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central+definition

  • 1 zona central de un Lugar

    (n.) = heartland
    Ex. Somewhere out there in the heartland someone is hunched over a typewriter at this moment attempting the ultimate definition.
    * * *
    (n.) = heartland

    Ex: Somewhere out there in the heartland someone is hunched over a typewriter at this moment attempting the ultimate definition.

    Spanish-English dictionary > zona central de un Lugar

  • 2 резкость (фото)


    difinition

    a degree of sharpness with which an image is brought out.
    - в центре изображения — central definition
    - на краю поля изображения — marginal definition

    Русско-английский сборник авиационно-технических терминов > резкость (фото)

  • 3 резкость в центре

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > резкость в центре

  • 4 резкость в центре

    ( поля изображения) central definition

    Русско-английский политехнический словарь > резкость в центре

  • 5 резкость

    1) General subject: abruptness, acerbity, acridity, acridity (манер, поведения и т.п.), acridness (манер, поведения и т.п.), acuteness, asperity, definition, frowziness, gruffness, harsh word, harshness, roughness (звука, цвета), sharpness, trenchancy, truculence, verjuice, edge (о языке, манере), relentlessness
    2) Literal: incision
    3) Engineering: acuity (контуров изображения), central sharpness, definition of image, fineness, resolution (изображения)
    5) Rare: raucity
    6) Mathematics: accuracy, clearness
    7) Cinema: acuity (контуров), acutance (контуров), critical definition (изображения)
    8) Photo: acutance (изображения), hardness (изображения), sharpening
    9) Information technology: actuity (контура), sharpness (изображения)
    10) Cartography: contrast
    12) Advertising: severity
    14) Acoustics: asperity (звука)
    15) Makarov: acuity (изображения), acutance (фото; изображения), hardness (фото; изображения), poignancy (боли), salience (изображения), sharpness (напр. изображения), sharpness (напр., изображения), vehemence (цвета, запаха), vehemency (цвета, запаха)
    16) Software: Sharpen Tool

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > резкость

  • 6 Tikkun olam

    (Hebrew) Repairing the world.
    The phenomenon "is important in Judaism and is often used to explain the Jewish concept of social justice. In some explanations, the more mitzvot that are performed, the closer the world will be towards perfection. Some Jews believe that acts of tikkun olam will either trigger or fulfill the prophesied coming of the Moshiach (messiah) or messianic age (the World to Come). The belief in tikkun olam is also central to the Zohar ("Book of Splendor"), the most important book in kabbalah" (Wikipedia). Fot some people, the term offers the motivation for involvement in social justice work. It is used to describe efforts as diverse as teaching Torah, volunteering for social service agencies, raising money for Israel, and supporting the creation of a Palestinian state. As a post-biblical term, tikkun olam neither appears in a prophetic book nor constitutes one of the mitzvot. However, as this concept has come to be equated both with a general call to justice, and with specific philanthropic and volunteer activities, the definition of tikkun olam has been merged with those of tzedakah (financial support of the poor), g’milut hasadim (acts of loving kindness), and tzedek (justice).
    So, the four primary definitions of tikkun olam in Jewish history are: the anticipation of the divine kingdom in the Aleynu prayer; the midrashic call to preserve the physical world; the rabbinic desire to sustain the social order; and the Lurianic belief in our power to restore divine perfection. This definition may occupy a space between a limited definition of “ tikkun olam” as relating only to a specific theology or legal process and an expansive definition that equates “ tikkun olam” with any type of social action or social justice work.

    Yiddish-English dictionary (in roman letters) > Tikkun olam

  • 7 confuso

    adj.
    1 confused, addled, bewildered, muddle-headed.
    2 confusing, perplexing, tangled, confusional.
    3 confused, blurry, blurred, obscure.
    4 confused, cluttered, disordered, mixed-up.
    * * *
    1 (ideas) confused
    2 (estilo etc) obscure, confused
    3 (recuerdos, formas) vague, blurred
    4 (mezclado) mixed up
    5 figurado (turbado) confused, embarrassed
    * * *
    (f. - confusa)
    adj.
    * * *
    ADJ
    1) (=poco claro) [ideas, noticias] confused; [recuerdo] hazy; [ruido] indistinct; [imagen] blurred

    tiene las ideas muy confusas — he has very confused ideas, his ideas are very mixed up

    2) (=desconcertado) confused

    no sé qué decir, estoy confuso — I don't know what to say, I'm overwhelmed

    * * *
    - sa adjetivo
    a) <idea/texto/explicación> confused; < recuerdo> confused, hazy; < imagen> blurred, hazy; < información> confused
    b) ( turbado) embarrassed, confused
    * * *
    = confusing, dim [dimmer -comp., dimmest -sup.], distraught, in confusion of purpose, indistinct, muddled, entangled, topsy-turvy, puzzled, messy [messier -comp., messiest -sup.], puzzling, mixed up, confused, in a state of turmoil, clouded, in a spin, dishevelled [disheveled, -USA], in disarray, foggy [foggier -comp., foggiest -sup.], blurry [blurrier -comp., blurriest -sup.], confounding, garbled, indistinctive, nonplussed [nonplused], addled, in a fog, chaotic, disorderly, shambolic, bleary [blearier -comp., bleariest -sup.], in a twirl, at sea, all over the place.
    Ex. The nature of the compilation of the code led to rather little consensus, and many alternative rules, which together made the code rather confusing.
    Ex. The genesis of this brave new world of solid state logic, in which bibliographic data are reduced to phantasmagoria on the faces of cathode-ray tubes (CRT), extends at most only three-quarters of a decade into the dim past.
    Ex. Before she could respond and follow up with a question about her distraught state, Feng escaped to the women's room.
    Ex. Without the ability to select when faced with these choices we would be like demented dogs chasing every attractive smell that reaches our noses in complete confusion of purpose.
    Ex. The typescript will be fuzzy and indistinct without the smooth, firm surface which the backing sheet offers.
    Ex. This paper analyses and proposes practical solutions to key problems in on-line IR, particulary in relation to ill-defined and muddled information requirements, concept representation in searching and text representation in indexing.
    Ex. The rapid spreading of electronic mail, bulletin boards, and newsletters give rise to an entangled pattern of standards.
    Ex. At a later stage he may make up topsy-turvy stories with reversals of the pattern; finally he will improvise and impose hiw own.
    Ex. While scanning the area under supervision, the librarian may detect persons who appear restless or puzzled.
    Ex. The author discusses current attempts to organize electronic information objects in a world that is messy, volatile and uncontrolled.
    Ex. The argument for expressiveness is that it helps users to find their way through the systematic arrangement, which is sometimes puzzling to them.
    Ex. They are mixed up as the talk meanders about, apparently without conscious pattern.
    Ex. She sat a long time on the couch, confused, questioning, pushing her thoughts into new latitudes.
    Ex. Before long the teachers were in a state of turmoil over the issue.
    Ex. The article 'The clouded crystal ball and the library profession' explains how the concepts of knowledge utilisation and information brokering are beginning to have an impact on the definition of the librarian's role.
    Ex. The article is entitled 'Digital revolution leaves pharmacists in a spin'.
    Ex. Ironically, there are very few who have realized the capitalist dream of easy profits and the concept of a new knowledged-based economy now looks somewhat disheveled.
    Ex. Sometimes cataloguers access other libraries' OPACs in order to resolve difficult problems when important parts of the item being catalogued are missing or are in disarray.
    Ex. What they will not do is clear up the foggy area in most cataloguers' minds, the area that leads to an inconsistent application of half-understood principles'.
    Ex. On the other hand, a distinction that was thought to be quite clear turns out to be rather blurry.
    Ex. The need to control for the effect of confounding variables is central to empirical research in many disciplines.
    Ex. The client phoned in the afternoon to tell me that there was garbled data again in the large text field they use for notes.
    Ex. This research suggests that people are threatened by categorizations that portray them as too distinctive or too indistinctive.
    Ex. He was nonplussed when the crowd he expected protesting his policy of arresting illegal immigrants turned out to be seven.
    Ex. They were too addled to come to any definite conclusion.
    Ex. After practice, however, the usually affable Jackson looked to be in a fog as he prepared to walk to his locker.
    Ex. Otherwise the situation would become chaotic.
    Ex. Empirical studies of decision making have found that the process is more disorderly than described in rational models.
    Ex. Hundreds of usually loyal fans booed and jeered as the tortured singer delivered a shambolic and apparently drunken performance.
    Ex. Her eyes were dry and her head bleary from spending all week totally consumed with work.
    Ex. I had never been to a professional golf tournament, and the excitement and action had my head in a twirl.
    Ex. This site seems to be giving tons of options and am completely at sea as to how to go about choosing the best one.
    Ex. Mr Hammond said the Liberal Democrats are ' all over the place' on the economy.
    ----
    * de manera confusa = hazily.
    * estar confuso = be at sixes and sevens with, be at a nonplus, be all at sea.
    * masa confusa = mush.
    * resultar confuso = prove + confusing.
    * sentirse confuso = feel at + sea, be all at sea.
    * ser confuso = be deceiving.
    * surgir de un modo confuso = grow + like Topsy.
    * todo confuso = in a state of disarray.
    * * *
    - sa adjetivo
    a) <idea/texto/explicación> confused; < recuerdo> confused, hazy; < imagen> blurred, hazy; < información> confused
    b) ( turbado) embarrassed, confused
    * * *
    = confusing, dim [dimmer -comp., dimmest -sup.], distraught, in confusion of purpose, indistinct, muddled, entangled, topsy-turvy, puzzled, messy [messier -comp., messiest -sup.], puzzling, mixed up, confused, in a state of turmoil, clouded, in a spin, dishevelled [disheveled, -USA], in disarray, foggy [foggier -comp., foggiest -sup.], blurry [blurrier -comp., blurriest -sup.], confounding, garbled, indistinctive, nonplussed [nonplused], addled, in a fog, chaotic, disorderly, shambolic, bleary [blearier -comp., bleariest -sup.], in a twirl, at sea, all over the place.

    Ex: The nature of the compilation of the code led to rather little consensus, and many alternative rules, which together made the code rather confusing.

    Ex: The genesis of this brave new world of solid state logic, in which bibliographic data are reduced to phantasmagoria on the faces of cathode-ray tubes (CRT), extends at most only three-quarters of a decade into the dim past.
    Ex: Before she could respond and follow up with a question about her distraught state, Feng escaped to the women's room.
    Ex: Without the ability to select when faced with these choices we would be like demented dogs chasing every attractive smell that reaches our noses in complete confusion of purpose.
    Ex: The typescript will be fuzzy and indistinct without the smooth, firm surface which the backing sheet offers.
    Ex: This paper analyses and proposes practical solutions to key problems in on-line IR, particulary in relation to ill-defined and muddled information requirements, concept representation in searching and text representation in indexing.
    Ex: The rapid spreading of electronic mail, bulletin boards, and newsletters give rise to an entangled pattern of standards.
    Ex: At a later stage he may make up topsy-turvy stories with reversals of the pattern; finally he will improvise and impose hiw own.
    Ex: While scanning the area under supervision, the librarian may detect persons who appear restless or puzzled.
    Ex: The author discusses current attempts to organize electronic information objects in a world that is messy, volatile and uncontrolled.
    Ex: The argument for expressiveness is that it helps users to find their way through the systematic arrangement, which is sometimes puzzling to them.
    Ex: They are mixed up as the talk meanders about, apparently without conscious pattern.
    Ex: She sat a long time on the couch, confused, questioning, pushing her thoughts into new latitudes.
    Ex: Before long the teachers were in a state of turmoil over the issue.
    Ex: The article 'The clouded crystal ball and the library profession' explains how the concepts of knowledge utilisation and information brokering are beginning to have an impact on the definition of the librarian's role.
    Ex: The article is entitled 'Digital revolution leaves pharmacists in a spin'.
    Ex: Ironically, there are very few who have realized the capitalist dream of easy profits and the concept of a new knowledged-based economy now looks somewhat disheveled.
    Ex: Sometimes cataloguers access other libraries' OPACs in order to resolve difficult problems when important parts of the item being catalogued are missing or are in disarray.
    Ex: What they will not do is clear up the foggy area in most cataloguers' minds, the area that leads to an inconsistent application of half-understood principles'.
    Ex: On the other hand, a distinction that was thought to be quite clear turns out to be rather blurry.
    Ex: The need to control for the effect of confounding variables is central to empirical research in many disciplines.
    Ex: The client phoned in the afternoon to tell me that there was garbled data again in the large text field they use for notes.
    Ex: This research suggests that people are threatened by categorizations that portray them as too distinctive or too indistinctive.
    Ex: He was nonplussed when the crowd he expected protesting his policy of arresting illegal immigrants turned out to be seven.
    Ex: They were too addled to come to any definite conclusion.
    Ex: After practice, however, the usually affable Jackson looked to be in a fog as he prepared to walk to his locker.
    Ex: Otherwise the situation would become chaotic.
    Ex: Empirical studies of decision making have found that the process is more disorderly than described in rational models.
    Ex: Hundreds of usually loyal fans booed and jeered as the tortured singer delivered a shambolic and apparently drunken performance.
    Ex: Her eyes were dry and her head bleary from spending all week totally consumed with work.
    Ex: I had never been to a professional golf tournament, and the excitement and action had my head in a twirl.
    Ex: This site seems to be giving tons of options and am completely at sea as to how to go about choosing the best one.
    Ex: Mr Hammond said the Liberal Democrats are ' all over the place' on the economy.
    * de manera confusa = hazily.
    * estar confuso = be at sixes and sevens with, be at a nonplus, be all at sea.
    * masa confusa = mush.
    * resultar confuso = prove + confusing.
    * sentirse confuso = feel at + sea, be all at sea.
    * ser confuso = be deceiving.
    * surgir de un modo confuso = grow + like Topsy.
    * todo confuso = in a state of disarray.

    * * *
    confuso -sa
    1 ‹idea/texto› confused; ‹recuerdo› confused, hazy; ‹imagen› blurred, hazy
    dio una explicación muy confusa he gave a very confused explanation
    las noticias son confusas reports are confused
    2 (turbado) embarrassed, confused
    * * *

     

    confuso
    ◊ -sa adjetivo

    a) ‹idea/texto/explicación› confused;

    ‹ recuerdo› confused, hazy;
    ‹ imagen› blurred, hazy;
    ‹ información› confused

    confuso,-a adjetivo
    1 (idea, argumento, etc) confused, unclear
    2 (desconcertado) confused, perplexed
    ' confuso' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    confusa
    - apabullar
    - despistado
    - enmarañado
    English:
    confused
    - confusing
    - flounder
    - fuzzy
    - garbled
    - indistinct
    - mixed-up
    - muddy
    - spin
    - unclear
    - foggy
    - hazy
    - muddled
    * * *
    confuso, -a adj
    1. [poco claro] [clamor, griterío] confused;
    [contorno, forma, imagen] blurred; [explicación] confused
    2. [turbado] confused, bewildered;
    estar confuso to be confused o bewildered
    * * *
    adj confused
    * * *
    confuso, -sa adj
    1) : confused, mixed-up
    2) : obscure, indistinct
    * * *
    confuso adj
    1. (persona) confused
    2. (instrucciones, explicación, etc) confused / confusing

    Spanish-English dictionary > confuso

  • 8 enlace

    m.
    1 link (conexión) (gen) & (computing).
    2 go-between (person).
    3 bond (chemistry).
    4 connection.
    vía de enlace crossover
    pres.subj.
    3rd person singular (él/ella/ello) Present Subjunctive of Spanish verb: enlazar.
    * * *
    1 (conexión) link, connection
    2 (boda) marriage
    3 (tren etc) connection
    4 (intermediario) liaison, link
    5 QUÍMICA bond
    \
    establecer un enlace to forge a link
    servir de enlace to provide a link
    enlace sindical shop steward, US union delegate
    estación de enlace junction 2 (metro) connecting station
    vía de enlace crossover
    * * *
    noun m.
    1) link, connection
    * * *
    SM
    1) (=relación) connection, relationship
    2) (=conexión) (Elec) linkage; (Quím) bond; (Ferro) connection; [de vías] crossover; [en autopista] motorway junction; (Mil) liaison
    3) (=matrimonio) (tb: enlace matrimonial) marriage
    4) (=mediador) link, go-between
    5) (Internet) link

    enlace de datos — (Inform) data link

    * * *
    1)
    a) (conexión, unión) link

    enlace telefónico/por satélite — telephone/satellite link

    b) (de vías, carreteras) intersection, junction
    2) (frml) ( casamiento) tb
    3) ( persona) liaison

    actúa de enlace entre... — he acts as liaison o as a link between...

    4) (Quím) linkage, bond
    * * *
    = interfixing, link, linkage, pointer, bridge, bonding, liaison, bond, link-up, relay point, nexus.
    Ex. The device known as links (sometimes referred to as 'interfixing') simply indicates that some connection exists between two or more terms (ie concepts) in a particular document.
    Ex. Explanatory references give a little more explanation as to why the link between two names is being made in the catalogue or index.
    Ex. We have just stated that the linkage of varying titles and varying forms of entry have to be done on the same basis in an automated situation as in a manual situation.
    Ex. Note also, that the subdivided heading MUSIC -- AUSTRIA consists only of two pointers.
    Ex. My own definition of 'Hypermedia' is a system whereby audiovisual 'statements' can be used as bridges between materials that are conceptually related in some way.
    Ex. The authors suggest that there should be a bonding between and among governing agencies and local schools.
    Ex. It is important to make sure that there is close liaison between the cataloguing department and the order department, otherwise cards are liable to be ordered twice or in insufficient quantity to meet the total demand.
    Ex. Networking creates bonds where none may have existed and multiplies individual capabilities manifold.
    Ex. Today the link-up with television is obviously very useful indeed.
    Ex. These information centres function as ports of first call for officials stationed nearby, and also as relay points to the central collections.
    Ex. The author explores the nexus between record keeping and the execution of government 'watchdog' functions.
    ----
    * deterioro de los enlaces = link rot.
    * enlace cita = backlink.
    * enlace cita, enlace referencia, enlace de referencia = backlink.
    * enlace de comunicaciones = communications link.
    * enlace de comunicaciones vía satélite = satellite link.
    * enlace de referencia = backlink.
    * enlace de telecomunicaciones = telecommunications link.
    * enlace hipertextual inserto = embedded link.
    * enlace obsoleto = broken link, dead link.
    * enlace químico = chemical bond.
    * enlace referencia = backlink, outlink [out-link].
    * enlace referente = backlink, inlink [in-link].
    * enlace roto = broken link, dead link.
    * enlaces a sitios web = sitation.
    * puerta en enlace = gateway.
    * solventador de enlace = resolver.
    * vuelo de enlace = connecting flight.
    * * *
    1)
    a) (conexión, unión) link

    enlace telefónico/por satélite — telephone/satellite link

    b) (de vías, carreteras) intersection, junction
    2) (frml) ( casamiento) tb
    3) ( persona) liaison

    actúa de enlace entre... — he acts as liaison o as a link between...

    4) (Quím) linkage, bond
    * * *
    = interfixing, link, linkage, pointer, bridge, bonding, liaison, bond, link-up, relay point, nexus.

    Ex: The device known as links (sometimes referred to as 'interfixing') simply indicates that some connection exists between two or more terms (ie concepts) in a particular document.

    Ex: Explanatory references give a little more explanation as to why the link between two names is being made in the catalogue or index.
    Ex: We have just stated that the linkage of varying titles and varying forms of entry have to be done on the same basis in an automated situation as in a manual situation.
    Ex: Note also, that the subdivided heading MUSIC -- AUSTRIA consists only of two pointers.
    Ex: My own definition of 'Hypermedia' is a system whereby audiovisual 'statements' can be used as bridges between materials that are conceptually related in some way.
    Ex: The authors suggest that there should be a bonding between and among governing agencies and local schools.
    Ex: It is important to make sure that there is close liaison between the cataloguing department and the order department, otherwise cards are liable to be ordered twice or in insufficient quantity to meet the total demand.
    Ex: Networking creates bonds where none may have existed and multiplies individual capabilities manifold.
    Ex: Today the link-up with television is obviously very useful indeed.
    Ex: These information centres function as ports of first call for officials stationed nearby, and also as relay points to the central collections.
    Ex: The author explores the nexus between record keeping and the execution of government 'watchdog' functions.
    * deterioro de los enlaces = link rot.
    * enlace cita = backlink.
    * enlace cita, enlace referencia, enlace de referencia = backlink.
    * enlace de comunicaciones = communications link.
    * enlace de comunicaciones vía satélite = satellite link.
    * enlace de referencia = backlink.
    * enlace de telecomunicaciones = telecommunications link.
    * enlace hipertextual inserto = embedded link.
    * enlace obsoleto = broken link, dead link.
    * enlace químico = chemical bond.
    * enlace referencia = backlink, outlink [out-link].
    * enlace referente = backlink, inlink [in-link].
    * enlace roto = broken link, dead link.
    * enlaces a sitios web = sitation.
    * puerta en enlace = gateway.
    * solventador de enlace = resolver.
    * vuelo de enlace = connecting flight.

    * * *
    A
    1 (conexión, unión) link
    enlace telefónico telephone link
    enlace por or vía satélite satellite link
    el enlace ferroviario/aéreo entre las dos ciudades the rail/air link between the two cities
    una partícula de enlace a linking o connecting particle
    2 (de vías, carreteras) intersection, junction
    Compuestos:
    ( Inf) weblink
    cloverleaf
    C (persona) liaison
    actúa de enlace entre … he acts as liaison o as a link between …, he liaises between … ( BrE)
    Compuesto:
    masculine and feminine ( Esp) shop steward, union rep
    D ( Quím) linkage, bond
    * * *

     

    Del verbo enlazar: ( conjugate enlazar)

    enlacé es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) pretérito indicativo

    enlace es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) presente subjuntivo

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) presente subjuntivo

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) imperativo

    Multiple Entries:
    enlace    
    enlazar
    enlace sustantivo masculino
    a) (conexión, unión) link

    b) (de vías, carreteras) intersection, junction

    c) tb




    enlazar ( conjugate enlazar) verbo transitivo
    1

    ‹ideas/temas› to link, connect
    b) ‹ cintas› to tie … together

    2 (Col, RPl) ‹res/caballo› to lasso, rope (AmE)
    3 (Méx frml) ( casar) to marry
    verbo intransitivo enlace con algo [tren/vuelo] to connect with sth;
    [ carretera] to link up with sth
    enlace sustantivo masculino
    1 (relación, ligazón) link, connection
    enlace químico, chemical bond
    2 frml (boda) wedding
    3 (persona de contacto) liaison
    4 Ferroc connection
    5 (de carreteras, autopistas) intersection, junction
    enlazar verbo transitivo & verbo intransitivo to link [con, with/to], connect [con, with]
    ' enlace' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    boda
    - comunicación
    - nexo
    English:
    connection
    - liaison
    - link
    - union
    - interchange
    - liaise
    - rep
    - shuttle
    * * *
    enlace nm
    1. [conexión] link;
    el enlace ferroviario/aéreo entre París y Madrid the rail/air link between Paris and Madrid;
    un enlace vía satélite a satellite link o hook-up
    2. Informát [de hipertexto] link
    3. [persona] go-between;
    sirvió de enlace en las negociaciones he acted as mediator in the negotiations
    Esp enlace sindical shop steward
    4. Ferroc [empalme] connection;
    vía de enlace crossover, crossing
    5. Quím bond
    enlace covalente covalent bond;
    enlace de hidrógeno hydrogen bond;
    enlace iónico ionic bond;
    enlace químico chemical bond
    6. Formal [boda]
    * * *
    m link, connection
    * * *
    enlace nm
    1) : bond, link, connection
    2) : liaison
    * * *
    1. (conexión) link / connection
    2. (autobús, tren) connection
    3. (boda) marriage

    Spanish-English dictionary > enlace

  • 9 kiini

    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [Swahili Word] kiini
    [Swahili Plural] viini
    [English Word] inside
    [English Plural] insides
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 7/8
    [Related Words] ini
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [Swahili Word] kiini
    [Swahili Plural] viini
    [English Word] interior
    [English Plural] interiors
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 7/8
    [Related Words] ini
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [Swahili Word] kiini
    [Swahili Plural] viini
    [English Word] innermost part
    [English Plural] innermost parts
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 7/8
    [Related Words] ini
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [Swahili Word] kiini cha yai
    [Swahili Plural] viini vya mayai
    [English Word] yolk of an egg
    [English Plural] yolks
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 7/8
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [Swahili Word] kiini cha jicho
    [Swahili Plural] viini vya macho
    [English Word] pupil (of the eye)
    [English Plural] pupils
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 7/8
    [Terminology] anatomy
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [Swahili Word] kiini
    [Swahili Plural] viini
    [English Word] nucleus
    [English Plural] nuclei
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 7/8
    [Related Words] ini
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [Swahili Word] -a kiini
    [English Word] nuclear
    [Part of Speech] adjective
    [Swahili Example] siasa ya kiini
    [English Example] policy of nuclear blackmail
    [Terminology] technology
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [Swahili Word] kiini
    [Swahili Plural] viini
    [English Word] core
    [English Plural] cores
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 7/8
    [Related Words] ini
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [Swahili Word] kiini
    [Swahili Plural] viini
    [English Word] pith
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Related Words] ini
    [English Definition] soft spongelike central cylinder of the stems of most flowering plants
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [Swahili Word] kiini
    [Swahili Plural] viini
    [English Word] kernel
    [English Plural] kernels
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 7/8
    [Related Words] ini
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [Swahili Word] kiini cha matunda
    [Swahili Plural] viini vya matunda
    [English Word] stone of fruit
    [English Plural] stones
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 7/8
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [Swahili Word] kiini
    [Swahili Plural] viini
    [English Word] substance
    [English Plural] substances
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 7/8
    [Related Words] ini
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [Swahili Word] kiini
    [Swahili Plural] viini
    [English Word] essence
    [English Plural] essences
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 7/8
    [Related Words] ini
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [Swahili Word] kiini
    [Swahili Plural] viini
    [English Word] gist (of a matter)
    [English Plural] gists
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 7/8
    [Related Words] ini
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [Swahili Word] kiini
    [Swahili Plural] viini
    [English Word] central point
    [English Plural] central points
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 7/8
    [Related Words] ini
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [Swahili Word] kiini cha hoja
    [Swahili Plural] viini vya hoja
    [English Word] central issue
    [English Plural] central issues
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 7/8
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [Swahili Word] kiini
    [Swahili Plural] viini
    [English Word] motive
    [English Plural] motives
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 7/8
    [Related Words] ini
    [Swahili Example] mie naomba tujulishwe basi kiini cha tamasha letu [Muk]
    [English Example] I pray we be informed of the motive for our pageant
    ------------------------------------------------------------

    Swahili-english dictionary > kiini

  • 10 Philosophy

       And what I believe to be more important here is that I find in myself an infinity of ideas of certain things which cannot be assumed to be pure nothingness, even though they may have perhaps no existence outside of my thought. These things are not figments of my imagination, even though it is within my power to think of them or not to think of them; on the contrary, they have their own true and immutable natures. Thus, for example, when I imagine a triangle, even though there may perhaps be no such figure anywhere in the world outside of my thought, nor ever have been, nevertheless the figure cannot help having a certain determinate nature... or essence, which is immutable and eternal, which I have not invented and which does not in any way depend upon my mind. (Descartes, 1951, p. 61)
       Let us console ourselves for not knowing the possible connections between a spider and the rings of Saturn, and continue to examine what is within our reach. (Voltaire, 1961, p. 144)
       As modern physics started with the Newtonian revolution, so modern philosophy starts with what one might call the Cartesian Catastrophe. The catastrophe consisted in the splitting up of the world into the realms of matter and mind, and the identification of "mind" with conscious thinking. The result of this identification was the shallow rationalism of l'esprit Cartesien, and an impoverishment of psychology which it took three centuries to remedy even in part. (Koestler, 1964, p. 148)
       It has been made of late a reproach against natural philosophy that it has struck out on a path of its own, and has separated itself more and more widely from the other sciences which are united by common philological and historical studies. The opposition has, in fact, been long apparent, and seems to me to have grown up mainly under the influence of the Hegelian philosophy, or, at any rate, to have been brought out into more distinct relief by that philosophy.... The sole object of Kant's "Critical Philosophy" was to test the sources and the authority of our knowledge, and to fix a definite scope and standard for the researches of philosophy, as compared with other sciences.... [But Hegel's] "Philosophy of Identity" was bolder. It started with the hypothesis that not only spiritual phenomena, but even the actual world-nature, that is, and man-were the result of an act of thought on the part of a creative mind, similar, it was supposed, in kind to the human mind.... The philosophers accused the scientific men of narrowness; the scientific men retorted that the philosophers were crazy. And so it came about that men of science began to lay some stress on the banishment of all philosophic influences from their work; while some of them, including men of the greatest acuteness, went so far as to condemn philosophy altogether, not merely as useless, but as mischievous dreaming. Thus, it must be confessed, not only were the illegitimate pretensions of the Hegelian system to subordinate to itself all other studies rejected, but no regard was paid to the rightful claims of philosophy, that is, the criticism of the sources of cognition, and the definition of the functions of the intellect. (Helmholz, quoted in Dampier, 1966, pp. 291-292)
       Philosophy remains true to its classical tradition by renouncing it. (Habermas, 1972, p. 317)
       I have not attempted... to put forward any grand view of the nature of philosophy; nor do I have any such grand view to put forth if I would. It will be obvious that I do not agree with those who see philosophy as the history of "howlers" and progress in philosophy as the debunking of howlers. It will also be obvious that I do not agree with those who see philosophy as the enterprise of putting forward a priori truths about the world.... I see philosophy as a field which has certain central questions, for example, the relation between thought and reality.... It seems obvious that in dealing with these questions philosophers have formulated rival research programs, that they have put forward general hypotheses, and that philosophers within each major research program have modified their hypotheses by trial and error, even if they sometimes refuse to admit that that is what they are doing. To that extent philosophy is a "science." To argue about whether philosophy is a science in any more serious sense seems to me to be hardly a useful occupation.... It does not seem to me important to decide whether science is philosophy or philosophy is science as long as one has a conception of both that makes both essential to a responsible view of the world and of man's place in it. (Putnam, 1975, p. xvii)
       What can philosophy contribute to solving the problem of the relation [of] mind to body? Twenty years ago, many English-speaking philosophers would have answered: "Nothing beyond an analysis of the various mental concepts." If we seek knowledge of things, they thought, it is to science that we must turn. Philosophy can only cast light upon our concepts of those things.
       This retreat from things to concepts was not undertaken lightly. Ever since the seventeenth century, the great intellectual fact of our culture has been the incredible expansion of knowledge both in the natural and in the rational sciences (mathematics, logic).
       The success of science created a crisis in philosophy. What was there for philosophy to do? Hume had already perceived the problem in some degree, and so surely did Kant, but it was not until the twentieth century, with the Vienna Circle and with Wittgenstein, that the difficulty began to weigh heavily. Wittgenstein took the view that philosophy could do no more than strive to undo the intellectual knots it itself had tied, so achieving intellectual release, and even a certain illumination, but no knowledge. A little later, and more optimistically, Ryle saw a positive, if reduced role, for philosophy in mapping the "logical geography" of our concepts: how they stood to each other and how they were to be analyzed....
       Since that time, however, philosophers in the "analytic" tradition have swung back from Wittgensteinian and even Rylean pessimism to a more traditional conception of the proper role and tasks of philosophy. Many analytic philosophers now would accept the view that the central task of philosophy is to give an account, or at least play a part in giving an account, of the most general nature of things and of man. (Armstrong, 1990, pp. 37-38)
       8) Philosophy's Evolving Engagement with Artificial Intelligence and Cognitive Science
       In the beginning, the nature of philosophy's engagement with artificial intelligence and cognitive science was clear enough. The new sciences of the mind were to provide the long-awaited vindication of the most potent dreams of naturalism and materialism. Mind would at last be located firmly within the natural order. We would see in detail how the most perplexing features of the mental realm could be supported by the operations of solely physical laws upon solely physical stuff. Mental causation (the power of, e.g., a belief to cause an action) would emerge as just another species of physical causation. Reasoning would be understood as a kind of automated theorem proving. And the key to both was to be the depiction of the brain as the implementation of multiple higher level programs whose task was to manipulate and transform symbols or representations: inner items with one foot in the physical (they were realized as brain states) and one in the mental (they were bearers of contents, and their physical gymnastics were cleverly designed to respect semantic relationships such as truth preservation). (A. Clark, 1996, p. 1)
       Socrates of Athens famously declared that "the unexamined life is not worth living," and his motto aptly explains the impulse to philosophize. Taking nothing for granted, philosophy probes and questions the fundamental presuppositions of every area of human inquiry.... [P]art of the job of the philosopher is to keep at a certain critical distance from current doctrines, whether in the sciences or the arts, and to examine instead how the various elements in our world-view clash, or fit together. Some philosophers have tried to incorporate the results of these inquiries into a grand synoptic view of the nature of reality and our human relationship to it. Others have mistrusted system-building, and seen their primary role as one of clarifications, or the removal of obstacles along the road to truth. But all have shared the Socratic vision of using the human intellect to challenge comfortable preconceptions, insisting that every aspect of human theory and practice be subjected to continuing critical scrutiny....
       Philosophy is, of course, part of a continuing tradition, and there is much to be gained from seeing how that tradition originated and developed. But the principal object of studying the materials in this book is not to pay homage to past genius, but to enrich one's understanding of central problems that are as pressing today as they have always been-problems about knowledge, truth and reality, the nature of the mind, the basis of right action, and the best way to live. These questions help to mark out the territory of philosophy as an academic discipline, but in a wider sense they define the human predicament itself; they will surely continue to be with us for as long as humanity endures. (Cottingham, 1996, pp. xxi-xxii)
       In his study of ancient Greek culture, The Birth of Tragedy, Nietzsche drew what would become a famous distinction, between the Dionysian spirit, the untamed spirit of art and creativity, and the Apollonian, that of reason and self-control. The story of Greek civilization, and all civilizations, Nietzsche implied, was the gradual victory of Apollonian man, with his desire for control over nature and himself, over Dionysian man, who survives only in myth, poetry, music, and drama. Socrates and Plato had attacked the illusions of art as unreal, and had overturned the delicate cultural balance by valuing only man's critical, rational, and controlling consciousness while denigrating his vital life instincts as irrational and base. The result of this division is "Alexandrian man," the civilized and accomplished Greek citizen of the later ancient world, who is "equipped with the greatest forces of knowledge" but in whom the wellsprings of creativity have dried up. (Herman, 1997, pp. 95-96)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Philosophy

  • 11 poder

    m.
    1 power (mando, competencia).
    estar en/hacerse con el poder to be in/to seize power
    poder adquisitivo purchasing power
    poder calorífico calorific value
    poder de convicción persuasive powers
    tener poder de convocatoria to be a crowd-puller
    el poder ejecutivo/legislativo/judicial the executive/legislature/judiciary (personas)
    poderes fácticos the church, military and press
    poderes públicos public authorities
    El poder corrompe a los indecisos Power corrupts the undecided.
    2 power, authorization.
    dar poderes a alguien para que haga algo to authorize somebody to do something
    por poderes by proxy
    poder notarial power of attorney
    3 faculty.
    4 proxy, letter of delegation, power of attorney, letter of attorney.
    Ella se casó usando un poder She married using a proxy.
    v.
    1 can, to be able to.
    no puedo decírtelo I can't tell you, I'm unable to tell you
    2 can, may (tener permiso).
    no puedo salir por la noche I'm not allowed to o I can't go out at night
    ¿puedo fumar aquí? may I smoke here?
    ¿se puede? may I come in?
    no podemos portarnos así con él we can't treat him like that
    4 may, can (tener posibilidad, ser posible).
    puede estallar la guerra war could o may break out
    podías haber ido en tren you could have gone by train
    ¡podría habernos invitado! she could o might have invited us! (expresa enfado)
    puede que llueva it may o might rain
    ¿vendrás mañana? — puede will you come tomorrow? — I may do
    puede ser perhaps, maybe
    5 to be stronger than.
    tú eres más alto, pero yo te puedo you may be taller than me, but I could still beat you up
    6 to can, to may, to be able to, to be apt to.
    Ella puede correr She is able to run.
    7 to might, to stand to.
    Ella podría surgir She might rise above.
    8 to be capable.
    * * *
    Present Indicative
    puedo, puedes, puede, podemos, podéis, pueden.
    Past Indicative
    Future Indicative
    Conditional
    Present Subjunctive
    pueda, puedas, pueda, podamos, podáis, puedan.
    Imperfect Subjunctive
    Future Subjunctive
    Imperative
    puede (tú), pueda (él/Vd.), podamos (nos.), poded (vos.), puedan (ellos/Vds.).
    * * *
    1. verb
    1) can
    3) may
    2. noun m.
    4) strength, force
    * * *
    1. VERBO AUXILIAR
    1) (=tener la posibilidad o capacidad de)

    ¿se puede llamar por teléfono desde aquí? — can you phone from here?

    no puede venir — he can't o cannot come

    no ha podido venir — he couldn't come, he was unable to come

    2) (=tener permiso para)

    puedes irte — you can o may go

    ¿puedo usar tu teléfono? — can o may I use your phone?

    ¿puedo abrir la ventana? — can o may I open the window?

    aquí no se puede fumar — you aren't allowed to smoke here, you can't smoke here

    3) [en peticiones]

    ¿puedes/puede darme un vaso de agua? — can I/may I have a glass of water please?

    ¿me puede usted decir cuándo sale el autobús? — can o could you tell me when the bus leaves?

    4) [indicando eventualidad]

    puede o podría estar en cualquier sitio — it could o might be anywhere

    ¡cuidado, te puedes hacer daño! — careful, you could o might hurt yourself!

    podías haberte roto una pierna — you could o might have broken your leg

    5) [indicando obligación moral]

    ¡no pueden tratarnos así! — they can't treat us like this!

    6) [en cálculos, aproximaciones]

    ¿qué edad puede tener? — I wonder what age he is?, how old do you reckon he is?

    7) [en sugerencias]
    8) [en reproches]

    ¡podías habérmelo dicho! — you could o might have told me!

    habría podido ser más amable — she could o might have been a bit nicer

    ¡al menos podrías disculparte! — you could at least say sorry!

    2. VERBO INTRANSITIVO
    1) (=tener la posibilidad o capacidad)

    ¡no puedo más! — (=estoy agotado) I can't go on!; (=estoy desesperado) I can't cope any more!; (=he comido mucho) I can't eat another thing!

    2) (=tener permiso)

    ¿se puede? — may I come in?

    ¿puedo? — may I?

    3) (=tener dominio, influencia)

    los que pueden — those who can, those who are able

    el dinero puede mucho — money can do almost anything, money talks

    poder a algn: yo le puedo — I'm a match for him; [entre niños] I could have him *

    poder con

    ¿puedes con la maleta? — can you manage the suitcase?

    no puedo con él — (=no puedo controlarle) I can't handle him; (=pesa mucho) he's too heavy for me

    4) [en locuciones]

    • a más no poder, es tonto a más no poder — he's as stupid as they come

    • no poder por menos que, no pude por menos que decirle lo que pensaba de él — I just had to tell him what I thought of him

    5) CAm, Méx * (=molestar) [con irritación] to annoy; [con disgusto] to upset
    3.
    VERBO IMPERSONAL
    puede (ser) (=es posible) maybe, it may be so, perhaps

    ¡no puede ser! — that can't be!, that's impossible!

    puede (ser) que ({+ subjun}9})

    puede (ser) que esté en la biblioteca — he could o may be in the library, perhaps he's in the library

    puede (ser) que tenga uno ya — he may o might have one already

    puede (ser) que no venga — he may o might not come

    4. SUSTANTIVO MASCULINO
    1) (=capacidad, facultad) power

    poder de convocatoria, tienen un gran poder de convocatoria — they really pull in the crowds, they're real crowd-pullers *

    2) (=autoridad, influencia) power
    3) (Pol)

    ¡el pueblo al poder! — power to the people!

    ¡Herrera al poder! — Herrera for leader!

    • bajo el poder de algn, estar en el poder, ocupar el poder — to be in power

    • el poder central — central government

    • el cuarto poder — the fourth estate

    • los poderes fácticos — the powers that be

    • los poderes públicos — the authorities

    4) (=fuerza, eficacia)
    5) (=potestad)
    pl poderes powers
    6) (Jur)

    • por poderes o LAm poder — by proxy

    7) (=posesión) possession

    • estar u obrar en poder de algn — to be in sb's hands o possession

    esa información está u obra en poder de la juez — that information is in the hands of the judge, that information is in the judge's possession

    • pasar a poder de algn — to pass to sb, pass into sb's possession

    8) (Fís, Mec) power
    9) LAm (=persona) drug pusher
    * * *
    I
    verbo auxiliar

    ¿cuándo podrá darme una respuesta? — when will you be able to o when can you give me an answer?

    no pudo asistir a la reunión — he was unable to o he couldn't attend the meeting

    ¿pudiste hacerlo sola? — were you able to do it on your own?

    ¿puedo servirme otro? — can o may I have another one?

    ¿le puedo hacer una sugerencia? — may I make a suggestion?

    ¿podría irme un poco más temprano hoy? — could I leave a little earlier today?

    ¿se puede? - adelante! — may I? - come in

    4)
    a) (en quejas, reproches)

    ¿cómo pudiste hacer una cosa así? — how could you do such a thing?

    podías or podrías haberme avisado — you could o might have warned me!

    podrías or podías pedírselo tú — you could ask him for it

    ¿puedes bajar un momento? — can you come down for a moment?

    ¿podrías hacerme un favor? — could you do me a favor?

    poder con algo/alguien: ¿puedes con todo eso? can you manage all that?; no puedo con esta maleta I can't manage this suitcase; no pudo con el alemán y lo dejó he couldn't get to grips with German and he gave up; con este niño no hay quien pueda! this child is just impossible!; podérsela con algo — (Chi fam) to cope with something

    a más no poder: comió a más no poder he ate until he was fit to burst; corrimos a más no poder we ran as fast as we could; es feo a más no poder he's as ugly as they come; no poder más: estoy que no puedo más ( cansado) I'm exhausted; ( lleno) I can't eat anything else; ya no puedo más con este niño I'm at the end of my tether with this child; ya no puedo más, me está desquiciando I can't go on like this, it's driving me mad; no poder (por) menos que: no pude menos que sentirme halagado I couldn't help feeling flattered; no pudo menos que reconocer — she had no alternative but to admit

    7) (fam) (+ me, te, le etc)
    a) ( ganar)

    él es más alto, pero tú le puedes — he's taller than you but you can beat him

    b) (Méx) ( doler)
    8) (con idea de eventualidad, posibilidad)

    te podrías or podías haber matado — you could have killed yourself!

    9) (en 3a pers)

    no puede ser que ya haya terminado — he can't have finished already

    si puede ser or (Esp) a poder ser — if possible

    - puede que sí, puede que no — maybe, maybe not

    II
    1)
    a) (control, influencia) power

    estamos/nos tiene en su poder — we are/she has us in her power

    caer en poder de alguien — ciudad/país to fall to somebody

    b) (Pol)

    tomar el poder — to take o seize power

    detenta el poder desde hace 20 años — (frml) he has held power for 20 years

    2) ( posesión)

    la carta está en poder de... — the letter is in the hands of...

    obra en su poder la copia del acta — (frml) you have in your possession a copy of the minutes

    3)
    a) (derecho, atribución)

    tener amplios/plenos poderes para hacer algo — to have wide-ranging powers/full authority to do something

    b) (Der) ( documento) letter of authorization; ( hecho ante notario) power of attorney

    casarse por poder (AmL) or (Esp) por poderes — to get married by proxy

    4)
    a) (capacidad, facultad) power
    b) (de motor, aparato) power
    •
    * * *
    I
    verbo auxiliar

    ¿cuándo podrá darme una respuesta? — when will you be able to o when can you give me an answer?

    no pudo asistir a la reunión — he was unable to o he couldn't attend the meeting

    ¿pudiste hacerlo sola? — were you able to do it on your own?

    ¿puedo servirme otro? — can o may I have another one?

    ¿le puedo hacer una sugerencia? — may I make a suggestion?

    ¿podría irme un poco más temprano hoy? — could I leave a little earlier today?

    ¿se puede? - adelante! — may I? - come in

    4)
    a) (en quejas, reproches)

    ¿cómo pudiste hacer una cosa así? — how could you do such a thing?

    podías or podrías haberme avisado — you could o might have warned me!

    podrías or podías pedírselo tú — you could ask him for it

    ¿puedes bajar un momento? — can you come down for a moment?

    ¿podrías hacerme un favor? — could you do me a favor?

    poder con algo/alguien: ¿puedes con todo eso? can you manage all that?; no puedo con esta maleta I can't manage this suitcase; no pudo con el alemán y lo dejó he couldn't get to grips with German and he gave up; con este niño no hay quien pueda! this child is just impossible!; podérsela con algo — (Chi fam) to cope with something

    a más no poder: comió a más no poder he ate until he was fit to burst; corrimos a más no poder we ran as fast as we could; es feo a más no poder he's as ugly as they come; no poder más: estoy que no puedo más ( cansado) I'm exhausted; ( lleno) I can't eat anything else; ya no puedo más con este niño I'm at the end of my tether with this child; ya no puedo más, me está desquiciando I can't go on like this, it's driving me mad; no poder (por) menos que: no pude menos que sentirme halagado I couldn't help feeling flattered; no pudo menos que reconocer — she had no alternative but to admit

    7) (fam) (+ me, te, le etc)
    a) ( ganar)

    él es más alto, pero tú le puedes — he's taller than you but you can beat him

    b) (Méx) ( doler)
    8) (con idea de eventualidad, posibilidad)

    te podrías or podías haber matado — you could have killed yourself!

    9) (en 3a pers)

    no puede ser que ya haya terminado — he can't have finished already

    si puede ser or (Esp) a poder ser — if possible

    - puede que sí, puede que no — maybe, maybe not

    II
    1)
    a) (control, influencia) power

    estamos/nos tiene en su poder — we are/she has us in her power

    caer en poder de alguien — ciudad/país to fall to somebody

    b) (Pol)

    tomar el poder — to take o seize power

    detenta el poder desde hace 20 años — (frml) he has held power for 20 years

    2) ( posesión)

    la carta está en poder de... — the letter is in the hands of...

    obra en su poder la copia del acta — (frml) you have in your possession a copy of the minutes

    3)
    a) (derecho, atribución)

    tener amplios/plenos poderes para hacer algo — to have wide-ranging powers/full authority to do something

    b) (Der) ( documento) letter of authorization; ( hecho ante notario) power of attorney

    casarse por poder (AmL) or (Esp) por poderes — to get married by proxy

    4)
    a) (capacidad, facultad) power
    b) (de motor, aparato) power
    •
    * * *
    poder1
    1 = force, strength, power, leverage, authority, clout, might, muscle power, power of attorney, sway.

    Ex: Her reason admitted the force of his arguments, but her instinct opposed it.

    Ex: The strength of the acetone rinsing on the strength of the paper is investigated, and its efficiency in removing NM2P is also examined using gas liquid chromatography.
    Ex: She added that she felt sorry for the assistant because he had so little power.
    Ex: At certain times, dubious interpretations of the rules have even been used as leverage in gaining ground on matters of dispute between Community partners.
    Ex: One of the great virtues of networking is that it democratizes access to information and access to authority.
    Ex: IT executives would like to see their role in the organization elevated, giving them more ' clout', stature and visibility.
    Ex: Gradually many of these conquerors came to realize that, although military might was necessary to gain control over an area, sheer force of arms was not sufficient to govern effectively.
    Ex: Their development, particularly for replacing human muscle power, has been in parallel with that of information technology, but largely independent of it.
    Ex: A power of attorney is a legal instrument that is used to delegate legal authority to another.
    Ex: During this period Africa was influenced by external forces as the Islamic states of the north extended their sway south.
    * abusar del poder = lord over, lord it over.
    * abuso de poder = abuse of power.
    * altas esferas del poder, las = echelons of power, the.
    * ansioso de poder = power-hungry.
    * asumir poder = assume + power.
    * ceder las riendas del poder = hand over + the reins of power.
    * círculo de poder = circle of power.
    * con ansias de poder = power-hungry.
    * conceder poderes = give + powers.
    * con hambre de poder = power-hungry.
    * con poder = powerful.
    * con sed de poder = power-hungry.
    * control del poder = hold on power.
    * dar poderes = give + powers.
    * dejar sin poder = disempower.
    * división de poderes = division of powers.
    * ejercer poder = wield + power, exercise + power.
    * en el poder = in office.
    * equilibrio de poder = balance of power.
    * estructura de poder = power structure.
    * frecuentar los pasillos del poder = stalk + the corridors of power.
    * gente de poder = wielders of power, powerful people.
    * gobierno en el poder = ruling government.
    * grupo de poder = power group.
    * hambriento de poder = power-hungry.
    * igualdad de poder = parity of power.
    * inversión de poderes = power reversal.
    * jerarquía de poder = scalar chain.
    * llevar al poder = bring + Nombre + to power.
    * los poderes fáticos = the powers-that-be.
    * los que detentan el poder = the powers-that-be.
    * lucha de poderes = power struggle.
    * lucha por el poder = power struggle.
    * luchar de poderes = battle of wills.
    * partido en el poder, el = ruling party, the.
    * pasar las riendas del poder a = hand + the reins over to.
    * pasillos del poder, los = corridors of power, the.
    * perder poder = lose + power.
    * pérdida de poder = disempowerment.
    * poder adquisitivo = spending power, purchasing power, buying power.
    * poder colectivo = collective power.
    * poder curativo = healing power.
    * poder de atracción = drawing power.
    * poder de curación = healing power.
    * poder de discriminación = discretion.
    * poder de enganche = holding power.
    * poder del estado = state power.
    * poder de negociación = bargaining power.
    * poder de representación = power of representation.
    * poder de retención = holding power.
    * poder divino = divine power.
    * poder económico = economic leverage.
    * poder ejecutivo = chief executive, executive arm, executive power.
    * poder ejecutivo, el = Executive, the.
    * poder estatal = state power.
    * poder imperial = imperial power.
    * poder judicial = judicial arm, judicial system.
    * poder judicial, el = judiciary, the.
    * poder legal = statutory power.
    * poder legislativo = legislative power, legislative arm.
    * poder mágico = magical power, magic power.
    * poder notarial = power of attorney.
    * poder político = political power.
    * poder presidencial = presidential power.
    * poder público = public power, public authority.
    * poder remunerativo = earning power, earning capacity.
    * poder sobrenatural = supernatural power.
    * política del poder = power politics.
    * por poderes = by proxy.
    * posición de poder = position power.
    * quitar el poder = disempower.
    * relación de poder = power relationship.
    * relaciones de poder = power relations.
    * sediento de poder = power-hungry.
    * subida al poder = seizure of power.
    * subir al poder = rise to + power.
    * tener el poder = be the boss, call + the shots, call + the tune, rule + the roost.
    * tener el poder de = have + the power to.
    * tener las riendas del poder = hold + the reins of power.
    * tomar el poder = take + power.
    * tomar las riendas del poder = take + the reins of power.

    poder2
    2 = be able to, be capable of, can, have + the opportunity, may, qualify for, manage to.

    Ex: Thus the electronic journal (e-journal) is a concept where scientists are able to input ideas and text to a computer data base for their colleagues to view, and similarly to view the work of others.

    Ex: Main classes are thus only capable of precise definition in the contexts of particular classification schemes.
    Ex: When used by skilled abstractors this mixture of styles can achieve the maximum transmission of information, within a minimum length.
    Ex: Every librarian, regardless of his government's policy, has the opportunity, if he has the courage, to open the avenues of books and ideas a little wider.
    Ex: My second point may be a slightly tangential, but I hope it is a concrete reaction to the general tenor of Mr. Lubetzky's remarks and the general subject posed.
    Ex: FIAC has drawn up a list of criteria to determine whether an advice centre qualifies for membership of the Federation.
    Ex: Tom Hernandez tried not to show how sad he felt about his friends' leaving, and managed to keep up a cheerful facade until the party broke up.
    * Algo por lo que se puede cobrar = billable.
    * al que no se puede dejar de faltar = unmissable.
    * como mejor + poder = as best + Pronombre + can.
    * cuando antes pueda = at + Posesivo + earliest convenience.
    * de modo que + poder + oír = within earshot of.
    * en el que se puede buscar = searchable.
    * estar tan bueno que no se puede dejar de comer = moreish, moreish.
    * hacerlo lo mejor que Uno pueda = do + Posesivo + utmost.
    * hacer lo mejor que Uno pueda = put + Posesivo + best into.
    * hacer lo mejor que Uno puede = try + Posesivo + heart out.
    * hacer todo lo que Uno pueda = do + Posesivo + best, do + the best + Nombre + may, do + the best + Nombre + can.
    * hacer todo lo que Uno pueda (dado) = do + the best possible (with).
    * lo suficientemente lejos como para no poder oír = out of earshot.
    * muy bien + podría + Verbo = might + well + Verbo.
    * muy bien + puede + Verbo = may well + Verbo.
    * nada puede estar más apartado de la realidad = nothing can be further from the truth.
    * noche sin poder dormir = sleepless night.
    * no poder = be unable to, cannot, can't [cannot].
    * no poder aguantar a Alguien = have + it in for + Nombre.
    * no poder conciliar el sueño = have + trouble sleeping.
    * no poder dejar de mencionar = cannot but notice.
    * no poder dejar de recalcar la importancia de Algo = the importance of + Nombre + cannot be stressed too strongly, cannot + give + too much emphasis + to the importance of.
    * no poder dormir = sleeplessness.
    * no poder estarse quieto = have + the fidgets, fidget.
    * no poder evitar + Infinitivo = cannot help + Gerundio, cannot help but + Verbo.
    * no poder evitar mencionar = cannot but notice.
    * no poder hacer más que = do + little more than.
    * no poder permitirse = ill afford.
    * no poder permitirse el lujo de = ill afford.
    * no poder quitarse Algo de la cabeza = can't get it out of my mind.
    * no poderse buscar = be unsearchable.
    * no poderse negar que = there + be + no denying that.
    * no poder ver a Alguien = have + it in for + Nombre.
    * no poder ver Algo o Alguien = can't stand + sight.
    * no pude evitar notar que = couldn't help but notice (that).
    * no puedo aguantarlo = can't take it.
    * no puedo comprender = I can't get over.
    * No se le puede pedir peras al olmo = You can't make a silk purse out of a sow's ear.
    * no se puede dejar de recalcar el + Nombre + de = the + Nombre + of + Nombre + cannot be overemphasised.
    * no se puede dejar de recalcar el + Nombre + of = the + Nombre + of + Nombre + cannot be overstated.
    * no se puede dejar de recalcar la importancia de Algo = the importance of + Nombre + cannot be overemphasised, the importance of + Nombre + cannot be overstated.
    * personas que no pueden salir de casa = homebound, the.
    * poder contar con = be there for + Pronombre, be there for + Pronombre.
    * poder + Infinitivo = succeed in + Gerundio.
    * poderse afirmar que = it + be + safe to say that.
    * poderse contestar = be answerable.
    * poderse integrar en = be integrable in.
    * poderse localizar = be locatable.
    * poder utilizarse = be usable.
    * por el que se puede cobrar = chargeable.
    * puede muy bien ser = could well be.
    * puede muy bien ser que = it may well be that.
    * puede que = maybe.
    * puede que al final sea para bien = be a blessing in disguise.
    * ¿Puede repetir? = I beg your pardon?, I beg your pardon?.
    * que no se le puede dar un nombre = unnameable.
    * que no se puede conseguir = unobtainable.
    * que no se puede entregar = undeliverable.
    * que no se puede hacer cumplir = unenforceable.
    * que no se puede identificar con un término = unnameable.
    * que no se puede uno perder = unmissable.
    * que puede causar detención = arrestable.
    * que puede demostrarse = demonstrably.
    * que puede salir en préstamo = loanable.
    * que puede ser apilado = stacking.
    * que puede ser usado a través de la web = web-compliant.
    * querer es poder = where there's a will there's a way.
    * que se le puede dar un nombre = nameable.
    * que se puede arreglar = fixable.
    * que se puede buscar = searchable.
    * que se puede cambiar de tamaño = resizeable [re-sizeable].
    * que se puede escuchar = playable.
    * que se puede hacer cumplir = enforceable.
    * que se puede identificar con un término = nameable.
    * que se puede imprimir = printable.
    * que se puede quitar = detachable.
    * que se puede separar = detachable.
    * que se puede visualizar = viewable.
    * sálvese el que pueda = free-for-all.
    * sálvese quien pueda = the devil take the hindmost, every man for himself, let battle commence.
    * se puede = is to be.
    * siempre que uno puede dedicarle el tiempo = in + Posesivo + own time.
    * sin poder contenerse = helplessly.
    * sin poder dormir = sleepless.
    * sin poder extinguirlo = inextinguishably.
    * sin poder hacer nada = helplessly.
    * tan sorprendente como pueda parecer = as amazing as it seems.
    * todavía + poderse + escuchar los ecos de = echo + still resound from.

    * * *
    poder1 [ E21 ]
    A tener la capacidad de
    B expresando idea de permiso
    C expresando un derecho moral
    D
    1 en quejas, reproches
    2 en sugerencias
    3 solicitando un favor
    A
    1 poder con algo/alguien
    2 el dinero lo puede todo
    B en locuciones
    C
    1 vencer, ganar
    2 doler
    A con idea de eventualidad
    B en tercera persona
    A
    (tener la capacidad o posibilidad de): ven en cuanto puedas come as soon as you can
    no puedo pagar tanto I can't pay that much
    ¿cómo que no puedes? what do you mean, you can't do it ( o you can't come etc)?
    no podía dejar de reír I couldn't stop laughing
    no va a poder venir he won't be able to come
    ¿cuándo podrá darme una respuesta definitiva? when will you be able to o when can you give me a firm answer?
    no pude convencerla I couldn't persuade her
    no pudo asistir a la reunión he was unable to o he couldn't attend the meeting
    ¿pudiste hacerlo sola? did you manage to do it o were you able to do it on your own?
    hicimos todo lo que pudimos por ayudarlos we did everything in our power o everything we could to help them
    no se puede valer por sí mismo he can't manage by himself
    no habría podido hacerlo sin tu ayuda I wouldn't have been able to do it o I couldn't have done it without your help
    no debe (de) haber podido encontrarlo she obviously couldn't find it o can't have found it
    ¡este niño no se puede estar quieto ni un minuto! this child just won't o can't keep still for a minute!
    con aquel ruido no se podía trabajar it was impossible to work o you couldn't work with that noise going on
    ¿sabes que se han prometido? — ¡no te (lo) puedo creer! do you know they're engaged? — you're joking! o I don't believe it!
    B
    (expresando idea de permiso): ¿puedo servirme otro? can o may I have another one?
    ya pueden volver la hoja you may turn the page over now
    ¿me puedo ir? — ¡no señor! can o may I go? — no, you cannot o may not!
    ¿sales a jugar? — no puedo, estoy castigada are you coming out to play? — I can't, I'm being kept in
    ¿puedo pasar? may I come in?
    ¿le puedo hacer una sugerencia? may I make a suggestion?
    ¿podría irme un poco más temprano hoy? could I leave a little earlier today?
    por mí, puedes hacer lo que quieras as far as I'm concerned, you can do whatever you like
    no puede comer sal he isn't allowed to eat salt
    ¿quién te lo dijo, si se puede saber? who told you, may I ask?
    ¿se puede? — ¡adelante! may I? — come in
    aquí no se puede fumar smoking is not allowed here, you can't smoke here
    C
    (expresando un derecho moral): no podemos hacerle eso we can't do that to her
    después de lo que has trabajado, bien puedes tomarte un descanso you're entitled to o you deserve a rest after all the work you've done
    es lo menos que puedes hacer it's the least you can do
    D
    1
    (en quejas, reproches): ¿cómo pudiste hacer una cosa así? how could you do such a thing?
    ¿cómo puedes ser tan ingrato? how can you be so ungrateful?
    podías or podrías haberme avisado you could o might have warned me!
    2
    (en sugerencias): podrías or podías pedírselo tú, a ti siempre te hace caso why don't you ask him? he always listens to you
    ya te puedes ir haciendo a la idea you'd better start getting used to the idea
    3
    (solicitando un favor): ¿puedes bajar un momento? can you come down for a moment?
    ¿podrías hacerme un favor? could you do me a favor?
    ¿no puedes irte a jugar a otra parte? can't you go and play somewhere else?
    A
    1 poder CON algo/algn:
    ¿tú puedes con todo eso? can you manage all that?
    no puedo con esta maleta I can't manage this suitcase
    yo no puedo solo con la casa, los niños y la tienda I can't do the housework, look after the children and run the store all on my own, I can't cope with the house, the children and the store all on my own
    no pudo con el alemán y lo dejó he couldn't get o come to grips with German and he gave up
    ¡con este niño no hay quien pueda! this child is just impossible!
    podérsela ( Chi fam); to cope, manage
    no se la puede con el trabajo he can't cope with the job o manage the job
    2
    el dinero lo puede todo money talks, you can do anything if you have money
    a más no poder: comió a más no poder he ate until he was fit to burst
    gana dinero a más no poder she's making pots of money ( colloq), she's making money hand over fist
    es feo a más no poder he's as ugly as they come
    corrimos a más no poder we ran for all we were worth o as fast as we could
    no poder más: estoy que no puedo más (de cansancio) I'm exhausted
    a mí no me des postre que ya no puedo más don't serve me any dessert, I can't eat anything else
    ya no puedo más con este niño I'm at the end of my tether with this child
    no podía más, y ese estúpido que no salía del cuarto de baño I was desperate o I was bursting to go and that idiot wouldn't come out of the bathroom ( colloq)
    ya no puedo más, me está desquiciando I can't go on like this, it's driving me mad
    no poder (por) menos que: uno no puede menos que sentirse halagado one can't help feeling flattered
    no puedo menos que expresar mi profunda decepción I feel I must say how deeply disappointed I am
    no pudo menos que reconocer que teníamos razón she had no alternative but to admit that we were right
    C
    1 ( fam)
    (vencer, ganar): él es más alto pero tú le puedes he's taller than you but you can beat him
    tu papá no le puede al mío your dad's not as strong as mine
    a gracioso no hay quien le pueda as a comic, there's no-one to beat him o he's unbeatable
    2
    ( Méx fam) (doler): tu desprecio le puede mucho she's very hurt by your disdainful attitude, your disdainful attitude hurts her deeply
    nos pudo mucho la muerte de Julio we were greatly saddened o terribly upset by Julio's death
    A
    (con idea de eventualidad, posibilidad): puede aparecer en cualquier momento he may turn up at any moment
    de él se puede esperar cualquier cosa anything's possible with him
    no sé dónde lo puedo haber puesto I don't know where I can have put it
    no hagas nada que pueda resultar sospechoso don't do anything that might look suspicious
    puede haber venido mientras no estábamos he may have come while we were out
    hace horas que están reunidos ¿de qué pueden estar hablando? they've been in that meeting for hours, what can they be talking about?
    te podrías or podías haber matado you could have killed yourself!
    un error así puede costar millones a mistake like that could cost millions
    no podía haber estado más amable she couldn't have been kinder
    llaman a la puerta — ¿quién podrá ser a estas horas? there's someone at the door — who can o could it be at this time?
    podría volver a ocurrir it could happen again
    Pilar no pudo haber sido it couldn't have been Pilar
    ¿nos habrá mentido? — no sé, puede ser do you think he lied to us? — I don't know, he may have done o it's possible
    no puede ser que ya haya terminado he can't have finished already
    si puede ser or ( Esp) a poder ser preferiría la cuarta fila if possible, I'd prefer row four
    me habría gustado verlo pero no pudo ser I would have liked to see him but it wasn't possible o it wasn't to be
    puede (ser) que tengas razón you may o could be right
    puede (ser) que no nos haya visto he may not have seen us
    ¿vas a votar para ella? — puede que sí or puede are you going to vote for her? — maybe o I may
    ¿lo vas a aceptar? — puede que sí, puede que no are you going to accept it? — maybe, maybe not
    A
    1 (control, influencia) power
    el poder de la prensa the power of the press
    tiene mucho poder en el pueblo he has a great deal of power o influence o he is a very powerful man in the village
    la Familia Real no tiene ningún poder the Royal Family has no power
    Constantinopla cayó en poder de los turcos Constantinople fell to the Turks
    estamos/nos tiene en su poder we are/she has us in her power
    2 ( Pol):
    el poder power
    estar en el poder to be in power
    tomar el poder to take o seize power
    asumir el poder to assume power
    detenta el poder desde hace 20 años ( frml); he has held power for 20 years
    lleva cuatro años en el poder he has been in power for four years
    toda la vida buscó el poder y la gloria all her life she sought power and fame
    el poder en la sombra the power behind the throne
    el poder corrompe power corrupts
    B
    (posesión): la carta está en poder de las autoridades the letter is in the hands of the authorities
    hay que evitar que llegue a su poder we have to stop it falling into his hands
    obra en su poder la copia del acta ( frml); you have in your possession a copy of the minutes
    la solicitud ya pasó a poder de la oficina central the application has already been passed to our head office
    C
    1
    (derecho, atribución): tiene amplios/plenos poderes para investigar el asunto he has wide-ranging powers/full authority to investigate the matter
    la entrega or transmisión de poderes the handing over o transmission of power
    los poderes de la junta son ilimitados the junta has unlimited powers
    los poderes que le han sido conferidos the powers which have been vested in him
    la separación de poderes entre la Iglesia y el Estado the division o separation of power between the Church and the State
    2 ( Der) (documento) letter of authorization; (hecho ante notario) power of attorney
    casarse por poder( AmL) or ( Esp) por poderes to get married by proxy
    D
    1 (capacidad, facultad) power
    su poder de convicción or de persuasión her power of persuasion
    el poder del amor/de la sugestión the power of love/of suggestion
    tiene poderes extrasensoriales he has extrasensory powers
    2 (de un motor, aparato) power
    Compuestos:
    masculine absolute power
    masculine (de una divisa, un sueldo) purchasing power, buying power; (de una persona, un grupo) purchasing power, spending power
    masculine divine power
    el poder ejecutivo the executive
    mpl power of attorney
    mpl:
    los poderes públicos the authorities
    el poder judicial the judiciary
    el poder legislativo the legislature
    * * *

     

    poder 1 ( conjugate poder) v aux
    1 ( tener la capacidad o posibilidad de):

    no puedo pagar tanto I can't pay that much;
    no podía dormir I couldn't sleep;
    no va a poder venir he won't be able to come;
    no pudo asistir he was unable to o he couldn't attend;
    ¿pudiste hacerlo sola? were you able to do it on your own?
    2

    ◊ ¿puedo servirme otro? can o may I have another one?;

    ¿podría irme más temprano hoy? could I leave earlier today?;
    puedes hacer lo que quieras you can do whatever you like;
    no puede comer sal he isn't allowed to eat salt;
    ¿se puede? — ¡adelante! may I? — come in;
    aquí no se puede fumar smoking is not allowed here

    ◊ ¿puedes bajar un momento? can you come down for a moment?;

    ¿podrías hacerme un favor? could you do me a favor?
    3 ( expresando derecho moral):

    4 (en quejas, reproches): podías or podrías haberme avisado you could o might have warned me!
    ( con idea de esfuerzo)
    1 poder con algo/algn:
    ◊ ¿puedes con todo eso? can you manage all that?;

    no puedo con este niño I can't cope with this child;
    estoy que no puedo más ( cansado) I'm exhausted;

    ( lleno) I can't eat anything else;

    2 (con idea de eventualidad, posibilidad): te podrías or podías haber matado you could have killed yourself!;

    podría volver a ocurrir it could happen again;
    no pudo ser it wasn't possible;
    puede (ser) que tengas razón you may o could be right;
    puede que sí, puede que no maybe, maybe not
    3 (Méx) ( doler):

    poder 2 sustantivo masculino
    1
    a) (control, influencia) power;


    estamos en su poder we are in her power
    b) (Pol)


    estar en el poder to be in power;
    tomar el poder to take o seize power
    2 ( posesión):
    ◊ la carta está en poder de … the letter is in the hands of …

    3
    a) (derecho, atribución) power;



    ( hecho ante notario) power of attorney;
    casarse por poder (AmL) or (Esp) por poderes to get married by proxy
    4
    a) (capacidad, facultad) power;


    poder adquisitivo purchasing power
    b) (de motor, aparato) power

    poder 1 sustantivo masculino power
    Jur por poderes, by proxy
    Econ poder adquisitivo, purchasing power
    poder 2
    I verbo transitivo
    1 (tener capacidad) to be able to, can: no puedo evitarlo, I can't help it
    podías habernos avisado, you could/ might have warned us
    2 (tener derecho o autorización) may, might, can
    ¿puedo repetir?, may I have a second helping?
    no puede tomar carne de cerdo, he can't eat pork
    las mujeres ya pueden votar, women can already vote
    3 (uso impers) may, might: puede que la vea luego, I might see her later
    puede que sí, puede que no, maybe, maybe not
    II verbo intransitivo
    1 to cope [con, with]: no puedo con todo, I can't cope
    2 (vencer, tener más fuerza) to be stronger than
    En el presente, can y to be able to son sinónimos. Sin embargo, en el pasado could significa que podías hacer algo, mientras que was o were able to significa que, además de poder hacerlo, lo hiciste: I could tell him the truth. Podía decirle la verdad (no sabemos si lo hice). I was able to tell him the truth. Fui capaz de decirle la verdad (lo hice). En el futuro solo podemos emplear to be able to: I will be able to do it tomorrow. Podré hacerlo mañana.
    Para expresar posibilidad puedes usar may, could o might. La diferencia consiste en el grado de probabilidad que sugieren. Recuerda que may se refiere a hechos más probables que might o could: Puede que llueva mañana. It may rain tomorrow (crees que es posible). It might/ could rain tomorrow (crees que la posibilidad es más remota).
    ' poder' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    absoluta
    - absoluto
    - abusar
    - abuso
    - adquisitiva
    - adquisitivo
    - ámbito
    - caber
    - CGPJ
    - concentrar
    - continuismo
    - desgaste
    - desperdicio
    - destronar
    - desvelarse
    - dominio
    - entregar
    - erótica
    - excedente
    - garra
    - grabar
    - grandeza
    - idea
    - informal
    - judicial
    - legislativa
    - legislativo
    - manifestarse
    - mano
    - obrar
    - parcela
    - remediar
    - respirar
    - sátrapa
    - sed
    - seducción
    - someterse
    - sugestión
    - usurpar
    - ver
    - acumular
    - anhelar
    - ansia
    - ansiar
    - atribuir
    - autoridad
    - ávido
    - ceder
    - clavar
    - confiar
    English:
    able
    - abuse
    - afford
    - anything
    - assume
    - assumption
    - can
    - conform
    - cope
    - encroach
    - fold
    - form
    - foursome
    - get
    - glad
    - greed
    - greediness
    - greedy
    - handle
    - hungry
    - lust
    - make
    - manage
    - may
    - might
    - office
    - out
    - power
    - power of attorney
    - proxy
    - purchasing power
    - seize
    - seizure
    - spending power
    - stick
    - stranglehold
    - take aside
    - takeover
    - unable
    - use
    - utmost
    - whichever
    - zenith
    - could
    - executive
    - height
    - helplessly
    - judiciary
    - lie
    - peace
    * * *
    poder1 nm
    1. [mando, autoridad] power;
    la gente con más poder en la organización the most powerful people in the organization;
    estar en el poder to be in power;
    hacerse con o [m5] tomar el poder to seize power;
    perder el poder to lose power;
    el poder corrompe power corrupts;
    la separación de poderes the separation of powers;
    de poder a poder: un enfrentamiento de poder a poder a heavyweight contest;
    el partido se disputó de poder a poder it was a close contest between two excellent sides
    poder absoluto absolute power;
    el poder ejecutivo [el gobierno] the executive;
    los poderes fácticos the centres of power in society;
    el poder judicial [los jueces] the judiciary;
    el poder legislativo [las cortes] the legislature;
    poderes públicos (public) authorities
    2. [posesión, control]
    estar en poder de alguien to be in sb's hands;
    obra en su poder un documento comprometedor she has in her possession a compromising document;
    tienen en su poder a varios rehenes they have taken a number of hostages;
    el pueblo cayó en poder del enemigo the town fell to the enemy;
    la casa pasó a poder del banco ownership of the house was transferred to the bank
    3. [capacidad] power;
    un producto con gran poder de limpieza a very powerful cleaning product;
    tener poderes (paranormales) to be psychic, to have psychic powers
    poder adquisitivo [de salario] purchasing o buying power; [de persona] disposable income;
    poder calorífico calorific value;
    poder de convicción persuasive powers;
    poder de convocatoria: [m5] tener poder de convocatoria to be a crowd-puller;
    Mil poder de disuasión deterrent force; Mil poder disuasorio deterrent force
    4. [autorización] power, authorization;
    [documento] power of attorney;
    dar poderes a alguien para que haga algo to authorize sb to do sth;
    tener plenos poderes para hacer algo to be fully authorized to do sth;
    por poderes by proxy;
    casarse por Esp [m5] poderes o Am [m5] poder to marry by proxy
    poder notarial power of attorney [witnessed by a notary]
    ♦ vi
    1. [tener facultad, capacidad] can, to be able to;
    no puedo decírtelo I can't tell you, I'm unable to tell you;
    ahora mismo no podemos atenderle, llame más tarde we can't o we are unable to take your call right now, please call later;
    ¿puede correrse un poco, por favor? could you move up a bit, please?;
    al final pudo salir de allí in the end she managed to get out of there;
    ¡así no se puede hacer nada! we'll never get anywhere like this!;
    de poder ir, sería a partir de las siete if I manage to o can make it, it will be after seven;
    en cuanto pueda as soon as possible;
    si puedo, te llamaré I'll call you if I get the chance
    2. [tener permiso] can, may;
    no puedo salir por la noche I'm not allowed to o I can't go out at night;
    ¿podríamos ir contigo? could we go with you?;
    ¿podría hablar un momento con usted? could I have a word with you?;
    ¿se pueden hacer fotos? can we o are we allowed to take photos?;
    ¿puedo fumar aquí? may o can I smoke here?;
    no se puede fumar you're not allowed to smoke;
    ¿se puede? may I come in?;
    ¿se puede saber dónde te habías metido? might I know o would you mind telling me where you were?
    3. [ser capaz moralmente] can;
    no podemos portarnos así con él we can't treat him like that;
    ¿cómo puedes decir una cosa así? how can you say such a thing?
    4. [tener posibilidad, ser posible] may, can;
    puede volver de un momento a otro she could come back any moment;
    puedo haberlo perdido I may have lost it;
    podías haber cogido el tren you could have caught the train;
    puede estallar la guerra war could o may break out;
    ¿dónde puede o [m5] podrá estar? where can it have got to?;
    ¡habría podido invitarnos!, ¡podría habernos invitado! [expresa enfado] she could o might have invited us!;
    ya podemos despedirnos de un aumento de sueldo we can forget our pay Br rise o US raise now
    5. [tener fuerza]
    poder con [enfermedad, rival] to be able to overcome;
    [tarea, problema] to be able to cope with;
    ¿puedes con todas las bolsas? can you manage all those bags?;
    no puedo con este baúl, ¿me ayudas a levantarlo? I can't lift this trunk on my own, can you give me a hand?;
    no poder con algo/alguien [no soportar] not to be able to stand sth/sb;
    no puedo con la hipocresía I can't stand hypocrisy;
    ¡contigo no hay quien pueda! you're impossible!
    6. Méx [doler] to hurt
    7. [en frases]
    a o [m5] hasta más no poder as much as can be;
    es avaro a más no poder he's as miserly as can be;
    llovía a más no poder it was absolutely pouring down;
    la pierna me dolía a más no poder you can't imagine how much my leg was hurting;
    no poder más [estar cansado] to be too tired to carry on;
    [estar harto de comer] to be full (up); [estar enfadado, harto] to have had enough;
    no pude por menos que reírme I had to laugh, I couldn't help but laugh;
    Fam
    ¡ya podrás, con una máquina como esa! anyone could do it with a machine like that!;
    no puedo con mi alma I'm ready to drop
    ♦ v impersonal
    [ser posible] may;
    puede que llueva it may o might rain;
    puede que se haya equivocado she may be wrong;
    ¿vendrás mañana? – puede will you come tomorrow? – I may do;
    puede que sí o puede que no maybe, maybe not;
    puede ser perhaps, maybe;
    si puede ser, a poder ser if (at all) possible;
    lo siento, pero no va a poder ser I'm sorry, but it's not going to be possible;
    puede ser que no lo sepa she may not know;
    ¡no puede ser que sea ya tan tarde! surely it can't be that late already!
    ♦ vt
    1. [ser más fuerte que] to be stronger than;
    tú eres más alto, pero yo te puedo you may be taller than me, but I could still beat you up;
    mi coche le puede al tuyo my car is faster than yours any day
    2. Méx [doler]
    me puede mucho que me desprecies it hurts me a lot that you look down on me;
    le pudo su derrota, todavía no se repone losing really got to her, she still hasn't got over it
    * * *
    I v/aux
    1 capacidad can, be able to;
    no pude hablar con ella I wasn’t able to talk to her
    2 permiso can, be allowed to;
    ¿puedo ir contigo? can o may I come with you?
    3 posibilidad may, might;
    ¡podías habérselo dicho! you could have o you might have told him
    II v/i
    :
    poder con ( sobreponerse a) manage, cope with;
    me puede he can beat me;
    es franco a más no poder fam he’s as frank as they come fam ;
    comimos a más no poder fam we ate to bursting point fam ;
    no puedo más I can’t take any more, I’ve had enough;
    a poder ser if possible;
    puede ser perhaps, maybe;
    ¡no puede ser! it can’t be!, that can’t be right!;
    puede que perhaps, maybe;
    puede ser que no lo sepa maybe o perhaps he doesn’t know;
    ¿se puede? can I come in?, do you mind if I come in?;
    no pude menos de insultarle insulting him was the least I could do
    III m tb POL power;
    en poder de alguien in s.o.’s hands;
    plenos poderes pl full authority sg ;
    por poderes, L.Am.
    por poder JUR by proxy;
    los poder es públicos the authorities
    * * *
    poder {58} v aux
    1) : to be able to, can
    no puede hablar: he can't speak
    2) (expressing possibility) : might, may
    puede llover: it may rain at any moment
    ¿cómo puede ser?: how can that be?
    ¿puedo ir a la fiesta?: can I go to the party?
    ¿se puede?: may I come in?
    poder vi
    1) : to beat, to defeat
    cree que le puede a cualquiera: he thinks he can beat anyone
    2) : to be possible
    ¿crees que vendrán? - puede (que sí): do you think they'll come? - maybe
    3)
    poder con : to cope with, to manage
    ¡no puedo con estos niños!: I can't handle these children!
    4)
    no poder más : to have had enough
    no puede más: she can't take anymore
    5)
    no poder menos que : to not be able to help
    no pudo menos que asombrarse: she couldn't help but be amazed
    poder nm
    1) : control, power
    poder adquisitivo: purchasing power
    2) : authority
    el poder legislativo: the legislature
    3) : possession
    está en mi poder: it's in my hands
    4) : strength, force
    poder militar: military might
    * * *
    poder2 vb
    1. (capacidad, posibilidad) can / could / to be able to
    ¿puedo echarte una mano? can I give you a hand?
    ¿qué podemos comprarle? what can we buy her?
    ¿cuándo podrás venir? when will you be able to come?
    2. (permiso) can / may
    ¿puedo hablar con el jefe? can I speak to the boss?
    ¿se puede pasar? can I come in?
    3. (probabilidad) may / could / might
    puede que venga, puede que no he might come, he might not
    poder con to manage / to cope with

    Spanish-English dictionary > poder

  • 12 camionero

    adj.
    motor-trucking, trucking.
    m.
    truck driver, teamster, trucker, truckman.
    * * *
    ► nombre masculino,nombre femenino
    1 lorry driver, US truck driver
    * * *
    camionero, -a
    SM / F
    1) lorry driver, truck driver (EEUU)
    2) Méx [en autobús] bus driver
    * * *
    - ra masculino, femenino
    1) truck driver, lorry driver (BrE)
    2) (AmC, Méx) ( conductor de autobús) bus driver
    * * *
    = teamster, trucker, truck driver, haulier [hauler, -USA].
    Ex. During these campaigns, black soldiers served as militiamen, guides, teamsters, and spies.
    Ex. Findings show that truckers have few commonalities with other worker groups; their work is solitary, & they are by definition flexible.
    Ex. The male truck drivers had to be married with a child or children in the home in order to be included in the study.
    Ex. We won't see real disruption unless British hauliers act en masse against fuel prices.
    ----
    * huelga de camioneros = trucker strike, haulage strike, lorry strike, road haulage strike, haulier strike.
    * * *
    - ra masculino, femenino
    1) truck driver, lorry driver (BrE)
    2) (AmC, Méx) ( conductor de autobús) bus driver
    * * *
    = teamster, trucker, truck driver, haulier [hauler, -USA].

    Ex: During these campaigns, black soldiers served as militiamen, guides, teamsters, and spies.

    Ex: Findings show that truckers have few commonalities with other worker groups; their work is solitary, & they are by definition flexible.
    Ex: The male truck drivers had to be married with a child or children in the home in order to be included in the study.
    Ex: We won't see real disruption unless British hauliers act en masse against fuel prices.
    * huelga de camioneros = trucker strike, haulage strike, lorry strike, road haulage strike, haulier strike.

    * * *
    masculine, feminine
    A (conductor de vehículo de carga) truck driver, trucker, teamster ( AmE), lorry driver ( BrE)
    B (AmC, Méx) (conductor de autobús) bus driver
    * * *

    camionero
    ◊ -ra sustantivo masculino, femenino

    truck driver, lorry driver (BrE);

    ( conductor de autobús) (AmC, Méx) bus driver
    camionero,-a sustantivo masculino y femenino lorry o US truck driver
    ' camionero' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    camionera
    - materialista
    English:
    driver
    - truck driver
    - bus
    - lorry
    - teamster
    - truck
    - trucker
    * * *
    camionero, -a
    ♦ adj
    CAm, Méx bus;
    central camionera bus station;
    paro camionero bus strike
    ♦ nm,f
    1. [de camión] truck driver, Br lorry driver, US trucker
    2. CAm, Méx [de autobús] bus driver
    * * *
    1 truck driver, Br tb
    lorry driver
    bus driver
    * * *
    camionero, -ra n
    1) : truck driver
    2) Mex : bus driver
    * * *
    camionero n lorry driver

    Spanish-English dictionary > camionero

  • 13 centralidad

    f.
    centrality.
    * * *
    SF centrality, central importance
    * * *
    = centrality, centricity.
    Ex. Gilman advocated the academic library's centrality to research.
    Ex. Most researchers content with the widespread and broad definition of customer centricity as the capacity to understand and respond to the customer's needs.
    * * *
    = centrality, centricity.

    Ex: Gilman advocated the academic library's centrality to research.

    Ex: Most researchers content with the widespread and broad definition of customer centricity as the capacity to understand and respond to the customer's needs.

    * * *
    centrality

    Spanish-English dictionary > centralidad

  • 14 núcleo

    m.
    1 nucleus, focus.
    2 nucleus, core, kernel.
    * * *
    1 nucleus
    3 (grupo de gente) circle, group
    \
    núcleo urbano city centre (US center)
    * * *
    noun m.
    1) core
    * * *
    SM (Bio, Fís, Quím) nucleus; (Elec) core; (Bot) kernel, stone; (fig) core, essence

    núcleo de población — population centre, population center (EEUU)

    núcleo rural — (new) village, village settlement

    núcleo urbano — city centre, city center (EEUU)

    * * *
    1)
    a) (Biol, Fís, Quím) nucleus
    b) (Ling) nucleus
    c) (Elec) core
    2)
    a) ( de asunto) heart, core; ( de conjunto) nucleus
    b) ( grupo) group
    c) ( centro) center*
    •
    * * *
    = core, nuclear zone, x-height, centrepoint [centerpoint, -USA], nucleus [nuclei, -pl.], heart, hard core.
    Ex. The main list of index terms is the core of the thesaurus and defines the index language.
    Ex. A new definition of the nuclear zone of a Bradford curve is proposed.
    Ex. Its x-height was notably small, and the fount was equipped with many ligatures (tied letters) and with upright capitals; it was quickly and widely imitated.
    Ex. In our capacity as centerpoints for local activities, we may be equipped with card production equipment for producing catalog cards through the state division of OCLC.
    Ex. These libraries became the nucleus for many private and religious collections that ultimately became the first public libraries in Brazil.
    Ex. A heart on a pink background thus indicates 'romance' (rather than medicine) and a magnifying glass or a gun might indicate a detective story though a gun might mean a 'western' if it is a revolver and a war story if it is a field gun.
    Ex. The text describes a 'world science' marked by the collectivization of the centre,'centrality' being defined not by a national monopoly, but by the 'hard core' of a transnational network, stratified on a continental or subcontinental basis = El texto describe una "ciencia mundial" marcada por la colectivización del centro, definiendo la "centralidad" no por monopolio nacional sino por el núcleo de una red internacional, estratificado a nivel continental o subcontinental.
    ----
    * en el núcleo = at the core (of).
    * formación de un núcleo = nucleation.
    * formar el núcleo = form + the nucleus.
    * núcleo rural = rural area.
    * * *
    1)
    a) (Biol, Fís, Quím) nucleus
    b) (Ling) nucleus
    c) (Elec) core
    2)
    a) ( de asunto) heart, core; ( de conjunto) nucleus
    b) ( grupo) group
    c) ( centro) center*
    •
    * * *
    = core, nuclear zone, x-height, centrepoint [centerpoint, -USA], nucleus [nuclei, -pl.], heart, hard core.

    Ex: The main list of index terms is the core of the thesaurus and defines the index language.

    Ex: A new definition of the nuclear zone of a Bradford curve is proposed.
    Ex: Its x-height was notably small, and the fount was equipped with many ligatures (tied letters) and with upright capitals; it was quickly and widely imitated.
    Ex: In our capacity as centerpoints for local activities, we may be equipped with card production equipment for producing catalog cards through the state division of OCLC.
    Ex: These libraries became the nucleus for many private and religious collections that ultimately became the first public libraries in Brazil.
    Ex: A heart on a pink background thus indicates 'romance' (rather than medicine) and a magnifying glass or a gun might indicate a detective story though a gun might mean a 'western' if it is a revolver and a war story if it is a field gun.
    Ex: The text describes a 'world science' marked by the collectivization of the centre,'centrality' being defined not by a national monopoly, but by the 'hard core' of a transnational network, stratified on a continental or subcontinental basis = El texto describe una "ciencia mundial" marcada por la colectivización del centro, definiendo la "centralidad" no por monopolio nacional sino por el núcleo de una red internacional, estratificado a nivel continental o subcontinental.
    * en el núcleo = at the core (of).
    * formación de un núcleo = nucleation.
    * formar el núcleo = form + the nucleus.
    * núcleo rural = rural area.

    * * *
    A
    1 ( Biol, Fís, Quím) nucleus
    2 ( Ling) nucleus
    B
    1 (de un asunto) heart, core; (de un conjunto, equipo) nucleus
    2 (grupo) group
    pequeños núcleos de disidentes small groups of dissidents
    3 (centro) center*
    Compuestos:
    center* of population
    family unit
    * * *

     

    núcleo sustantivo masculino
    a) (Biol, Fís) nucleus

    b) (Elec) core

    núcleo sustantivo masculino
    1 nucleus
    2 (parte más importante) core
    3 (grupo de personas) group
    4 (foco) focus
    núcleo de pobreza/cultura, focus of poverty/culture
    5 núcleo urbano, city centre
    ' núcleo' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    corazón
    - foco
    - fondo
    - médula
    - balneario
    - urbanización
    - urbano
    English:
    centre
    - core
    - nucleus
    * * *
    1. [de la Tierra] core
    2. [centro] nucleus
    núcleo duro [en economía, política] hard core
    3. [foco]
    un núcleo de pobreza an area with an extremely high level of poverty, an area where poverty is concentrated;
    forman el núcleo intelectual del partido they are the party's brains
    4. [grupo] core;
    un pequeño núcleo de rebeldes a small core of rebels
    5. [lugar habitado] centre
    núcleo de población population centre
    6. Astron nucleus
    núcleo de la galaxia galaxy's core
    7. Biol nucleus
    núcleo celular cell nucleus
    8. Fís nucleus
    núcleo atómico atomic nucleus
    9. Ling nucleus
    * * *
    m
    1 nucleus;
    núcleo (celular) BIO (cell) nucleus
    2 de problema heart
    * * *
    1) : nucleus
    2) : center, heart, core
    * * *
    núcleo n nucleus [pl. nuclei]

    Spanish-English dictionary > núcleo

  • 15 резкость

    ( контуров изображения) acuity, acutance, ( изображения) critical definition кфт., definition, ( звука) asperity, fineness, resolution, sharpness
    * * *
    ре́зкость ж.:
    ре́зкость изображени́я — sharpness of the picture
    наводи́ть на ре́зкость изображе́ния — bring into sharp focus, adjust for sharpness
    ре́зкость изображе́ния в це́нтре — central sharpness
    ре́зкость изображе́ния по края́м — marginal sharpness

    Русско-английский политехнический словарь > резкость

  • 16 Artificial Intelligence

       In my opinion, none of [these programs] does even remote justice to the complexity of human mental processes. Unlike men, "artificially intelligent" programs tend to be single minded, undistractable, and unemotional. (Neisser, 1967, p. 9)
       Future progress in [artificial intelligence] will depend on the development of both practical and theoretical knowledge.... As regards theoretical knowledge, some have sought a unified theory of artificial intelligence. My view is that artificial intelligence is (or soon will be) an engineering discipline since its primary goal is to build things. (Nilsson, 1971, pp. vii-viii)
       Most workers in AI [artificial intelligence] research and in related fields confess to a pronounced feeling of disappointment in what has been achieved in the last 25 years. Workers entered the field around 1950, and even around 1960, with high hopes that are very far from being realized in 1972. In no part of the field have the discoveries made so far produced the major impact that was then promised.... In the meantime, claims and predictions regarding the potential results of AI research had been publicized which went even farther than the expectations of the majority of workers in the field, whose embarrassments have been added to by the lamentable failure of such inflated predictions....
       When able and respected scientists write in letters to the present author that AI, the major goal of computing science, represents "another step in the general process of evolution"; that possibilities in the 1980s include an all-purpose intelligence on a human-scale knowledge base; that awe-inspiring possibilities suggest themselves based on machine intelligence exceeding human intelligence by the year 2000 [one has the right to be skeptical]. (Lighthill, 1972, p. 17)
       4) Just as Astronomy Succeeded Astrology, the Discovery of Intellectual Processes in Machines Should Lead to a Science, Eventually
       Just as astronomy succeeded astrology, following Kepler's discovery of planetary regularities, the discoveries of these many principles in empirical explorations on intellectual processes in machines should lead to a science, eventually. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)
       Many problems arise in experiments on machine intelligence because things obvious to any person are not represented in any program. One can pull with a string, but one cannot push with one.... Simple facts like these caused serious problems when Charniak attempted to extend Bobrow's "Student" program to more realistic applications, and they have not been faced up to until now. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 77)
       What do we mean by [a symbolic] "description"? We do not mean to suggest that our descriptions must be made of strings of ordinary language words (although they might be). The simplest kind of description is a structure in which some features of a situation are represented by single ("primitive") symbols, and relations between those features are represented by other symbols-or by other features of the way the description is put together. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)
       [AI is] the use of computer programs and programming techniques to cast light on the principles of intelligence in general and human thought in particular. (Boden, 1977, p. 5)
       The word you look for and hardly ever see in the early AI literature is the word knowledge. They didn't believe you have to know anything, you could always rework it all.... In fact 1967 is the turning point in my mind when there was enough feeling that the old ideas of general principles had to go.... I came up with an argument for what I called the primacy of expertise, and at the time I called the other guys the generalists. (Moses, quoted in McCorduck, 1979, pp. 228-229)
       9) Artificial Intelligence Is Psychology in a Particularly Pure and Abstract Form
       The basic idea of cognitive science is that intelligent beings are semantic engines-in other words, automatic formal systems with interpretations under which they consistently make sense. We can now see why this includes psychology and artificial intelligence on a more or less equal footing: people and intelligent computers (if and when there are any) turn out to be merely different manifestations of the same underlying phenomenon. Moreover, with universal hardware, any semantic engine can in principle be formally imitated by a computer if only the right program can be found. And that will guarantee semantic imitation as well, since (given the appropriate formal behavior) the semantics is "taking care of itself" anyway. Thus we also see why, from this perspective, artificial intelligence can be regarded as psychology in a particularly pure and abstract form. The same fundamental structures are under investigation, but in AI, all the relevant parameters are under direct experimental control (in the programming), without any messy physiology or ethics to get in the way. (Haugeland, 1981b, p. 31)
       There are many different kinds of reasoning one might imagine:
        Formal reasoning involves the syntactic manipulation of data structures to deduce new ones following prespecified rules of inference. Mathematical logic is the archetypical formal representation. Procedural reasoning uses simulation to answer questions and solve problems. When we use a program to answer What is the sum of 3 and 4? it uses, or "runs," a procedural model of arithmetic. Reasoning by analogy seems to be a very natural mode of thought for humans but, so far, difficult to accomplish in AI programs. The idea is that when you ask the question Can robins fly? the system might reason that "robins are like sparrows, and I know that sparrows can fly, so robins probably can fly."
        Generalization and abstraction are also natural reasoning process for humans that are difficult to pin down well enough to implement in a program. If one knows that Robins have wings, that Sparrows have wings, and that Blue jays have wings, eventually one will believe that All birds have wings. This capability may be at the core of most human learning, but it has not yet become a useful technique in AI.... Meta- level reasoning is demonstrated by the way one answers the question What is Paul Newman's telephone number? You might reason that "if I knew Paul Newman's number, I would know that I knew it, because it is a notable fact." This involves using "knowledge about what you know," in particular, about the extent of your knowledge and about the importance of certain facts. Recent research in psychology and AI indicates that meta-level reasoning may play a central role in human cognitive processing. (Barr & Feigenbaum, 1981, pp. 146-147)
       Suffice it to say that programs already exist that can do things-or, at the very least, appear to be beginning to do things-which ill-informed critics have asserted a priori to be impossible. Examples include: perceiving in a holistic as opposed to an atomistic way; using language creatively; translating sensibly from one language to another by way of a language-neutral semantic representation; planning acts in a broad and sketchy fashion, the details being decided only in execution; distinguishing between different species of emotional reaction according to the psychological context of the subject. (Boden, 1981, p. 33)
       Can the synthesis of Man and Machine ever be stable, or will the purely organic component become such a hindrance that it has to be discarded? If this eventually happens-and I have... good reasons for thinking that it must-we have nothing to regret and certainly nothing to fear. (Clarke, 1984, p. 243)
       The thesis of GOFAI... is not that the processes underlying intelligence can be described symbolically... but that they are symbolic. (Haugeland, 1985, p. 113)
        14) Artificial Intelligence Provides a Useful Approach to Psychological and Psychiatric Theory Formation
       It is all very well formulating psychological and psychiatric theories verbally but, when using natural language (even technical jargon), it is difficult to recognise when a theory is complete; oversights are all too easily made, gaps too readily left. This is a point which is generally recognised to be true and it is for precisely this reason that the behavioural sciences attempt to follow the natural sciences in using "classical" mathematics as a more rigorous descriptive language. However, it is an unfortunate fact that, with a few notable exceptions, there has been a marked lack of success in this application. It is my belief that a different approach-a different mathematics-is needed, and that AI provides just this approach. (Hand, quoted in Hand, 1985, pp. 6-7)
       We might distinguish among four kinds of AI.
       Research of this kind involves building and programming computers to perform tasks which, to paraphrase Marvin Minsky, would require intelligence if they were done by us. Researchers in nonpsychological AI make no claims whatsoever about the psychological realism of their programs or the devices they build, that is, about whether or not computers perform tasks as humans do.
       Research here is guided by the view that the computer is a useful tool in the study of mind. In particular, we can write computer programs or build devices that simulate alleged psychological processes in humans and then test our predictions about how the alleged processes work. We can weave these programs and devices together with other programs and devices that simulate different alleged mental processes and thereby test the degree to which the AI system as a whole simulates human mentality. According to weak psychological AI, working with computer models is a way of refining and testing hypotheses about processes that are allegedly realized in human minds.
    ... According to this view, our minds are computers and therefore can be duplicated by other computers. Sherry Turkle writes that the "real ambition is of mythic proportions, making a general purpose intelligence, a mind." (Turkle, 1984, p. 240) The authors of a major text announce that "the ultimate goal of AI research is to build a person or, more humbly, an animal." (Charniak & McDermott, 1985, p. 7)
       Research in this field, like strong psychological AI, takes seriously the functionalist view that mentality can be realized in many different types of physical devices. Suprapsychological AI, however, accuses strong psychological AI of being chauvinisticof being only interested in human intelligence! Suprapsychological AI claims to be interested in all the conceivable ways intelligence can be realized. (Flanagan, 1991, pp. 241-242)
        16) Determination of Relevance of Rules in Particular Contexts
       Even if the [rules] were stored in a context-free form the computer still couldn't use them. To do that the computer requires rules enabling it to draw on just those [ rules] which are relevant in each particular context. Determination of relevance will have to be based on further facts and rules, but the question will again arise as to which facts and rules are relevant for making each particular determination. One could always invoke further facts and rules to answer this question, but of course these must be only the relevant ones. And so it goes. It seems that AI workers will never be able to get started here unless they can settle the problem of relevance beforehand by cataloguing types of context and listing just those facts which are relevant in each. (Dreyfus & Dreyfus, 1986, p. 80)
       Perhaps the single most important idea to artificial intelligence is that there is no fundamental difference between form and content, that meaning can be captured in a set of symbols such as a semantic net. (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)
        18) The Assumption That the Mind Is a Formal System
       Artificial intelligence is based on the assumption that the mind can be described as some kind of formal system manipulating symbols that stand for things in the world. Thus it doesn't matter what the brain is made of, or what it uses for tokens in the great game of thinking. Using an equivalent set of tokens and rules, we can do thinking with a digital computer, just as we can play chess using cups, salt and pepper shakers, knives, forks, and spoons. Using the right software, one system (the mind) can be mapped into the other (the computer). (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)
        19) A Statement of the Primary and Secondary Purposes of Artificial Intelligence
       The primary goal of Artificial Intelligence is to make machines smarter.
       The secondary goals of Artificial Intelligence are to understand what intelligence is (the Nobel laureate purpose) and to make machines more useful (the entrepreneurial purpose). (Winston, 1987, p. 1)
       The theoretical ideas of older branches of engineering are captured in the language of mathematics. We contend that mathematical logic provides the basis for theory in AI. Although many computer scientists already count logic as fundamental to computer science in general, we put forward an even stronger form of the logic-is-important argument....
       AI deals mainly with the problem of representing and using declarative (as opposed to procedural) knowledge. Declarative knowledge is the kind that is expressed as sentences, and AI needs a language in which to state these sentences. Because the languages in which this knowledge usually is originally captured (natural languages such as English) are not suitable for computer representations, some other language with the appropriate properties must be used. It turns out, we think, that the appropriate properties include at least those that have been uppermost in the minds of logicians in their development of logical languages such as the predicate calculus. Thus, we think that any language for expressing knowledge in AI systems must be at least as expressive as the first-order predicate calculus. (Genesereth & Nilsson, 1987, p. viii)
        21) Perceptual Structures Can Be Represented as Lists of Elementary Propositions
       In artificial intelligence studies, perceptual structures are represented as assemblages of description lists, the elementary components of which are propositions asserting that certain relations hold among elements. (Chase & Simon, 1988, p. 490)
       Artificial intelligence (AI) is sometimes defined as the study of how to build and/or program computers to enable them to do the sorts of things that minds can do. Some of these things are commonly regarded as requiring intelligence: offering a medical diagnosis and/or prescription, giving legal or scientific advice, proving theorems in logic or mathematics. Others are not, because they can be done by all normal adults irrespective of educational background (and sometimes by non-human animals too), and typically involve no conscious control: seeing things in sunlight and shadows, finding a path through cluttered terrain, fitting pegs into holes, speaking one's own native tongue, and using one's common sense. Because it covers AI research dealing with both these classes of mental capacity, this definition is preferable to one describing AI as making computers do "things that would require intelligence if done by people." However, it presupposes that computers could do what minds can do, that they might really diagnose, advise, infer, and understand. One could avoid this problematic assumption (and also side-step questions about whether computers do things in the same way as we do) by defining AI instead as "the development of computers whose observable performance has features which in humans we would attribute to mental processes." This bland characterization would be acceptable to some AI workers, especially amongst those focusing on the production of technological tools for commercial purposes. But many others would favour a more controversial definition, seeing AI as the science of intelligence in general-or, more accurately, as the intellectual core of cognitive science. As such, its goal is to provide a systematic theory that can explain (and perhaps enable us to replicate) both the general categories of intentionality and the diverse psychological capacities grounded in them. (Boden, 1990b, pp. 1-2)
       Because the ability to store data somewhat corresponds to what we call memory in human beings, and because the ability to follow logical procedures somewhat corresponds to what we call reasoning in human beings, many members of the cult have concluded that what computers do somewhat corresponds to what we call thinking. It is no great difficulty to persuade the general public of that conclusion since computers process data very fast in small spaces well below the level of visibility; they do not look like other machines when they are at work. They seem to be running along as smoothly and silently as the brain does when it remembers and reasons and thinks. On the other hand, those who design and build computers know exactly how the machines are working down in the hidden depths of their semiconductors. Computers can be taken apart, scrutinized, and put back together. Their activities can be tracked, analyzed, measured, and thus clearly understood-which is far from possible with the brain. This gives rise to the tempting assumption on the part of the builders and designers that computers can tell us something about brains, indeed, that the computer can serve as a model of the mind, which then comes to be seen as some manner of information processing machine, and possibly not as good at the job as the machine. (Roszak, 1994, pp. xiv-xv)
       The inner workings of the human mind are far more intricate than the most complicated systems of modern technology. Researchers in the field of artificial intelligence have been attempting to develop programs that will enable computers to display intelligent behavior. Although this field has been an active one for more than thirty-five years and has had many notable successes, AI researchers still do not know how to create a program that matches human intelligence. No existing program can recall facts, solve problems, reason, learn, and process language with human facility. This lack of success has occurred not because computers are inferior to human brains but rather because we do not yet know in sufficient detail how intelligence is organized in the brain. (Anderson, 1995, p. 2)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Artificial Intelligence

  • 17 chaparral

    (Sp. model spelled same [t∫aparal] < chaparro 'short, stubby' probably of pre-Roman origin, and apparently related to the dialectal Basque term txapar(ra), a diminutive of saphar(ra) 'thicket' or 'hedge' plus the Spanish collective suffix -al)
       Texas: 1842. As Watts observes, it appears that this term originally applied exclusively to the scrub oak. It now refers to a number of thicket-forming, often thorny shrubs or small trees, and to a large dense thicket formed by these plants. It may also refer to a plain covered with such unruly brush (see also brasada). Clark indicates that this term applies especially to shrubs and trees of the genera Acacia, Ceanothus, Condalia, Forestiera, and Quercus. Hendrickson notes that this term has become recognized throughout the United States because of its use in western films. The DRAE references chaparral as a place covered in chaparros, which may be either a variety of shrublike oak trees with many branches, or a Central American malpighiaceous bush with clustered flowers, round fruit, and opposite leaves that are thick and petiolate. This second plant grows on dry plains and has thick, knotty, resistant branches used to make walking sticks. Santamaría defines chaparral as either the common name of a wild rhamnaceous plant native to central and northern Mexico ( Condalia obovata), or a place abounding in chaparros. Santamaría gives several definitions for chaparro. It is generally a bush found in tropical regions in the Americas whose rough-textured leaves are sometimes used as sandpaper and whose bark is rich in tannin. On the southern coast of Mexico, it refers to several varieties of oak trees of the genus Quercus. In Tabasco, Mexico, it is an isolated mass of vegetation formed by vines and short trees, and in all of Mexico it is the common name given to the Aythia collaris, a plant native to the northern part of the continent. Islas concurs with the definition given by Santamaría for chaparro in Tabasco, Mexico, but he says that it is a low-lying thicket.
        Alternate forms: chaparrelle, chaparro, chaperelle, chapparal, chapparall, chapparo, chapparral, chapperell, chapporal.
       Glossed by Watts as a type of live-oak brush native to southwest Texas. Chaparro prieto is glossed in the DM as a plant of the genus Mimosa. Also known ( in English) as chaparro prieto.

    Vocabulario Vaquero > chaparral

  • 18 aramea

    [Swahili Word] Aramea
    [English Word] Aramaea
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 9
    [English Definition] the historical land of the Aramaeans, located in present-day central Syria
    [Terminology] geography
    ------------------------------------------------------------

    Swahili-english dictionary > aramea

  • 19 botswana

    [Swahili Word] Botswana
    [English Word] Botswana
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 9
    [English Definition] a landlocked republic in south-central Africa that became independent from British control in the 1960s
    [Terminology] geography
    ------------------------------------------------------------

    Swahili-english dictionary > botswana

  • 20 burundi

    [Swahili Word] Burundi
    [English Word] Burundi
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 9
    [English Definition] a landlocked republic in east central Africa on the northeastern shore of Lake Tanganyika
    [Terminology] geography
    ------------------------------------------------------------

    Swahili-english dictionary > burundi

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