. 32, 68; Quint. 3, 4, 8; 7, 8, 6:

nihil aegrius est quam res secernere apertas Ab dubiis,

Lucr. 4, 468 (cf. verba, vague language, opp. aperta, Quint. 7, 2, 48):

jus, opp. certum,

id. 12, 3, 6;

opp. confessum,

id. 7, 7, 7:

in regno, ubi ne obscura quidem est aut dubia servitus,

Cic. Rep. 1, 31:

dubium vel anceps genus causarum,

Quint. 4, 1, 40; cf. id. 9, 2, 69: dubii variique casus, Auct. ap. Cic. Clu. 21, 58:

et incerta societas,

Suet. Aug. 17 et saep.:

quia sciebam dubiam esse fortunam scenicam, Ter. Hec. prol. alt. 8: salus (opp. aperta pernicies),

Cic. N. D. 3, 27, 69:

spes pacis,

id. Att. 8, 13:

victoria,

Caes. B. G. 7, 80, 6; cf.:

victoria, praeda, laus,

Sall. J. 85, 48:

Marte,

Vell. 2, 55, 3:

spes armorum,

id. 2, 71:

discrimen pugnae,

indecisive, Sil. 5, 519:

proelia,

Tac. G. 6:

auctor,

unknown, Ov. M. 12, 61 et saep.:

an auspicia repetenda, ne quid dubiis diis agerem?

i. e. unassured of their favor, Liv. 8, 32:

dubii socii suspensaeque ex fortuna fidei (opp. fideles socii and certi hostes),

id. 44, 18; cf. Caes. B. C. 1, 3, 5:

Hispaniae,

Tac. A. 3, 44; cf.:

gens dubiae ad id voluntatis,

Liv. 9, 15:

lux,

i. e. morning twilight, dawn, Ov. M. 11, 596:

sidera,

Juv. 5, 22; cf.

nox,

evening twilight, Ov. M. 4, 401:

caelum,

i. e. over cast, Verg. G. 1, 252:

fulgor solis,

Sen. Herc. Fur. 670; cf.:

et quasi languidus dies,

Plin. Ep. 6, 20, 6:

dubiāque tegens lanugine malas,

i. e. between down and a beard, Ov. M. 9, 398; 13, 754; cf.:

dubia lanuginis umbra, Claud. Epith. Pall. et Cel. 42: vina,

not sure to ripen, Plin. 18, 31, 74, § 319:

consilia,

wavering, Tac. Agr. 18 et saep.:

hunc annum sequitur annus haud dubiis consulibus (shortly thereafter the contrary: Papirius Semproniusque, quorum de consulatu dubitabatur),

Liv. 4, 8; so,

haud dubius praetor,

id. 39, 39 fin.:

haud dubii hostes,

open enemies, id. 37, 49:

haud dubii Galli (opp. degeneres, mixti, Gallograeci vere),

id. 38, 17: cena dubia, see below, II.—

In the neutr. absol.

(Non, haud) dubium est, it is ( not, not at all) doubtful, uncertain, undecided. (aa) Absol.:

si quid erit dubium,

Plaut. Ep. 5, 1, 40:

haud dubium id quidem est,

id. Poen. 3, 4, 27; Ter. And. 2, 3, 25; cf.

in the interrog.: o! dubiumne id est?

Ter. Eun. 1, 2, 49; id. Heaut. 3, 3, 46; id. Phorm. 5, 2, 9; and with the dat.:

an dubium id tibi est?

Ter. Heaut. 5, 1, 38; Cic. Fam. 4, 15.—(bb) With de:

de Pompeii exitu mihi dubium numquam fuit,

Cic. Att. 11, 6, 5; so,

de eorum jure,

id. de Or. 1, 57:

de re,

Quint. 7, 3, 4; cf. id. 7, 6, 3.—(ng) With an interrog. clause:

illud dubium (est), ad id, quod summum bonum dicitis, ecquaenam fieri possit accessio,

Cic. Fin. 4, 24, 67; cf. Quint. 7, 9, 12:

hoc ergo, credo, dubium est, uter nostrum sit verecundior,

Cic. Ac. 2, 41, 126:

hoc enim dubium est, utrum... an,

Quint. 6, 3, 83:

Ambiorix copias suas judicione non conduxerit... an tempore exclusus, dubium est,

Caes. B. G. 6, 31, 1:

an dubium vobis fuit inesse vis aliqua videretur necne?

Cic. Caecin. 11, 31 et saep.—Since the Aug. per. freq. dubium, absol. and adv.:

codicilli, dubium ad quem scripti,

Quint. 7, 2, 52:

quo postquam dubium pius an sceleratus, Orestes venerat,

Ov. Tr. 4, 4, 69; Suet. Caes. 58; id. Aug. 28; id. Tib. 10; Flor. 1, 1, 12; 2, 14, 3:

Erechtheus, Justitiā dubium validisne potentior armis,

Ov. M. 6, 678; cf. id. Pont. 3, 1, 17:

neque multo post exstincto Maximo, dubium an quaesita morte,

Tac. A. 1, 5; Flor. 1, 1, 8; 4, 2, 91 al.—(dd) Non dubium est quin uxorem nolit filius, Ter. And. 1, 2, 1; id. Eun. 5, 6, 27; Cic. de Or. 2, 8, 32; id. Att. 13, 45; Quint. 11, 2, 10 et saep.:

haud dubium est, quin,

Ter. And. 2, 3, 17; 3, 2, 50; id. Ad. 5, 9, 19;

and interrog.,

Quint. 3, 2, 1; 10, 1, 5. —(ee) With acc. and inf.:

periisso me una haud dubium est,

Ter. Hec. 3, 1, 46; so Liv. 38, 6; Suet. Caes. 52 fin.; cf.

interrog.: an dubium tibi est, eam esse hanc?

Plaut. Mil. 2, 5, 9.—Ellipt.:

si exploratum tibi sit posse te, etc., non esse cunctandum: si dubium sit, non esse conandum,

Cic. Fam. 1, 7, 5.—

Dubium habere, to regard as uncertain, to doubt:

an tu dubium habebis, etiam sancte quom jurem tibi?

Plaut. Capt. 4, 2, 112:

an dubium habetis, num obficere quid vobis possit? etc.,

Sall. H. Fragm. III. 61, 8 Dietsch; cf.:

haec habere dubia, neque, etc.,

Cic. Ac. 2, 9 fin. —

In dubium:

in dubium vocare,

to call in question, Cic. de Or. 2, 34; cf.: illud me dixisse nemo vocabit in dubium, Asin. Pollio ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 31, 5. Vid. also under 3. b.:

venire in dubium,

Cic. Quint. 2; id. ib. 21, 67; Liv. 3, 13; cf.:

alii non veniunt in dubium de voluntate,

i. e. there is no doubt what their wish is, Cic. Att. 11, 15, 2. Vid. also under 3. b.—

In dubio, in doubt, in question, undetermined:

dum in dubio est animus,

Ter. And. 1, 5, 31; cf. Luc. 7, 247:

in dubioque fuere utrorum ad regna cadendum esset, etc.,

Lucr. 3, 836; cf. id. 1085; Quint. 7, 9, 9:

aestate potius quam hieme dandum, non est in dubio,

Plin. 25, 5, 24, § 59 et saep.:

ut in dubio poneret, utrum... an, etc.,

Liv. 34, 5. Vid. also 3. b.—

Sine dubio, without doubt, doubtless, indisputably, certainly (very freq.; in Cic. more than twenty times; not in Caes. and Sall.): Th. Numquid dubitas quin? etc. Gn. Sine dubio, opinor, Ter. Eun. 5, 9, 14; Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 2; 47; id. Cat. 2, 1; id. Balb. 24, 55; id. Tusc. 2, 7, 18; id. Off. 1, 29, 102; id. N. D. 1, 9, 23; id. Att. 1, 19, 2 et saep. Vid. the passages in Stuerenb. Cic. Off. p. 134 sq. Sometimes, esp. in Quint., with adversative particles: sed, verum, at, etc., no doubt, doubtless... but, yet, etc.: cum te togatis omnibus sine dubio anteferret... sed, etc.. Cic. N. D. 1, 21, 58; so with sed, id. de Or, 3, 57; Quint. 1, 6, 38; 5, 10, 53; 6, 3, 64;

with sed tamen,

id. 12, 6, 7;

with tamen,

id. 3, 8, 21; 5, 7, 28; 6, 4, 12;

with verum,

id. 8 prooem. § 33;

with at,

id. 8, 3, 67;

with autem,

id. 1, 6, 12 Spald.—

Procul dubio, beyond question, undoubtedly (very rare), Lucr. 3, 638; Liv. 39, 40 fin.; Plin. 18, 21, 50, § 187; and:

dubio procul,

Lucr. 1, 812; 2, 261.—

Meton., like anceps (4), doubtful, dubious, i. e. precarious, dangerous, critical, difficult (freq. but mostly poet.):

res dubias, egenas, inopiosas consili,

critical condition, Plaut. Poen. 1, 1, 2; so,

res,

id. Capt. 2, 3, 46; id. Most. 5, 1, 1; Sall. C. 10, 2; 39, 3; id. J. 14, 5; Liv. 2, 50 fin.; Tac. A. 2, 62; Verg. A. 6, 196; 11, 445 al.; cf.

pericla (with advorsae res),

Lucr. 3, 55; 1076:

tempora (opp. secunda),

Hor. C. 4, 9, 36:

mons erat ascensu dubius,

Prop. 4, 4, 83; cf.:

quae (loca) dubia nisu videbantur,

Sall. J. 94, 2.—

In the neutr. absol. (i. q. discrimen, II. B. 2, and periculum):

mea quidem hercle certe in dubio vita est,

is in danger, Ter. And. 2, 2, 10 Ruhnk.; Sall. C. 52, 6; cf. Ov. Am. 2, 13, 2:

sese suas exercitusque fortunas in dubium non devocaturum,

Caes. B. G. 6, 7, 6; cf. Cic. Caecin. 27, 76:

tua fama et gnatae vita in dubium veniet,

Ter. Ad. 3, 2, 42; cf. id. ib. 2, 2, 35; Ov. H. 16, 138 Loers.— Plur. as subst.:

hinc Italae gentes in dubiis responsa petunt,

Verg. A. 7, 86:

mens dubiis percussa pavet,

Luc. 6, 596.

For the syn. varius, manifold, various (only in the foll. passages): o multimodis variūm et dubiūm et prosperūm copem diem, Pac. ap. Non. 84, 23 (Trag. Rel. p. 115, ed. Rib.). And so prob. is to be explained dubia cena, a multifarious, richly provided supper, Ter. Ph. 2, 2, 28 (for the subjoined explanation of Terence: ubi tu dubites, quid sumas potissimum, is only outwardly adapted to the meaning of dubius); so,

dubia cena,

Hor. S. 2, 2, 77; and:

fercula dubiae cenae,

Aus. Mos. 102; Hier. Ep. 22, no. 16.—Hence, adv., in two forms.

dŭbĭe (acc. to I. B. 1.), doubtfully, dubiously (not in Plaut., Ter., or Caes.):

potest accidere, ut aliquod signum dubie datum pro certo sit acceptum,

Cic. Div. 1, 55.—Esp. freq. (particularly since the Aug. per.) with negatives: haud (rarely non) dubie, undoubtedly, indisputably, positively, certainly:

etsi non dubie mihi nuntiabatur Parthos transisse Euphratem, tamen, etc.,

Cic. Fam. 15, 1 (nowhere else as an adv. in Cic.):

non dubie,

Quint. 7, 2, 6; 9, 4, 67; Front. Strat. 2, 3, 16; and with sed (cf. dubius, I. B. 2. b. e), Quint. 11, 2, 1; so,

too, nec dubie,

Liv. 2, 23 fin.; Quint. 2, 14, 2;

and with verum,

id. 3, 4, 1;

with sed,

Tac. A. 4, 19 fin.: haud dubie jam victor, [p. 615] Sall. J. 102, 1 (cf. on the contrary in Cic.: sine ulla dubitatione hostis, Phil. 14, 4, 10; cf. Liv. 3, 38; Cic. Cat. 4, 3, 5); so,

haud dubie,

Liv. 1, 9; 13; 3, 24; 38; 53; 4, 2; 23; 5, 10 fin.; 33 fin.; 49 fin. et saep. (about 70 times; see the passages in Stuerenb. Cic. Off. p. 138); Quint. 10, 1, 85; Tac. A. 2, 43; 88; id. H. 1, 7; 46; 72; 3, 86; 4, 27 fin.; 80; id. G. 28; Suet. Caes. 55; id. Calig. 9; id. Galb. 2; Vulg. Lev. 13, 43.—

dubio = dubie, App. M. 9, 2.

ex-ĭgo, ēgi, actum, 3, v. a. [ago], to drive out or forth, to thrust out, to take or turn out.

Lit.

In gen.:

reges ex civitate,

to expel, Cic. de Or. 2, 48, 199:

hostem e campo,

Liv. 3, 61, 8: exigor patria, Naev. ap. Non. 291, 4:

aliquem domo,

Liv. 39, 11, 2:

aliquem campo,

id. 37, 41, 12:

omnes foras,

Plaut. Aul. 3, 1, 7:

adcolas ultra famam,

Plin. 2, 68, 68, § 175:

exacti reges,

driven away, Cic. de Or. 1, 9, 37; cf.:

Tarquinio exacto,

id. Rep. 1, 40:

anno post Tarquinios exactos,

Tac. A. 11, 22:

Orestes exactus furiis,

driven, tormented, Ov. Tr. 4, 4, 70:

virum a se,

Plaut. Mil. 4, 6, 62:

uxorem,

to put away, divorce, Ter. Hec. 2, 1, 45; Suet. Caes. 50; id. Claud. 26; cf.: illam suam (uxorem) suas res sibi habere jussit ex duodecim tabulis; claves ademit;

exegit,

turned her out of the house, Cic. Phil. 2, 28, 69: aliquem vitā, i. e. to kill, Sen. de Ira, 1, 6: corpus e stratis, to raise up or out, Sil. 16, 234:

maculam,

to take out, Suet. Aug. 94: et sacer admissas exigit Hebrus aquas, pours out into the sea, Ov. H. 2, 114; of weapons, to thrust from one, thrust, drive:

non circumspectis exactum viribus ensem Fregit,

thrust, impelled, Ov. M. 5, 171; so,

ensem,

Luc. 8, 656; cf.:

ensem per medium juvenem,

plunges through the middle, Verg. A. 10, 815:

gladium per viscera,

Flor. 4, 2, 68:

tela in aliquem,

Sen. Cons. ad Marc. 16;

hence: aliquem hastā,

i. e. to thrust through, transfix, Val. Fl. 6, 572.—Mid.:

quae (hasta) cervice exacta est,

passed out, passed through, Ov. M. 5, 138: prope sub conatu adversarii manus exigenda, to be put forth, raised (for a blow), Quint. 6, 4, 8 Spald.:

(capellas) a grege in campos, hircos in caprilia,

to drive out, Varr. R. R. 2, 3, 8:

sues pastum,

id. ib. 2, 4, 6:

radices altius,

to send out, Cels. 5, 28, 14; cf.:

vitis uvas,

Col. 3, 2, 10; 3, 6, 2; Cels. 8, 1 med. —

In partic.

A scenic t. t., to drive off, i. e. hiss off a piece or a player from the stage (rare):

spectandae (fabulae) an exigendae sint vobis prius,

Ter. And. prol. 27 Ruhnk.; so, fabulas, id. Hec. prol. alt. 4; id. ib. 7.—

To demand, require, enforce, exact payment of a debt, taxes, etc., or the performance of any other duty (very freq.;

syn.: posco, postulo, flagito, contendo, etc.): ad eas pecunias exigendas legatos misimus,

Cic. Fam. 13, 11, 1: pecunias a civitatibus, id. Div. ap. Caecil. 10, 33:

acerbissime pecunias imperatas,

Caes. B. C. 3, 32; cf. id. ib. 1, 6 fin.; Cic. Pis. 16, 38; id. N. D. 3, 34, 84:

quaternos denarios,

id. Font. 5, 9:

tributa,

id. Fam. 3, 7, 3:

pensionem,

id. ib. 6, 18, 5:

nomina sua,

id. Verr. 2, 1, 10, § 28:

mercedem,

id. Lael. 21, 80 et saep.:

equitum peditumque certum numerum a civitatibus Siciliae,

Caes. B. C. 1, 30, 4:

obsides ab Apolloniatibus,

id. ib. 3, 12, 1:

viam,

to demand the construction of a road, Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 59, § 154; Liv. 42, 3, 7:

a quoquam ne pejeret,

Juv. 13, 36.—Esp.: rationem, to exact an account:

ut Athenienses rationibus exigendis non vacarent,

Val. Max. 3, 1, ext. 1; Plin. Ep. 10, 81, 1:

libertorum nomina a quibus ratio exigi posset,

Suet. Aug. 101 fin. —

In pass.: exigor aliquid, to be solicited, dunned for money, etc. (post-class.): exigor portorium, id est, exigitur de me portorium, Caecil. ap. Gell. 15, 14, 5; id. ap. Non. 106, 24: (Rib. Com. Fragm. p. 51): sese pecunias maximas exactos esse, Q. Metell. Numid. ap. Gell. 15, 14, 2; Dig. 23, 4, 32.—

To examine, inquire into (post-Aug.):

nec illae (conjuges) numerare aut exigere plagas pavent,

Tac. G. 7 fin. (so Ritter, Halm, with all MSS., cf. Holzmann ad loc.; al. exugere, said to have been the read. of a lost codex, the Arundelianus; cf. exsugo); cf.:

exactum et a Titidio Labeone, cur omisisset, etc.,

id. A. 2, 85.—

Of places, to go or pass beyond, to pass by, leave behind ( poet. and in post-Aug. prose):

cum primus equis exegit anhelis Phoebus Athon,

Val. Fl. 2, 75; cf. Prop. 3, 20, 11 (4, 20, 3 M.):

Troglodytae hibernum mare exigunt circa brumam,

Plin. 12, 19, 42, § 87.—

In mercant. lang., to dispose of, sell:

agrorum exigere fructus,

Liv. 34, 9, 9 Drak.: mercibus exactis, Col. poët. 10, 317. —

Mathemat. t. t., to apply to a standard or measure, i. e. to examine, try, measure, weigh by any thing:

ad perpendiculum columnas,

Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 51, § 133:

materiam ad regulam et libellam,

Plin. 36, 25, 63, § 188:

pondus margaritarum sua manu,

Suet. Caes. 47; cf.:

aliquid mensura,

Plin. 17, 21, 35, § 159.

Trop.

In gen., to drive out, expel (very rare):

locus, Ubi labore lassitudo exigunda ex corpore,

Plaut. Capt. 5, 4, 4: frigus atque horrorem vestimentis, Lucil. ap. Non. 291, 8.—Far more freq. and class.,

In partic.

(Acc. to I. B. 2.) To require, demand, claim any thing due:

ego vero et exspectabo ea quae polliceris, neque exigam, nisi tuo commodo,

Cic. Brut. 4, 17:

aliquid exigere magis quam rogare,

id. Fam. 2, 6, 1:

longiores litteras exspectabo vel potius exigam,

id. ib. 15, 16, 1:

omnibus ex rebus voluptatem quasi mercedem,

id. Fin. 2, 22, 73:

ab hoc acerbius exegit natura quod dederat,

demanded back, reclaimed, id. Tusc. 1, 39, 93 Klotz.:

non ut a poëta, sed ut a teste veritatem exigunt,

id. Leg. 1, 1, 4:

has toties optata exegit gloria poenas,

has cost, Juv. 10, 187:

poenas,

to take vengeance, id. 10, 84:

de vulnere poenas,

Ov. M. 14, 478: poenam (alicui), Sen. de Ira, 2, 22 fin.; Ov. F. 4, 230:

gravia piacula ab aliquo,

Liv. 29, 18, 18 et saep.—With ut:

exigerem ex te cogeremque, ut responderes,

Cic. Fin. 2, 35, 119; 4, 28, 80; cf.:

Calypso exigit fata ducis,

questions, inquires into, Ov. A. A. 2, 130:

exactum a marito, cur, etc.,

Tac. A. 2, 85:

exigite ut mores seu pollice ducat,

Juv. 7, 237 sq. —With an object-clause:

exigimus potuisse eum eo tempore testamentum facere,

Dig. 29, 7, 8; 24, 3, 2.— Absol.:

in exigendo non acerbum,

Cic. Off. 2, 18, 64:

cum res exiget,

Quint. 5, 11, 5; 10, 3, 3; cf.:

ut res exiget,

id. 12, 10, 69:

si communis utilitas exegerit,

id. 12, 1, 37.— Esp.: rationem, to require an account:

rerum gestarum,

Just. 19, 2, 6:

numquid rationem exiges, cum tibi aliquis hos dixerit versus?

an explanation, Sen. Ep. 94, 28; Plin. Ep. 19, 9.—

Of time, life, etc., to lead, spend, pass, complete, finish:

non novisse quicum aetatem exegerim,

Plaut. Trin. 4, 2, 111; id. Capt. 3, 5, 62:

tecum aetatem,

id. Mil. 4, 2, 48; 4, 6, 60; id. Cas. 2, 5, 12:

ut te dignam mala malam aetatem exigas,

id. Aul. 1, 1, 4: vitam taetre, Cat. Or. inc. 15; Ter. Heaut. 2, 3, 39:

cum maerore graviorem vitam,

Sall. J. 14, 15; 85, 49; Plin. 7, 44, 45, § 139; Vitr. 2, 1, 4; Val. Max. 3, 5, 4 al.:

vitae tempus,

Sen. Ep. 2, 2; Val. Max. 3, 3, ext. 6:

jam ad pariendum temporibus exactis,

Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 18, § 48: qui exacta aetate moriuntur, at the close of the vigorous period of life, Cic. Tusc. 1, 39, 93; id. Verr. 2, 5, 8, § 21; Sall. J. 6, 2; Liv. 2, 40, 11 al.:

mediam dies exegerat horam,

Ov. Am. 1, 5, 1:

aevum,

Lucr. 4, 1235; Verg. A. 7, 777; Ov. M. 12, 209:

tristissimam noctem,

Petr. 115:

diem supremum noctemque,

Tac. A. 3, 16:

ullum tempus jucundius,

Plin. Ep. 3, 1, 1:

jam aestatem exactam esse,

Sall. J. 61, 1:

per exactos annos,

at the end of every year, Hor. C. 3, 22, 6:

exacto per scelera die,

Tac. H. 1, 47; id. A. 3, 16; so,

exacto quadriennio,

Plin. 2, 47, 48, § 130; Verg. G. 3, 190; Stat. S. 2, 2, 47.—

To conduct, urge forward, superintend, drive:

opus,

Ov. M. 14, 218; Col. 3, 13, 11.—

To bring to an end, to conclude, finish, complete a thing ( poet. and in post-Aug. prose):

exegi monumentum aere perennius,

Hor. C. 3, 30, 1:

opus,

Ov. R. Am. 811; id. M. 15, 871:

exactus tenui pumice versus eat,

Prop. 3, 1, 8; Verg. A. 6, 637:

commentarii ita sunt exacti, ut, etc.,

Quint. 10, 7, 30:

eandem gracilitatem stilo exigere condiscant,

to reach, attain to, id. 1, 9, 2.—

To determine, ascertain, find out:

sociisque exacta referre,

his discoveries, Verg. A. 1, 309:

non prius exacta tenui ratione saporum,

before he has ascertained, Hor. S. 2, 4, 36.— Pass. impers.:

non tamen exactum, quid agat,

Ov. F. 3, 637; cf. id. Am, 3, 7, 16. —

(Acc. to I. B. 3.) To weigh, try, prove, measure, examine, adjust, estimate, consider, = examinare, ponderare (class. but perh. not in Cic.): si ad illam summam veritatem legitimum jus exegeris, etc., Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 6, 1; cf.: nolite ad vestras leges atque instituta exigere ea, quae Lacedaemone fiunt, to estimate by the standard of, etc., Liv. 34, 31, 17; so,

opus ad vires suas,

Ov. A. A. 2, 502:

si omnia argumenta ad obrussam coeperimus exigere,

Sen. Q. N. 4, 5, 1; cf.:

principatus tuus ad obrussam exigitur,

id. de Clem. 1, 1, 6:

se ad aliquem,

id. Ep. 11 fin.:

regulam emendate loquendi,

Quint. 1, 5, 2:

illa non nisi aure exiguntur, quae fiunt per sonos,

are judged of, id. 1, 5, 19; cf. id. 1, 4, 7.—

To treat, consult, deliberate respecting something, = considerare, deliberare (class. but not in Cic.): de his rebus ut exigeret cum eo, Furnio mandavi, Planc. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 24, 7:

cum aliquo,

Plin. Ep. 6, 12, 3; cf.:

secum aliquid,

Verg. A. 4, 476; Ov. M. 10, 587; Sen. Ep. 27:

de aliqua re coram,

Plin. Ep. 9, 26, 13:

haec exigentes hostes oppressere,

Liv. 22, 49, 12:

quid dicendum, quid tacendum, quid differendum sit, exigere consilii est,

Quint. 6, 5, 5.—

To endure, undergo:

aerumnam,

Plaut. Capt. 5, 4, 12. —Hence, exactus, a, um, P. a. (acc. to I. B. 5., measured; hence), precise, accurate, exact (poet and in post-Aug. prose):

difficile est, quot ceciderint, exacto affirmare numero,

Liv. 3, 5, 12:

acies falcis,

Plin. 17, 27, 42, § 251:

fides,

Ov. Pont. 4, 9, 46.— Comp.:

cura,

Suet. Tib. 18; Mart. 4, 87, 4. — Sup.:

diligentia,

Front. Aquaed. 89:

vir,

Plin. Ep. 8, 23, 5.—With gen.:

Mamurius, morum fabraene exactior artis, Difficile est dicere,

Ov. F. 3, 383.— Adv.: exacte, exactly, precisely, accurately:

ut exacte perorantibus mos est,

Sid. Ep. 7, 9.— Comp.: dicere, disserere, Mel. Prooem. § 2; Gell. 1, 3, 21.— Sup.:

pascere,

Sid. Ep. 5, 11.

grassor, ātus, 1 ( inf. pres. grassarier, Prud. Ham. 651; act. collat. form grassabamus, App. M. 7, 7), v. dep. n. and a. [gradior], to go, go about (not in Cic. and Cæs.; cf.: gradior, incedo, vado, pergo).

Lit.

In gen. (mostly ante-class.):

hoc grassari gradu,

Plaut. Poen. 3, 1, 11:

siccine hic cum uvida veste grassabimur?

id. Rud. 1, 4, 31; id. Bacch. 5, 2, 19: sine eam pedibus grassari, Titin. ap. Non. 316, 3:

recte grassatur via,

Nov. ib. 5; Ov. Tr. 2, 477:

certum'st moriri, quam hunc pati grassari lenonem in me,

come about me, approach me, Plaut. Rud. 3, 3, 22.—

Of things:

(aranĕus) quanta arte celat pedicas scutulato rete grassantes,

going about, moving around, Plin. 11, 24, 28, § 81:

per omnes nervos articulosque humore pestifero grassante,

Just. 23, 2:

neque avaritia solum, sed etiam crudelitas in capta urbe grassata est,

Curt. 5, 6, 6.—

In partic.

To go loitering or rioting about (cf. grassator, I.): se in juventutem grassantem in Subura incidisse, Liv. 3, 13, 2:

per omnia clandestina grassari scelera latrociniorum, id 42, 18, 1: ubi Caesarem esse qui grassaretur pernotuit,

Tac. A. 13, 25.—Hence, of parasites, i. q. adulari, to pay one's court to, to flatter, fawn upon: grassari antiqui ponebant pro adulari, Paul. ex Fest. p. 97 Müll.—

To go about with thievish designs, to lie in wait: grassari dicuntur latrones vias obsidentes, Paul. ex Fest. p. 97 Müll. (cf. grassator, II.):

in umbris,

Anthol. Lat. 2, 186, 42 sq.:

silurus grassatur, ubicumque est, omne animal appetens,

Plin. 9, 15, 17, § 45.—Hence,

With acc., to fall upon, assault, attack:

turmas,

Stat. Th. 8, 571.

Trop.

In gen., to go, proceed, or act in any manner: saepe hac eadem sum grassatus via, Nov. ap. Non. 316, 7; cf.:

consimili grassantur via,

Afran. ib. 9:

ubi animus ad gloriam virtutis via grassatur,

Sall. J. 1, 3:

grassandum ad clara periclis,

Sil. 1, 570:

(assertor) ait, se jure grassari, non vi,

that he was proceeding, Liv. 3, 44, 8:

longe alia via grassabantur,

id. 2, 27, 7:

consilio grassandum, si nihil vires juvarent, ratus,

id. 10, 14, 13:

mutua dissimulatione et iisdem, quibus petebatur, artibus grassatur,

Tac. H. 4, 56:

cupidine atque irā, pessimis consultoribus,

Sall. J. 64, 5:

obsequio,

to act obsequiously, Hor. S. 2, 5, 93:

dolo,

to act cunningly, Tac. H. 4, 16:

assentando multitudini grassari,

Liv. 45, 23, 9:

superbe avareque in provincia grassatos,

Suet. Aug. 67.—

In partic., to attack, proceed against; to proceed with violence, act harshly, rage, rage against. —Constr.: in aliquid and in or adversus aliquem:

trecenti conjuravimus principes juventutis Romanae, ut in te hac via grassaremur,

Liv. 2, 12, 15; cf.:

in possessionem agri publici grassari,

id. 6, 5, 4:

in externos grassari,

Suet. Ner. 36:

adversus omnis aevi hominum genus grassari,

id. Calig. 34; cf.:

qui cum contemptu religionis grassatus etiam adversus deos fuerat,

Just. 1, 9:

ita bacchantem atque grassantem adoriri,

Suet. Calig. 56:

omni rapinarum genere grassati,

id. Vesp. 6:

diverso vitiorum genere,

id. Galb. 14; cf.:

placuit veneno grassari,

Tac. H. 3, 39; id. A. 15, 60.— Absol.:

Ii (sagitarii) dum eminus grassabantur,

Tac. A. 4, 47.—

Of abstract subjects: accusatorum major in dies et infestior vis sine levamento grassabatur,

Tac. A. 4, 66:

ut clausis unam intra domum accusatoribus et reis, paucorum potentia grassaretur,

id. ib. 13, 4:

dicemus de his (malis), quae totis corporibus grassantur,

Plin. 26, 11, 67, § 107; cf.:

haec (vitia) in pueris grassari, illa in adultis,

id. 26, 1, 3, § 4:

mala vestra,... alia grassantia extrinsecus, alia in visceribus ipsis ardentia,

Sen. Vit. B. 27, 6:

rabidorum more luporum Crimina persultant toto grassantia campo,

Prud. Psych. 468:

grassandi in re familiari facultas,

of wasting, plundering, Dig. 26, 10, 6.—Fig.:

nec ferro grassatur saepius ullum mentis vitium quam cupido, etc.,

Juv. 14, 174.—

With acc. (cf. above, I. B. 2. b.):

simulque Romam pestilentia grassabatur,

Aur. Vict. Caes. 33, 5.— P. a.: grassans, ntis, m., as subst., a robber, thief:

quicquid Lycurgi villa grassantibus praebuisset,

Petr. 117, 3; App. M. 8, p. 209, 3:

sublatis susceptoribus grassantium cupido conquiescit,

Paul. Sent. 5, 3, 4.

grassor, ātus, 1 ( inf. pres. grassarier, Prud. Ham. 651; act. collat. form grassabamus, App. M. 7, 7), v. dep. n. and a. [gradior], to go, go about (not in Cic. and Cæs.; cf.: gradior, incedo, vado, pergo).

Lit.

In gen. (mostly ante-class.):

hoc grassari gradu,

Plaut. Poen. 3, 1, 11:

siccine hic cum uvida veste grassabimur?

id. Rud. 1, 4, 31; id. Bacch. 5, 2, 19: sine eam pedibus grassari, Titin. ap. Non. 316, 3:

recte grassatur via,

Nov. ib. 5; Ov. Tr. 2, 477:

certum'st moriri, quam hunc pati grassari lenonem in me,

come about me, approach me, Plaut. Rud. 3, 3, 22.—

Of things:

(aranĕus) quanta arte celat pedicas scutulato rete grassantes,

going about, moving around, Plin. 11, 24, 28, § 81:

per omnes nervos articulosque humore pestifero grassante,

Just. 23, 2:

neque avaritia solum, sed etiam crudelitas in capta urbe grassata est,

Curt. 5, 6, 6.—

In partic.

To go loitering or rioting about (cf. grassator, I.): se in juventutem grassantem in Subura incidisse, Liv. 3, 13, 2:

per omnia clandestina grassari scelera latrociniorum, id 42, 18, 1: ubi Caesarem esse qui grassaretur pernotuit,

Tac. A. 13, 25.—Hence, of parasites, i. q. adulari, to pay one's court to, to flatter, fawn upon: grassari antiqui ponebant pro adulari, Paul. ex Fest. p. 97 Müll.—

To go about with thievish designs, to lie in wait: grassari dicuntur latrones vias obsidentes, Paul. ex Fest. p. 97 Müll. (cf. grassator, II.):

in umbris,

Anthol. Lat. 2, 186, 42 sq.:

silurus grassatur, ubicumque est, omne animal appetens,

Plin. 9, 15, 17, § 45.—Hence,

With acc., to fall upon, assault, attack:

turmas,

Stat. Th. 8, 571.

Trop.

In gen., to go, proceed, or act in any manner: saepe hac eadem sum grassatus via, Nov. ap. Non. 316, 7; cf.:

consimili grassantur via,

Afran. ib. 9:

ubi animus ad gloriam virtutis via grassatur,

Sall. J. 1, 3:

grassandum ad clara periclis,

Sil. 1, 570:

(assertor) ait, se jure grassari, non vi,

that he was proceeding, Liv. 3, 44, 8:

longe alia via grassabantur,

id. 2, 27, 7:

consilio grassandum, si nihil vires juvarent, ratus,

id. 10, 14, 13:

mutua dissimulatione et iisdem, quibus petebatur, artibus grassatur,

Tac. H. 4, 56:

cupidine atque irā, pessimis consultoribus,

Sall. J. 64, 5:

obsequio,

to act obsequiously, Hor. S. 2, 5, 93:

dolo,

to act cunningly, Tac. H. 4, 16:

assentando multitudini grassari,

Liv. 45, 23, 9:

superbe avareque in provincia grassatos,

Suet. Aug. 67.—

In partic., to attack, proceed against; to proceed with violence, act harshly, rage, rage against. —Constr.: in aliquid and in or adversus aliquem:

trecenti conjuravimus principes juventutis Romanae, ut in te hac via grassaremur,

Liv. 2, 12, 15; cf.:

in possessionem agri publici grassari,

id. 6, 5, 4:

in externos grassari,

Suet. Ner. 36:

adversus omnis aevi hominum genus grassari,

id. Calig. 34; cf.:

qui cum contemptu religionis grassatus etiam adversus deos fuerat,

Just. 1, 9:

ita bacchantem atque grassantem adoriri,

Suet. Calig. 56:

omni rapinarum genere grassati,

id. Vesp. 6:

diverso vitiorum genere,

id. Galb. 14; cf.:

placuit veneno grassari,

Tac. H. 3, 39; id. A. 15, 60.— Absol.:

Ii (sagitarii) dum eminus grassabantur,

Tac. A. 4, 47.—

Of abstract subjects: accusatorum major in dies et infestior vis sine levamento grassabatur,

Tac. A. 4, 66:

ut clausis unam intra domum accusatoribus et reis, paucorum potentia grassaretur,

id. ib. 13, 4:

dicemus de his (malis), quae totis corporibus grassantur,

Plin. 26, 11, 67, § 107; cf.:

haec (vitia) in pueris grassari, illa in adultis,

id. 26, 1, 3, § 4:

mala vestra,... alia grassantia extrinsecus, alia in visceribus ipsis ardentia,

Sen. Vit. B. 27, 6:

rabidorum more luporum Crimina persultant toto grassantia campo,

Prud. Psych. 468:

grassandi in re familiari facultas,

of wasting, plundering, Dig. 26, 10, 6.—Fig.:

nec ferro grassatur saepius ullum mentis vitium quam cupido, etc.,

Juv. 14, 174.—

With acc. (cf. above, I. B. 2. b.):

simulque Romam pestilentia grassabatur,

Aur. Vict. Caes. 33, 5.— P. a.: grassans, ntis, m., as subst., a robber, thief:

quicquid Lycurgi villa grassantibus praebuisset,

Petr. 117, 3; App. M. 8, p. 209, 3:

sublatis susceptoribus grassantium cupido conquiescit,

Paul. Sent. 5, 3, 4.

impĕro ( inp-), āvi, ātum, 1 (archaic form, imperassit, Cic. Leg. 3, 3, 6, and induperantum = imperantium, Enn. Ann. v. 413 Vahl.), v. a. and n. [in-paro], to command, order, enjoin (cf.: jubeo, praecipio, mando).

In gen., constr. with acc., an inf. or an object-clause, a relative-clause, with ut, ne, or the simple subj., with the simple dat. or absol.

With acc. (and dat. personæ):

faciendum id nobis quod parentes imperant,

Plaut. Stich. 1, 1, 53:

fac quod imperat,

id. Poen. 5, 3, 29; Ter. Hec. 2, 2, 2:

quae imperarentur, facere dixerunt,

Caes. B. G. 2, 32, 3:

numquid aliud imperas?

Ter. Eun. 2, 1, 7; id. Heaut. 4, 3, 26:

sto exspectans, si quid mihi imperent,

id. Eun. 3, 5, 46:

nonnumquam etiam puerum vocaret: credo, cui cenam imperaret,

i. e. ordered to get him his supper, Cic. Rosc. Am. 21, 59:

imperat ei nuptias,

Quint. 7, 1, 14:

vigilias,

id. 11, 3, 26:

certum modum,

id. 11, 2, 27:

moram et sollicitudinem initiis impero,

id. 10, 3, 9: graves dominae cogitationum libidines infinita quaedam cogunt atque imperant, Cic. Fragm. ap. Non. 424, 30 (Rep. 6, 1 Mos.):

utque Imperet hoc natura potens,

Hor. S. 2, 1, 51.—In pass.:

arma imperata a populo Romano,

Liv. 40, 34, 9:

quod ipsum imperari optimum est,

Quint. 2, 5, 6:

imperata pensa,

id. 3, 7, 6:

exemplar imperatae schemae,

Suet. Tib. 43.—

With inf. or an object-clause (esp. freq. in the post-Aug. per.; in Cic. and Cæs. only with inf. pass. or dep.):

animo nunc jam otioso esse impero,

Ter. And. 5, 2, 1:

imperavi egomet mihi omnia assentari,

id. Eun. 2, 2, 21:

jungere equos Titan velocibus imperat Horis,

Ov. M. 2, 118; 3, 4:

nec minus in certo dentes cadere imperat aetas Tempore,

Lucr. 5, 672:

has omnes actuarias imperat fieri,

Caes. B. G. 5, 1, 3:

pericula vilia habere,

Sall. C. 16, 2:

frumentum conportare,

id. J. 48, 2; Hirt. B. G. 8, 27; Curt. 10, 1, 19; Tac. A. 2, 25:

Liviam ad se deduci imperavit,

Suet. Calig. 25; id. Aug. 27; id. Tib. 60.—In pass.: in has lautumias, si qui publice custodiendi sunt, ex ceteris oppidis deduci imperantur, Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 27, § 69.—

act.:

haec ego procurare et idoneus imperor,

Hor. Ep. 1, 5, 21. —

With a rel.-clause (very rare):

imperabat coram, quid opus facto esset puerperae,

Ter. And. 3, 2, 10:

quin tu, quod faciam, impera,

id. Phorm. 1, 4, 46; Plaut. Curc. 1, 1, 3 and 6; id. Capt. 2, 3, 10.—

With ut, ne, or the simple subj.:

ecce Apollo mihi ex oraculo imperat, Ut, etc.,

Plaut. Men. 5, 2, 87:

his, uti conquirerent et reducerent, imperavit,

Caes. B. G. 1, 28, 1:

consulibus designatis imperavit senatus, ut, etc.,

Liv. 42, 28, 7: quibus negotium a senatu est imperatum, ut, etc., S. C. ap. Front. Aquaed. 104; Petr. 1:

mihi, ne abscedam, imperat,

Ter. Eun. 3, 5, 30:

Caesar suis imperavit, ne, etc.,

Caes. B. G. 1, 46, 2; 2, 32, 2; 3, 89, 4:

letoque det imperat Argum,

Ov. M. 1, 670; 13, 659. —

With simple dat.:

si huic imperabo, probe tectum habebo,

Plaut. Most. 4, 1, 14 (cf. above a):

aliquid alicui,

Ter. Eun. 3, 5, 46; Cic. Rosc. Am. 21, 59. —

Absol.: Pa. Jubesne? Ch. Jubeo, cogo atque impero, Ter. Eun. 2, 3, 97:

si quid opus est, impera,

Plaut. Am. 3, 3, 1:

impera, si quid vis,

id. Aul. 2, 1, 23:

omnia faciam: impera,

Ter. Heaut. 5, 5, 11:

quidvis oneris impone, impera,

id. And. 5, 3, 26.

In partic.

In publicists' lang., to order to be furnished or supplied, to give orders for, make a requisition for:

cum frumentum sibi in cellam imperavisset (Verrem),

Cic. Div. in Caecil. 10, 30:

quem (numerum frumenti) ei civitati imperas emendum,

id. Verr. 2, 3, 74, § 173:

negas fratrem meum pecuniam ullam in remiges imperasse,

id. Fl. 14, 33:

pecuniam,

id. ib. § 32; cf.:

argenti pondo ducenta milia Jugurthae,

Sall. J. 62, 5:

arma,

Caes. B. C. 1, 6 fin.:

equites civitatibus,

id. B. G. 6, 4 fin.; cf.:

quam maximum militum numerum provinciae toti,

id. ib. 1, 7, 2:

obsides reliquis civitatibus,

id. ib. 7, 64, 1; so, obsides Cic. de Imp. Pomp. 12, 35; Suet. Caes. 25. —

In publicists' and milit. lang., alicui or absol., to command, govern, rule over:

his (magistratibus) praescribendus est imperandi modus... qui modeste paret, videtur, qui aliquando imperet, dignus esse,

Cic. Leg. 3, 2, 5; cf.:

sic noster populus in pace et domi imperat,

id. Rep. 1, 40:

nulla est tam stulta civitas, quae non injuste imperare malit, quam servire juste,

id. ib. 3, 18; cf.

also: cum is, qui imperat aliis, servit ipse nulli cupiditati,

id. ib. 1, 34:

omnibus gentibus ac nationibus terra marique imperare,

id. de Imp. Pomp. 19, 56; cf.:

jus esse belli, ut, qui vicissent, iis, quos vicissent, quemadmodum vellent imperarent,

Caes. B. G. 1, 36, 1:

Jugurtha omni Numidiae imperare parat,

Sall. J. 13, 2:

quot nationibus imperabat,

Quint. 11, 2, 50:

clarus Anchisae Venerisque sanguis Imperet,

Hor. Carm. Sec. 51; cf. id. C. 3, 6, 5:

recusabat imperare,

i. e. to be emperor, Plin. Pan. 5, 5; cf.:

ipsum quandoque imperaturum,

Suet. Claud. 3; id. Galb. 4; id. Oth. 4; id. Vit. 14; id. Tit. 2 et saep.— Hence,

Ad imperandum, to receive orders or instructions:

nunc ades ad imperandum, vel ad parendum potius: sic enim antiqui loquebantur,

Cic. Fam. 9, 25, 2; cf.:

cum ipse ad imperandum Tisidium vocaretur,

Sall. J. 62, 8 Kritz.—

Transf., beyond the publicist's sphere, to command, master, govern, rule, control:

liberis,

Ter. Ad. 1, 1, 51:

imperare sibi, maximum imperium est,

Sen. Ep. 113 fin.:

ut nobismet ipsis imperemus,

Cic. Tusc. 2, 21, 47:

cum homines cupiditatibus iis, quibus ceteri serviunt, imperabunt,

id. Lael. 22, 82:

accensae irae,

Ov. M. 9, 28:

dolori,

Plin. Ep. 8, 19, 2:

lacrimis,

Sil. 2, 652:

amori suo,

Petr. 83:

ingenio suo,

Sen. Contr. 1 praef. med.; cf.:

imperare animo nequivi, quin, priusquam perirem, cur periturus essem, scirem,

Liv. 34, 31, 2: quibus egestas imperat, rules, governs, Enn. ap. Cic. Div. 1, 58, 132 (Trag. v. 357 Vahl.): imperat arvis, holds control over, i. e. forces to be productive, Verg. G. 1, 99; cf.:

sola terrae seges imperatur,

Tac. G. 26:

fertilibus agris non est imperandum,

Sen. Tranq. 15:

sic imperant vitibus et eas multis palmitibus onerant,

Col. 3, 3, 6:

alius patrimonio suo plus imperavit quam ferre possit,

Sen. Tranq. 4; cf.

also trop.: tamquam nescias, cui imperem: Epicurum,

id. Ep. 29 fin.:

dum per continuos dies nimis imperat voci, rursus sanguinem reddidit,

Plin. Ep. 5, 19, 6: imperat ergo viro [p. 902] (mulier), Juv. 6, 224.— Absol.:

animum rege, qui, nisi paret, Imperat,

Hor. Ep. 1, 2, 63:

permittat, an vetet an imperet (lex),

Quint. 7, 7, 7:

(eloquentia) hic regnat, hic imperat, hic sola vincit,

id. 7, 4, 24.—

In publicists' lang., to order the citizens to assemble, to summon:

dein consul eloquitur ad exercitum: Impero qua convenit ad comitia centuriata,

Varr. L. L. 6, § 88 Müll.; Gell. 15, 27, 4;

so comically,

Plaut. Capt. 1, 2, 52; cf. id. Cist. 1, 1, 60.—

In medic. lang., to order, prescribe: non idem imperassem omnibus per diversa aegrotantibus, Sen. de Ira, 1, 16; Plin. 24, 1, 1, § 5:

si vires patiuntur, imperanda tridui abstinentia est,

Cels. 7, 20.—

In gram.:

imperandi declinatus,

i. e. inflections of the imperative, Varr. L. L. 10, § 32 Müll.— Hence, impĕ-rātum, i, n., that which is commanded, a command, order:

jussus arma abicere, imperatum facit,

executes the order, obeys, Caes. B. G. 5, 37, 1; freq. in plur.:

imperata facere,

id. ib. 2, 3, 3; 5, 20 fin.; 6, 10, 3; id. B. C. 1, 60, 1; 2, 12, 4; 3, 34, 2 al.; cf.:

imperata detrectare,

Suet. Caes. 54:

Senones ad imperatum non venire,

according to orders, as ordered, Caes. B. G. 6, 2, 3.

incertus, a, um (archaic gen. plur. incertūm, Pac. ap. Non. 495, 27), adj. [2. incertus; hence, acc. to certus].

Object., of things whose (external or internal) qualities are not firmly established, uncertain, unsettled, doubtful, untrustworthy, not fast, not firm (class.): amicus certus in re incerta cernitur, Enn. ap. Cic. Lael. 17, 64 (Trag. v. 428 Vahl.); cf. id. ap. Non. 166, 22 (Trag. v. 12 Vahl.):

incerti socii an hostes essent,

Liv. 30, 35, 9:

incertus (infans) masculus an femina esset,

id. 31, 12, 6; cf. Sall. J. 49, 5:

cum incerta bellum an pax cum Celtiberis essent,

Liv. 34, 19, 8 Weissenb.: spe incerta certum mihi laborem sustuli, Ter. Hec. prol. alt. 9; id. And. 2, 3, 16:

nuptiae,

id. ib. 5, 1, 11:

aetas (puerilis) maxime lubrica atque incerta,

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 52, § 137:

itinera,

Caes. B. G. 5, 37 fin.:

dominatus,

Cic. Rep. 1, 17:

status,

id. ib. 1, 26:

sedes,

Sall. C. 6, 1:

ambiguae testis incertaeque rei,

Juv. 8, 81:

comarum Anulus incertā non bene fixus acu,

not fast, Mart. 2, 66, 2:

colligere incertos et in ordine ponere crines,

dishevelled, Ov. Am. 1, 11, 1:

per incertam lunam sub luce maligna,

not clearly visible, dim, Verg. A. 6, 270:

soles,

id. ib. 3, 203:

securis,

that did not strike with a sure blow, id. ib. 2, 224:

vultus,

disturbed, uneasy, Sall. J. 106, 2:

ille vitam suam ad incertissimam spem reservavit,

Cic. Sest. 22, 50: arbori incertae nullam prudentia cani Rectoris cum ferret opem, the ship uncertain in her course, because no longer obeying the helm, Juv. 12, 32 Halm. — In neutr. ellipt.:

clauserant portas incertum vi an voluntate,

Liv. 31, 41, 2; 31, 43, 7 al. — Neutr. as adv. ( poet.):

incertum vigilans,

Ov. H. 10, 9; Stat. Th. 5, 212. —

Subject., as respects one's perceptions or convictions, not firmly established, uncertain, undetermined, doubtful, dubious (so most freq. in prose and poetry):

nihil est incertius vulgo,

Cic. Mur. 17, 36:

casus,

id. Or. 28, 98:

ut alia certa, alia incerta esse dicunt,

id. Off. 2, 2, 7; cf.: est igitur ridiculum, quod est dubium, id relinquere incertum, id. Mur. 32, 68; and:

incerta atque dubia,

Plin. 17, 1, 1, § 9 fin.:

ut incertis temporibus diversisque itineribus iretur,

Caes. B. G. 7, 16 fin.; so,

eventus reliqui temporis,

Cic. Quint. 26, 83:

exitus pugnarum,

id. Mil. 21, 56:

adulterium,

Quint. 7, 2, 52:

auctor,

id. 5, 11, 41:

cujus ora puellares faciunt incerta capilli,

make the sex doubtful, Juv. 15, 137:

incerta persona heres institui non potest,

Ulp. Fragm. 22, 4; Gai. Inst. 2, 242; cf. 2, 238.—

With rel. or interrog.-clause:

nunc mihi incertumst, abeam an maneam,

Plaut. Aul. 4, 9, 19:

moriendum certe est, et id incertum, an hoc ipso die,

Cic. Sen. 20, 74; cf. Quint. 1, 6, 27:

(Gallus) avem, an gentem, an nomen, an fortunam corporis significet, incertum est,

id. 7, 9, 2:

confessus est quidem sed incertum, utrum quia verum erat, an quia, etc.,

Plin. Ep. 4, 11, 5:

neque plane occultati humilitate arborum et tamen incerti, quidnam esset,

Sall. J. 49, 5 Kritz.— Abl. absol.:

multi annantes navibus incerto prae tenebris, quid aut peterent aut vitarent, foede interierunt,

Liv. 28, 36, 12.—

Subst.: incer-tum, i, n., an uncertainty:

quicquid incerti mihi in animo prius aut ambiguum fuit, Nunc liquet, nunc defaecatum est,

Plaut. Ps. 2, 4, 69:

ne cujus incerti vanique auctor esset,

Liv. 4, 13, 9:

incerta maris et tempestatum,

Tac. A. 3, 54:

incerta fortunae experiri,

Plin. Ep. 3, 19, 4:

incerta belli,

Liv. 30, 2:

bona, fortunae possessionesque omnium in dubium incertumque revocabuntur,

Cic. Caecin. 27, 76; cf. id. ib. 13, 38:

Minucius praefectus annonae in incertum creatus,

for an indefinite time, Liv. 4, 13, 7:

postremo fugere an manere tutius foret, in incerto erat,

Sall. J. 38, 5:

Allobroges diu in incerto habuere, quidnam consilii caperent,

id. C. 41, 1; cf. id. J. 46, 8:

imperia ducum in incerto reliquerat,

Tac. H. 2, 33 fin. —

Transf., of a person who is in a state of uncertainty respecting any thing, uncertain, in uncertainty, hesitating, doubtful: quo ego ope mea Pro incertis certos compotesque consili Dimitto, Enn. ap. Cic. de Or. 1, 45, 199 (Trag. v. 188 Vahl.):

nolo suspensam et incertam plebem Romanam obscura spe et caeca exspectatione pendere,

Cic. Agr. 2, 25, 66; so,

varius incertusque agitabat,

Sall. J. 74, 1; Plaut. Ep. 3, 4, 3:

ego certe me incerto scio hoc daturum nemini homini,

id. As. 2, 4, 60.—

With rel.-clause:

quid dicam hisce, incertus sum,

Ter. Hec. 3, 4, 36:

cum incertus essem, ubi esses,

Cic. Att. 1, 9, 1:

incerti ignarique, quid potissimum facerent,

Sall. J. 67, 1:

incerti quidnam esset,

id. ib. 49, 5:

incertus, quonam modo aciem instrueret,

id. ib. 101, 2:

incerti, quo fata ferant, ubi sistere detur,

Verg. A. 3, 7:

incertus, Geniumne loci famulumne parentis Esse putet,

id. ib. 5, 95:

faber, incertus scamnum faceretne Priapum,

Hor. S. 1, 8, 2.—

With gen. (not in Cic.): summarum rerum incerti, Enn. ap. Cic. de Or. 1, 45, 199 (Trag. v. 187 Vahl.):

incertusque meae paene salutis eram,

Ov. Tr. 3, 3, 4:

sententiae,

Liv. 4, 57, 3:

veri,

id. 4, 23, 3; 1, 27, 6:

rerum,

id. 24, 24, 9:

ultionis,

Tac. A. 2, 75:

sui,

Stat. Th. 5, 525:

naves incertae locorum, Auct. B. Afr. 7: mox incertus animi, fesso corpore, etc.,

Tac. A. 6, 46; id. H. 3, 55 fin.:

futurorum,

Plin. Ep. 9, 13, 11:

consilii,

Curt. 8, 10, 27.—

With abl.:

incerti metu,

Val. Fl. 3, 602.—

With de and abl.:

incertus de salute alicujus,

Plin. Ep. 6, 20, 10.—Hence, adv. in two forms: incertē and incerto (both ante-class.), uncertainly, not certainly, dubiously: incerte errat animus, Enn. ap. Gell. 19, 10, 12 (Trag. v. 259 Vahl.): vagat exsul, Pac. ap. Non. 467, 25 (Trag. Rel. p. 87 Rib.):

ubi Habitet dum incerto scio,

Plaut. Ep. 3, 4, 69:

incerto scio,

id. Ps. 4, 2, 7:

incerto autumo,

id. Ep. 4, 1, 18.

impĕro ( inp-), āvi, ātum, 1 (archaic form, imperassit, Cic. Leg. 3, 3, 6, and induperantum = imperantium, Enn. Ann. v. 413 Vahl.), v. a. and n. [in-paro], to command, order, enjoin (cf.: jubeo, praecipio, mando).

In gen., constr. with acc., an inf. or an object-clause, a relative-clause, with ut, ne, or the simple subj., with the simple dat. or absol.

With acc. (and dat. personæ):

faciendum id nobis quod parentes imperant,

Plaut. Stich. 1, 1, 53:

fac quod imperat,

id. Poen. 5, 3, 29; Ter. Hec. 2, 2, 2:

quae imperarentur, facere dixerunt,

Caes. B. G. 2, 32, 3:

numquid aliud imperas?

Ter. Eun. 2, 1, 7; id. Heaut. 4, 3, 26:

sto exspectans, si quid mihi imperent,

id. Eun. 3, 5, 46:

nonnumquam etiam puerum vocaret: credo, cui cenam imperaret,

i. e. ordered to get him his supper, Cic. Rosc. Am. 21, 59:

imperat ei nuptias,

Quint. 7, 1, 14:

vigilias,

id. 11, 3, 26:

certum modum,

id. 11, 2, 27:

moram et sollicitudinem initiis impero,

id. 10, 3, 9: graves dominae cogitationum libidines infinita quaedam cogunt atque imperant, Cic. Fragm. ap. Non. 424, 30 (Rep. 6, 1 Mos.):

utque Imperet hoc natura potens,

Hor. S. 2, 1, 51.—In pass.:

arma imperata a populo Romano,

Liv. 40, 34, 9:

quod ipsum imperari optimum est,

Quint. 2, 5, 6:

imperata pensa,

id. 3, 7, 6:

exemplar imperatae schemae,

Suet. Tib. 43.—

With inf. or an object-clause (esp. freq. in the post-Aug. per.; in Cic. and Cæs. only with inf. pass. or dep.):

animo nunc jam otioso esse impero,

Ter. And. 5, 2, 1:

imperavi egomet mihi omnia assentari,

id. Eun. 2, 2, 21:

jungere equos Titan velocibus imperat Horis,

Ov. M. 2, 118; 3, 4:

nec minus in certo dentes cadere imperat aetas Tempore,

Lucr. 5, 672:

has omnes actuarias imperat fieri,

Caes. B. G. 5, 1, 3:

pericula vilia habere,

Sall. C. 16, 2:

frumentum conportare,

id. J. 48, 2; Hirt. B. G. 8, 27; Curt. 10, 1, 19; Tac. A. 2, 25:

Liviam ad se deduci imperavit,

Suet. Calig. 25; id. Aug. 27; id. Tib. 60.—In pass.: in has lautumias, si qui publice custodiendi sunt, ex ceteris oppidis deduci imperantur, Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 27, § 69.—

act.:

haec ego procurare et idoneus imperor,

Hor. Ep. 1, 5, 21. —

With a rel.-clause (very rare):

imperabat coram, quid opus facto esset puerperae,

Ter. And. 3, 2, 10:

quin tu, quod faciam, impera,

id. Phorm. 1, 4, 46; Plaut. Curc. 1, 1, 3 and 6; id. Capt. 2, 3, 10.—

With ut, ne, or the simple subj.:

ecce Apollo mihi ex oraculo imperat, Ut, etc.,

Plaut. Men. 5, 2, 87:

his, uti conquirerent et reducerent, imperavit,

Caes. B. G. 1, 28, 1:

consulibus designatis imperavit senatus, ut, etc.,

Liv. 42, 28, 7: quibus negotium a senatu est imperatum, ut, etc., S. C. ap. Front. Aquaed. 104; Petr. 1:

mihi, ne abscedam, imperat,

Ter. Eun. 3, 5, 30:

Caesar suis imperavit, ne, etc.,

Caes. B. G. 1, 46, 2; 2, 32, 2; 3, 89, 4:

letoque det imperat Argum,

Ov. M. 1, 670; 13, 659. —

With simple dat.:

si huic imperabo, probe tectum habebo,

Plaut. Most. 4, 1, 14 (cf. above a):

aliquid alicui,

Ter. Eun. 3, 5, 46; Cic. Rosc. Am. 21, 59. —

Absol.: Pa. Jubesne? Ch. Jubeo, cogo atque impero, Ter. Eun. 2, 3, 97:

si quid opus est, impera,

Plaut. Am. 3, 3, 1:

impera, si quid vis,

id. Aul. 2, 1, 23:

omnia faciam: impera,

Ter. Heaut. 5, 5, 11:

quidvis oneris impone, impera,

id. And. 5, 3, 26.

In partic.

In publicists' lang., to order to be furnished or supplied, to give orders for, make a requisition for:

cum frumentum sibi in cellam imperavisset (Verrem),

Cic. Div. in Caecil. 10, 30:

quem (numerum frumenti) ei civitati imperas emendum,

id. Verr. 2, 3, 74, § 173:

negas fratrem meum pecuniam ullam in remiges imperasse,

id. Fl. 14, 33:

pecuniam,

id. ib. § 32; cf.:

argenti pondo ducenta milia Jugurthae,

Sall. J. 62, 5:

arma,

Caes. B. C. 1, 6 fin.:

equites civitatibus,

id. B. G. 6, 4 fin.; cf.:

quam maximum militum numerum provinciae toti,

id. ib. 1, 7, 2:

obsides reliquis civitatibus,

id. ib. 7, 64, 1; so, obsides Cic. de Imp. Pomp. 12, 35; Suet. Caes. 25. —

In publicists' and milit. lang., alicui or absol., to command, govern, rule over:

his (magistratibus) praescribendus est imperandi modus... qui modeste paret, videtur, qui aliquando imperet, dignus esse,

Cic. Leg. 3, 2, 5; cf.:

sic noster populus in pace et domi imperat,

id. Rep. 1, 40:

nulla est tam stulta civitas, quae non injuste imperare malit, quam servire juste,

id. ib. 3, 18; cf.

also: cum is, qui imperat aliis, servit ipse nulli cupiditati,

id. ib. 1, 34:

omnibus gentibus ac nationibus terra marique imperare,

id. de Imp. Pomp. 19, 56; cf.:

jus esse belli, ut, qui vicissent, iis, quos vicissent, quemadmodum vellent imperarent,

Caes. B. G. 1, 36, 1:

Jugurtha omni Numidiae imperare parat,

Sall. J. 13, 2:

quot nationibus imperabat,

Quint. 11, 2, 50:

clarus Anchisae Venerisque sanguis Imperet,

Hor. Carm. Sec. 51; cf. id. C. 3, 6, 5:

recusabat imperare,

i. e. to be emperor, Plin. Pan. 5, 5; cf.:

ipsum quandoque imperaturum,

Suet. Claud. 3; id. Galb. 4; id. Oth. 4; id. Vit. 14; id. Tit. 2 et saep.— Hence,

Ad imperandum, to receive orders or instructions:

nunc ades ad imperandum, vel ad parendum potius: sic enim antiqui loquebantur,

Cic. Fam. 9, 25, 2; cf.:

cum ipse ad imperandum Tisidium vocaretur,

Sall. J. 62, 8 Kritz.—

Transf., beyond the publicist's sphere, to command, master, govern, rule, control:

liberis,

Ter. Ad. 1, 1, 51:

imperare sibi, maximum imperium est,

Sen. Ep. 113 fin.:

ut nobismet ipsis imperemus,

Cic. Tusc. 2, 21, 47:

cum homines cupiditatibus iis, quibus ceteri serviunt, imperabunt,

id. Lael. 22, 82:

accensae irae,

Ov. M. 9, 28:

dolori,

Plin. Ep. 8, 19, 2:

lacrimis,

Sil. 2, 652:

amori suo,

Petr. 83:

ingenio suo,

Sen. Contr. 1 praef. med.; cf.:

imperare animo nequivi, quin, priusquam perirem, cur periturus essem, scirem,

Liv. 34, 31, 2: quibus egestas imperat, rules, governs, Enn. ap. Cic. Div. 1, 58, 132 (Trag. v. 357 Vahl.): imperat arvis, holds control over, i. e. forces to be productive, Verg. G. 1, 99; cf.:

sola terrae seges imperatur,

Tac. G. 26:

fertilibus agris non est imperandum,

Sen. Tranq. 15:

sic imperant vitibus et eas multis palmitibus onerant,

Col. 3, 3, 6:

alius patrimonio suo plus imperavit quam ferre possit,

Sen. Tranq. 4; cf.

also trop.: tamquam nescias, cui imperem: Epicurum,

id. Ep. 29 fin.:

dum per continuos dies nimis imperat voci, rursus sanguinem reddidit,

Plin. Ep. 5, 19, 6: imperat ergo viro [p. 902] (mulier), Juv. 6, 224.— Absol.:

animum rege, qui, nisi paret, Imperat,

Hor. Ep. 1, 2, 63:

permittat, an vetet an imperet (lex),

Quint. 7, 7, 7:

(eloquentia) hic regnat, hic imperat, hic sola vincit,

id. 7, 4, 24.—

In publicists' lang., to order the citizens to assemble, to summon:

dein consul eloquitur ad exercitum: Impero qua convenit ad comitia centuriata,

Varr. L. L. 6, § 88 Müll.; Gell. 15, 27, 4;

so comically,

Plaut. Capt. 1, 2, 52; cf. id. Cist. 1, 1, 60.—

In medic. lang., to order, prescribe: non idem imperassem omnibus per diversa aegrotantibus, Sen. de Ira, 1, 16; Plin. 24, 1, 1, § 5:

si vires patiuntur, imperanda tridui abstinentia est,

Cels. 7, 20.—

In gram.:

imperandi declinatus,

i. e. inflections of the imperative, Varr. L. L. 10, § 32 Müll.— Hence, impĕ-rātum, i, n., that which is commanded, a command, order:

jussus arma abicere, imperatum facit,

executes the order, obeys, Caes. B. G. 5, 37, 1; freq. in plur.:

imperata facere,

id. ib. 2, 3, 3; 5, 20 fin.; 6, 10, 3; id. B. C. 1, 60, 1; 2, 12, 4; 3, 34, 2 al.; cf.:

imperata detrectare,

Suet. Caes. 54:

Senones ad imperatum non venire,

according to orders, as ordered, Caes. B. G. 6, 2, 3.

ob-tĭnĕo ( opt-), tĭnŭi, tentum, 2 (old perf. OPTENVI, fifth Epit. of the Scipios; inf. pass. obtinerier, Plaut. Am. 3, 2, 19; id. Most. 3, 2, 154), v. a. and n. [teneo].

Act. *

To take hold of, hold:

obtine aures, amabo,

Plaut. Cas. 3, 5, 16.—

To hold, have, occupy, possess; to preserve, keep, maintain, etc. (class.).

In gen.: sancte Apollo, qui umbilicum certum terrarum obtines, Poët. ap. Cic. Div. 2, 56, 115 (Trag. Rel. p. 201 Rib.):

suam quisque domum tum obtinebat,

Cic. Phil. 2, 19, 48:

armis Galliam atque Italiam,

Liv. 30, 19:

cum imperio Hispaniam citeriorem,

to have as his province, to be governor in it, Cic. Fam. 1, 9, 2:

Galliam et Italiam,

Liv. 30, 19:

Africam,

Nep. Timol. 2, 4; cf.:

ex quā insulā nummus nullus, me obtinente, erogabitur,

during my administration, Cic. Att. 5, 21, 7: QVEI AERARIVM PROVINCIAM OBTINEBIT, who will have the administration of the public treasure, Lex Thor. § 20 Rudorff. p. 168;

Lex de Scribis ap. Haubold, p. 85: necessitudinem cum publicanis,

Cic. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 12, § 35:

vitam et famam,

to preserve, id. Rosc. Am. 17, 49:

auctoritatem suam,

to maintain, id. ib. 48, 139:

principatum,

Caes. B. G. 1, 3:

regnum,

id. ib. 1, 7:

jus,

to assert, maintain, Tac. A. 1, 32:

causam,

Caes. B. G. 7, 37, 4:

noctem insequentem eadem caligo obtinuit,

occupied, took up, prevailed during, Liv. 29, 27:

quae (fama) plerosque obtinet,

Sall. J. 17, 7:

proverbii locum obtinet,

i. e. is become proverbial, Cic. Tusc. 4, 16, 36:

parentis gravitatem,

id. Sull. 6, 19:

numerum deorum,

to be numbered among, id. N. D. 3, 20, 51; so,

aliquem numerum,

id. Brut. 47, 175; cf. id. Off. 2, 12, 43: summam opinionem [p. 1247] m scholis, Quint. 10, 5, 18:

admirationem,

to be admired, Plin. 34, 2, 2, § 2:

patriae nomen,

id. 15, 18, 19, § 69:

firmitudinem animi,

i. e. exhibited, Plaut. As. 2, 2, 54:

pontem,

would not yield, Liv. 2, 10:

silentiam,

to maintain, id. 1, 16.—With inf., to persist in:

earumque artem et disciplinam obtineat colere,

Plaut. Mil. 2, 2, 30.—

In partic., of speech, to assert, maintain, i. e. to show, prove, demonstrate:

possumus hoc teste... quod dicimus, obtinere?

Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 71, § 168:

duas contrarias sententias,

id. Fin. 4, 28, 78:

diu pugnare in iis, quae obtinere non possis,

Quint. 6, 4, 15:

recta apud turpes,

id. 3, 8, 38:

quaedam (leges) an obtineri possint,

id. 2, 4, 39; 6, 1, 7:

quod orator praecipue sibi obtinendum intellegit,

id. 3, 6, 9 Spald. N. cr. (al. proponendum); cf. id. 12, 10, 53:

si defecerint omnia, tum videndum erit, an obtineri possit, ne illud quidem recte factum,

id. 5, 13, 24; 2, 5, 18.—

To get possession of; to gain, acquire, obtain something (syn.: assequor, adipiscor, impetro;

class.): quanta instrumenta habeat (homo) ad obtinendam adipiscendamque sapientiam,

Cic. Leg. 1, 22, 59:

impetrare et obtinere,

Gell. 12, 14, 6; Cic. Fam. 1, 8, 5:

malas causas semper obtinuit, in optimā concidit,

gained, id. Att. 7, 25, 1; cf. id. Rosc. Com. 4, 10:

jus suum contra aliquem,

id. Quint. 9, 34:

Romani si rem obtinuerint,

if they gained the victory, Caes. B. G. 7, 85: voluimus quaedam;

obtenta non sunt,

Cic. Balb. 27, 61:

apud eum causam obtinuit,

Caes. B. G. 7, 37:

aditu regis obtento,

Just. 21, 6, 5.—Hence, to conquer, overcome (eccl. Lat.):

melius est ut pugnemus contra eos in campestribus, et obtinebimus eos,

Vulg. 3 Reg. 20, 23; 20, 25; id. Judith, 1, 5.—

Neutr. (cf. teneo, II.), to maintain itself; to hold, prevail, last, stand, continue, obtain (not in Cic.):

quod et plures tradidere auctores et fama obtinuit,

Liv. 21, 46, 10; cf. with a subject-clause: pro vero antea obtinebat, regna atque imperia Fortunam dono dare, Sall. Rep. Ordin. init.:

non ipsos quoque fuisse pastores obtinebit, quod? etc.,

Varr. R. R. 2, 1, 9:

si dissentirent, sententia plurium obtineret,

would prevail, Dig. 42, 1, 36:

quod merito obtinuit,

ib. 2, 4, 4.— Absol.:

obtinuit (sc. consuetudo),

Dig. 1, 13, 1.—With de: quia de intercalando non obtinuerat, Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 6, 5.—With ut or ne:

his obtinuit, ut praeferretur candidato,

Liv. 35, 10; Suet. Claud. 41:

obtinuit, ne reus fieret,

id. Caes. 23.—With quin, Suet. Tib. 31.

ob-tĭnĕo ( opt-), tĭnŭi, tentum, 2 (old perf. OPTENVI, fifth Epit. of the Scipios; inf. pass. obtinerier, Plaut. Am. 3, 2, 19; id. Most. 3, 2, 154), v. a. and n. [teneo].

Act. *

To take hold of, hold:

obtine aures, amabo,

Plaut. Cas. 3, 5, 16.—

To hold, have, occupy, possess; to preserve, keep, maintain, etc. (class.).

In gen.: sancte Apollo, qui umbilicum certum terrarum obtines, Poët. ap. Cic. Div. 2, 56, 115 (Trag. Rel. p. 201 Rib.):

suam quisque domum tum obtinebat,

Cic. Phil. 2, 19, 48:

armis Galliam atque Italiam,

Liv. 30, 19:

cum imperio Hispaniam citeriorem,

to have as his province, to be governor in it, Cic. Fam. 1, 9, 2:

Galliam et Italiam,

Liv. 30, 19:

Africam,

Nep. Timol. 2, 4; cf.:

ex quā insulā nummus nullus, me obtinente, erogabitur,

during my administration, Cic. Att. 5, 21, 7: QVEI AERARIVM PROVINCIAM OBTINEBIT, who will have the administration of the public treasure, Lex Thor. § 20 Rudorff. p. 168;

Lex de Scribis ap. Haubold, p. 85: necessitudinem cum publicanis,

Cic. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 12, § 35:

vitam et famam,

to preserve, id. Rosc. Am. 17, 49:

auctoritatem suam,

to maintain, id. ib. 48, 139:

principatum,

Caes. B. G. 1, 3:

regnum,

id. ib. 1, 7:

jus,

to assert, maintain, Tac. A. 1, 32:

causam,

Caes. B. G. 7, 37, 4:

noctem insequentem eadem caligo obtinuit,

occupied, took up, prevailed during, Liv. 29, 27:

quae (fama) plerosque obtinet,

Sall. J. 17, 7:

proverbii locum obtinet,

i. e. is become proverbial, Cic. Tusc. 4, 16, 36:

parentis gravitatem,

id. Sull. 6, 19:

numerum deorum,

to be numbered among, id. N. D. 3, 20, 51; so,

aliquem numerum,

id. Brut. 47, 175; cf. id. Off. 2, 12, 43: summam opinionem [p. 1247] m scholis, Quint. 10, 5, 18:

admirationem,

to be admired, Plin. 34, 2, 2, § 2:

patriae nomen,

id. 15, 18, 19, § 69:

firmitudinem animi,

i. e. exhibited, Plaut. As. 2, 2, 54:

pontem,

would not yield, Liv. 2, 10:

silentiam,

to maintain, id. 1, 16.—With inf., to persist in:

earumque artem et disciplinam obtineat colere,

Plaut. Mil. 2, 2, 30.—

In partic., of speech, to assert, maintain, i. e. to show, prove, demonstrate:

possumus hoc teste... quod dicimus, obtinere?

Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 71, § 168:

duas contrarias sententias,

id. Fin. 4, 28, 78:

diu pugnare in iis, quae obtinere non possis,

Quint. 6, 4, 15:

recta apud turpes,

id. 3, 8, 38:

quaedam (leges) an obtineri possint,

id. 2, 4, 39; 6, 1, 7:

quod orator praecipue sibi obtinendum intellegit,

id. 3, 6, 9 Spald. N. cr. (al. proponendum); cf. id. 12, 10, 53:

si defecerint omnia, tum videndum erit, an obtineri possit, ne illud quidem recte factum,

id. 5, 13, 24; 2, 5, 18.—

To get possession of; to gain, acquire, obtain something (syn.: assequor, adipiscor, impetro;

class.): quanta instrumenta habeat (homo) ad obtinendam adipiscendamque sapientiam,

Cic. Leg. 1, 22, 59:

impetrare et obtinere,

Gell. 12, 14, 6; Cic. Fam. 1, 8, 5:

malas causas semper obtinuit, in optimā concidit,

gained, id. Att. 7, 25, 1; cf. id. Rosc. Com. 4, 10:

jus suum contra aliquem,

id. Quint. 9, 34:

Romani si rem obtinuerint,

if they gained the victory, Caes. B. G. 7, 85: voluimus quaedam;

obtenta non sunt,

Cic. Balb. 27, 61:

apud eum causam obtinuit,

Caes. B. G. 7, 37:

aditu regis obtento,

Just. 21, 6, 5.—Hence, to conquer, overcome (eccl. Lat.):

melius est ut pugnemus contra eos in campestribus, et obtinebimus eos,

Vulg. 3 Reg. 20, 23; 20, 25; id. Judith, 1, 5.—

Neutr. (cf. teneo, II.), to maintain itself; to hold, prevail, last, stand, continue, obtain (not in Cic.):

quod et plures tradidere auctores et fama obtinuit,

Liv. 21, 46, 10; cf. with a subject-clause: pro vero antea obtinebat, regna atque imperia Fortunam dono dare, Sall. Rep. Ordin. init.:

non ipsos quoque fuisse pastores obtinebit, quod? etc.,

Varr. R. R. 2, 1, 9:

si dissentirent, sententia plurium obtineret,

would prevail, Dig. 42, 1, 36:

quod merito obtinuit,

ib. 2, 4, 4.— Absol.:

obtinuit (sc. consuetudo),

Dig. 1, 13, 1.—With de: quia de intercalando non obtinuerat, Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 6, 5.—With ut or ne:

his obtinuit, ut praeferretur candidato,

Liv. 35, 10; Suet. Claud. 41:

obtinuit, ne reus fieret,

id. Caes. 23.—With quin, Suet. Tib. 31.

prĕtĭum, ii, n. [Sanscr. root par-, pana (for parna), wager, loan; Gr. pi-praskô, to sell; priamai, to buy; cf. pornos], that for or by which any thing is bought or sold (class.).

Lit., money spent for any thing:

nil pretio parsit, filio dum parceret,

Plaut. Capt. prol. 32:

femina... urbem Exiguam pretio posuit,

for money has founded a small city, Verg. A. 4, 211:

vectigalia parvo pretio redempta habere,

for little money, cheaply, Caes. B. G. 1, 18:

pretio mercari ordinem senatorium,

to purchase, to gain with money, Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 49, § 122:

permutare pretio noluit, aliāve merce,

Plin. 9, 55, 81, § 171.—

In gen., money, wealth, etc. ( poet.), Ov. P. 2, 8, 6:

in pretio pretium nunc est,

id. F. 1, 217:

converso in pretium deo,

i. e. into a shower of gold, Hor. C. 3, 16, 8.—

Transf., worth, value, price.

In gen.: nec mi aurum posco nec mi pretium dederitis, Enn. ap. Cic. Off. 1, 12, 38 (Ann. v. 200 Vahl.):

pretium statuere merci,

to set, fix, Plaut. Mil. 3, 1, 133:

pretium certum constituere,

Cic. Att. 12, 33, 1:

enumerare,

id. Rosc. Am. 46, 133:

pacisci pro re aliquā,

to agree upon, settle, id. Off. 3, 29, 107:

exsolvere,

Plaut. Men. 5, 6, 26:

quibus hic pretiis porci veneunt?

at what prices are they sold here? id. ib. 2, 2, 15:

vendere aliquid pretio suo,

id. Pers. 4, 4, 30; id. Ps. 1, 2, 36:

parare sibi pretio aliquid,

id. Merc. 2, 3, 7:

multi extulerunt eorum pretia,

Varr. R. R. 3, 6, 6:

jacent pretia praediorum,

are low, down, fallen, Cic. Rosc. Com. 12, 33.—

Esp.

In phrases: magni, parvi pretii esse, to be high or low in price, of much or little worth, of great or of small value:

nullus est tam parvi pretii, quin,

Plaut. Aul. 4, 10, 60:

ne tu habes servum graphicum, et quantivis pretii!

id. Ep. 3, 3, 29:

agrum majoris pretii nemo habet,

Ter. Heaut. 1, 1, 12:

noli spectare, quanti homo sit: parvi enim pretii est, qui jam nihil est,

Cic. Q. Fr. 2, 2, 4:

de illis potissimum jactura fit, quia pretii minimi sunt,

Sall. Or. ad Caes. 2, 9: pretium habere, to have a value, to be worth something:

vendat oleum, si pretium habeat,

Cato, R. R. 2, 7:

annona porro pretium nisi in calamitate fructuum non habet,

Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 98, § 227; but also: pretium habere, to have a price, be for sale:

quis ignorat quin id longe sit liberalibus disciplinis dignissimum, non vendere operam: cum pleraque hoc ipso possint videri vilia, quod pretium habent,

Quint. 12, 7, 8; hence: pretium non habere, to have no price, be above price (late Lat.):

nihil esse pretiosius, immo eum pretium non habere testatur,

Aug. Serm. 36, 8: in pretio esse, to be of worth, value, or estimation, to be in repute:

tum coquus in pretio esse (coeptus),

Liv. 39, 6, 9:

nec in pretio fertilis hortus erat,

Ov. F. 5, 316; Plin. 33, 1, 6, § 22: in pretio habere, to regard as of value:

in magno pretio habere,

Sen. Ep. 75, 11:

aurum et argentum in pretio habent,

Tac. G. 5;

for which cf.: pudebat libertatis majus esse apud feminas quam apud viros pretium,

Curt. 8, 2, 28: pretium facere, to fix or set a price or value; of a seller: indica, fac pretium. Do. Tua merx est;

tua indicatio est,

Plaut. Pers. 4, 4, 37;

of a purchaser: quis faceret pretium, nisi qui sua perdere vellet Omnia?

Mart. 1, 86, 7; Dig. 10, 3, 19.—

Wages, reward (mostly poet.):

pro pretio facio ut opera appareat,

Plaut. Ps. 3, 2, 59:

operam Epidici nunc me emere pretio pretioso velim,

id. Ep. 1, 2, 17:

reddere alicui pro benefactis,

id. Capt. 5, 1, 20:

palmae pretium victoribus,

Verg. A. 5, 111.—

Trop., worth, value:

quales ex hac die experiundo cognovit, perinde operae eorum pretium faceret,

would estimate their services, Liv. 27, 17:

sive aliquod morum Est pretium,

Ov. Tr. 1, 9, 43: corticis etiam ad medicamenta pretium est, Plin, 12, 25, 54, § 118; 12, 19, 43, § 95.—

Transf., pay, hire, wages, reward, price (cf.: stipendium, merces).

In a good sense: majores seorsum atque diversum pretium paravere bonis atque strenuis, decurionatus... aliosque honores, Cato ap. Fest. s. v. optionatus, p. 201 Müll.; so,

= praemium (opp. poena), ita et pretium recte facti triumphum haberet L. Paulus pro egregie bello gesto,

Liv. 45, 37, 5:

ut pretium honoremque debito beneficio addat,

id. 45, 14, 1:

cum pro cujusque merito consul pretia poenasque exsolvisset,

id. 26, 40, 15 Weissenb. ad loc.:

satis ampla pretia,

prizes, id. 21, 43, 6:

virtutum pretium,

Sen. Clem. 1, 1, 1.— Plur.: tam longā valetudine conflictabatur, ut haec tanta pretia vivendi mortis rationibus vincerentur, rewards of living, i. e. motives for living, Plin. Ep. 1, 12, 4.—Esp. in phrase pretium curae, and more freq. pretium operae, a reward for trouble:

mihi visum est pretium curae, ipsum, senatus consultum quaerere,

seemed to me worth the trouble, worth while, Plin. Ep. 8, 6, 2:

est pretium curae cognoscere, etc.,

Juv. 6, 474: facturusne operae pretium sim, etc.,... nec satis scio, what will pay for the trouble, Liv. praef.:

operae pretium habent libertatem, civitatemque,

id. 25, 6; 21, 43: audire est operae pretium, etc., Enn. ap. Acron. ad Hor. S. 1, 2, 37 (Ann. v. 454 Vahl.); so Liv. 3, 26, 7: reddere opis pretium pro factis, Enn. ap. Sen. Ep. 108 (Epigr. v. 6 Vahl.):

quo in genere est operae pretium diligentiam majorum recordari,

it is worth while, Cic. Agr. 2, 27, 73:

captā urbe, operae pretium fore,

Sall. J. 81, 2;

so without operae (post-Aug.): Germanico pretium fuit convertere agmen,

thought it of importance, Tac. A. 1, 57:

ni pretium foret Pisonis sententias noscere,

were it not worth while, were it not of importance, id. ib. 2, 35:

posse eum, si operae pretium faciat, principem popularium esse,

if he does any thing worth while, any thing of importance, Liv. 25, 30: duos servos ad hostes transfugisse et operae pretium fecisse, have done valuable service, Quadrig. ap. Sen. Ben. 3, 23:

scriptor minime utilis, cujus libro adtingere nullum pretium operae sit,

Gell. 12, 2, 1; so,

operis pretium est,

Sil. 16, 45.—

In a bad sense (i. q. poena), reward, punishment, like the Gr. timê, misthos ( poet.): si malos imitabor, tum pretium pro noxā dabis, Liv. And. ap. Non. 365, 27:

verbera, compedes, molae... haec pretia sunt ignaviae,

Plaut. Men. 5, 6, 10:

ego pretium ob stultitiam fero,

Ter. And. 3, 5, 4:

et peccare nefas, aut pretium est mori,

Hor. C. 3, 24, 24:

ille crucem pretium sceleris tulit, hic diadema,

Juv. 13, 105.—Of bribery:

adduci pretio ad hominem condemnandum,

Cic. Caecil. 10, 29:

pretio judicem corrumpere,

id. ib. 25, 72:

nec prece, nec pretio a rectā viā deduci,

Auct. Her. 3, 3, 4.

quā̆drŭpēs ( quā̆drĭpes), pĕdis ( gen. plur. quadrupedium, Capitol. Ver. 5, 2), adj. [quattuor-pes], having four feet, going on four feet; esp.,

Galloping (post-Aug.): ecus, Enn. ap. Gell. 18, 5, 4; cf. Macr. S. 6, 9, 10:

equestri celeritate, quadrupedi cursu solum replaudens,

App. M. 6, p. 185, 7.— Transf.:

dum certum flectit in orbem Quadrupedis cursus,

Ov. M. 6, 226.—

Of persons, on all fours, creeping, going on hands and feet:

atque audin? quadrupedem constringito,

so that he can only move on all fours, Ter. And. 5, 2, 24:

mox quadrupes (infans) rituque tulit sua membra ferarum,

Ov. M. 15, 222:

homines... bestiarum more quadrupedes coërcuit,

Suet. Calig. 27; id. Ner.48.—

Subst.: quā̆drŭpēs, ĕdis, m., f., and n., a quadruped, four-footed creature.

Masc., mostly of beasts of draught or burden; v. Quint. 8, 6, 20:

calcari quadrupedem agitabo advorsum clivum,

Plaut. As. 3, 3, 11: reprime parumper vim citatūm quadrupedum, Att. ap. Non. 495, 20:

quadrupedum vectiones, quorum, etc.,

Cic. N. D. 2, 60, 151:

de omnibus quadrupedibus... qui idonei sunt, etc.,

Varr. R. R. 1, 20, 1; Verg. A. 11, 714:

saucius quadrupes,

id. ib. 7, 500.—

Contemptuously (opp. bipes),

Cic. Dom. 18, 48:

nihil inter te atque inter quadrupedem interesse,

id. Par. 1, 3, 14:

quadrupes nequissime,

App. M. 7, p. 200, 10.—

Fem. (sc. bestia): ducite eo mutas quadrupedes, Naev. ap. Non. p. 924 (Trag. Rel. v. 28 Rib.):

si quamvis quadrupedem serpens momorderit,

Cato, R. R. 102; Enn. ap. Non. p. 407, 22 (Trag. Rel. v. 219 Vahl.): quadrupes tardigrada, Pac. ap. Cic. Div. 2, 64, 133 (Trag. Rel. v. 2 Rib.):

quadrupes qua vasta tenetur,

Cic. N. D. 2, 44, 114; Varr. L. L. 7, § 39 Müll.; Verg. E. 5, 26:

sollicitari quadripedes cunctas,

Plin. 8, 17, 23, § 62.—

Neutr. (sc. animal):

cetera quadrupedia,

Col. 11, 2, 33:

majora,

id. 11, 2, 14:

crocodilum, quadripes malum et infestum,

Plin. 8, 25, 37, § 89:

plurima autem obruerit quadrupedia,

Jul. Val. Rer. Gest. Alex. 3, 36.

sūmo, sumpsi, sumptum, 3 (sync. form of the inf. perf. sumpse, Naev. ap. Gell. 2, 19, 6 (Com. Rel. v. 97 Rib.;

suremit for sumpsit, surempsit for sumpserit,

Paul. Diac. 299, 2; Fest. 298, 9), v. a. [contr. for subimo, from sub-emo], to take, take up, lay hold of, assume (syn. capio).

In gen.: auferere, non abibis, si ego fustem sumpsero, Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 202:

laciniam,

id. Merc. 1, 2, 16:

si hoc digitulis duobus sumebas primoribus,

id. Bacch. 4, 4, 24:

si mutuas non potero, certum'st sumam foenore,

id. As. 1, 3, 95:

postremo a me argentum quanti est sumito,

Ter. Ad. 5, 9, 20:

locum ( = capere),

Plaut. Aul. 4, 6, 9:

legem in manus,

Cic. Agr. 2, 6, 15:

unum quodque vas in manus,

id. Verr. 2, 4, 27, § 63:

Epicurum et Metrodorum non fere praeter suos quisquam in manus sumit,

id. Tusc. 2, 3, 8:

orationes in manus,

Quint. 10, 1, 22:

litteras ad te a M. Lepido consule quasi commendaticias sumpsimus,

have taken, provided ourselves with, Cic. Fam. 13, 26, 3:

spatium ad vehicula comportanda,

Liv. 2, 4:

spatium ad colloquendum,

id. 8, 18:

ferrum ad aliquem interficiendum,

id. 40, 11, 10:

Tusculi ante quam Romae sumpta sunt arma,

id. 3, 19, 8:

pro conjuge ferrum,

Ov. H. 15 (16), 371:

arma,

Quint. 5, 10, 71:

sume venenum,

id. 8, 5, 23; Nep. Them. 10, 3; id. Hann. 12, 5:

partem Falerni,

Hor. C. 1, 27, 9:

cyathos,

id. ib. 3, 8, 13:

panem perfusam aquā frigidā,

Suet. Aug. 77:

potiunculam,

id. Dom. 21:

antidotum,

id. Calig. 23:

pomum de lance,

Ov. P. 3, 5, 20:

cibum,

Nep. Att. 21; Petr. 111:

soporem,

Nep. Dion, 2, 5:

sumptā virili togā,

put on, Cic. Lael. 1, 1:

virilem togam,

Suet. Aug. 8; 94 med.; id. Tib. 7; id. Galb. 4; Val. Max. 5, 4, 4:

calceos et vestimenta,

Cic. Rep. 1, 12, 18:

regium ornatum,

Nep. Eum. 13, 3: latum clavum (opp. deponere bracas), Poët. ap. Suet. Caes. 80:

diadema,

Suet. Calig. 22:

annulos ferreos (opp. deponere),

id. Aug. 100:

gausapa,

Ov. A. A. 2, 300:

alas pedibus virgamque manu tegumenque capillis,

id. M. 1, 672:

perventum est eo, quo sumpta navis est,

Cic. Off. 3, 23, 89:

pecuniam mutuam,

id. Fl. 20, 46; Sall. C. 24, 2:

aurum mutuum,

Suet. Caes. 51.—Of time:

diem ad deliberandum,

Caes. B. G. 1, 7:

tempus cibi quietisque,

Liv. 32, 11.—

Trop.

In gen.:

calorem animo,

Lucr. 3, 288:

obsequium animo, i. e. animo obsequi,

Plaut. Bacch. 4, 10, 8:

Ariovistus tantos sibi spiritus, tantam arrogantiam sumpserat, ut, etc.,

assumed, Caes. B. G. 1, 33; cf.:

sumpsi animum,

I took courage, Ov. F. 1, 147:

animos serpentis,

id. M. 3, 545:

vigorem,

id. P. 3, 4, 31:

cum spiritus plebs sumpsisset,

Liv. 4, 54, 8:

certamine animi adversus eum sumpto,

id. 37, 10, 2:

exempla,

Cic. Lael. 11, 38: sumptis inimicitiis, susceptā causā, etc., taken upon one ' s self, assumed, id. Vatin. 11, 28:

omne bellum sumi facile, ceterum aegerrime desinere,

to be undertaken, entered upon, begun, Sall. J. 83, 1; so,

bellum cum aliquo,

Liv. 1, 42, 2; 36, 2, 3. —

Esp.: supplicium sumere, to exact satisfaction, inflict punishment, rarely absol.:

supplici sibi sumat, quod volt ipse, ob hanc injuriam,

Plaut. Merc. 5, 4, 31:

satis sumpsimus jam supplici,

id. Pers. 5, 2, 72:

graviore sententiā pronuntiatā more majorum supplicium sumpsit,

Caes. B. G. 6, 44.—Usu. de aliquo:

potuisse hunc de illā supplicium sumere,

Cic. Inv. 2, 27, 82:

tum homo nefarius de homine nobili virgis supplicium crudelissime sumeret,

id. Verr. 2, 2, 37, § 91:

supplicium de matre sumpsisse,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 24, 66; Liv. 39, 29; cf. supplicium.—Rarely ex aliquo, Liv. 23, 3, 1.— Post-class. also ab aliquo, Val. Max. 4, 1, ext. 1;

5, 1, ext. 2.—Rarely poenam sumere ( = capere): pro maleficio poenam sumi oportere,

Cic. Inv. 2, 36, 108:

merentis poenas,

Verg. A. 2, 586:

poenam scelerato ex sanguine,

id. ib. 12, 949; cf. id. ib. 6, 501.—

In partic.

To take (by choice), to choose, select:

philosophiae studium,

Cic. Ac. 1, 2, 8:

hoc sumo ( = suscipio), hoc mihi deposco,

id. Verr. 1, 12, 36:

nos Capuam sumpsimus,

id. Fam. 16, 11, 3:

sumat aliquem ex populo monitorem officii sui,

Sall. J. 85, 10:

enitimini, ne ego meliores liberos sumpsisse videar quam genuisse,

i. e. to have adopted, id. ib. 10, 8:

sumite materiam vestris, qui scribitis, aequam Viribus,

Hor. A. P. 38:

quis te mala sumere cogit? Aut quis deceptum ponere sumpta velit?

Ov. Tr. 5, 1, 69 sq.:

disceptatorem,

Liv. 1, 50:

quod tres patricios magistratus nobilitas sibi sumpsisset,

id. 7, 1:

Miltiadem sibi imperatorem,

Nep. Milt. 1, 3.— Poet., with inf.:

quem virum aut heroa lyrā vel acri Tibiā sumis celebrare, Clio?

Hor. C. 1, 12, 2: quis sibi res gestas Augusti scribere sumit? id. Ep. 1, 3, 7.—

To take as one's own, to assume, claim, arrogate, appropriate to one's self (syn.:

ascisco, assumo, arrogo): quamquam mihi non sumo tantum neque arrogo, ut, etc.,

Cic. Planc. 1, 3:

sed mihi non sumo, ut meum consilium valere debuerit,

id. Att. 8, 11 D, §

6: sumpsi hoc mihi pro tuā in me observantiā, ut, etc.,

id. Fam. 13, 50, 1:

tantum tibi sumito pro Capitone apud Caesarem, quantum, etc.,

id. ib. 13, 29, 6:

sibi imperatorias partes,

Caes. B. C. 3, 51:

nec sumit aut ponit secures Arbitrio popularis aurae,

Hor. C. 3, 2, 19:

vultus modo sumit acerbos,

Ov. Tr. 5, 8, 17:

mores antiquos,

Liv. 3, 68:

proelio sumpta Thessalia est,

conquered, Flor. 4, 2, 43.—

To take, get, acquire, receive:

distat sumasne pudenter an rapias,

Hor. Ep. 1, 17, 44:

laudemque a crimine sumit,

Ov. M. 6, 474:

sumpto rigore,

id. ib. 10, 139:

vel tua me Sestus vel te mea sumit Abydos,

id. H. 17 (18), 127. —

To take for some purpose, i. e. to use, apply, employ, spend, consume (syn. insumo):

in malā uxore atque inimico si quid sumas, sumptus est: In bono hospite atque amico quaestus est, quod sumitur,

Plaut. Mil. 3, 1, 79 sq.:

minus hercle in hisce rebus sumptum est sex minis,

id. Trin. 2, 4, 9 and 12:

frustra operam, opinor, sumo,

Ter. Heaut. 4, 3, 15:

frustra laborem,

Caes. B. G. 3, 14:

cui rei opus est, ei hilarem hunc sumamus diem,

Ter. Ad. 5, 3, 68:

videtis hos quasi sumptos dies ad labefactandam illius dignitatem,

Cic. Rab. Post. 16, 44:

sumpseris tibi familiaritatem nostram ad ornamentum,

Plin. Ep. 6, 18, 2. — Poet.: curis sumptus, consumed, worn out, Poët. ap. Cic. Div. 1, 21, 42 (Trag. Fr. Inc. 8 Rib.).—

To undertake, begin, enter upon:

bellum,

Liv. 1, 42; Flor. 4, 12, 24:

bellis ponendis sumendisque,

Liv. 8, 4:

haec maxime belli ratio sumendi fuerat,

id. 38, 19:

duellum cum aliquo,

id. 36, 2:

proelia,

Suet. Caes. 60; Tac. H. 2, 45:

in hos expeditionem,

Flor. 4, 12, 6:

non mandata expeditio, sed sumpta est,

id. 4, 12, 48.— Poet.:

prima fide vocisque ratae temptamina sumpsit Liriope,

Ov. M. 3, 341.—

In an oration, disputation, etc.

To take for certain or for granted, to assume, maintain, suppose, affirm:

alterutrum fatearis enim sumasque necesse'st,

Lucr. 1, 974:

nec solum ea sumitis ad concludendum, quae ab omnibus concedantur, sed ea sumitis, quibus concessis, etc.,

Cic. Div. 2, 50, 104:

aliquid pro certo,

id. ib. —With inf.-clause:

beatos esse deos sumpsisti,

Cic. N. D. 1, 31, 89:

pro non dubio legati sumebant, quae Antiochi fuerunt, Eumenem aequius esse quam me habere,

Liv. 39, 28, 5.—

To make, take a beginning, etc. (late Lat.):

ab uno signo sumamus exordium,

Macr. Somn. Scip. 18:

ab illā quaestione principium sumere,

Lact. 1, 2: quin fictio a capite sumat exordium, id. Opif. Dei, 12, 7.—

To take, bring forward, cite, mention as a proof, an instance, etc. (cf. profero):

homines notos sumere odiosum est,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 16, 47:

unum hoc sumo,

id. ib. 34, 97:

sumam annum tertium,

id. Verr. 2, 3, 44, § 104:

ex istis tuis sumam aliquem,

id. Cael. 15, 36:

quid quisquam potest ex omni memoriā sumere illustrius?

id. Sest. 12, 27:

ab oratore aut poëtā probato sumptum ponere exemplum,

Auct. Her. 4, 1, 1.—

To take as a purchase, to buy, purchase:

quanti ego genus omnino signorum non aestimo, tanti ista quattuor aut quinque sumpsisti,

Cic. Fam. 7, 23, 2:

decumas agri Leontini,

id. Verr. 2, 3, 64, § 149:

quae parvo sumi nequeunt, obsonia captas,

Hor. S. 2, 7, 106.—

Aliquam, to use, enjoy, etc., in mal. part., Mart. 10, 81, 2:

mille licet sumant,

Ov. A. A. 3, 90; Auct. Priap. 5; cf.

gaudia,

Nemes. Ecl. 4, 59:

aliquid,

Petr. 100.—

To take, fascinate, charm:

simul conspexerit juvenem, venustate ejus sumitur,

App. M. 2, p. 116, 40.

tĕnē̆brae, ārum (collat. form tĕnē̆bra, ae, Lampr. Commod. 16; App. M. 5, p. 167, 25), f. [akin to Sanscr. tamisra, dark; cf. timere], darkness (stronger than obscuritas, and weaker than caligo; freq. and class.).

Lit.

In gen.:

veluti pueri omnia caecis In tenebris metuant,

Lucr. 2, 56:

tempestas atque tenebrae Coperiunt maria ac terras,

id. 6, 491:

cum obscurato sole tenebrae factae essent repente,

Cic. Rep. 1, 16, 25; cf.:

nos tenebras cogitemus tantas, quantae, etc.,

id. N. D. 2, 38, 96:

tetrae tenebrae et caligo,

id. Agr. 2, 17, 44;

v. caligo: tenebras et solitudinem nacti,

id. Fin. 3, 11, 38:

incultu, tenebris, odore foeda atque terribilis ejus (Tulliani) facies est,

Sall. C. 55, 4:

ipsis noctis tenebris,

Quint. 10, 6, 1:

obtentā densantur nocte tenebrae,

Verg. G. 1, 248:

neve velit (Sol) tenebras inducere rebus,

Ov. M. 2, 395:

tacitae,

Sen. Med. 114. —

In partic.

The darkness of night, night:

redire luce, non tenebris,

Cic. Phil. 2, 30, 76:

classem in statione usque ad noctem tenuit: primis tenebris movit,

Liv. 31, 23, 4:

somnus qui faciat breves tenebras,

Mart. 10, 47, 11:

tenebris,

during the night, Tib. 1, 6, 59; 2, 1, 76; Ov. Am. 1, 6, 10:

tenebris obortis,

Nep. Eum. 9, 5:

per tenebras,

Luc. 2, 686:

(me) videt pulsis Aurora tenebris,

Ov. M. 7, 703:

effulget tenebris Aurora fugatis,

id. ib. 2, 144.—

The darkness or dimness of a swoon, a swoon:

tenebrae oboriuntur, genua inedia succidunt,

Plaut. Curc. 2, 3, 30; Verg. A. 11, 824; Ov. M. 2, 181; 12, 136; id. Tr. 1, 3, 91; id. H. 13, 23; Luc. 3, 735; Plin. 7, 6, 5, § 41.—

The darkness of death, death-shades ( poet. and rare):

juro, Me tibi ad extremas mansuram tenebras,

Prop. 2, 20 (3, 13), 17; cf.:

(urbes) ad Erebi profundos hiatus abactae, aeternis tenebris occultantur,

Amm. 17, 7, 13; cf. also in a play upon this signif. and that of B. 1.: certum'st mihi ante tenebras (i. e. noctem) tenebras (i. e. mortem) persequi, Plaut. Ps. 1, 1, 88.—

Blindness ( poet. and very rare):

occidit extemplo lumen tenebraeque sequuntur,

Lucr. 3, 415:

tenebras et cladem lucis ademptae Obicit,

Ov. M. 3, 515; 3, 525; Stat. Th. 4, 407. —

Transf., concr., a dark, gloomy place.

A dark bathing-place:

Grylli,

Mart. 2, 14, 13 (cf. id. 1, 60, 3).—

A prison, dungeon:

clausi in tenebris, cum maerore et luctu morte graviorem vitam exigunt,

Sall. J. 14, 15: in atras et profundas tenebras eum claudebant, Tubero ap. Gell. 6, 4, 3. —

Lurking-places, haunts:

emersus ex diuturnis tenebris lustrorum ac stuprorum,

Cic. Sest. 9, 20:

demonstres, ubi sint tuae tenebrae,

Cat. 55, 2.—

Dark or poor lodgings:

quanti nunc tenebras unum conducis in annum,

Juv. 3, 225. —

The infernal regions:

tenebrae malae Orci,

Cat. 3, 13:

infernae,

Verg. A. 7, 325; Hor. C. 4, 7, 25:

Stygiae,

Verg. G. 3, 551:

quid Styga, quid tenebras timetis?

Ov. M. 15, 154.—

Trop., darkness, gloom, obscurity of the mind, of fame, of fortune, fate, etc. (class.):

isti tantis offusis tenebris ne scintillam quidem ullam nobis ad dispiciendum reliquerunt,

Cic. Ac. 2, 19, 61:

obducere tenebras rebus clarissimis,

id. ib. 2, 6, 16; cf.:

omnibus fulgore quodam suae claritatis tenebras obduxit,

Quint. 10, 1, 72: quas tu mihi tenebras cudis? what darkness are you raising about me? i. e. what trick are you playing me? Plaut. Ep. 3, 4, 40:

tenebras dispulit calumniae,

Phaedr. 3, 10, 42:

quae jacerent omnia in tenebris, nisi litterarum lumen accederet,

obscurity, concealment, Cic. Arch. 6, 14:

vestram familiam abjectam et obscuram e tenebris in lucem evocavit,

id. Deiot. 11, 30; cf.: o tenebrae, o lutum, o sordes (Piso)! obscurity, i. e. low birth, baseness, id. Pis. 26, 62; id. Att. 7, 11, 1: vitae, gloomy fate or fortunes, Lucr. 2, 15:

qui tibi aestus, qui error, qui tenebrae erunt,

Cic. Div. in Caecil. 14, 45:

in illis rei publicae tenebris caecisque nubibus et procellis,

id. Dom. 10, 24:

ex superioris anni caligine et tenebris lucem in re publicā dispicere,

id. Red. in Sen. 3, 5:

si quid tenebrarum offudit exilium,

id. Tusc. 3, 34, 82:

tamquam si offusa rei publicae sempiterna nox esset, ita ruebant in tenebris omniaque miscebant,

id. Rosc. Am. 32, 91.

tĕnē̆brae, ārum (collat. form tĕnē̆bra, ae, Lampr. Commod. 16; App. M. 5, p. 167, 25), f. [akin to Sanscr. tamisra, dark; cf. timere], darkness (stronger than obscuritas, and weaker than caligo; freq. and class.).

Lit.

In gen.:

veluti pueri omnia caecis In tenebris metuant,

Lucr. 2, 56:

tempestas atque tenebrae Coperiunt maria ac terras,

id. 6, 491:

cum obscurato sole tenebrae factae essent repente,

Cic. Rep. 1, 16, 25; cf.:

nos tenebras cogitemus tantas, quantae, etc.,

id. N. D. 2, 38, 96:

tetrae tenebrae et caligo,

id. Agr. 2, 17, 44;

v. caligo: tenebras et solitudinem nacti,

id. Fin. 3, 11, 38:

incultu, tenebris, odore foeda atque terribilis ejus (Tulliani) facies est,

Sall. C. 55, 4:

ipsis noctis tenebris,

Quint. 10, 6, 1:

obtentā densantur nocte tenebrae,

Verg. G. 1, 248:

neve velit (Sol) tenebras inducere rebus,

Ov. M. 2, 395:

tacitae,

Sen. Med. 114. —

In partic.

The darkness of night, night:

redire luce, non tenebris,

Cic. Phil. 2, 30, 76:

classem in statione usque ad noctem tenuit: primis tenebris movit,

Liv. 31, 23, 4:

somnus qui faciat breves tenebras,

Mart. 10, 47, 11:

tenebris,

during the night, Tib. 1, 6, 59; 2, 1, 76; Ov. Am. 1, 6, 10:

tenebris obortis,

Nep. Eum. 9, 5:

per tenebras,

Luc. 2, 686:

(me) videt pulsis Aurora tenebris,

Ov. M. 7, 703:

effulget tenebris Aurora fugatis,

id. ib. 2, 144.—

The darkness or dimness of a swoon, a swoon:

tenebrae oboriuntur, genua inedia succidunt,

Plaut. Curc. 2, 3, 30; Verg. A. 11, 824; Ov. M. 2, 181; 12, 136; id. Tr. 1, 3, 91; id. H. 13, 23; Luc. 3, 735; Plin. 7, 6, 5, § 41.—

The darkness of death, death-shades ( poet. and rare):

juro, Me tibi ad extremas mansuram tenebras,

Prop. 2, 20 (3, 13), 17; cf.:

(urbes) ad Erebi profundos hiatus abactae, aeternis tenebris occultantur,

Amm. 17, 7, 13; cf. also in a play upon this signif. and that of B. 1.: certum'st mihi ante tenebras (i. e. noctem) tenebras (i. e. mortem) persequi, Plaut. Ps. 1, 1, 88.—

Blindness ( poet. and very rare):

occidit extemplo lumen tenebraeque sequuntur,

Lucr. 3, 415:

tenebras et cladem lucis ademptae Obicit,

Ov. M. 3, 515; 3, 525; Stat. Th. 4, 407. —

Transf., concr., a dark, gloomy place.

A dark bathing-place:

Grylli,

Mart. 2, 14, 13 (cf. id. 1, 60, 3).—

A prison, dungeon:

clausi in tenebris, cum maerore et luctu morte graviorem vitam exigunt,

Sall. J. 14, 15: in atras et profundas tenebras eum claudebant, Tubero ap. Gell. 6, 4, 3. —

Lurking-places, haunts:

emersus ex diuturnis tenebris lustrorum ac stuprorum,

Cic. Sest. 9, 20:

demonstres, ubi sint tuae tenebrae,

Cat. 55, 2.—

Dark or poor lodgings:

quanti nunc tenebras unum conducis in annum,

Juv. 3, 225. —

The infernal regions:

tenebrae malae Orci,

Cat. 3, 13:

infernae,

Verg. A. 7, 325; Hor. C. 4, 7, 25:

Stygiae,

Verg. G. 3, 551:

quid Styga, quid tenebras timetis?

Ov. M. 15, 154.—

Trop., darkness, gloom, obscurity of the mind, of fame, of fortune, fate, etc. (class.):

isti tantis offusis tenebris ne scintillam quidem ullam nobis ad dispiciendum reliquerunt,

Cic. Ac. 2, 19, 61:

obducere tenebras rebus clarissimis,

id. ib. 2, 6, 16; cf.:

omnibus fulgore quodam suae claritatis tenebras obduxit,

Quint. 10, 1, 72: quas tu mihi tenebras cudis? what darkness are you raising about me? i. e. what trick are you playing me? Plaut. Ep. 3, 4, 40:

tenebras dispulit calumniae,

Phaedr. 3, 10, 42:

quae jacerent omnia in tenebris, nisi litterarum lumen accederet,

obscurity, concealment, Cic. Arch. 6, 14:

vestram familiam abjectam et obscuram e tenebris in lucem evocavit,

id. Deiot. 11, 30; cf.: o tenebrae, o lutum, o sordes (Piso)! obscurity, i. e. low birth, baseness, id. Pis. 26, 62; id. Att. 7, 11, 1: vitae, gloomy fate or fortunes, Lucr. 2, 15:

qui tibi aestus, qui error, qui tenebrae erunt,

Cic. Div. in Caecil. 14, 45:

in illis rei publicae tenebris caecisque nubibus et procellis,

id. Dom. 10, 24:

ex superioris anni caligine et tenebris lucem in re publicā dispicere,

id. Red. in Sen. 3, 5:

si quid tenebrarum offudit exilium,

id. Tusc. 3, 34, 82:

tamquam si offusa rei publicae sempiterna nox esset, ita ruebant in tenebris omniaque miscebant,

id. Rosc. Am. 32, 91.

1) этот

2) здешний

3) присутствующий здесь (hic M Crassus C)

4) мой, наш

5)

а) этот, нынешний ( hi mores C); текущий (hic dies, haec tempora C)

б) теперешний ( hic status rerum C)

6) настоящий, данный, разбираемый, рассматриваемый (haec causa C etc.)

7)

8)

9) нижеследующий, таков ( ejus belli causa haec fuit L)

10) подобный, такой

11)

а) hoc это лишь, только это ( hoc certum est C); с gen. part. это количество ( hoc copiarum L)

б) этот кусок, клочок ( hoc terrae C); этот уровень, эта степень ( hoc honoris C)

12) hoc тем (сильнее, чем eo)

13) hoc иногда как бы для замены лица при безличных глаголах

1) тут, здесь (non modo hic, sed ubicunque C)

2) теперь, ныне (hic, ubi opus est Ter); тогда

3) при этом, в этом случае, при таких обстоятельствах (hic vos dubitabitis? C)