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  • 21 confirmar

    v.
    1 to confirm.
    Ella confirmó los rumores She confirmed the rumors.
    Ella confirmó el ataque She confirmed the attack.
    María confirmó a pesar de la carta Mary confirmed despite the letter.
    2 to ratify, to confirm, to approve, to affirm.
    María confirmó su asistencia Mary ratified her attendance.
    3 to confirm to, to prove to.
    María confirmó hacer de madrina Mary confirmed to act as godmother.
    * * *
    1 to confirm
    1 to be confirmed
    * * *
    verb
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) [+ noticia, rumor, temor] to confirm

    según confirmaron fuentes policiales — as police sources confirmed, according to police sources

    2) [+ vuelo, cita] to confirm
    3) (=reafirmar) [+ sentencia] to confirm
    4) (Rel) to confirm
    2.
    See:
    * * *
    verbo transitivo
    1) <noticia/vuelo> to confirm
    2) (Relig) to confirm
    * * *
    = bear out, confirm, endorse, ratify, reaffirm, substantiate, validate, add + confirmation to, underpin, uphold, speak to, vindicate, affirm.
    Ex. This instruction bears out the earlier statement that the identification of concepts is related to the subject undergoing indexing.
    Ex. The sheer bulk of the headings and the complexity of references structures is sufficient to confirm that a more systematic approach might prove fruitful.
    Ex. These rules follow a general trend in filing practices in endorsing the 'file-as-is' principle outlined below.
    Ex. The measurement of success or otherwise of these ideas can unfortunately only be ratified once the library has been in use for some considerable time.
    Ex. Coates started his study of citation order by noting Kaiser's theories of Concrete-Process and reaffirmed this aspect of Kaiser's work.
    Ex. It can be substantiated that in switching over to new technologies we often have not done this kind of linkage.
    Ex. The records will be validated by the Library of Congress and the National Library of Canada and regularly included in the MARC Distribution Service for the benefit of libraries that are not members of OCLC.
    Ex. In these statements, Carnegie added strong confirmation to the librarian's long-held elitist views.
    Ex. This process is underpinned by a patient-based information system which is timely, accessible and credible to all participants.
    Ex. The stereotype of the serious novel 'collecting dust on the shelf' was not upheld by research.
    Ex. These reasons speak to the duties and enduring mores of the professoriate.
    Ex. The relevance to a local library situation of British Library Lending Division data on periodical usage is vindicated.
    Ex. This move has probably affirmed the future of DC.
    ----
    * confirmar la necesidad de = endorse + the need (for/to).
    * confirmar las dudas = fulfil + doubts.
    * confirmar que se está en lo cierto = prove + Posesivo + point, make + Posesivo + case.
    * confirmar que se tiene razón = prove + Posesivo + point, make + Posesivo + case.
    * confirmar una hipótesis = support + hypothesis, validate + hypothesis.
    * confirmar una observación = bear out + point.
    * confirmar una sospecha = confirm + suspicion.
    * excepciones que confirman la regla = exceptions to prove the rule.
    * por confirmar = to be confirmed.
    * ser la excepción que confirma la regla = be the exception rather than the rule.
    * sin confirmar = unconfirmed, unvalidated, to be confirmed.
    * * *
    verbo transitivo
    1) <noticia/vuelo> to confirm
    2) (Relig) to confirm
    * * *
    = bear out, confirm, endorse, ratify, reaffirm, substantiate, validate, add + confirmation to, underpin, uphold, speak to, vindicate, affirm.

    Ex: This instruction bears out the earlier statement that the identification of concepts is related to the subject undergoing indexing.

    Ex: The sheer bulk of the headings and the complexity of references structures is sufficient to confirm that a more systematic approach might prove fruitful.
    Ex: These rules follow a general trend in filing practices in endorsing the 'file-as-is' principle outlined below.
    Ex: The measurement of success or otherwise of these ideas can unfortunately only be ratified once the library has been in use for some considerable time.
    Ex: Coates started his study of citation order by noting Kaiser's theories of Concrete-Process and reaffirmed this aspect of Kaiser's work.
    Ex: It can be substantiated that in switching over to new technologies we often have not done this kind of linkage.
    Ex: The records will be validated by the Library of Congress and the National Library of Canada and regularly included in the MARC Distribution Service for the benefit of libraries that are not members of OCLC.
    Ex: In these statements, Carnegie added strong confirmation to the librarian's long-held elitist views.
    Ex: This process is underpinned by a patient-based information system which is timely, accessible and credible to all participants.
    Ex: The stereotype of the serious novel 'collecting dust on the shelf' was not upheld by research.
    Ex: These reasons speak to the duties and enduring mores of the professoriate.
    Ex: The relevance to a local library situation of British Library Lending Division data on periodical usage is vindicated.
    Ex: This move has probably affirmed the future of DC.
    * confirmar la necesidad de = endorse + the need (for/to).
    * confirmar las dudas = fulfil + doubts.
    * confirmar que se está en lo cierto = prove + Posesivo + point, make + Posesivo + case.
    * confirmar que se tiene razón = prove + Posesivo + point, make + Posesivo + case.
    * confirmar una hipótesis = support + hypothesis, validate + hypothesis.
    * confirmar una observación = bear out + point.
    * confirmar una sospecha = confirm + suspicion.
    * excepciones que confirman la regla = exceptions to prove the rule.
    * por confirmar = to be confirmed.
    * ser la excepción que confirma la regla = be the exception rather than the rule.
    * sin confirmar = unconfirmed, unvalidated, to be confirmed.

    * * *
    confirmar [A1 ]
    vt
    A
    1 ‹noticia/sospecha› to confirm
    es la excepción que confirma la regla it's the exception that proves the rule
    2 ‹vuelo/regreso› to confirm
    fue confirmado como director he was confirmed as the new director
    3 (en una idea, opinión) to confirm
    esto me confirma en mis temores this confirms my fears
    B ( Relig) to confirm
    * * *

     

    confirmar ( conjugate confirmar) verbo transitivo
    to confirm;

    confirmar verbo transitivo to confirm
    ♦ Locuciones: la excepción confirma la regla, the exception proves the rule

    ' confirmar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    sancionar
    - comprobar
    - venir
    English:
    bear out
    - confirm
    - corroborate
    - diagnosis
    - so
    - validate
    - bear
    - substantiate
    - support
    - up
    - verify
    - vindicate
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [noticia, sospecha] to confirm;
    esto sólo confirma mis sospechas this simply confirms my suspicions
    2. [billete, reserva] to confirm;
    el ministro ha sido confirmado en el cargo the minister has been confirmed in his post
    3. Rel to confirm
    * * *
    v/t confirm
    * * *
    : to confirm, to substantiate
    * * *
    confirmar vb to confirm

    Spanish-English dictionary > confirmar

  • 22 en el mejor de los casos

    at best
    ————————
    at the very best
    * * *
    = at best, at most, ideally, in the best of circumstances, the best case scenario, at the most, at the best of times, at the very best
    Ex. Facet analysis in UDC is, at best, inconsistent.
    Ex. The genesis of this brave new world of solid state logic, in which bibliographic data are reduced to phantasmagoria on the faces of cathode-ray tubes (CRT), extends at most only three-quarters of a decade into the dim past.
    Ex. Ideally we would like both to maximise recall, or the number of relevant documents retrieved, at the same time ensuring that the documents retrieved all remain relevant.
    Ex. Virtually all SLIS have fewer staff than five years ago -- one or two fewer in the best of circumstances and ten or fifteen in the worst.
    Ex. The best case scenario predicts at least 4 emerging roles for librarians in school library media centres.
    Ex. The chemical systems described must be based on a small number of elements and composed of molecules having 8 atoms at the most.
    Ex. Finding books by subject in large libraries is a difficult task at the best of times.
    Ex. You only had to read the article to see that this was pure fabrication at the very best.
    * * *
    = at best, at most, ideally, in the best of circumstances, the best case scenario, at the most, at the best of times, at the very best

    Ex: Facet analysis in UDC is, at best, inconsistent.

    Ex: The genesis of this brave new world of solid state logic, in which bibliographic data are reduced to phantasmagoria on the faces of cathode-ray tubes (CRT), extends at most only three-quarters of a decade into the dim past.
    Ex: Ideally we would like both to maximise recall, or the number of relevant documents retrieved, at the same time ensuring that the documents retrieved all remain relevant.
    Ex: Virtually all SLIS have fewer staff than five years ago -- one or two fewer in the best of circumstances and ten or fifteen in the worst.
    Ex: The best case scenario predicts at least 4 emerging roles for librarians in school library media centres.
    Ex: The chemical systems described must be based on a small number of elements and composed of molecules having 8 atoms at the most.
    Ex: Finding books by subject in large libraries is a difficult task at the best of times.
    Ex: You only had to read the article to see that this was pure fabrication at the very best.

    Spanish-English dictionary > en el mejor de los casos

  • 23 separar

    v.
    1 to separate.
    las hojas se han pegado y no las puedo separar the pages have stuck together and I can't separate them o get them apart
    son muchas las cosas que nos separan there are many differences between us
    María separó las galletas Mary separated the cookies.
    2 to move away.
    separa un poco las sillas move the chairs apart a bit
    3 to put aside.
    4 to split, to draw apart, to pull away, to pull apart.
    El adulterio separa a las parejas Adultery splits couples.
    5 to set apart, to put away.
    6 to abduce.
    * * *
    1 (gen) to separate
    2 (hacer grupos) to separate, sort out
    3 (guardar aparte) to set aside, put aside
    4 (apartar) to move away (de, from)
    5 (de empleo, cargo) to remove (de, from), dismiss (de, from)
    6 figurado (mantener alejado) to keep away (de, from)
    1 (tomar diferente camino) to separate, part company
    2 (matrimonio) to separate
    3 (apartarse) to move away (de, from)
    4 (desprenderse) to separate (de, from), come off (de, -)
    5 (de amigo etc) to part company (de, with)
    6 separarse de (dejar algo) to part with
    * * *
    verb
    •
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) (=apartar) to separate

    la maestra nos separó para que no habláramos — the teacher split us up o separated us so that we wouldn't talk

    si no los llegan a separar se matan — if no one had pulled them apart o separated them, they would have killed each other

    separar algn/algo de algn/algo — to separate sb/sth from sb/sth

    al nacer los separaron de sus padres — they were taken (away) o separated from their parents at birth

    los separaron del resto de los pasajeros — they were split up o separated from the rest of the passengers

    2) (=distanciar)

    éramos buenos amigos, pero la política nos separó — we were good friends but politics came between us

    3) (=existir entre)

    el abismo que separa a los ricos de los pobres — the gulf between o separating (the) rich and (the) poor

    4) (=deslindar)

    unas barreras de protección separaban el escenario de la plaza — there were crash barriers separating the stage from the rest of the square

    la frontera que separa realidad y ficción — the dividing line between reality and fiction, the line that separates reality from o and fiction

    5) (=dividir) to divide
    6) (=poner aparte)

    ¿me puedes separar un poco de tarta? — can you put aside some cake for me?

    7) (=destituir) [de un cargo] to remove, dismiss

    ser separado del servicio — (Mil) to be discharged

    2.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) (apartar, alejar) to separate; < boxeadores> to separate, part
    b) ( dividir un todo) to divide
    2)
    a) ( deslindar) to separate, divide
    b) ( despegar)
    3) (frml) ( destituir) to dismiss (frml)

    fue separado de su cargo/sus funciones — he was removed from office/relieved of his duties (frml)

    2.
    separarse v pron
    a) matrimonio to separate

    se separaron hace un mes — they separated o split up a month ago

    b) (apartarse, alejarse) to split up

    no se separen, que los pequeños se pueden perder — please stay together in case the children get lost

    separarse DE algo/alguien: esta niña no se separa del televisor this child is always glued to the television; no me he separado nunca de mis hijos I've never been away o apart from my children; no se separen de su equipaje — do not leave your luggage unattended

    c) (guardar, reservar) to put o set aside
    * * *
    = carry off, cut off, detach, put by, segregate, separate, sift, screen out, tell out into, sort out + Nombre + from + Nombre, drive + a wedge between, hive off, disaggregate, sever, prise + Nombre + apart, unbundle, spread out, sift out, cleave, tease apart, balkanize, sunder, decouple, strip off, splay.
    Ex. The 'sweated' rags were pounded to a pulp (or stuff) by water-powered hammers, impurities being carried off through filters by running water.
    Ex. The stages are not cut off from one another, are not sharply defined.
    Ex. The words from the deleted abstract in the abstract word file will be detached when DOBIS/LIBIS is not busy with other work.
    Ex. The raw material of white paper was undyed linen -- or in very early days hempen -- rags, which the paper-maker bought in bulk, sorted and washed, and then put by in a damp heap for four or five days to rot.
    Ex. In summary, the advantages of the electronic catalog is the ability to segregate the fast searches from the slowest.
    Ex. The description of the component part is separated from that of the host document by a double slash.
    Ex. Thus many non-relevant documents have been retrieved and examined in the process of sifting relevant and non-relevant documents.
    Ex. Most journals rely for a substantial part of their income on advertisements; how would advertisers view the prospect of being selectively screened out by readers?.
    Ex. The finished paper was sorted for imperfections and told out into quires and reams for sale.
    Ex. Ward's study is likely to remain a standard reference source for years to come, but trying to sort out the generalities from the particularities is a very difficult business.
    Ex. While the current problems associated with serial economics have driven a wedge between vendors, librarians and publishers, they should be cooperating and communicating in order to withstand the information explosion.
    Ex. Non-fiction is normally shelved according to the Dewey decimal system with perhaps a major category such as autobiography and biography hived off as a completely separate ad hoc classification.
    Ex. Outcomes can be disaggregated along age, class, ethnic, racial, & gender dimensions.
    Ex. This art is is mass produced, often mechanically, and thus severed from tradition.
    Ex. The symbiotic relationship between scholarly discourse and scholarly publication that has existed for 3 centuries is being prised apart by new technology.
    Ex. It is recommended that CD-ROM producers unbundle the retrieval software from the data.
    Ex. For instance, in reproduction of Renoir's work under the subject IMPRESSIONISM, Renoir's works would not stand together in the catalog but be spread out according to their titles.
    Ex. Whichever he chooses he will still have to sift out and categorize the numerous errors that disfigure all the early texts of the play.
    Ex. Ethnic and racial differences cleaved the American working class.
    Ex. The author and his colleagues embarked on a series of studies to tease apart hereditary and environmental factors thought to be implicated in schizophrenia.
    Ex. The scholarly system has become balkanized into autonomous, even antagonistic, cultures or camps based on differing technological competencies and interests.
    Ex. Both novels tell essentially the same story, that of a woman sundered from her high estate and her betrothed.
    Ex. The physical library will probably become less viable over time and so it is important to decouple the information professional from the library unit.
    Ex. They gathered a whole sackful, stripped off the husks, and filled the sack again.
    Ex. Walk your feet up the wall, then take the belt and place it on your upper arms right above your elbows to keep your arms from splaying.
    ----
    * Hasta que la muerte nos separe = Till death do us part.
    * que se puede separar = detachable.
    * separar aun más = widen + the gap between... and.
    * separar con una cortina = curtain off.
    * separar de = wean from, isolate from, divide from, wean away from.
    * separar el grano de la paja = divide into + Adjetivo + sheep and + Adjetivo + goats, sort the + Adjetivo + sheep from the + Adjetivo + goats, separate + the wheat from the chaff, sort out + the wheat from the chaff, sift + the wheat from the chaff.
    * separar haciendo palanca = pry + Nombre + out, prise + Nombre + out.
    * separar la realidad de la ficción = distinguish + fact from fiction.
    * separar las manos = spread out + hands.
    * separar + Nombre + de + Nombre = discern + Nombre + from + Nombre.
    * separarse = drift apart, part, divorce, go (our/their) separate ways, fork.
    * separarse (de) = become + parted from, move away from, turn away from, secede (from).
    * separarse descendiendo = droop away from.
    * separar una pelea = break up + fight, break up + fight.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) (apartar, alejar) to separate; < boxeadores> to separate, part
    b) ( dividir un todo) to divide
    2)
    a) ( deslindar) to separate, divide
    b) ( despegar)
    3) (frml) ( destituir) to dismiss (frml)

    fue separado de su cargo/sus funciones — he was removed from office/relieved of his duties (frml)

    2.
    separarse v pron
    a) matrimonio to separate

    se separaron hace un mes — they separated o split up a month ago

    b) (apartarse, alejarse) to split up

    no se separen, que los pequeños se pueden perder — please stay together in case the children get lost

    separarse DE algo/alguien: esta niña no se separa del televisor this child is always glued to the television; no me he separado nunca de mis hijos I've never been away o apart from my children; no se separen de su equipaje — do not leave your luggage unattended

    c) (guardar, reservar) to put o set aside
    * * *
    = carry off, cut off, detach, put by, segregate, separate, sift, screen out, tell out into, sort out + Nombre + from + Nombre, drive + a wedge between, hive off, disaggregate, sever, prise + Nombre + apart, unbundle, spread out, sift out, cleave, tease apart, balkanize, sunder, decouple, strip off, splay.

    Ex: The 'sweated' rags were pounded to a pulp (or stuff) by water-powered hammers, impurities being carried off through filters by running water.

    Ex: The stages are not cut off from one another, are not sharply defined.
    Ex: The words from the deleted abstract in the abstract word file will be detached when DOBIS/LIBIS is not busy with other work.
    Ex: The raw material of white paper was undyed linen -- or in very early days hempen -- rags, which the paper-maker bought in bulk, sorted and washed, and then put by in a damp heap for four or five days to rot.
    Ex: In summary, the advantages of the electronic catalog is the ability to segregate the fast searches from the slowest.
    Ex: The description of the component part is separated from that of the host document by a double slash.
    Ex: Thus many non-relevant documents have been retrieved and examined in the process of sifting relevant and non-relevant documents.
    Ex: Most journals rely for a substantial part of their income on advertisements; how would advertisers view the prospect of being selectively screened out by readers?.
    Ex: The finished paper was sorted for imperfections and told out into quires and reams for sale.
    Ex: Ward's study is likely to remain a standard reference source for years to come, but trying to sort out the generalities from the particularities is a very difficult business.
    Ex: While the current problems associated with serial economics have driven a wedge between vendors, librarians and publishers, they should be cooperating and communicating in order to withstand the information explosion.
    Ex: Non-fiction is normally shelved according to the Dewey decimal system with perhaps a major category such as autobiography and biography hived off as a completely separate ad hoc classification.
    Ex: Outcomes can be disaggregated along age, class, ethnic, racial, & gender dimensions.
    Ex: This art is is mass produced, often mechanically, and thus severed from tradition.
    Ex: The symbiotic relationship between scholarly discourse and scholarly publication that has existed for 3 centuries is being prised apart by new technology.
    Ex: It is recommended that CD-ROM producers unbundle the retrieval software from the data.
    Ex: For instance, in reproduction of Renoir's work under the subject IMPRESSIONISM, Renoir's works would not stand together in the catalog but be spread out according to their titles.
    Ex: Whichever he chooses he will still have to sift out and categorize the numerous errors that disfigure all the early texts of the play.
    Ex: Ethnic and racial differences cleaved the American working class.
    Ex: The author and his colleagues embarked on a series of studies to tease apart hereditary and environmental factors thought to be implicated in schizophrenia.
    Ex: The scholarly system has become balkanized into autonomous, even antagonistic, cultures or camps based on differing technological competencies and interests.
    Ex: Both novels tell essentially the same story, that of a woman sundered from her high estate and her betrothed.
    Ex: The physical library will probably become less viable over time and so it is important to decouple the information professional from the library unit.
    Ex: They gathered a whole sackful, stripped off the husks, and filled the sack again.
    Ex: Walk your feet up the wall, then take the belt and place it on your upper arms right above your elbows to keep your arms from splaying.
    * Hasta que la muerte nos separe = Till death do us part.
    * que se puede separar = detachable.
    * separar aun más = widen + the gap between... and.
    * separar con una cortina = curtain off.
    * separar de = wean from, isolate from, divide from, wean away from.
    * separar el grano de la paja = divide into + Adjetivo + sheep and + Adjetivo + goats, sort the + Adjetivo + sheep from the + Adjetivo + goats, separate + the wheat from the chaff, sort out + the wheat from the chaff, sift + the wheat from the chaff.
    * separar haciendo palanca = pry + Nombre + out, prise + Nombre + out.
    * separar la realidad de la ficción = distinguish + fact from fiction.
    * separar las manos = spread out + hands.
    * separar + Nombre + de + Nombre = discern + Nombre + from + Nombre.
    * separarse = drift apart, part, divorce, go (our/their) separate ways, fork.
    * separarse (de) = become + parted from, move away from, turn away from, secede (from).
    * separarse descendiendo = droop away from.
    * separar una pelea = break up + fight, break up + fight.

    * * *
    separar [A1 ]
    vt
    A
    1 (apartar, alejar) to separate
    dos transeúntes intentaron separarlos two passersby tried to separate o part them
    ha hecho todo lo posible por separarnos he has done everything he can to split us up
    las consonantes dobles no se separan en español in Spanish, double consonants should not be split up
    la maestra las separó porque charlaban mucho the teacher separated them o split them up because they were talking so much
    separa la cama de la pared move the bed away from the wall
    no se aconseja separar a la madre de su ternero it is not advisable to take the calf away from its mother
    separar la yema de la clara separate the white from the yolk
    separar los machos de las hembras to separate the males from the females
    2 (dividir un todo) to divide
    separar las palabras en sílabas divide the words into syllables
    la guerra separó a muchas familias the war divided many families
    3 (guardar, reservar) to put o set aside
    sepárame un trocito para Pablo, que va a venir más tarde can you put o set aside a slice for Pablo, he'll be coming later
    separa la ropa que llevarás puesta put the clothes you're going to wear on one side
    B
    1 (deslindar) to separate, divide
    una valla separa a los hinchas de los dos equipos there is a fence separating the fans of the two teams
    los separan profundas diferencias they are divided by deepseated differences
    separar algo DE algo to separate sth FROM sth
    los Andes separan Argentina de Chile the Andes separate Argentina from Chile
    2
    (despegar): no puedo separar estas dos fotos I can't get these two photographs apart
    separa las lonchas de jamón separate the slices of ham
    no separe la etiqueta antes de rellenarla do not remove o detach the label before filling it in
    C ( frml) (destituir) to dismiss ( frml)
    fue separado de su cargo/sus funciones he was removed from office/relieved of his duties ( frml)
    separar del servicio ( Mil) to discharge
    1 «matrimonio» to separate
    se separaron tras diez años de matrimonio they separated o split up after ten years of marriage
    es hijo de padres separados his parents are separated
    separarse DE algn to separate FROM sb
    se separó de su marido en octubre she separated from her husband in October
    2 (alejarse, apartarse) to split up
    a mitad de camino nos separamos we split up half way
    los socios se separaron en 1996 they dissolved their partnership in 1996 ( frml), the partners split up in 1996
    no se separen, que los pequeños se pueden perder please don't split up o divide up o please stay together in case the children get lost
    separarse DE algo/algn:
    esta niña no se separa del televisor this child is always glued to the television
    no me he separado nunca de mis hijos I've never been away o apart from my children
    no se separen de su equipaje do not leave your luggage unattended
    * * *

     

    separar ( conjugate separar) verbo transitivo
    1
    a) (apartar, alejar) to separate;


    separa la cama de la pared move the bed away from the wall

    c) (guardar, reservar) to put o set aside

    2
    a) ( actuar de división) [valla/línea] to separate;


    b) ( despegar):


    separarse verbo pronominal

    separarse DE algn to separate from sb


    c) (apartarse, alejarse):

    ◊ no se separen, que los pequeños se pueden perder please stay together in case the children get lost;

    no me he separado nunca de mis hijos I've never been away o apart from my children
    separar verbo transitivo
    1 (aumentar la distancia física) to move apart
    2 (poner aparte) to separate: separa las rosas de los claveles, separate the roses from the carnations
    3 (reservar) to save
    4 (algo pegado, grapado) to detach
    5 (distanciar, disgregar) to divide
    ' separar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    abrir
    - desgajar
    - desunir
    - paja
    - quitar
    - segregar
    - aislar
    - apartar
    - cortar
    - desmontar
    - desprender
    English:
    detach
    - divide
    - divorce
    - fence off
    - part
    - peel off
    - prise
    - pull apart
    - screen off
    - separate
    - sort out
    - space
    - split up
    - twist off
    - wall off
    - fence
    - pull
    - screen
    - sort
    - splay
    - split
    - wall
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [alejar, dividir, aislar] to separate (de from);
    lo han separado de sus hijos they've taken his children away from him;
    tuvo que venir la policía para separarlos the police had to be called to break them up o separate them;
    el muro que separa los dos campos the wall separating o that separates the two fields;
    separar algo en grupos/partes iguales to divide sth into groups/equal parts;
    son muchas las cosas que nos separan there are many differences between us;
    quiere separar su vida privada de su vida pública she wants to keep her private life separate from her public life
    2. [apartar, dejar espacio entre] to move away (de from);
    separe el cuerpo del volante keep your body away from the steering wheel;
    separa un poco las sillas move the chairs apart a bit;
    separa bien las piernas open your legs wide
    3. [desunir, quitar]
    las hojas se han pegado y no las puedo separar the pages have stuck together and I can't separate them o get them apart;
    separe la carne del caldo remove the meat from the stock;
    no separaba los ojos del reloj she never took her eyes off the clock
    4. [reservar] to put aside
    5. [destituir]
    separar de to remove o dismiss from;
    fue separado del cargo he was removed (from his post), he was dismissed (from his job);
    separaron al coronel del servicio the colonel was removed from active service
    * * *
    v/t separate
    * * *
    1) : to separate, to divide
    2) : to split up, to pull apart
    ♦ separarse vr
    * * *
    1. (en general) to separate
    2. (apartar) to move away

    Spanish-English dictionary > separar

  • 24 específico

    adj.
    specific, particular, special.
    * * *
    1 specific
    1 (medicamento) specific; (especialidad) patent medicine
    \
    peso específico specific gravity
    ————————
    1 (medicamento) specific; (especialidad) patent medicine
    * * *
    (f. - específica)
    adj.
    * * *
    1.
    2.
    SM (Med) specific
    * * *
    I
    - ca adjetivo
    1) ( preciso) specific
    2) (Farm, Med) specific
    II
    masculino specific
    * * *
    = given, individual, narrow [narrower -comp., narrowest -sup.], niche-specific, one, one-off, specific, single, bounded, determinate, particular, defined, designated, circumscribed, targeted, focused [focussed], narrowly focused.
    Ex. The notation for any given geographical division varies between classes and between different parts of the same classes.
    Ex. The series area includes the series title, an indication of the responsibility for the series (often series editors), and the number of the individual work within the series, if the work is one of a numbered series.
    Ex. The subject areas which such data bases cover may range from relatively narrow subjects, to interdisciplinary areas.
    Ex. The history and analysis of CCML presented here is quite subjective and specific to BRS, but does reflect the issues associated with producing a niche-specific database.
    Ex. Note the different definitions, and the different boundaries for this one subject area.
    Ex. Associated with full-time staffing reductions has been the virtual elimination of part-time teachers and ' one-off' expert lecturers.
    Ex. Various publishers have reputations for specific styles, subject areas or works for specific audiences.
    Ex. In other words, the elements of any single case may point to several concepts; in this sense, the cases are like icebergs -- more is hidden han appears on the surface.
    Ex. This problem arises in real time multimedia applications, which often requires a guaranteed bandwidth and bounded delay to ensure that the quality of service is met = Este problema surge en las aplicaciones multimedia en tiempo real, que a menudo necesitan un ancho de banda garantizado y un retraso limitado para asegurar la calidad del servicio.
    Ex. There is no coherent and determinate body of legal doctrine and the categories available for classifying legal problems simply mask the incoherency and indeterminacy of legal doctrine.
    Ex. It is possible to identify an item uniquely within a particular institution or agency by a running accession number.
    Ex. The Pearson correlation coefficient has been calculated to find out the correlation and to test the null hypothesis that there is no correlation among publishing in journals, citing from journals and use of journals by a defined set of researchers.
    Ex. It is tremendously valuable to library staff (particularly in libraries with a designated departmental structure) to maintain close professional ties with local academic departments.
    Ex. Library and Information Plans (LIP) are 5-year management plans for information provision in a circumscribed region.
    Ex. Threats to the integrity of science include interest in paranormal phenomena, sensationalism of science and pressure for targeted research.
    Ex. These include a series of focused workshops and a four day national conference.
    Ex. Some articles cover broad themes while others are more narrowly focused.
    ----
    * área de datos específicos de la clase de documento = material (or type of publication) specific details area.
    * area temática específica = narrow subject area.
    * base de datos dirigida a un mercado específico = niche database.
    * centrado en un tema específico = topic-centred.
    * conseguir ocupar un lugar específico = secure + a niche.
    * de aplicación específica a un equipo de ordenador = hardware-based.
    * dedicado a una aplicación específica = dedicated.
    * del documento específico = document-related.
    * dirigido a un sector de la población específico = sector-orientated.
    * específico a la biblioteca = library-specific.
    * específico de = peculiar to.
    * específico de la biblioteca = library-specific.
    * específico de la edición = edition-specific.
    * específico de las empresas = company-specific.
    * específico del documento = document-related, document-specific.
    * específico de una agencia = agency-specific.
    * específico de una base de datos = database-specific.
    * específico de una disciplina = discipline-specific.
    * específico de un trabajo concreto = job-specific.
    * específico para cada edición = edition-specific.
    * grupo específico = niche.
    * hecho para una situación específica = niche-specific.
    * índice específico = specific index.
    * información específica = data element.
    * mención específica del formato de música impresa = musical presentation statement.
    * mercado específico = niche market.
    * para ser específico = to be specific.
    * peso específico = specific gravity.
    * público específico = niche audience.
    * término específico = specific term.
    * término específico genérico (NTG) = narrower term generic (NTG).
    * término específico partitivo (NTP) = narrower term partitive (NTP).
    * término más específico = narrower term.
    * tratamiento específico de la información = specific approach.
    * valor específico = weighting.
    * * *
    I
    - ca adjetivo
    1) ( preciso) specific
    2) (Farm, Med) specific
    II
    masculino specific
    * * *
    = given, individual, narrow [narrower -comp., narrowest -sup.], niche-specific, one, one-off, specific, single, bounded, determinate, particular, defined, designated, circumscribed, targeted, focused [focussed], narrowly focused.

    Ex: The notation for any given geographical division varies between classes and between different parts of the same classes.

    Ex: The series area includes the series title, an indication of the responsibility for the series (often series editors), and the number of the individual work within the series, if the work is one of a numbered series.
    Ex: The subject areas which such data bases cover may range from relatively narrow subjects, to interdisciplinary areas.
    Ex: The history and analysis of CCML presented here is quite subjective and specific to BRS, but does reflect the issues associated with producing a niche-specific database.
    Ex: Note the different definitions, and the different boundaries for this one subject area.
    Ex: Associated with full-time staffing reductions has been the virtual elimination of part-time teachers and ' one-off' expert lecturers.
    Ex: Various publishers have reputations for specific styles, subject areas or works for specific audiences.
    Ex: In other words, the elements of any single case may point to several concepts; in this sense, the cases are like icebergs -- more is hidden han appears on the surface.
    Ex: This problem arises in real time multimedia applications, which often requires a guaranteed bandwidth and bounded delay to ensure that the quality of service is met = Este problema surge en las aplicaciones multimedia en tiempo real, que a menudo necesitan un ancho de banda garantizado y un retraso limitado para asegurar la calidad del servicio.
    Ex: There is no coherent and determinate body of legal doctrine and the categories available for classifying legal problems simply mask the incoherency and indeterminacy of legal doctrine.
    Ex: It is possible to identify an item uniquely within a particular institution or agency by a running accession number.
    Ex: The Pearson correlation coefficient has been calculated to find out the correlation and to test the null hypothesis that there is no correlation among publishing in journals, citing from journals and use of journals by a defined set of researchers.
    Ex: It is tremendously valuable to library staff (particularly in libraries with a designated departmental structure) to maintain close professional ties with local academic departments.
    Ex: Library and Information Plans (LIP) are 5-year management plans for information provision in a circumscribed region.
    Ex: Threats to the integrity of science include interest in paranormal phenomena, sensationalism of science and pressure for targeted research.
    Ex: These include a series of focused workshops and a four day national conference.
    Ex: Some articles cover broad themes while others are more narrowly focused.
    * área de datos específicos de la clase de documento = material (or type of publication) specific details area.
    * area temática específica = narrow subject area.
    * base de datos dirigida a un mercado específico = niche database.
    * centrado en un tema específico = topic-centred.
    * conseguir ocupar un lugar específico = secure + a niche.
    * de aplicación específica a un equipo de ordenador = hardware-based.
    * dedicado a una aplicación específica = dedicated.
    * del documento específico = document-related.
    * dirigido a un sector de la población específico = sector-orientated.
    * específico a la biblioteca = library-specific.
    * específico de = peculiar to.
    * específico de la biblioteca = library-specific.
    * específico de la edición = edition-specific.
    * específico de las empresas = company-specific.
    * específico del documento = document-related, document-specific.
    * específico de una agencia = agency-specific.
    * específico de una base de datos = database-specific.
    * específico de una disciplina = discipline-specific.
    * específico de un trabajo concreto = job-specific.
    * específico para cada edición = edition-specific.
    * grupo específico = niche.
    * hecho para una situación específica = niche-specific.
    * índice específico = specific index.
    * información específica = data element.
    * mención específica del formato de música impresa = musical presentation statement.
    * mercado específico = niche market.
    * para ser específico = to be specific.
    * peso específico = specific gravity.
    * público específico = niche audience.
    * término específico = specific term.
    * término específico genérico (NTG) = narrower term generic (NTG).
    * término específico partitivo (NTP) = narrower term partitive (NTP).
    * término más específico = narrower term.
    * tratamiento específico de la información = specific approach.
    * valor específico = weighting.

    * * *
    A (determinado, preciso) specific peso
    B ( Farm, Med) specific
    specific
    * * *

     

    Del verbo especificar: ( conjugate especificar)

    especifico es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo

    especificó es:

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo

    Multiple Entries:
    especificar    
    específico
    especificar ( conjugate especificar) verbo transitivo
    to specify
    específico
    ◊ -ca adjetivo

    specific
    especificar verbo transitivo to specify
    específico,-a
    I adjetivo specific
    II m Med specific (remedy): los médicos de la seguridad social procuran no recetar específicos, doctors in the national health care system avoid prescribing specifics to their patients

    ' específico' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    específica
    - peso
    - concreto
    - general
    - helecho
    - particular
    - quinceañero
    English:
    backbencher
    - crime
    - general
    - given
    - in
    - literate
    - particular
    - specific
    - back
    * * *
    específico, -a
    ♦ adj
    specific
    ♦ nm
    [medicamento] specific
    * * *
    adj specific
    * * *
    específico, -ca adj
    : specific
    * * *
    específico adj specific

    Spanish-English dictionary > específico

  • 25 poner de manifiesto

    to make evident
    * * *
    (v.) = bring into + relief, highlight, show, state, throw into + relief, throw up, evince, illustrate, underscore, underline, emphasise [emphasize, -USA], bring to + light, make + it + clear, lay + bare, provide + insight into, reveal, flag + Nombre + up
    Ex. They can bring into relief differing conditions in member countries and they often lend weight to arguments for or against various policy options.
    Ex. In each case the object of the discussion will be to highlight what appear to be the significant aspects, particularly those concerning the background which affect the nature of the scheme.
    Ex. This shows a record in an abstracts based bibliographic data base.
    Ex. Short abstracts are generally preferred, but there are instances where the most effective approach is to cite the original unamended, and to state that this is what has been done.
    Ex. The employment of machines, far from replacing man, can serve to enhance his social value and status by throwing into relief those human tasks that machines cannot perform.
    Ex. Demands from clients will often throw up an occurrence of similar problems, revealing perhaps the operation of an injustice, the lack of an amenity in the neighbourhood, or simply bureaucratic inefficiency.
    Ex. New computer based technologies are evincing revolutionary changes in the educational curriculum for schools of library and information science.
    Ex. The presence of eggshells, faecal pellets, and silk threads in association with a mite-like animal illustrates a complex ecosystem.
    Ex. All I wanted to underscore with these four horror stories is that the judicious, discretionary assignment of added entries can either powerfully inhibit or promote access to the documents.
    Ex. Word processing packages must be able to permit the user to manipulate test, as is necessary in alignment of margins, insertion and deletion of paragraphs, arrange for text to appear in the centre of the page and underline.
    Ex. Analytical cataloguing aims to emphasise the content of documents, rather than relying entirely upon cataloguing whole works.
    Ex. Her editorial does an excellent job of bringing to light the issues facing libraries, authors, and library patrons regarding the possibility and desirability of a single international copyright law.
    Ex. Simple linking of Students and Attitudes would still not make it clear whether it was the attitudes 'of' or 'towards' Students.
    Ex. The aim of this article is to lay bare the causes of this state of affairs.
    Ex. This article reports the findings of an investigation which was conducted in order to determine if either the impact factor or the immediacy index provide useful insights into the qualitative relations among scientific journals.
    Ex. A study of the major general schemes reveals a wide gulf between theory, as outlined in the previous chapter, and practice, as reflected in the major schemes.
    Ex. If you spot an error then flag it up to your bank promptly and insist they take action to rectify it.
    * * *
    (v.) = bring into + relief, highlight, show, state, throw into + relief, throw up, evince, illustrate, underscore, underline, emphasise [emphasize, -USA], bring to + light, make + it + clear, lay + bare, provide + insight into, reveal, flag + Nombre + up

    Ex: They can bring into relief differing conditions in member countries and they often lend weight to arguments for or against various policy options.

    Ex: In each case the object of the discussion will be to highlight what appear to be the significant aspects, particularly those concerning the background which affect the nature of the scheme.
    Ex: This shows a record in an abstracts based bibliographic data base.
    Ex: Short abstracts are generally preferred, but there are instances where the most effective approach is to cite the original unamended, and to state that this is what has been done.
    Ex: The employment of machines, far from replacing man, can serve to enhance his social value and status by throwing into relief those human tasks that machines cannot perform.
    Ex: Demands from clients will often throw up an occurrence of similar problems, revealing perhaps the operation of an injustice, the lack of an amenity in the neighbourhood, or simply bureaucratic inefficiency.
    Ex: New computer based technologies are evincing revolutionary changes in the educational curriculum for schools of library and information science.
    Ex: The presence of eggshells, faecal pellets, and silk threads in association with a mite-like animal illustrates a complex ecosystem.
    Ex: All I wanted to underscore with these four horror stories is that the judicious, discretionary assignment of added entries can either powerfully inhibit or promote access to the documents.
    Ex: Word processing packages must be able to permit the user to manipulate test, as is necessary in alignment of margins, insertion and deletion of paragraphs, arrange for text to appear in the centre of the page and underline.
    Ex: Analytical cataloguing aims to emphasise the content of documents, rather than relying entirely upon cataloguing whole works.
    Ex: Her editorial does an excellent job of bringing to light the issues facing libraries, authors, and library patrons regarding the possibility and desirability of a single international copyright law.
    Ex: Simple linking of Students and Attitudes would still not make it clear whether it was the attitudes 'of' or 'towards' Students.
    Ex: The aim of this article is to lay bare the causes of this state of affairs.
    Ex: This article reports the findings of an investigation which was conducted in order to determine if either the impact factor or the immediacy index provide useful insights into the qualitative relations among scientific journals.
    Ex: A study of the major general schemes reveals a wide gulf between theory, as outlined in the previous chapter, and practice, as reflected in the major schemes.
    Ex: If you spot an error then flag it up to your bank promptly and insist they take action to rectify it.

    Spanish-English dictionary > poner de manifiesto

  • 26 poner de relieve

    figurado to emphasize, highlight, underline
    ————————
    to emphasize
    * * *
    (v.) = bring into + relief, throw into + relief, underscore, highlight, show, state, throw up, evince, illustrate, underline, emphasise [emphasize, -USA], flag + Nombre + up, reveal
    Ex. They can bring into relief differing conditions in member countries and they often lend weight to arguments for or against various policy options.
    Ex. The employment of machines, far from replacing man, can serve to enhance his social value and status by throwing into relief those human tasks that machines cannot perform.
    Ex. All I wanted to underscore with these four horror stories is that the judicious, discretionary assignment of added entries can either powerfully inhibit or promote access to the documents.
    Ex. In each case the object of the discussion will be to highlight what appear to be the significant aspects, particularly those concerning the background which affect the nature of the scheme.
    Ex. This shows a record in an abstracts based bibliographic data base.
    Ex. Short abstracts are generally preferred, but there are instances where the most effective approach is to cite the original unamended, and to state that this is what has been done.
    Ex. Demands from clients will often throw up an occurrence of similar problems, revealing perhaps the operation of an injustice, the lack of an amenity in the neighbourhood, or simply bureaucratic inefficiency.
    Ex. New computer based technologies are evincing revolutionary changes in the educational curriculum for schools of library and information science.
    Ex. The presence of eggshells, faecal pellets, and silk threads in association with a mite-like animal illustrates a complex ecosystem.
    Ex. Word processing packages must be able to permit the user to manipulate test, as is necessary in alignment of margins, insertion and deletion of paragraphs, arrange for text to appear in the centre of the page and underline.
    Ex. Analytical cataloguing aims to emphasise the content of documents, rather than relying entirely upon cataloguing whole works.
    Ex. If you spot an error then flag it up to your bank promptly and insist they take action to rectify it.
    Ex. A study of the major general schemes reveals a wide gulf between theory, as outlined in the previous chapter, and practice, as reflected in the major schemes.
    * * *
    (v.) = bring into + relief, throw into + relief, underscore, highlight, show, state, throw up, evince, illustrate, underline, emphasise [emphasize, -USA], flag + Nombre + up, reveal

    Ex: They can bring into relief differing conditions in member countries and they often lend weight to arguments for or against various policy options.

    Ex: The employment of machines, far from replacing man, can serve to enhance his social value and status by throwing into relief those human tasks that machines cannot perform.
    Ex: All I wanted to underscore with these four horror stories is that the judicious, discretionary assignment of added entries can either powerfully inhibit or promote access to the documents.
    Ex: In each case the object of the discussion will be to highlight what appear to be the significant aspects, particularly those concerning the background which affect the nature of the scheme.
    Ex: This shows a record in an abstracts based bibliographic data base.
    Ex: Short abstracts are generally preferred, but there are instances where the most effective approach is to cite the original unamended, and to state that this is what has been done.
    Ex: Demands from clients will often throw up an occurrence of similar problems, revealing perhaps the operation of an injustice, the lack of an amenity in the neighbourhood, or simply bureaucratic inefficiency.
    Ex: New computer based technologies are evincing revolutionary changes in the educational curriculum for schools of library and information science.
    Ex: The presence of eggshells, faecal pellets, and silk threads in association with a mite-like animal illustrates a complex ecosystem.
    Ex: Word processing packages must be able to permit the user to manipulate test, as is necessary in alignment of margins, insertion and deletion of paragraphs, arrange for text to appear in the centre of the page and underline.
    Ex: Analytical cataloguing aims to emphasise the content of documents, rather than relying entirely upon cataloguing whole works.
    Ex: If you spot an error then flag it up to your bank promptly and insist they take action to rectify it.
    Ex: A study of the major general schemes reveals a wide gulf between theory, as outlined in the previous chapter, and practice, as reflected in the major schemes.

    Spanish-English dictionary > poner de relieve

  • 27 дистанционное техническое обслуживание

    1. remote sevice
    2. remote maintenance

     

    дистанционное техническое обслуживание
    Техническое обслуживание объекта, проводимое под управлением персонала без его непосредственного присутствия.
    [ОСТ 45.152-99 ]

    Параллельные тексты EN-RU из ABB Review. Перевод компании Интент

    Service from afar

    Дистанционный сервис

    ABB’s Remote Service concept is revolutionizing the robotics industry

    Разработанная АББ концепция дистанционного обслуживания Remote Service революционизирует робототехнику

    ABB robots are found in industrial applications everywhere – lifting, packing, grinding and welding, to name a few. Robust and tireless, they work around the clock and are critical to a company’s productivity. Thus, keeping these robots in top shape is essential – any failure can lead to serious output consequences. But what happens when a robot malfunctions?

    Роботы АББ используются во всех отраслях промышленности для перемещения грузов, упаковки, шлифовки, сварки – всего и не перечислить. Надежные и неутомимые работники, способные трудиться день и ночь, они представляют большую ценность для владельца. Поэтому очень важно поддерживать их в надлежащей состоянии, ведь любой отказ может иметь серьезные последствия. Но что делать, если робот все-таки сломался?

    ABB’s new Remote Service concept holds the answer: This approach enables a malfunctioning robot to alarm for help itself. An ABB service engineer then receives whole diagnostic information via wireless technology, analyzes the data on a Web site and responds with support in just minutes. This unique service is paying off for customers and ABB alike, and in the process is revolutionizing service thinking.

    Ответом на этот вопрос стала новая концепция Remote Service от АББ, согласно которой неисправный робот сам просит о помощи. C помощью беспроводной технологии специалист сервисной службы АББ получает всю необходимую диагностическую информацию, анализирует данные на web-сайте и через считанные минуты выдает рекомендации по устранению отказа. Эта уникальная возможность одинаково ценна как для заказчиков, так и для самой компании АББ. В перспективе она способна в корне изменить весь подход к организации технического обслуживания.

    Every minute of production downtime can have financially disastrous consequences for a company. Traditional reactive service is no longer sufficient since on-site service engineer visits also demand great amounts of time and money. Thus, companies not only require faster help from the service organization when needed but they also want to avoid disturbances in production.

    Каждая минута простоя производства может привести к губительным финансовым последствиям. Традиционная организация сервиса, предусматривающая ликвидацию возникающих неисправностей, становится все менее эффективной, поскольку вызов сервисного инженера на место эксплуатации робота сопряжен с большими затратами времени и денег. Предприятия требуют от сервисной организации не только более быстрого оказания помощи, но и предотвращения возможных сбоев производства.

    In 2006, ABB developed a new approach to better meet customer’s expectations: Using the latest technologies to reach the robots at customer sites around the world, ABB could support them remotely in just minutes, thereby reducing the need for site visits. Thus the new Remote Service concept was quickly brought to fruition and was launched in mid-2007. Statistics show that by using the system the majority of production stoppages can be avoided.

    В 2006 г. компания АББ разработала новый подход к удовлетворению ожиданий своих заказчиков. Использование современных технологий позволяет специалистам АББ получать информацию от роботов из любой точки мира и в считанные минуты оказывать помощь дистанционно, в результате чего сокращается количество выездов на место установки. Запущенная в середине 2007 г. концепция Remote Service быстро себя оправдала. Статистика показывает, что её применение позволило предотвратить большое число остановок производства.

    Reactive maintenance The hardware that makes ABB Remote Service possible consists of a communication unit, which has a function similar to that of an airplane’s so-called black box 1. This “service box” is connected to the robot’s control system and can read and transmit diagnostic information. The unit not only reads critical diagnostic information that enables immediate support in the event of a failure, but also makes it possible to monitor and analyze the robot’s condition, thereby proactively detecting the need for maintenance.

    Устранение возникающих неисправностей Аппаратное устройство, с помощью которого реализуется концепция Remote Service, представляет собой коммуникационный блок, работающий аналогично черному ящику самолета (рис. 1). Этот блок считывает диагностические данные из контроллера робота и передает их по каналу GSM. Считывается не только информация, необходимая для оказания немедленной помощи в случае отказа, но и сведения, позволяющие контролировать и анализировать состояние робота для прогнозирования неисправностей и планирования технического обслуживания.

    If the robot breaks down, the service box immediately stores the status of the robot, its historical data (as log files), and diagnostic parameters such as temperature and power supply. Equipped with a built-in modem and using the GSM network, the box transmits the data to a central server for analysis and presentation on a dedicated Web site. Alerts are automatically sent to the nearest of ABB’s 1,200 robot service engineers who then accesses the detailed data and error log to analyze the problem.

    При поломке робота сервисный блок немедленно сохраняет данные о его состоянии, сведения из рабочего журнала, а также значения диагностических параметров (температура и характеристики питания). Эти данные передаются встроенным GSM-модемом на центральный сервер для анализа и представления на соответствующем web-сайте. Аварийные сообщения автоматически пересылаются ближайшему к месту аварии одному из 1200 сервисных инженеров-робототехников АББ, который получает доступ к детальной информации и журналу аварий для анализа возникшей проблемы.

    A remotely based ABB engineer can then quickly identify the exact fault, offering rapid customer support. For problems that cannot be solved remotely, the service engineer can arrange for quick delivery of spare parts and visit the site to repair the robot. Even if the engineer must make a site visit, service is faster, more efficient and performed to a higher standard than otherwise possible.

    Специалист АББ может дистанционно идентифицировать отказ и оказать быструю помощь заказчику. Если неисправность не может быть устранена дистанционно, сервисный инженер организовывает доставку запасных частей и выезд ремонтной бригады. Даже если необходимо разрешение проблемы на месте, предшествующая дистанционная диагностика позволяет минимизировать объем работ и сократить время простоя.

    Remote Service enables engineers to “talk” to robots remotely and to utilize tools that enable smart, fast and automatic analysis. The system is based on a machine-to-machine (M2M) concept, which works automatically, requiring human input only for analysis and personalized customer recommendations. ABB was recognized for this innovative solution at the M2M United Conference in Chicago in 2008 Factbox.

    Remote Service позволяет инженерам «разговаривать» с роботами на расстоянии и предоставляет в их распоряжение интеллектуальные средства быстрого автоматизированного анализа. Система основана на основе технологии автоматической связи машины с машиной (M2M), где участие человека сводится к анализу данных и выдаче рекомендаций клиенту. В 2008 г. это инновационное решение от АББ получило приз на конференции M2M United Conference в Чикаго (см. вставку).

    Proactive maintenance 
    Remote Service also allows ABB engineers to monitor and detect potential problems in the robot system and opens up new possibilities for proactive maintenance.

    Прогнозирование неисправностей
    Remote Service позволяет инженерам АББ дистанционно контролировать состояние роботов и прогнозировать возможные неисправности, что открывает новые возможности по организации профилактического обслуживания.

    The service box regularly takes condition measurements. By monitoring key parameters over time, Remote Service can identify potential failures and when necessary notify both the end customer and the appropriate ABB engineer. The management and storage of full system backups is a very powerful service to help recover from critical situations caused, for example, by operator errors.

    Сервисный блок регулярно выполняет диагностические измерения. Непрерывно контролируя ключевые параметры, Remote Service может распознать потенциальные опасности и, при необходимости, оповещать владельца оборудования и соответствующего специалиста АББ. Резервирование данных для возможного отката является мощным средством, обеспечивающим восстановление системы в критических ситуациях, например, после ошибки оператора.

    The first Remote Service installation took place in the automotive industry in the United States and quickly proved its value. The motherboard in a robot cabinet overheated and the rise in temperature triggered an alarm via Remote Service. Because of the alarm, engineers were able to replace a faulty fan, preventing a costly production shutdown.

    Первая система Remote Service была установлена на автозаводе в США и очень скоро была оценена по достоинству. Она обнаружила перегрев материнской платы в шкафу управления роботом и передала сигнал о превышении допустимой температуры, благодаря чему инженеры смогли заменить неисправный вентилятор и предотвратить дорогостоящую остановку производства.

    MyRobot: 24-hour remote access
    Having regular access to a robot’s condition data is also essential to achieving lean production. At any time, from any location, customers can verify their robots’ status and access maintenance information and performance reports simply by logging in to ABB’s MyRobot Web site. The service enables customers to easily compare performances, identify bottlenecks or developing issues, and initiate the most

    Сайт MyRobot: круглосуточный дистанционный доступ
    Для того чтобы обеспечить бесперебойное производство, необходимо иметь регулярный доступ к информации о состоянии робота. Зайдя на соответствующую страницу сайта MyRobot компании АББ, заказчики получат все необходимые данные, включая сведения о техническом обслуживании и отчеты о производительности своего робота. Эта услуга позволяет легко сравнивать данные о производительности, обнаруживать возможные проблемы, а также оптимизировать планирование технического обслуживания и модернизации. С помощью MyRobot можно значительно увеличить выпуск продукции и уменьшить количество выбросов.

    Award-winning solution
    In June 2008, the innovative Remote Service solution won the Gold Value Chain award at the M2M United Conference in Chicago. The value chain award honors successful corporate adopters of M2M (machine–to-machine) technology and highlights the process of combining multiple technologies to deliver high-quality services to customers. ABB won in the categoryof Smart Services.

    Приз за удачное решение
    В июне 2008 г. инновационное решение Remote Service получило награду Gold Value Chain (Золотая цепь) на конференции M2M United Conference в Чикаго. «Золотая цепь» присуждается за успешное масштабное внедрение технологии M2M (машина – машина), а также за достижения в объединении различных технологий для предоставления высококачественных услуг заказчикам. АББ одержала победу в номинации «Интеллектуальный сервис».

    Case study: Tetley Tetley GB Ltd is the world’s second-largest manufacturer and distributor of tea. The company’s manufacturing and distribution business is spread across 40 countries and sells over 60 branded tea bags. Tetley’s UK tea production facility in Eaglescliffe, County Durham is the sole producer of Tetley tea bags 2.

    Пример применения: Tetley Компания TetleyGB Ltd является вторым по величине мировым производителем и поставщиком чая. Производственные и торговые филиалы компании имеются в 40 странах, а продукция распространяется под 60 торговыми марками. Чаеразвесочная фабрика в Иглсклифф, графство Дарем, Великобритания – единственный производитель чая Tetley в пакетиках (рис. 2).

    ABB offers a flexible choice of service agreements for both new and existing robot installations, which can help extend the mean time between failures, shorten the time to repair and lower the cost of automated production.

    Предлагаемые АББ контракты на выполнение технического обслуживания как уже имеющихся, так и вновь устанавливаемых роботов, позволяют значительно увеличить среднюю наработку на отказ, сократить время ремонта и общую стоимость автоматизированного производства.

    Robots in the plant’s production line were tripping alarms and delaying the whole production cycle. The spurious alarms resulted in much unnecessary downtime that was spent resetting the robots in the hope that another breakdown could be avoided. Each time an alarm was tripped, several hours of production time was lost. “It was for this reason that we were keen to try out ABB’s Remote Service agreement,” said Colin Trevor, plant maintenance manager.

    Установленные в технологической линии роботы выдавали аварийные сигналы, задерживающие выполнение производственного цикла. Ложные срабатывания вынуждали перезапускать роботов в надежде предотвратить возможные отказы, в результате чего после каждого аварийного сигнала производство останавливалось на несколько часов. «Именно поэтому мы решили попробовать заключить с АББ контракт на дистанционное техническое обслуживание», – сказал Колин Тревор, начальник технической службы фабрики.

    To prevent future disruptions caused by unplanned downtime, Tetley signed an ABB Response Package service agreement, which included installing a service box and system infrastructure into the robot control systems. Using the Remote Service solution, ABB remotely monitors and collects data on the “wear and tear” and productivity of the robotic cells; this data is then shared with the customer and contributes to smooth-running production cycles.

    Для предотвращения ущерба в результате незапланированных простоев Tetley заключила с АББ контракт на комплексное обслуживание Response Package, согласно которому системы управления роботами были дооборудованы сервисными блоками с необходимой инфраструктурой. С помощью Remote Service компания АББ дистанционно собирает данные о наработке, износе и производительности роботизированных модулей. Эти данные предоставляются заказчику для оптимизации загрузки производственного оборудования.

    Higher production uptime
    Since the implementation of Remote Service, Tetley has enjoyed greatly reduced robot downtime, with no further disruptions caused by unforeseen problems. “The Remote Service package has dramatically changed the plant,” said Trevor. “We no longer have breakdown issues throughout the shift, helping us to achieve much longer periods of robot uptime. As we have learned, world-class manufacturing facilities need world-class support packages. Remote monitoring of our robots helps us to maintain machine uptime, prevent costly downtime and ensures my employees can be put to more valuable use.”

    Увеличение полезного времени
    С момента внедрения Remote Service компания Tetley была приятно удивлена резким сокращением простоя роботов и отсутствием незапланированных остановок производства. «Пакет Remote Service резко изменил ситуацию на предприятии», – сказал Тревор. «Мы избавились от простоев роботов и смогли резко увеличить их эксплуатационную готовность. Мы поняли, что для производственного оборудования мирового класса необходим сервисный пакет мирового класса. Дистанционный контроль роботов помогает нам поддерживать их в рабочем состоянии, предотвращать дорогостоящие простои и задействовать наш персонал для выполнения более важных задач».

    Service access
    Remote Service is available worldwide, connecting more than 500 robots. Companies that have up to 30 robots are often good candidates for the Remote Service offering, as they usually have neither the engineers nor the requisite skills to deal with robotics faults themselves. Larger companies are also enthusiastic about Remote Service, as the proactive services will improve the lifetime of their equipment and increase overall production uptime.

    Доступность сервиса
    Сеть Remote Service охватывает более 700 роботов по всему миру. Потенциальными заказчиками Remote Service являются компании, имеющие до 30 роботов, но не имеющие инженеров и техников, способных самостоятельно устранять их неисправности. Интерес к Remote Service проявляют и более крупные компании, поскольку они заинтересованы в увеличении срока службы и эксплуатационной готовности производственного оборудования.

    In today’s competitive environment, business profitability often relies on demanding production schedules that do not always leave time for exhaustive or repeated equipment health checks. ABB’s Remote Service agreements are designed to monitor its customers’ robots to identify when problems are likely to occur and ensure that help is dispatched before the problem can escalate. In over 60 percent of ABB’s service calls, its robots can be brought back online remotely, without further intervention.

    В условиях современной конкуренции окупаемость бизнеса часто зависит от соблюдения жестких графиков производства, не оставляющих времени для полномасштабных или периодических проверок исправности оборудования. Контракт Remote Service предусматривает мониторинг состояния роботов заказчика для прогнозирования возможных неисправностей и принятие мер по их предотвращению. В более чем 60 % случаев для устранения неисправности достаточно дистанционной консультации в сервисной службе АББ, дальнейшего вмешательства не требуется.

    ABB offers a flexible choice of service agreements for both new and existing robot installations, which helps extend the mean time between failures, shorten the time to repair and lower the total cost of ownership. With four new packages available – Support, Response, Maintenance and Warranty, each backed up by ABB’s Remote Service technology – businesses can minimize the impact of unplanned downtime and achieve improved production-line efficiency.

    Компания АББ предлагает гибкий выбор контрактов на выполнение технического обслуживания как уже имеющихся, так и вновь устанавливаемых роботов, которые позволяют значительно увеличить среднюю наработку на отказ, сократить время ремонта и эксплуатационные расходы. Четыре новых пакета на основе технологии Remote Service – Support, Response, Maintenance и Warranty – позволяют минимизировать внеплановые простои и значительно повысить эффективность производства.

    The benefits of Remote Sevice are clear: improved availability, fewer service visits, lower maintenance costs and maximized total cost of ownership. This unique service sets ABB apart from its competitors and is the beginning of a revolution in service thinking. It provides ABB with a great opportunity to improve customer access to its expertise and develop more advanced services worldwide.

    Преимущества дистанционного технического обслуживания очевидны: повышенная надежность, уменьшение выездов ремонтных бригад, уменьшение затрат на обслуживание и общих эксплуатационных расходов. Эта уникальная услуга дает компании АББ преимущества над конкурентами и демонстрирует революционный подход к организации сервиса. Благодаря ей компания АББ расширяет доступ заказчиков к опыту своих специалистов и получает возможность более эффективного оказания технической помощи по всему миру.

    Тематики

    • тех. обсл. и ремонт средств электросвязи

    Обобщающие термины

    EN

    Русско-английский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > дистанционное техническое обслуживание

  • 28 eliminar

    v.
    to eliminate.
    El líquido eliminó las manchas The liquid eliminated the stains.
    El mafioso eliminó al testigo The mobster eliminated the witness.
    * * *
    1 (gen) to eliminate, exclude
    2 (esperanzas, miedos, etc) to get rid of, cast aside
    3 familiar (matar) to kill, eliminate
    * * *
    verb
    3) kill
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) (=hacer desaparecer) [+ mancha, obstáculo] to remove, get rid of; [+ residuos] to dispose of; [+ pobreza] to eliminate, eradicate; [+ posibilidad] to rule out

    eliminar un directorio — (Inform) to remove o delete a directory

    2) [+ concursante, deportista] to knock out, eliminate

    fueron eliminados de la competición — they were knocked out of o eliminated from the competition

    3) euf (=matar) to eliminate, do away with *
    4) [+ incógnita] to eliminate
    5) (Fisiol) to eliminate
    2.
    See:
    * * *
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) < obstáculo> to remove; < párrafo> to delete, remove
    b) < candidato> to eliminate; (Dep) to eliminate, knock out
    c) (euf) ( matar) to eliminate (euph), to get rid of (euph)
    d) < residuos> to dispose of
    2) <toxinas/grasas> to eliminate
    3) (Mat) < incógnita> to eliminate
    * * *
    = abort, cut off, delete, detach, disband, discard, dispose of, do away with, eliminate, eradicate, erase, erode, kill, obviate, purge, remove, rid, suppress, take out, withdraw, screen out, retire, squeeze out, decrement, dispel, weed out, axe [ax, -USA], abolish, pare out, chop off, excise, obliterate, scrap, take off, expunge, cut out, put to + rest, sweep away, root out, nix, drive out, deselect, strip away, roll back, efface, cashier, clear out, weed, sunset, stomp + Nombre + out, zap, take + Nombre + out.
    Ex. It is important to know what police or fire responses are triggered by alarms and how that reaction can be aborted and the alarm silenced.
    Ex. The only way to solve these problems is either to revise your catalog in its totality or to cut it off.
    Ex. Expressive notation is generally easier to truncate, that is, delete final characters to create the notation for a more general subject.
    Ex. The words from the deleted abstract in the abstract word file will be detached when DOBIS/LIBIS is not busy with other work.
    Ex. With the completion of the draft in 1983, the Working Group on an International Authority System was officially disbanded.
    Ex. The dates should be checked regularly and updated so that old dates are discarded and new ones entered.
    Ex. List and describe the steps involved in withdrawing and disposing of books which are no longer required.
    Ex. DOBIS/LIBIS does away with the multiplicity of files and catalogs.
    Ex. Obviously, computers and the use of notation in computerised systems may place additional constraints upon the nature of the notation, or may eliminate the need to consider some of the characteristics below.
    Ex. In this instance links would be insufficient to eradicate the false drop.
    Ex. Pressing the delete key erases a characters without leaving a blank space.
    Ex. These arrangements should also erode price differentials between Europe and the US, and permit each country to support its own online services.
    Ex. He was looking for the book 'Flowers and Bullets and Freedom to kill' = Estaba buscando el libro "Flores, balas y libertad para matar".
    Ex. The intercalation of (41-4) after 329 obviates this function.
    Ex. The system requests the number of the borrower and then purges that borrower's name and number from its files.
    Ex. Folders allow a set of papers to be kept together when a set on a given topic is removed from the file.
    Ex. This function can be used to rid access-point files of unused entries.
    Ex. It is possible to suppress references and to omit steps in a hierarchy.
    Ex. A scheme should allow reduction, to take out subjects and their subdivisions which are no longer used.
    Ex. Thus, all cards corresponding to documents covering 'Curricula' are withdrawn from the pack.
    Ex. Most journals rely for a substantial part of their income on advertisements; how would advertisers view the prospect of being selectively screened out by readers?.
    Ex. This article stresses the importance for libraries of making current informationav ailable on AIDS, and of retiring out-of-date information on the subject.
    Ex. Subjects not in the core of major employment areas are likely to be squeezed out of the standard curriculum.
    Ex. Document terms absent from the original query were decremented.
    Ex. But years and experience do not always dispel the sense of unease.
    Ex. Information services administrators expect library schools to uphold admission standards and weed out unsuitable candidates.
    Ex. 'He's been trying to cover up his tracks; those engineers who got axed were his scapegoats'.
    Ex. Who knows? If we can abolish the card catalogue and replace it with some form more acceptable to library users, they may even begin to use library catalogues!.
    Ex. Because the assumption in this method is that none of the preceding years' operations are worth continuing unless they can be shown to be necessary, zero-based budgeting (ZZB) can be useful for paring out the deadwood of obsolete or uselessly extravagant programs.
    Ex. Others chop off old records to remain within the limits of 680 MB.
    Ex. Once a new digitized system has been introduced irrelevancies and redundant features can more easily be seen and excised.
    Ex. Typing errors cannot be obliterated with a normal erasing fluid as this would print and appear as a blotch on the copies.
    Ex. There have even been rumours of plans to scrap most of the industrial side of its work and disperse key elements, such as the work on regional and industrial aid, to the provinces.
    Ex. Meek took her glasses off and twiddled them as her supervisor related the following incident.
    Ex. This article examines the controversial issue about whether to expunge books about satanism from the library shelves.
    Ex. In order to support a core acquistions programme of essential materials for its users, a library will more readily cut out material on the fringe of its needs if such material can be obtained by a good document supply system.
    Ex. Careful investigation by the library board of the possibilities inherent in system membership usually puts to rest preconceived fears.
    Ex. Librarians should ensure that the principles they stand for are not swept away on a tide of technological jingoism.
    Ex. Libraries should root out unproductive and obsolete activities.
    Ex. This play was nixed by school officials on the grounds that the subject of sweatshops was not appropriate for that age group.
    Ex. The development of user-friendly interfaces to data bases may drive out the unspecialised information broker in the long run.
    Ex. There is a need to provide public access to the Internet and to develop guidelines for selecting and deselecting appropriate resources.
    Ex. Like its predecessor, it wants to strip away the sentimentality surrounding male-female relationships and reveal the ugly, unvarnished truth.
    Ex. Some Russia specialists say President Putin is rolling back liberal economic and political reforms ushered in by his predecessor.
    Ex. The beauty, the aliveness, the creativity, the passion that made her lovable and gave her life meaning has been effaced.
    Ex. His case was referred to the next session, and in the following May he was cashiered.
    Ex. Pockets of resistance still remain in Fallujah, but the vast majority of insurgents have been cleared out.
    Ex. It seems to me that the electronic catalog provides the ability to build a file that can, in fact, be easily weeded.
    Ex. It's instructive to remember just how passionately the media hyped the dangers of ' sunsetting' the ban.
    Ex. Like I said, no wonder racism won't die, it takes BOTH sides to stomp it out, not just one!.
    Ex. This electric fly swatter will zap any fly or mosquito with 1500 volts.
    Ex. My lasting image of Omar is of him crouched in the rubble waiting for U.S. troops to get close enough so he could take one of them out.
    ----
    * ayudar a eliminar obstáculos = clear + the path, clear + the way.
    * eliminar al intermediario = cut out + the middleman.
    * eliminar ambigüedades = disambiguate.
    * eliminar barreras = flatten + barriers, tackle + barriers, erase + boundaries.
    * eliminar de un golpe = eliminate + at a stroke.
    * eliminar de un texto = redact out, redact.
    * eliminar diferencias = flatten out + differences.
    * eliminar el hielo = de-ice [deice].
    * eliminar el sarro = descale.
    * eliminar gases = pass + gas, break + wind, pass + wind.
    * eliminar la necesidad de = remove + the need for.
    * eliminar las barreras = break down + barriers.
    * eliminar las diferencias = iron out + differences.
    * eliminar los duplicados = deduplicate.
    * eliminar + Nombre = clear of + Nombre.
    * eliminar obstáculos = clear + the path, clear + the way.
    * eliminar por etapas = phase out.
    * eliminar progresivamente = phase out.
    * eliminar puestos de trabajo = shed + jobs, axe + jobs, cut + jobs.
    * eliminar puliendo = buff out.
    * eliminar una barrera = topple + barrier.
    * eliminar una ecuación de búsqueda = clear + search.
    * eliminar un error = remove + error.
    * eliminar un obstáculo = remove + barrier, sweep away + obstacle.
    * eliminar un problema = sweep away + problem, work out + kink.
    * * *
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) < obstáculo> to remove; < párrafo> to delete, remove
    b) < candidato> to eliminate; (Dep) to eliminate, knock out
    c) (euf) ( matar) to eliminate (euph), to get rid of (euph)
    d) < residuos> to dispose of
    2) <toxinas/grasas> to eliminate
    3) (Mat) < incógnita> to eliminate
    * * *
    = abort, cut off, delete, detach, disband, discard, dispose of, do away with, eliminate, eradicate, erase, erode, kill, obviate, purge, remove, rid, suppress, take out, withdraw, screen out, retire, squeeze out, decrement, dispel, weed out, axe [ax, -USA], abolish, pare out, chop off, excise, obliterate, scrap, take off, expunge, cut out, put to + rest, sweep away, root out, nix, drive out, deselect, strip away, roll back, efface, cashier, clear out, weed, sunset, stomp + Nombre + out, zap, take + Nombre + out.

    Ex: It is important to know what police or fire responses are triggered by alarms and how that reaction can be aborted and the alarm silenced.

    Ex: The only way to solve these problems is either to revise your catalog in its totality or to cut it off.
    Ex: Expressive notation is generally easier to truncate, that is, delete final characters to create the notation for a more general subject.
    Ex: The words from the deleted abstract in the abstract word file will be detached when DOBIS/LIBIS is not busy with other work.
    Ex: With the completion of the draft in 1983, the Working Group on an International Authority System was officially disbanded.
    Ex: The dates should be checked regularly and updated so that old dates are discarded and new ones entered.
    Ex: List and describe the steps involved in withdrawing and disposing of books which are no longer required.
    Ex: DOBIS/LIBIS does away with the multiplicity of files and catalogs.
    Ex: Obviously, computers and the use of notation in computerised systems may place additional constraints upon the nature of the notation, or may eliminate the need to consider some of the characteristics below.
    Ex: In this instance links would be insufficient to eradicate the false drop.
    Ex: Pressing the delete key erases a characters without leaving a blank space.
    Ex: These arrangements should also erode price differentials between Europe and the US, and permit each country to support its own online services.
    Ex: He was looking for the book 'Flowers and Bullets and Freedom to kill' = Estaba buscando el libro "Flores, balas y libertad para matar".
    Ex: The intercalation of (41-4) after 329 obviates this function.
    Ex: The system requests the number of the borrower and then purges that borrower's name and number from its files.
    Ex: Folders allow a set of papers to be kept together when a set on a given topic is removed from the file.
    Ex: This function can be used to rid access-point files of unused entries.
    Ex: It is possible to suppress references and to omit steps in a hierarchy.
    Ex: A scheme should allow reduction, to take out subjects and their subdivisions which are no longer used.
    Ex: Thus, all cards corresponding to documents covering 'Curricula' are withdrawn from the pack.
    Ex: Most journals rely for a substantial part of their income on advertisements; how would advertisers view the prospect of being selectively screened out by readers?.
    Ex: This article stresses the importance for libraries of making current informationav ailable on AIDS, and of retiring out-of-date information on the subject.
    Ex: Subjects not in the core of major employment areas are likely to be squeezed out of the standard curriculum.
    Ex: Document terms absent from the original query were decremented.
    Ex: But years and experience do not always dispel the sense of unease.
    Ex: Information services administrators expect library schools to uphold admission standards and weed out unsuitable candidates.
    Ex: 'He's been trying to cover up his tracks; those engineers who got axed were his scapegoats'.
    Ex: Who knows? If we can abolish the card catalogue and replace it with some form more acceptable to library users, they may even begin to use library catalogues!.
    Ex: Because the assumption in this method is that none of the preceding years' operations are worth continuing unless they can be shown to be necessary, zero-based budgeting (ZZB) can be useful for paring out the deadwood of obsolete or uselessly extravagant programs.
    Ex: Others chop off old records to remain within the limits of 680 MB.
    Ex: Once a new digitized system has been introduced irrelevancies and redundant features can more easily be seen and excised.
    Ex: Typing errors cannot be obliterated with a normal erasing fluid as this would print and appear as a blotch on the copies.
    Ex: There have even been rumours of plans to scrap most of the industrial side of its work and disperse key elements, such as the work on regional and industrial aid, to the provinces.
    Ex: Meek took her glasses off and twiddled them as her supervisor related the following incident.
    Ex: This article examines the controversial issue about whether to expunge books about satanism from the library shelves.
    Ex: In order to support a core acquistions programme of essential materials for its users, a library will more readily cut out material on the fringe of its needs if such material can be obtained by a good document supply system.
    Ex: Careful investigation by the library board of the possibilities inherent in system membership usually puts to rest preconceived fears.
    Ex: Librarians should ensure that the principles they stand for are not swept away on a tide of technological jingoism.
    Ex: Libraries should root out unproductive and obsolete activities.
    Ex: This play was nixed by school officials on the grounds that the subject of sweatshops was not appropriate for that age group.
    Ex: The development of user-friendly interfaces to data bases may drive out the unspecialised information broker in the long run.
    Ex: There is a need to provide public access to the Internet and to develop guidelines for selecting and deselecting appropriate resources.
    Ex: Like its predecessor, it wants to strip away the sentimentality surrounding male-female relationships and reveal the ugly, unvarnished truth.
    Ex: Some Russia specialists say President Putin is rolling back liberal economic and political reforms ushered in by his predecessor.
    Ex: The beauty, the aliveness, the creativity, the passion that made her lovable and gave her life meaning has been effaced.
    Ex: His case was referred to the next session, and in the following May he was cashiered.
    Ex: Pockets of resistance still remain in Fallujah, but the vast majority of insurgents have been cleared out.
    Ex: It seems to me that the electronic catalog provides the ability to build a file that can, in fact, be easily weeded.
    Ex: It's instructive to remember just how passionately the media hyped the dangers of ' sunsetting' the ban.
    Ex: Like I said, no wonder racism won't die, it takes BOTH sides to stomp it out, not just one!.
    Ex: This electric fly swatter will zap any fly or mosquito with 1500 volts.
    Ex: My lasting image of Omar is of him crouched in the rubble waiting for U.S. troops to get close enough so he could take one of them out.
    * ayudar a eliminar obstáculos = clear + the path, clear + the way.
    * eliminar al intermediario = cut out + the middleman.
    * eliminar ambigüedades = disambiguate.
    * eliminar barreras = flatten + barriers, tackle + barriers, erase + boundaries.
    * eliminar de un golpe = eliminate + at a stroke.
    * eliminar de un texto = redact out, redact.
    * eliminar diferencias = flatten out + differences.
    * eliminar el hielo = de-ice [deice].
    * eliminar el sarro = descale.
    * eliminar gases = pass + gas, break + wind, pass + wind.
    * eliminar la necesidad de = remove + the need for.
    * eliminar las barreras = break down + barriers.
    * eliminar las diferencias = iron out + differences.
    * eliminar los duplicados = deduplicate.
    * eliminar + Nombre = clear of + Nombre.
    * eliminar obstáculos = clear + the path, clear + the way.
    * eliminar por etapas = phase out.
    * eliminar progresivamente = phase out.
    * eliminar puestos de trabajo = shed + jobs, axe + jobs, cut + jobs.
    * eliminar puliendo = buff out.
    * eliminar una barrera = topple + barrier.
    * eliminar una ecuación de búsqueda = clear + search.
    * eliminar un error = remove + error.
    * eliminar un obstáculo = remove + barrier, sweep away + obstacle.
    * eliminar un problema = sweep away + problem, work out + kink.

    * * *
    eliminar [A1 ]
    vt
    A
    1 ‹obstáculo› to remove; ‹párrafo› to delete, remove
    para eliminar las cucarachas to get rid of o exterminate o kill cockroaches
    2 ‹equipo/candidato› to eliminate
    fueron eliminados del torneo they were knocked out of o eliminated from the tournament
    3 ( euf) (matar) to eliminate ( euph), to get rid of ( euph)
    B ‹toxinas/grasas› to eliminate
    C ( Mat) ‹incógnita› to eliminate
    * * *

     

    eliminar ( conjugate eliminar) verbo transitivo

    ‹ párrafo› to delete, remove

    (Dep) to eliminate, knock out
    c) (euf) ( matar) to eliminate (euph), to get rid of (euph)


    e) ‹toxinas/grasas› to eliminate

    eliminar verbo transitivo to eliminate
    ' eliminar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    acabar
    - cortar
    - descalificar
    - michelín
    - quitar
    - sonda
    - terminar
    - tranquilizar
    English:
    cut out
    - debug
    - eliminate
    - face
    - hit list
    - knock out
    - liquidate
    - obliterate
    - remove
    - weed
    - cut
    - delete
    - do
    - knock
    - take
    - zap
    * * *
    1. [en juego, deporte, concurso] to eliminate (de from);
    el que menos puntos consiga queda eliminado the person who scores the lowest number of points is eliminated;
    lo eliminaron en la segunda ronda he was eliminated o knocked out in the second round
    2. [acabar con] [contaminación] to eliminate;
    [grasas, toxinas] to eliminate, to get rid of; [residuos] to dispose of; [manchas] to remove, to get rid of; [fronteras, obstáculos] to remove, to eliminate;
    eliminó algunos trozos de su discurso he cut out some parts of his speech
    3. Mat [incógnita] to eliminate
    4. Euf [matar] to eliminate, to get rid of
    * * *
    v/t
    1 eliminate
    2 desperdicios dispose of
    3 INFOR delete
    * * *
    1) : to eliminate, to remove
    2) : to do in, to kill
    * * *
    1. (en general) to eliminate
    2. (manchas) to remove

    Spanish-English dictionary > eliminar

  • 29 número

    m.
    1 number, amount, quantity, sum.
    2 number, numeral, Arabic numeral, cipher.
    3 size, number.
    4 issue, copy, number.
    5 act, number.
    * * *
    1 (gen) number
    2 (de una publicación) number, issue
    ■ ¿qué número calzas? what's your shoe size?, what size shoe do you take?
    5 (de lotería) lottery ticket number
    7 LINGÚÍSTICA number
    8 familiar scene
    \
    en números redondos in round figures
    en números rojos in the red
    hacer números to do the figures
    montar un número familiar to make a scene
    pedir número to take a numbered ticket
    ser el número uno to be the number one
    ser miembro de número to be a full member
    sin número (edificio) unnumbered 2 (en abundancia) countless
    número arábigo Arabic numeral
    número atrasado back number
    número de matrícula registration number, US license number
    número de serie serial number
    número entero whole number
    número extraordinario (en prensa) special edition, special issue
    número impar odd number
    número ordinal ordinal number
    número par even number
    número primo prime number
    número romano Roman numeral
    * * *
    noun m.
    4) size
    * * *
    SM
    1) (Mat) number

    volver a números negros — to get back into the black, return to profitability

    • de número, miembro de número — full member

    profesor de número — tenured teacher, teacher with a permanent post

    • echar o hacer números — * to do one's sums, number-crunch

    • sin número, calle Aribau, sin número — Aribau street, no number

    número binario — (Inform) binary number

    número de identificación fiscal — ID number used for tax purposes

    número de lote — batch number, batch code

    número de matrícula — (Aut) registration number

    número de teléfono — telephone number, phone number

    número dos — (lit) number two

    el número dos del partido — the second in command of the party, the party's number two

    número personal de identificación — (=clave) personal identification number

    para mí, Sinatra será siempre el número uno — for me Sinatra will always be number one

    el jugador número uno de su país — the number one player in his country, the top player in his country

    2) [de zapatos] size
    3) [de periódico, revista] number, issue

    número cero — dummy number, dummy run

    número extraordinario — special edition, special issue

    4) (=billete de lotería) ticket
    5) (Teat) act, number
    6) (Gram) number
    7) (Mil) man; (=soldado raso) private; (=policía) policeman
    * * *
    1)
    a) (Mat) number

    problemas sin número — innumerable o countless problems

    en números redondos — in round numbers

    b) ( de zapatos) size

    ¿qué número calzas? — what size shoe do you take?

    c) ( billete de lotería) lottery ticket
    2) (Espec) act

    montar un/el número — (Esp fam) to kick up a fuss (colloq)

    3) ( de publicación) issue
    * * *
    = extent, incidence, issue, number, numeral, percentage, tally [tallies, pl.], scale.
    Ex. The extent of searchable elements will vary from one data base to another.
    Ex. The number of entries in pre-co-ordinate system will depend upon the incidence of references and multiple entries.
    Ex. This is an issue devoted in part to papers presented at the conference arranged and hosted by the State Library of New South Wales.
    Ex. The headings will be arranged according to the filing sequence of the notation (for example, alphabetically for letters or numerically for numbers).
    Ex. Records can be retrieved by character strings (that is, sequences of letters and numerals).
    Ex. But those institutions, and I am referring particularly to public libraries, serve a very large percentage of the nation's library users.
    Ex. As the various parts of the record are entered, the document summary indicates the additions by the tallies opposite the record parts.
    Ex. I have a feeling that all our old technologies are getting progressively more expensive and more inefficient, and that all our new technologies are getting progressively cheaper and more efficient because of questions of scale.
    ----
    * acción de marcar un número = dialling.
    * admitir un número de reservas mayor a las plazas existentes = overbook.
    * área del número normalizado y de las condiciones de adquisición = International Standard Book Number and terms of availability area, standard number and terms of availability area.
    * aumentar en número = grow in + numbers, increase in + numbers.
    * base de un número = subscript numeral.
    * colorear por números = paint by + numbers.
    * con el número = numbered.
    * con un gran número de lectores = widely-read.
    * cuadrar números = add up + figures.
    * el mismo número = as many.
    * en el mismo número de años = in as many years.
    * enemigo público número uno = public enemy number one.
    * en grandes números = in record numbers.
    * en gran número = numerously.
    * en números redondos = in round figures.
    * en números reducidos = in small numbers.
    * en un número cada vez mayor = in increasing numbers.
    * exceder en número = outnumber.
    * exponente de un número = superscript numeral.
    * ficha de número de registro = accessions card.
    * gran número de = great numbers of.
    * integridad de los números = integrity of numbers.
    * línea de números = number line.
    * marcar un número de teléfono = dial + number.
    * montar un número = kick up + a fuss, kick up + a stink, raise + a stink, make + a stink (about), make + a racket, make + a row, make + a ruckus, kick up + a row.
    * nº (número) + Número = # (number) + Número, no. (number) + Número.
    * Norma Británica 1749: Recomendaciones para la ordenación alfabética y el ord = BS (British Standard) 1749: Recommendations for alphabetical arrangement and the filing order of numerals and symbols.
    * número actual = current issue.
    * Número + al año = Número + annually.
    * Número + al día = Número + a day.
    * número anterior = backrun, back issue.
    * número aproximado = ballpark number.
    * número arábigo = Arabic numeral.
    * número atrasado = back issue, back copy.
    * número binario = binary digit.
    * Número + cada año = Número + annually.
    * número cada vez mayor = rising numbers.
    * número capicúo = palindrome.
    * número consecutivo = running number.
    * número de adquisiciones = acquisition rate.
    * número de alumnos matriculados = enrolment [enrollment, -USA].
    * Número + de ancho = Número + wide.
    * número de aprobados = pass rate.
    * número de asientos = seating.
    * número de bibliografía nacional = national record number.
    * número de búsquedas fallidas = failure rate.
    * número decimal = decimal number.
    * número de citas = number of citations.
    * número de clasificación = class mark [classmark], class number, classification number, rank number.
    * número de control = control number.
    * número de documentos devueltos a los estantes = shelving statistics.
    * número de ejemplar = copy number.
    * número de emergencia = hotline [hot-line].
    * número de exportaciones = export figures.
    * número de fascículo = issue number.
    * número de identificación = ID number (identification number).
    * número de identificación del documento = library registration number.
    * número de intentos fallidos = failure rate.
    * número de la bibliografía nacional = national bibliographic record number.
    * número de la búsqueda = set number.
    * Número + de largo = Número + long.
    * número de la tarjeta de crédito = credit card number.
    * número del documento = document identification number, document number.
    * número de lector = borrower number.
    * número del editor = publisher's number (música).
    * número de matrícula = registration number, car registration number.
    * número de modelo = model number.
    * número de muertos = death toll.
    * número de opus = opus number.
    * número de orden = rank number.
    * número de páginas = pagination.
    * número de palabras = wordage.
    * número de participantes = turnout.
    * número de pedido = order number.
    * número de plancha = plate number.
    * número de préstamo = charging number.
    * número de préstamos = circulation figures.
    * número de publicaciones = publication count.
    * número de referencia del documento = document reference number.
    * número de referencias = number of citations.
    * número de registro = accession number, card number.
    * número de relación = linking number.
    * número de respuestas recibidas = response rate, rate of response.
    * número de serie = serial number.
    * número de solicitudes denegadas = failure rate.
    * número de suspensos = failure rate.
    * número de tarjeta de proceso = transaction card number.
    * número de teléfono = phone number, telephone number, dial-up number, dial-up number, dial-up number.
    * número de teléfono de llamada gratuita = toll free telephone number, toll-free number.
    * número de teléfono que no está incluido en el directorio telefónico = unlisted telephone number.
    * número de tema = thematic index number.
    * número determinado de = nth.
    * número de víctimas = death toll.
    * número de volumen = volume number.
    * número entero = integer.
    * número entero positivo = positive integer.
    * Número + en total = Número + in number.
    * número equivocado = wrong number.
    * número especial = special issue, special number.
    * número identificado de un ordenador en una red = network address.
    * número impar = odd number.
    * número indicador de materia = SIN, Subject Indicator Number.
    * Número Internacional Normalizado para Libros (ISBN) = ISBN (International Standard Book Number).
    * Número Internacional Normalizado para Publicaciones Seriadas (ISSN) = ISSN (International Standard Serial Number).
    * número limitado de alumnos matriculados = limited enrolment.
    * número mágico = magic number.
    * número matriz = master number.
    * número monográfico = thematic issue.
    * número nacional de identificación bibliográfica = national bibliography number.
    * número normalizado = standard number.
    * número ordinal = ordinal, ordinal number.
    * número par = even number.
    * número pin = PIN (personal identification number), PIN number.
    * Número + por ciento = by + factor of + Número, Número + percentage points.
    * número reclamado = claimed issue.
    * número romano = roman numeral.
    * números recientes de las revistas = current journals.
    * número total = head count.
    * número trascendente = transcendental number.
    * número trece = thirteenth.
    * número uno = number one.
    * Número + vez = Número + time.
    * número y distribución de personal = staffing conditions.
    * ordenación por número curren = accession order, accession order, arrangement by accession number.
    * ordenado por número de clasificación = in class number order.
    * ordenar por número curren = arrange by + accession number.
    * PIN (número de identificación personal) = PIN (personal identification number).
    * poner a + Número = set to + Número.
    * procesador de números = number cruncher.
    * redondear al número entero más cercano = round up to + the nearest whole number.
    * sección de últimos números de publicaciones periódicas = current periodicals area.
    * ser de número limitado = be limited in number.
    * superar en número = outnumber.
    * tarifa por el número de operaciones = volume-based tariff.
    * último número, el = latest issue, the.
    * una gran número de = a broad variety of.
    * un buen número de = a good number of.
    * un cierto número de = a number of.
    * un gran número de = a good deal of, a great deal of, a plethora of, a wide range of, a full roster of, a fair number of, a great number of, a wide variety of, a broad range of, a vast corpus of.
    * un número cada vez mayor = growing numbers.
    * un número cada vez mayor de = a growing number of, a growing body of.
    * un número de = a series of.
    * un número reducido de = a residue of, a small number of.
    * un número variado de + Nombre = any number of + Nombre.
    * * *
    1)
    a) (Mat) number

    problemas sin número — innumerable o countless problems

    en números redondos — in round numbers

    b) ( de zapatos) size

    ¿qué número calzas? — what size shoe do you take?

    c) ( billete de lotería) lottery ticket
    2) (Espec) act

    montar un/el número — (Esp fam) to kick up a fuss (colloq)

    3) ( de publicación) issue
    * * *
    = extent, incidence, issue, number, numeral, percentage, tally [tallies, pl.], scale.

    Ex: The extent of searchable elements will vary from one data base to another.

    Ex: The number of entries in pre-co-ordinate system will depend upon the incidence of references and multiple entries.
    Ex: This is an issue devoted in part to papers presented at the conference arranged and hosted by the State Library of New South Wales.
    Ex: The headings will be arranged according to the filing sequence of the notation (for example, alphabetically for letters or numerically for numbers).
    Ex: Records can be retrieved by character strings (that is, sequences of letters and numerals).
    Ex: But those institutions, and I am referring particularly to public libraries, serve a very large percentage of the nation's library users.
    Ex: As the various parts of the record are entered, the document summary indicates the additions by the tallies opposite the record parts.
    Ex: I have a feeling that all our old technologies are getting progressively more expensive and more inefficient, and that all our new technologies are getting progressively cheaper and more efficient because of questions of scale.
    * acción de marcar un número = dialling.
    * admitir un número de reservas mayor a las plazas existentes = overbook.
    * área del número normalizado y de las condiciones de adquisición = International Standard Book Number and terms of availability area, standard number and terms of availability area.
    * aumentar en número = grow in + numbers, increase in + numbers.
    * base de un número = subscript numeral.
    * colorear por números = paint by + numbers.
    * con el número = numbered.
    * con un gran número de lectores = widely-read.
    * cuadrar números = add up + figures.
    * el mismo número = as many.
    * en el mismo número de años = in as many years.
    * enemigo público número uno = public enemy number one.
    * en grandes números = in record numbers.
    * en gran número = numerously.
    * en números redondos = in round figures.
    * en números reducidos = in small numbers.
    * en un número cada vez mayor = in increasing numbers.
    * exceder en número = outnumber.
    * exponente de un número = superscript numeral.
    * ficha de número de registro = accessions card.
    * gran número de = great numbers of.
    * integridad de los números = integrity of numbers.
    * línea de números = number line.
    * marcar un número de teléfono = dial + number.
    * montar un número = kick up + a fuss, kick up + a stink, raise + a stink, make + a stink (about), make + a racket, make + a row, make + a ruckus, kick up + a row.
    * nº (número) + Número = \# (number) + Número, no. (number) + Número.
    * Norma Británica 1749: Recomendaciones para la ordenación alfabética y el ord = BS (British Standard) 1749: Recommendations for alphabetical arrangement and the filing order of numerals and symbols.
    * número actual = current issue.
    * Número + al año = Número + annually.
    * Número + al día = Número + a day.
    * número anterior = backrun, back issue.
    * número aproximado = ballpark number.
    * número arábigo = Arabic numeral.
    * número atrasado = back issue, back copy.
    * número binario = binary digit.
    * Número + cada año = Número + annually.
    * número cada vez mayor = rising numbers.
    * número capicúo = palindrome.
    * número consecutivo = running number.
    * número de adquisiciones = acquisition rate.
    * número de alumnos matriculados = enrolment [enrollment, -USA].
    * Número + de ancho = Número + wide.
    * número de aprobados = pass rate.
    * número de asientos = seating.
    * número de bibliografía nacional = national record number.
    * número de búsquedas fallidas = failure rate.
    * número decimal = decimal number.
    * número de citas = number of citations.
    * número de clasificación = class mark [classmark], class number, classification number, rank number.
    * número de control = control number.
    * número de documentos devueltos a los estantes = shelving statistics.
    * número de ejemplar = copy number.
    * número de emergencia = hotline [hot-line].
    * número de exportaciones = export figures.
    * número de fascículo = issue number.
    * número de identificación = ID number (identification number).
    * número de identificación del documento = library registration number.
    * número de intentos fallidos = failure rate.
    * número de la bibliografía nacional = national bibliographic record number.
    * número de la búsqueda = set number.
    * Número + de largo = Número + long.
    * número de la tarjeta de crédito = credit card number.
    * número del documento = document identification number, document number.
    * número de lector = borrower number.
    * número del editor = publisher's number (música).
    * número de matrícula = registration number, car registration number.
    * número de modelo = model number.
    * número de muertos = death toll.
    * número de opus = opus number.
    * número de orden = rank number.
    * número de páginas = pagination.
    * número de palabras = wordage.
    * número de participantes = turnout.
    * número de pedido = order number.
    * número de plancha = plate number.
    * número de préstamo = charging number.
    * número de préstamos = circulation figures.
    * número de publicaciones = publication count.
    * número de referencia del documento = document reference number.
    * número de referencias = number of citations.
    * número de registro = accession number, card number.
    * número de relación = linking number.
    * número de respuestas recibidas = response rate, rate of response.
    * número de serie = serial number.
    * número de solicitudes denegadas = failure rate.
    * número de suspensos = failure rate.
    * número de tarjeta de proceso = transaction card number.
    * número de teléfono = phone number, telephone number, dial-up number, dial-up number, dial-up number.
    * número de teléfono de llamada gratuita = toll free telephone number, toll-free number.
    * número de teléfono que no está incluido en el directorio telefónico = unlisted telephone number.
    * número de tema = thematic index number.
    * número determinado de = nth.
    * número de víctimas = death toll.
    * número de volumen = volume number.
    * número entero = integer.
    * número entero positivo = positive integer.
    * Número + en total = Número + in number.
    * número equivocado = wrong number.
    * número especial = special issue, special number.
    * número identificado de un ordenador en una red = network address.
    * número impar = odd number.
    * número indicador de materia = SIN, Subject Indicator Number.
    * Número Internacional Normalizado para Libros (ISBN) = ISBN (International Standard Book Number).
    * Número Internacional Normalizado para Publicaciones Seriadas (ISSN) = ISSN (International Standard Serial Number).
    * número limitado de alumnos matriculados = limited enrolment.
    * número mágico = magic number.
    * número matriz = master number.
    * número monográfico = thematic issue.
    * número nacional de identificación bibliográfica = national bibliography number.
    * número normalizado = standard number.
    * número ordinal = ordinal, ordinal number.
    * número par = even number.
    * número pin = PIN (personal identification number), PIN number.
    * Número + por ciento = by + factor of + Número, Número + percentage points.
    * número reclamado = claimed issue.
    * número romano = roman numeral.
    * números recientes de las revistas = current journals.
    * número total = head count.
    * número trascendente = transcendental number.
    * número trece = thirteenth.
    * número uno = number one.
    * Número + vez = Número + time.
    * número y distribución de personal = staffing conditions.
    * ordenación por número curren = accession order, accession order, arrangement by accession number.
    * ordenado por número de clasificación = in class number order.
    * ordenar por número curren = arrange by + accession number.
    * PIN (número de identificación personal) = PIN (personal identification number).
    * poner a + Número = set to + Número.
    * procesador de números = number cruncher.
    * redondear al número entero más cercano = round up to + the nearest whole number.
    * sección de últimos números de publicaciones periódicas = current periodicals area.
    * ser de número limitado = be limited in number.
    * superar en número = outnumber.
    * tarifa por el número de operaciones = volume-based tariff.
    * último número, el = latest issue, the.
    * una gran número de = a broad variety of.
    * un buen número de = a good number of.
    * un cierto número de = a number of.
    * un gran número de = a good deal of, a great deal of, a plethora of, a wide range of, a full roster of, a fair number of, a great number of, a wide variety of, a broad range of, a vast corpus of.
    * un número cada vez mayor = growing numbers.
    * un número cada vez mayor de = a growing number of, a growing body of.
    * un número de = a series of.
    * un número reducido de = a residue of, a small number of.
    * un número variado de + Nombre = any number of + Nombre.

    * * *
    A
    1 ( Mat) number
    vive en el número 15 she lives at number 15
    el número premiado es el 10895 the winning number is (number) 10895
    pagó una suma de seis números he paid a six figure sum
    el gran número de respuestas recibidas the large number of replies received
    problemas sin número innumerable o countless problems
    en números redondos in round numbers
    estar en números rojos ( fam); to be in the red ( colloq)
    tengo la cuenta en números rojos my account is o I'm in the red ( colloq)
    hacer números to do one's arithmetic o ( BrE) sums
    ¿qué número calzas? what size shoe do you take?
    3 (billete de lotería) lottery ticket
    Compuestos:
    random number
    Arabic numeral
    atomic number
    binary number
    cardinal number
    complex number
    decimal
    vehicle identification number
    account number
    fax number
    identity number
    (de persona) identity number; (de producto) identification number
    ● número de identificación fiscal or tributaria
    tax identity number, taxpayer ID ( AmE), Unique Taxpayer Reference ( BrE)
    PIN number, Personal Identification Number
    (en Esp) national identity card number
    mass number
    license number ( AmE), registration number ( BrE)
    serial number
    telephone number
    flight number
    whole number
    fraction
    odd number
    mixed number
    ordinal number
    even number
    perfect number
    prime number
    real number
    Roman numeral
    es el número uno de su clase he's top of o the best in his class
    el número uno egipcio the Egyptian leader
    B ( Espec) act
    un excelente número cómico an excellent comedy act o ( BrE) turn
    montar un/el número ( Esp fam); to kick up a fuss ( colloq)
    el número del mes de mayo the May issue o edition
    un número especial or extraordinario a special issue o edition
    números atrasados back numbers o issues
    E ( Esp frml) (policía) officer, constable ( BrE)
    * * *

     

    Del verbo numerar: ( conjugate numerar)

    numero es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo

    numeró es:

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo

    Multiple Entries:
    numerar    
    número
    numerar ( conjugate numerar) verbo transitivo
    to number
    número sustantivo masculino
    1
    a) (Mat) number;


    número de matrícula license number (AmE), registration number (BrE);
    número de serie serial number;
    número de teléfono/fax phone/fax number;
    una suma de seis números a six figure sum;
    problemas sin número innumerable o countless problems

    ◊ ¿qué número calzas? what size shoe do you take?


    2
    a) (Espec) act


    numerar verbo transitivo to number
    número sustantivo masculino
    1 number: me equivoqué al escribir el último número, I made a mistake writting the last figure
    soy el número tres de la lista, I'm third on the list
    número de teléfono, telephone number
    número par/impar, even/odd number
    un buen número de personas, a large number of people
    2 (de una revista) number, issue
    número atrasado, back number
    3 (de calzado) size
    4 (de un espectáculo) sketch, act
    5 familiar montar un número, to make a scene
    6 (billete de juego de azar) ticket: tengo un número de lotería de Navidad, I have a Christmas lottery ticket
    ♦ Locuciones: números rojos, in the red: mi cuenta está en números rojos, my account is in the red
    ' número' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    acrecentar
    - acrobacia
    - aforo
    - arábiga
    - arábigo
    - atrasada
    - atrasado
    - cabeza
    - calzar
    - cantidad
    - capicúa
    - cardinal
    - cifra
    - espectáculo
    - espuma
    - herida
    - herido
    - imaginaria
    - imaginario
    - indeterminada
    - indeterminado
    - matrícula
    - n.º
    - núm.
    - otra
    - otro
    - par
    - pasada
    - pasado
    - plato
    - premiada
    - premiado
    - prima
    - primo
    - quedarse
    - redonda
    - redondo
    - referencia
    - repetida
    - repetido
    - rey
    - salir
    - serie
    - superior
    - teléfono
    - terminación
    - abundar
    - buscar
    - ciento
    - cinco
    English:
    accurate
    - act
    - admission
    - alarming
    - Arabic numeral
    - army
    - back
    - copy
    - death toll
    - dial
    - eight
    - even
    - exact
    - fascism
    - flock
    - grand finale
    - grand total
    - growth
    - intake
    - integer
    - issue
    - licence number
    - low
    - lucky
    - membership
    - myriad
    - N
    - no.
    - number
    - numeral
    - O
    - odd
    - one
    - ordinal
    - outnumber
    - over
    - poll
    - prime
    - registration number
    - round
    - round down
    - round up
    - routine
    - scene
    - serial
    - size
    - special
    - stock up
    - strength
    - strong
    * * *
    1. [signo] number;
    mi número de la suerte my lucky number;
    en números rojos in the red;
    hacer números to reckon up;
    ser el número uno to be number one;
    [en lista de éxitos] to top the charts;
    fue el número uno de su promoción he was the best in his year;
    el número dos del partido republicano the number two o second in command of the Republican Party;
    sin número [muchos] countless, innumerable;
    un sin número de modelos diferentes countless o innumerable different models
    número de afiliación a la seguridad social Br national insurance number, US social security number;
    número atómico atomic number;
    número binario binary number;
    número cardinal cardinal number;
    número complejo complex number;
    número complementario [en lotería] = complementary number, Br ≈ bonus ball;
    número de cuenta account number;
    número entero whole number, integer;
    Fot número f f number;
    número de fax fax number;
    número impar odd number;
    Informát número IP IP number;
    número irracional irrational number;
    número de matrícula [de vehículo] Br registration number, US license number;
    [de alumno] matriculation number;
    número natural natural number;
    número ordinal ordinal number;
    número par even number;
    número primo prime number;
    número quebrado fraction;
    número racional rational number;
    número redondo round number;
    número de referencia reference number;
    Informát número de registro registration number;
    número romano Roman numeral;
    número de serie serial number;
    número de sucursal [de banco] sort code;
    número de teléfono telephone number
    2. [tamaño, talla] size;
    ¿qué número calzas? what size shoe are you?, what size shoe do you take?
    3. [de publicación] issue, number
    número atrasado back number;
    número extraordinario special edition o issue
    4. [de lotería] ticket
    5. Gram number
    6. [de espectáculo] turn, number;
    Esp Fam
    montar el número to make o cause a scene
    7. Esp [de policía] officer
    8. Rel
    Números Numbers
    * * *
    m
    1 number;
    un gran número de a large number of;
    sin número countless;
    ser el número uno be number one, be the best;
    en números redondos in round figures;
    en números rojos fig in the red;
    hacer números fam add up the figures, Br
    do one’s sums
    2 de publicación issue
    3 de zapato size
    4
    :
    montar un número fam make a scene
    5
    :
    de número socio full; empleado, profesor permanent; catedrático tenured
    * * *
    1) : number
    número impar: odd number
    número ordinal: ordinal number
    número arábico: Arabic numeral
    número quebrado: fraction
    2) : issue (of a publication)
    3)
    sin número : countless
    * * *
    1. (en general) number
    2. (de calzado) size
    ¿qué número calzas? what size do you take in shoes?
    4. (espectáculo) act / number

    Spanish-English dictionary > número

  • 30 analizar

    v.
    to analyze.
    Elsa analizó la bebida Elsa examined the drink.
    El juez analizó el caso The judge analyzed the case.
    * * *
    1 to analyse (US analyze)
    * * *
    verb
    * * *
    VT to analyse, analyze (EEUU)
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1) ( examinar) to analyze*, examine
    2) (Med, Quím) to analyze*
    3) (Ling) to parse
    2.
    analizarse v pron to undergo o have analysis
    * * *
    = analyse [analyze, -USA], assess, break down, discuss, explore, look at, look into, present + discussion, study, think out, weigh, offer + an account of, undergo + analysis, observe, check out, break out, dig + deep, dig + deep beneath the surface, weigh up, review, work through, put + Nombre + under the spotlight, bring + Nombre + under the spotlight, question, probe.
    Ex. With a clear objective, the next step is to analyse the concepts that are present in a search.
    Ex. Without such guidelines each document would need to be assessed individually, and inconsistencies would be inevitable.
    Ex. The holdings are broken down into several volumes, shown as the next level of the pyramid.
    Ex. This review also illustrates some of the issues which cataloguers have discussed over the years, and demonstrates other solutions to standards in cataloguing than those embodied in modern cataloguing codes.
    Ex. Next I will illustrate a simple search profile which does not explore all possible synonyms, but does serve to illustrate weighted term logic.
    Ex. This article looks at three interrelated issues regarding on-line services based on the recent literature.
    Ex. The main concern is to look into current use of, and interest in, electronic information services, and also to gauge opinion on setting up a data base concerned solely with development issues.
    Ex. This article presents a detailed discussion of the use of Hypermedia for authoring, organisation and presentation of information.
    Ex. Each of the binders is portable and can be separately studied.
    Ex. A recitation of the best thought out principles for a cataloging code is easily drowned out by the clatter of a bank of direct access devices vainly searching for misplaced records.
    Ex. Examines the advantages and disadvantages of approval plans suggesting that each library must carefully weigh them in order to determine its own best course of action.
    Ex. This article offers an account of the processes shaping the professionalisation of college and research librarianship within the framework of 4 contemporary sociological theories.
    Ex. Syntactic relationships arise from the syntax of the document which is undergoing analysis, and derive solely from literary warrant.
    Ex. 141 data bases were observed, most of them had been developed in the life sciences as well as in the earth, ocean and space sciences.
    Ex. Where problems do arise it is sensible to check out the training programme before blaming the assistant for poor performance of duties.
    Ex. Turnaround managers want current financial and working capital analyses broken out by cost/profit centres.
    Ex. Are we prepared to dig deep into our well of humanity & humility in order to uplift ourselves?.
    Ex. Her central themes are still love and sex, but she digs deeper beneath the surface to examine the gray areas of moral responsibility and gender relations.
    Ex. The author weighs up whether a dumbing down has taken place in the UK tabloid and broadsheet press.
    Ex. There is only space to review briefly the special problems associated with the descriptive cataloguing of nonbook materials.
    Ex. Some theorists hold that one stage must be completely worked through before the next stage can be entered.
    Ex. It is paramount to put designers themselves under the spotlight for investigative purposes.
    Ex. When the profession once more brought censorship under the spotlight in the 70s, it was less critical and more loath to take a stand.
    Ex. If this appears to be excessively difficult, maybe it is time to question whether the tool is too complex.
    Ex. The librarian sometimes must probe to discover the context of the question and to be able to discuss various possible approaches and explore their merits.
    ----
    * al analizar Algo más detenidamente = on closer examination, on closer inspection.
    * analizar brevemente = take + a look at.
    * analizar críticamente = pull + Nombre + to bits.
    * analizar de nuevo = reexamine [re-examine].
    * analizar desde una perspectiva = see through.
    * analizar desde un punto de vista crítico = cast + a critical eye over.
    * analizar detenidamente = be carefully considered, think through.
    * analizar de un modo imparcial = take + a cool look at.
    * analizar en = break down into.
    * analizar en detalle = consider + in detail.
    * analizar la posibilidad de (que) = examine + the possibility that/of.
    * analizar las posibilidades de = look at + the prospects for.
    * analizar los pormenores de una situación = look + behind the scene.
    * analizar minuciosamente = come under + scrutiny, pore.
    * analizar por separado = dissect.
    * analizar sintácticamente = parse.
    * analizar una cuestión = explore + question, explore + issue.
    * analizar una posibilidad = explore + idea.
    * analizar un tema = explore + theme.
    * reanalizar = reexamine [re-examine].
    * ser analizado como una frase = be phrase parsed.
    * sin analizar = unexamined, unanalysed.
    * volver a analizar = reexamine [re-examine], reanalyse [reanalyze, -USA].
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1) ( examinar) to analyze*, examine
    2) (Med, Quím) to analyze*
    3) (Ling) to parse
    2.
    analizarse v pron to undergo o have analysis
    * * *
    = analyse [analyze, -USA], assess, break down, discuss, explore, look at, look into, present + discussion, study, think out, weigh, offer + an account of, undergo + analysis, observe, check out, break out, dig + deep, dig + deep beneath the surface, weigh up, review, work through, put + Nombre + under the spotlight, bring + Nombre + under the spotlight, question, probe.

    Ex: With a clear objective, the next step is to analyse the concepts that are present in a search.

    Ex: Without such guidelines each document would need to be assessed individually, and inconsistencies would be inevitable.
    Ex: The holdings are broken down into several volumes, shown as the next level of the pyramid.
    Ex: This review also illustrates some of the issues which cataloguers have discussed over the years, and demonstrates other solutions to standards in cataloguing than those embodied in modern cataloguing codes.
    Ex: Next I will illustrate a simple search profile which does not explore all possible synonyms, but does serve to illustrate weighted term logic.
    Ex: This article looks at three interrelated issues regarding on-line services based on the recent literature.
    Ex: The main concern is to look into current use of, and interest in, electronic information services, and also to gauge opinion on setting up a data base concerned solely with development issues.
    Ex: This article presents a detailed discussion of the use of Hypermedia for authoring, organisation and presentation of information.
    Ex: Each of the binders is portable and can be separately studied.
    Ex: A recitation of the best thought out principles for a cataloging code is easily drowned out by the clatter of a bank of direct access devices vainly searching for misplaced records.
    Ex: Examines the advantages and disadvantages of approval plans suggesting that each library must carefully weigh them in order to determine its own best course of action.
    Ex: This article offers an account of the processes shaping the professionalisation of college and research librarianship within the framework of 4 contemporary sociological theories.
    Ex: Syntactic relationships arise from the syntax of the document which is undergoing analysis, and derive solely from literary warrant.
    Ex: 141 data bases were observed, most of them had been developed in the life sciences as well as in the earth, ocean and space sciences.
    Ex: Where problems do arise it is sensible to check out the training programme before blaming the assistant for poor performance of duties.
    Ex: Turnaround managers want current financial and working capital analyses broken out by cost/profit centres.
    Ex: Are we prepared to dig deep into our well of humanity & humility in order to uplift ourselves?.
    Ex: Her central themes are still love and sex, but she digs deeper beneath the surface to examine the gray areas of moral responsibility and gender relations.
    Ex: The author weighs up whether a dumbing down has taken place in the UK tabloid and broadsheet press.
    Ex: There is only space to review briefly the special problems associated with the descriptive cataloguing of nonbook materials.
    Ex: Some theorists hold that one stage must be completely worked through before the next stage can be entered.
    Ex: It is paramount to put designers themselves under the spotlight for investigative purposes.
    Ex: When the profession once more brought censorship under the spotlight in the 70s, it was less critical and more loath to take a stand.
    Ex: If this appears to be excessively difficult, maybe it is time to question whether the tool is too complex.
    Ex: The librarian sometimes must probe to discover the context of the question and to be able to discuss various possible approaches and explore their merits.
    * al analizar Algo más detenidamente = on closer examination, on closer inspection.
    * analizar brevemente = take + a look at.
    * analizar críticamente = pull + Nombre + to bits.
    * analizar de nuevo = reexamine [re-examine].
    * analizar desde una perspectiva = see through.
    * analizar desde un punto de vista crítico = cast + a critical eye over.
    * analizar detenidamente = be carefully considered, think through.
    * analizar de un modo imparcial = take + a cool look at.
    * analizar en = break down into.
    * analizar en detalle = consider + in detail.
    * analizar la posibilidad de (que) = examine + the possibility that/of.
    * analizar las posibilidades de = look at + the prospects for.
    * analizar los pormenores de una situación = look + behind the scene.
    * analizar minuciosamente = come under + scrutiny, pore.
    * analizar por separado = dissect.
    * analizar sintácticamente = parse.
    * analizar una cuestión = explore + question, explore + issue.
    * analizar una posibilidad = explore + idea.
    * analizar un tema = explore + theme.
    * reanalizar = reexamine [re-examine].
    * ser analizado como una frase = be phrase parsed.
    * sin analizar = unexamined, unanalysed.
    * volver a analizar = reexamine [re-examine], reanalyse [reanalyze, -USA].

    * * *
    analizar [A4 ]
    vt
    A (examinar) to analyze*, examine
    B ( Med, Quím) to analyze*
    C ( Ling) to parse
    to undergo o have analysis
    se está analizando he's undergoing o having analysis, he's seeing an analyst, he's in analysis
    * * *

     

    analizar ( conjugate analizar) verbo transitivo
    a) ( examinar) to analyze( conjugate analyze), examine

    b) (Med, Quím) to analyze( conjugate analyze)

    c) (Ling) to parse

    analizarse verbo pronominal
    to undergo o have analysis
    analizar verbo transitivo to analyze
    ' analizar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    estudiar
    - profundidad
    - punto
    English:
    analyse
    - test
    - analyze
    - go
    - survey
    * * *
    1. [situación, problema] to analyse
    2. [sangre, orina] to test, to analyse
    3. Gram to parse;
    * * *
    v/t analyze
    * * *
    analizar {21} vt
    : to analyze
    * * *
    analizar vb to analyse

    Spanish-English dictionary > analizar

  • 31 real

    adj.
    1 real (verdadero).
    2 royal.
    f.
    REAL, revised European-American lymphoma classification.
    m.
    no tener un real not to have a penny to one's name
    * * *
    1 (regio) royal
    2 figurado grand, fine
    1 (de feria) fairground
    \
    estar sin un real to be penniless
    no me da la real gana familiar I don't feel like it
    no valer un real to be worthless, not be worth tuppence
    por real decreto DERECHO by royal decree
    ————————
    * * *
    adj.
    1) teal
    2) true
    * * *
    I
    ADJ (=verdadero) real
    II
    1. ADJ
    1) (=de la realeza) royal

    porque no me da la real gana — * because I don't damn well feel like it *

    2) † (=espléndido) grand, splendid

    una real hembra — hum a fine figure of a woman

    2. SM
    1) (tb: real de la feria) fairground
    2) ( Hist) army camp
    3) ( Hist) (Econ) old Spanish coin of 25 céntimos, one quarter of a peseta

    no tiene un real — * he hasn't a bean *

    * * *
    I
    1) (verdadero, no ficticio)

    historias de la vida real — real-life o true-life stories

    2) ( de la realeza) royal
    3) (fam) ( uso expletivo)
    II
    1)
    a) (Hist) real ( old Spanish coin)

    no valer un real — (fam) to be worth nothing

    c) reales masculino plural (AmC fam) ( dinero) cash (colloq)
    2) (Mil) camp

    sentar or establecer sus or los reales — ejército to set up camp; persona to install oneself

    * * *
    I
    1) (verdadero, no ficticio)

    historias de la vida real — real-life o true-life stories

    2) ( de la realeza) royal
    3) (fam) ( uso expletivo)
    II
    1)
    a) (Hist) real ( old Spanish coin)

    no valer un real — (fam) to be worth nothing

    c) reales masculino plural (AmC fam) ( dinero) cash (colloq)
    2) (Mil) camp

    sentar or establecer sus or los reales — ejército to set up camp; persona to install oneself

    * * *
    real1
    1 = royal.

    Ex: No less prestigious an authority than a royal Commission was appointed to inquire into the charges brought against the man principally responsible for that volume.

    * águila real = golden eagle.
    * cañada real = droving road.
    * carta real = charter.
    * glacé real = royal icing, glacé royal.
    * Nombre + real = majesty's + Nombre.
    * pagar derechos reales = pay + royalty.
    * pavo real = peacock.

    real2
    2 = actual, flesh-and-blood, genuine, real, real-world, real-life, on the ground, factual.

    Ex: It presents a case study based on an actual situation which arose between the chief librarian of a public library and the library janitor.

    Ex: It is in this way that students gain experience by proxy and get a feel for handling problems in the flesh-and-blood world.
    Ex: A general paper may be irrelevant to a specialist but of genuine value to someone seeking a brief introduction to a field peripheral to their main interest.
    Ex: In this case we find a tendency to ignore the author's identity as found in the document, and to prefer instead a real name to a pseudonym.
    Ex: It is unfortunate that there is a dearth of real-world logged data to explore usage and problems.
    Ex: Many librarians find such theories difficult to put into practice in real-life situations.
    Ex: It is difficult to know just to what extent vague concepts like 'the flow of information in a democratic society' actually result in services on the ground.
    Ex: No one, in this purely hypothetical example, has thought that the reader might be happy with a factual account of an Atlantic convoy as well as, or in place of, a purely fictional account.
    * comprobación en la práctica real = field test.
    * en la práctica real = in actual practice.
    * en la vida real = in real life.
    * en términos reales = in real terms, in actual practice.
    * experiencia del mundo real = real-world training.
    * formación en el mundo real = real-world training.
    * hecho real = brute fact.
    * hechos reales = true story.
    * mundo real, el = real world, the.
    * práctica real = actual practice.
    * real y verdaderamente = really and truly.
    * solución poco real = pie in the sky solution.
    * tamaño real = full-size.
    * vida real = real life.

    * * *
    A
    (verdadero, no ficticio): el libro narra un hecho real the book tells a true story
    es muy distinta en la vida real she's very different in real life
    historias de la vida real real-life stories, true o true-life stories
    la familia real the royal family
    por real decreto by royal decree
    la Real Academia Española de la Lengua the Royal Academy of the Spanish Language
    Compuesto:
    masculine summer residence ( of the Spanish monarchs)
    C ( fam)
    (uso expletivo): porque me da la real gana because I damn well want to ( colloq)
    A
    1 (moneda) real (old Spanish coin worth a quarter of a peseta, also a Peruvian 10 centavo coin)
    estar sin un real ( fam); to be flat broke ( colloq)
    estoy sin un real I'm flat broke, I don't have a penny o ( AmE) a dime ( colloq)
    no valer un real ( fam); to be worth nothing
    los terrenos no valen ni un real the land isn't worth a penny o is worthless
    B
    1 ( Mil) camp
    sentar or establecer sus or los reales «ejército» to set up camp;
    «persona» to install* oneself; «empresa» to set up
    2
    (recinto): real de la feria fairground
    * * *

     

    real adjetivo
    a) (verdadero, no ficticio):


    en la vida real in real life;
    historias de la vida real real-life o true-life stories


    ■ sustantivo masculino
    a) (Hist) real ( old Spanish coin);



    c)

    ◊ reales sustantivo masculino plural (AmC fam) ( dinero) cash (colloq)

    real 1 adj (no ficticio) real: fue una sensación muy real, it was a very vivid feeling
    una historia basada en hechos reales, a true-life story ➣ Ver nota en actual
    real 2 adj (relativo a la realeza) royal
    ' real' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    academia
    - actual
    - águila
    - alteza
    - armar
    - batalla
    - berenjenal
    - bien
    - bocazas
    - botadura
    - buena
    - bueno
    - caballero
    - calvario
    - campeonato
    - comistrajo
    - cómitre
    - concreta
    - concreto
    - conquistador
    - conquistadora
    - corte
    - desengañarse
    - desperdicio
    - efectiva
    - efectivo
    - elemento
    - espectáculo
    - esperpento
    - expolio
    - follón
    - gaita
    - guardia
    - hecha
    - hecho
    - histórica
    - histórico
    - inmobiliaria
    - inmobiliario
    - inmueble
    - jalea
    - joya
    - lacrimógena
    - lacrimógeno
    - legítima
    - legítimo
    - macho
    - maestría
    - mentir
    - muy
    English:
    AA
    - actual
    - bumpkin
    - chalk up
    - character
    - deduce
    - dinosaur
    - doll
    - dope
    - drip
    - dump
    - effective
    - eye-opener
    - go-getter
    - godsend
    - going-over
    - golden eagle
    - gut
    - heyday
    - hick
    - hole
    - host
    - juggling act
    - live
    - loony
    - mine
    - misery
    - mismatch
    - nothing
    - nut
    - peacock
    - predicament
    - pushover
    - real
    - real estate
    - real-life
    - RN
    - royal
    - shirt
    - sight
    - snuff movie
    - state
    - sweat
    - telling-off
    - term
    - thrashing
    - to-do
    - tough
    - trial
    - true
    * * *
    ♦ adj
    1. [verdadero] real;
    existe un peligro real de que explote there is a real danger that it may explode;
    una historia real a true story
    2. [de la realeza] royal
    Real Academia Española (de la Lengua) = institution that sets lexical and grammatical standards for Spanish;
    real decreto = name given to acts passed by the Spanish parliament when appearing in the official gazette;
    Hist royal decree; Fam
    por real decreto: tenemos que volver a casa a las diez por real decreto it has been decreed that we should be back home by ten o'clock
    ♦ nm
    1. [moneda] [de Brasil] real;
    Hist [de España]= old Spanish coin worth one quarter of a peseta;
    cuatro reales: lo compró por cuatro reales she bought it for next to nothing;
    no tener un real not to have a penny to one's name;
    no valer un real to be worthless
    2. Comp
    sentar el real, sentar los reales [ejército] to set up camp;
    [persona] to settle down
    * * *
    I adj
    1 ( regio) royal
    2 ( verdadero) real
    II m fig
    :
    * * *
    real adj
    1) : real, true
    2) : royal
    * * *
    real adj
    1. (auténtico) true / real
    2. (del rey) royal

    Spanish-English dictionary > real

  • 32 система


    system (sys, syst)
    комплекс элементов, в котором каждый элемент работает или взаимодействует для выполнения общей функции, выполняемой данным комплексом. — any organized arrangement in which each component part acts, reacts, or interacts in accordance with an overall design inherent in the arrangement.
    -, аварийная — emergency system
    дублирующая система, предназначенная для использования в случае отказа основной, — the emergency system is used to take the place of the main system in case of the main system failure.
    -, аварийная гидравлическая (подраздел 029-20 no стандартной системе нумерации tex. документации no гост 18675-73). — auxiliary hydraulic system used to supplement or take the place of the main hydraulic system
    - аварийного освещения (подраздел 33-50) — emergency lighting system (section 33-50. emergency lighting)
    - аварийного останова (двигателя) — emergency shutdown system
    - аварийного открытия замков шасси — emergency landing gear uplock release system
    - аварийного покидания ла — emergency-escape system
    - аварийного покидания ла (разд. 100) — ejection escape
    - аварийного покидания ла, катапультная — ejection-escape system
    - аварийного слива топлива (в полете) (подраздел 028-30) — fuel dump system, fuel jettisoning system dump used to dump fuel overboard during flight.
    - аварийного торможения (азотная) — emergency air (wheel) brake system
    - аварийной и предупредительной сигнализации (сас) — (master) warning and caution system
    - аварийной регистрации параметров полета (сарпп) — flight data recorder system (fdr)
    - аварийной сигнализации — emergency warning system
    система выдает визуальный или звуковой сигнал для предупреждения экипажа о нарушении нормальной работы или условий. — the system provides visual and aural signals to alert the flight crew to special or urgent circumstances.
    - аварийной сигнализации и блокировки — warning and interlock system
    - аварийной, предупредительной и уведомляющей сигнализации — (master) warning and caution (system)
    - автомата загрузки (управления ла) — feel system
    - автомата сигнализации углов атаки, скольжения (и перегрузок) (ауасп) — angle-of-attack, slip and асceleration indicating/warning system
    - система торможения — anti-skid system
    система не допускает возникновения юза (заторможенных) колес шасси, независимо от воздействия летчика на тормозные педали, давление в тормозах сбрасывается при возникновении юза колеса и подается снова для обеспечения торможения при отсутствии юза. — the function of the system is such that regardless of how much the rudder toe pedals may be depressed, brake pressure will be released when excessive wheel deceleration is sensed, when system is armed, and then re-applied at a power level to provide maximum braking without skidding.
    - автомата тряски штурвала (при выходе на критический угол атаки) — stick shaker system. with stall warning test switch depressed, the stick shaker (system) should operate.
    - автомата тяги (подраздел 022-30) — auto throttle system (at) auto throttle
    служит для автоматического регулирования тяги (двигателя) при заходе на посадку или уходе на второй круг. — automatically controls the position of the throttles (eпgins power) during landing/approach and go around procedures.
    - автомата усилий (в системе управления ла) — automatic gain control (agc)
    - автомата усилий (загрузки управления ла) — feel system
    -, автоматизированная — automated system
    -, автоматизированная навигационная — automated navigation system (ans)
    - автоматики топлива (управление и сигнализация работы топливной системы) — (automatic) fuel management and indicating system
    -, автоматическая навигационная (ану) — self-contained dead reckoning system, dr system
    - автоматического выброса кислородных масок (срабатывающая при падении давления в кабине) — oxygen mask drop out system (operated by cabin low pressure)
    - автоматического выпуска парашюта — automatic parachute deploy-' ment system
    - автоматического захода на посадку — automatic approach system
    - автоматического контроля исправности (саки) — automatic test system
    - автоматического регулирования давления воздуха в гермокабине (сард) — (automatic) cabin (air) pressure control system
    - автоматического регулирования двигателя — automatic compressor control system
    управляет механизацией компрессора: кпв, вна.
    - автоматического регулирования расхода топлива — automatic fuel management system
    - автоматического регулирования усилий (ару, на органах управления, напр., рв) — automatic (elevator) load feel control system
    - автоматического регулирования частоты вращения несущего винта (вертолета) — main rotor speed governor system
    - автоматического торможения — anti-skid control (system)

    anti-skid control system releases the brake pressure when it senses a locked or skidding wheel.
    - автоматического триммирования — auto trim (control) system
    - автоматического уменьшения крена (аук) — bank counteract system
    система включается при отказе одного двигателя (на одном крыле), отклоняя интерцептор (спойлер) на противоположном крыле. — with an engine failed, the opposite wing speller is eхtended to counteract dangerous bank.
    - автоматического управления (комплекс автопилота и системы траекторного управления) — autopilot and flight director control system, ap/fd flight control system. complete ар control with simultaneous flight director commands the pilot саn monitor.
    - автоматического управления запуском (двигателя, сауз) — engine auto start(ing) system
    - автоматического управления заходом на посадку — automatic approach system
    - автоматического управления и регулирования — automatic control(ling) and regulating system
    - автоматического управления параллельной работой генераторов — generator autoparalleling system

    the system senses voltages on the generator side of the generator breaker and on the bus.
    - автоматического управления (сау) — auto flight control system, ap/fd flight control system
    - автоматического управления полетом, бортовая (абсу) (раздел 22) — auto flight (control) system (afcs) auto flight
    комплекс агрегатов и элементов, обеспечивающих автематическое управление ла в полете, — those units and components which furnish а means of automatically controlling the flight of the aircraft.
    - автоматического управления посадкой (дублированная, резервная) — (dual) autoland system (dual a/l)
    - автоматического управления самолетом (относительно 3-х осей) — autopilot system (ар)
    (подраздел 022-10, система автопилота) — autopilot
    часть абсу, использующая радиотехнические средства, автоматы курса, гировертикали,a также устройства принудительного ввода команд для автоматического продольного и поперечного управления ла. — that portion of the system that uses radio/radar beam, directional and vertical gyro, pitot static and manually induced inputs to the system to automatically control yaw, pitch and roll of the aircraft.
    - автоматического управления расходом топлива (автомат расхода) — automatic fuel management system
    - автоматического флюгирования воздушного винта — automatic propeller feathering system
    - автоматической загрузки (саз) — automatic feel system (afs)
    - автоматической отдачи ручки (штурвала) (при выходе на критический угол атаки) — stick (or control wheel) pusher system
    - автоматической регистрации параметров полета (сарпп) — flight data recorder system, flight recorder system (fdr)
    для записи основных параметров полета при помощи самописцев. — used for recording data not related to specific system. lncludes flight recorders.
    - автоматической посадки — automatic banding /autoland/ system (autoland, a/l)
    - автоматической стабилизации — automatic stabilization system
    - автоматической стабилизации (вертолета) относительно трех осей — three-axis autostabilization system. the helicopter is equipped with a three-axis autostabilization system with the autopilot facilities.
    -, автономная — self-contained system
    доплеровский измеритель путевой скорости и сноса является автономной системой автоматического счисления — doppler navigation system is а self-contained deadreckoning system.
    -, автономная (отдельная) — independent system
    -, автономная масляная — self-contained /independent/ oil system
    каждый двигатель имеет свою автономную масляную систему. — each engine has а self-contained (independent) oil system.
    -, автономная (автоматическая) навигационная (ану) — self-contained dead reckoning (dr) system
    - автономного запуска (двигателя) — independent starting system
    бортовая система, обеспечивающая запуск двигателей при отсутствии наземных источников энергопитания, — the apu provides а means for independent starting of the engines with а ground power source unavailable.
    - автопилота — autopilot system
    (подраздел 022-10) — autopilot
    -, активная — active system
    бортовая радиоэлектронная система, включающая передающее оборудование, напр., радиоответчик. — in radio and radar, a system which requires transmitting equipment, such as a beacon or transponder, to be carried in the aircraft.
    - активного демпфирования (сад) — airframe (oscillation) damping system
    автоматическое демпфирование колебаний крыла и фюзеляжа для облегчения условий работы соответствующих конструктивных элементов.
    - активного ответа (сро) — (active) transponder system
    - активного ответа, диспетчерекая — атс transponder system
    взаимодействует е радиола катарами увд.
    -, антенно-фидерная (афс) — antenna-feeder system
    -, астроинерциальная — stellar inertial navigation system (sins)
    -, астроинерциальная, малогабаритная (маис) — stellar inertial navigation system (sins)
    -, астронавигационная — selestial /stellar/ navigation system
    -, астроориентирная — star-tracker system
    - аэродинамических параметров (центральная) — (central) air-data computer system
    (высота, вертикальная скорость, скорость, температура, число м)
    -, аэронавигационная, радиоэлектронная — avionics navigation system
    - аэродромного (электрического) питания — external electrical power system
    (подраздел 024-40) — external power
    эл. сеть ла, служащая для подвода аэродромного питания к бортовой сети ла. — that portion of the system within the aircraft which connects external electrical power to the aircraft's electrical system.
    - (продольной) балансировки (самолета) — trim system
    -, безбустерная — unassisted control system
    -, бесплатформенная инерциальная навигационная (бинс на лазерных гироскопах) — gimballes inertial navigation system (ins)
    - бесшумной настройки (рад.) — squelch control system
    - бензопитания — fuel supply system
    -, бленкерная — warning flag movement
    механизм перемещения бленкера (директорного) прибора. — то deflect the flag into or out of view.
    - ближней навигации, радиотехническая (рсбн) — short-range radio navigation system
    - боевого сброса бомб — normal bomb release system
    - блокировки — interlock(ing) system
    - блокировки и сигнализации — interlock and warning system
    - бпокировки самолетных систем (по обжатию амортстойки шасси) — ground shift system
    для включения/выключения систем ла при обжатой амортстойке шасси, — the ground shift system activates/deactivates some aircraft systems with gear shock strut compressed.
    - блокировки управления двигателем (no реверсу) — thrust reverser throttle interlock system
    - блокировки управления двигателем (no руд) — engine throttle interlock system
    - ближней навигации по маякам вор — vor navigation system
    - бокового канала (управления ла) — roll (channel) control system
    включает вычислитель, дус, рм (элеронов).
    -, бортовая — airborne system
    любая система, установленная на борту ла. — the airborne computer system gives track guidance.
    -, бортовая (б/c) — aircraft electrical system, (from aircraft)
    питание ламп напряжением 27 в б/с. — lamps are powered by 27 vdc from aircraft.
    -, бустерная (управления) (рис. 20) — power(ed) control system
    -, бустерная гидравлическая — hydraulic power(ed) control system
    -, бустерная необратимая (рис. 20) — power-operated control system the power-operated control system is irreversible boost system.
    -, бустерная обратимая (рис. 20) — power-boost control system the power-boost control system is a reversible boost system.
    - вентиляции — ventilation system
    - вентиляции подкапотного пространства (двиг.) — nacelle ventilation (and cooling) system
    - визуальной индикации глиссады (при заходе на посадку) — visual approach slope indicator system (vasis)
    - включена (работает) — system on
    - включена (готова к работе) — system armed
    - включения готовности (самолетных) систем по обжатию амортстойки — ground shift system
    - вкпючения (готовности) управления поворотом передних колес от педалей рн на земле — rudder pedal steering shift system
    - внесения изменений (в документацию) — revision system
    -, внешняя (подключенная к данной системе) — coupled system
    - внутрисамолетной радиотрансляции — passenger address and entertainment system
    (подраздел 023-30) — passenger address and entertainment
    радиоаппаратура оповещения и развлечения пассажиров, — that portion of the system used to address and entertain the passengers.
    - внутрисамолетной связи при техобслуживании — ground service interphone system
    -, водоканализационная — water/waste system
    (раздел 038) — water/waste
    стационарные устройства и агрегаты для водоснабжения и канализации использованной воды и отбросов, — those fixed units and components which store and deliver for use fresh water, and those fixed components which store and furnish a means for removal of water and waste.
    - водоснабжения и удаления отходов — water/waste system
    - воздухозаборника, противообледенительная — air intake ice protection system, air intake anti-icing system
    (подраздел 030-20) — air intakes
    часть пос для предотвращения или удаления обледенения воздухозаборников двигателей, — that portion of the system which is used to eliminate or prevent the formation of ice in or around air intakes. includes power plant antiicing.
    -, воздушная (система, использующая воздух, отбираемый от двигателей для питания системы скв, пос, запуска двигателей) — pneumatic power system (pneu pwr sys)
    - воздушная (разд.036) — pneumatic
    - воздушного винта, противообледенительная — propeller ice protection system, propeller anti-icing system
    (подраздел 030-60) — propellers/rotors
    часть пос для предотвращения образования льда и его удаления с возд. винтов, — that portion of the system which is used to eliminate or prevent the formation of ice on propellers or rotors.
    -, воздушно-тепловая противообледенительная — hot air ice protection system
    - воздушных параметров полета — flight environment data system
    (подраздел 034-10) — flight environment data
    устройства, воспринимающие параметры окружающей среды, для использования в целях навигации. включает системы динамического и статического давлений, измерения температуры наружного воздуха, вертикальной и воздушной скорости, высоты и т.п. — that portion of the system which senses environmental conditions and uses the data to influence navigation. lncludes items such as pitot, static, air temperature, rateof-climb, airspeed, high speed warning, altitude, altitude reporting, altimeter correction system, etc.
    - воздушных сигналов (свс) — air data computer system (adc)
    - воздушных сигналов, цифровая — digital air data computer system (dads)
    - впрыска воды — water injection system
    (раздел 082) — water injection
    система, дозирующая и подающая воду или водную смесь на вход двигателя. — those units and components which furnish, meter and inject water or water mixtures into the induction system.
    - впрыска топлива — fuel injection system
    -, впускная (двигателя) — induction system
    система, состоящая из трубопроводов, коллекторов, карбюраторов, воздухозаборинков и агрегатов, для подачи топливовоздушной смеси в двигатель, — the combined system of piping manifolds, carburetor, air scoops, accessories, etc., which are used to supply the engine with a fuel mixture charge.
    - временных изменений — temporary revision system
    - всережимного предельного регулирования температуры (газов за турбиной, впрт) — all-power exhaust gas temperatore control system
    -, вспомогательная — auxiliary system
    -, вспомогательная гидравлическая (для привода второстепенных вспомогательных агрегатов и систем) — utility hydraulic system
    - встречного запуска (двигателя в воздухе), автоматическая — automatic (engine) air relight /restart/ system
    - встроенного контроля (свк) — built-in test system (bits), integral test system
    - встроенного контроля и предупреждения экипажа, обобщенная — integrated built-in test and crew warning system
    -, входящая (имеющая отношение к...) — related system. airframe and related systems.
    - выпуска парашюта — parachute deployment system
    - выработки топлива (из баков) — (tank) fuel usage system
    - высокого давления, топливная (от насоса-регулятора до форсунок) — high-pressure (hp) fuel system
    -, высотная (вентиляции и герметизации кабин) — air conditioning system
    (раздел 021) — air conditioning
    устройства, обеспечивающие наддув, обогрев, охлаждение и увлажнение воздуха, используемого для вентиляции герметичной кабины ла. — those units and components which furnish а means of pressurizing, heating, cooling, moisture controlling and filtering the air used to ventilate the areas of the fuselage within the pressure seals.
    - высотная (жизнеобеспечения, создания искусственного климата в кабине ла) — environmental control system (ecs)
    - высотно-скоростных параметров, информационная (см. комплекс) — flight environment data system (feds)
    -, вытяжная парашютная (впс, для извлечения грузовых платформ из грузовой кабины) — extractor parachute system. то withdraw loads from aircraft cargo compartment in flight.
    -, выхлопная — exhaust system
    (раздел 078) — exhaust
    для отвода выходящих газов двигателя в атмосферу, — those units and components which direct the engine exhaust gases overboard.
    - вычисления отношения давлений двигателя — engine pressure ratio computer system
    служит для определения режима (тяги) двигателя, — the system is used to determine engine rating for all modes of operation.
    - географических координат — geographic(al) coordinate system
    - геодезических координат — geodetic coordinate system
    - герметизации (кабин) — pressurization system
    - герметизации (уплотнения дверей, люков) — (door) sealing (system)
    - герметизации, обогрева и вентиляции (кабин ла) — air conditioning system
    -, гидравлическая (включающая источники и потребители) — hydraulic system
    -, гидравлическая (включающая источники и регуляторы давления) — hydraulic power system
    (раздел 029) — hydraulic power
    агрегаты (насосы, регуляторы, краны), обеспечивающие подачу рабочей жидкости под давлением к общей точке (коллектору) для распределения по др. системам, — units and components (pumps, regulators, lines, valves) which furnish hydraulic fluid under pressure to а common point (manifold) for redistribution to other systems.
    - nо. 1, гидравлическая (надпись) — no. 1 hyd sys(t)
    -, гидравлическая аварийная — emergency hydraulic system
    -, гидравлическая аварийная (вспомогательная, дублирующая, резервная) — auxiliary hydraulic system
    -, гидравлическая вспомогательная (дублирующая, резервная) — auxiliary hydraulic system
    -, гидравлическая вспомогательная (для привода вспомогательных агрегатов, систем) — utility hydraulic system
    -, гидравлическая дублирующая (авар., вспомогат., резервн.) — auxiliary hydraulic system
    -, гидравлическая, общая — main hydraulic system
    -, гироинерциальная (с гироплатформой и акселерометрами) — inertial navigation system (ins)
    -, гироинерциальная, малогабаритная (мис) — inertial navigation system (ins)
    -, гироинерциальная с дублированием курса и вертикали — inertial navigation system with attitude and heading reference
    -, гироскопическая — gyro system
    - громкоговорящего оповещения — passenger address system
    - дальней навигации — long-range navigation system
    - дальней навигации, радиотехническая (омега) — omega navigation system, omega automatic computerized earth-oriented navigation system
    -, дапьномерная (дме) — distance measuring system (dme)
    - двигателя, противообледенительная — engine anti-icing system
    - двигателя, противопожарная — engine fire extinguishing system
    - двигателя, топливная — engine fuel system
    система, включающая агрегаты и трубопроводы за пожарным (перекрывным) краном. — the system consists of those components downstream of the fuel fire shut-off valve.
    - двойного зажигания — dual ignition system

    an ignition system utilizing two separate and duplicate systems.
    -, двухотказная (сохраняющая работоспособность при одиночном отказе) — fail-operative system
    -, двухочередная противопожарная — two discharge /"two-shot"/ fire extinguishing system
    -, динамическая (манометра) — pressure system
    -, динамическая (приемников возд. давлений, пвд) — pitot (pressure) system
    -, динамическая (пвд), аварийная — auxiliary pitot system (aux pitot)
    -, динамическая (пвд), основная — main pitot system
    - динамического давления рабочего, основного (переключатепь) — normal pitot pressure system (norm pitot)
    -, динамического давления, резервного (переключатель) — auxiliary pitot pressure system (aux pitot)
    -, директорная — flight director (fd) system
    является пилотажно-навигационной системой, обеспечивающей летчиков визуальной индикацией положения самолета в пространстве и курсовой информацией для полета по заданной траектории. — fd system is a navigation aid to assist pilots by presenting visually accurate aircraft attitude and heading information to follow the preselected flight path.
    - директорного управления (сду) — flight director (system), (fd)
    - директорных пилотажных приборов — flight director (system)
    система включает пилотажный командный прибор, плановый навигационный прибор, вычислительное устройство, блок сравнения, гировертикаль. — flight director (system) incorporates flight director indicator, course indicator, computer, comparator system, vertical reference gyro unit.
    - дистанционного управления — remote control system
    - для опрыскивания — spraying system
    -, доплеровская — doppler system
    - доплеровская, навигационная — doppler (navigation) system
    система, использующая эффект доплера для получения навигационной информации. — in radar, any system utilizing the doppler effect for obtaining information.
    - доплеровского измерителя (дисс) — doppler navigation /computer/ system (dop)
    система использует зависимость частоты отраженного сигнала от скорости источника излучения (эффект доплеpa) и позволяет определить путевую скорость и угол сноса (рис. 82). — the system provides outputs of velocity along and across heading to а navigation сошputer. ground speed and drift information is computed and displayed.
    - дренажа (слива) — drain(age) system
    - дренажа (сообщения с атмосферой) — vent system
    - дренажа (слива) топлива — fuel drain system
    - дренажа (слива) топливных коллекторов — fuel manifold drain system
    -, дренажная (слива) — drainage system
    -, дренажная (сообщения с атмосферой) — vent system
    -, дренажная (двигателя) — engine drainage system
    дренажные устройства двигателя должны располагаться таким образом, чтобы отводимые жидкости (топливо, масло) не создавали опасности возникновения пожара. — the drainage means must be arranged so that no discharged fluid will cause a fire hazard.
    -, дублирующая — alternate system
    общий термин, подразумевающий как вторую равноценную систему, так и систему, способную выполнять ограниченные функции в случае отказа основной. — each alternate system may be а duplicate power portion or а manually operated mechanical system.
    -, дублирующая (вторая равноценная система, напр., пилотажных приборов) — duplicate /duplicating/ system
    система включает пилотажные приборы на рабочем месте летчика и аналогичные приборы на рабочих местах др. членов экипажа, — duplicate instrument system incorporates flight instruments for the pilot, and the same instruments duplicated at other flight crew stations.
    -, дублирующая аварийная — duplicating emergency system
    -, дублирующая (аварийная) гидравлическая — auxiliary hydraulic system
    - единиц — system of units
    - единиц сгс (сантиметр, грамм, секунда) — cgs (centimeter-gram-second) system of units
    система единиц для механич., электрических, магнитных и акустических величин. основн. единицы: сантиметр (ед. длины), грамм (ед. массы) и секунда (ед. времени). — а metric measuring system, sometimes known as the absolute system of measurement where cgs (centimetergram-second) are respectivelу the length units, the weight units, and the time units.
    - (управления), жесткая (при помощи тяг) — push-pull (rod) control system
    - жизнеобеспечения (искуственного климата в кабинах ла) — environmental control system (ecs)
    - забора воздуха — air induction system
    система забора воздуха должна обеспечивать потребное количество воздуха, подаваемого в двигатель на всех режимах работы. — the air induction system for each engine must supply air required by that engine under each operating condition.
    - загрузки (а системе управления) — (artificial) feel system
    - зажигания — ignition system
    (раздел 074) — ignition
    система, обеспечивающая зажигание топлива или рабочей смеси в камерах сгорания поршневых или газотурбинных двигателей, а также в форсажных камерах гтд. — those units and components which generate, control, furnish, or distribute an electriсаl current to ignite the fuel air mixture in the cylinders of reciprocating engines or in the combustion chambers or thrust augmentors of turbine engines.
    - зажигания продолжительногo режима работы — continuous ignition system
    работает в полете для предотвращения срыва пламени в камерах сгорания при неблагоприятных условиях. — used in flight to prevent flameout during adverse ambient conditions.
    - зажигания, пусковая (или повторно-кратковременного режима работы) — starting (or intermittent) ignition system

    used in all engine starts, including air relighting.
    - зажигания, экранированная — shielded ignition system
    система, элементы которой заключены в металлические оболочки-экраны для уменьшения радиопомех, создаваемых при работе системы. — complete enclosure of all parts, of the ignition system (spark plugs, wires, magnetos, etc.) in suitable interconnected and grounded metal housings to minimize radio interference.
    - заливки (заливочная) — priming system
    устройство для впрыска легкого топлива в цилиндры или патрубки пд для облегчения его запуска. — prior to starting the engine make several strokes of the priming pump plunger to prime the engine.
    -, замкнутая — closed (circuit) system
    в производственный вес nycтого самолета включается только вес жидкостей, содержащихся в замкнутых системах. — the manufacturerss emply weight includes only those fluids contained in closed systems.
    -, замкнутая масляная — closed (circuit) oil system
    - записи — recording system
    - заправки топливом — fueling /refueling/ system
    - заправки топливом под давлением — pressure fueling system
    - заправки топливом, централизованная (под давлением) — single point pressure fueling system
    автоматическая и одновременная заправка всех топливных баков осуществляется посредством системы централизованной заправки. — automatic and simultaneous pressure fueling of all fuel tanks is accomplished by the single point pressure fueling system.
    - запуска — starting system
    (раздел 080) — starting
    совокупность деталей и агрегатов силовой установки, служащих для запуска двигателя. — those units, components and associated systems used for starting the engine. includes electrical, inertia, air or other starter systems.
    - запуска, воздушная — air /pneumatic/ starting system
    - запуска двигателя — engine starting system
    - запуска двигателя в воздухе — engine flight restart system
    - захода на посадку, автоматическая — automatic approach system
    - защиты — protection system
    - защиты воздухозаборника от (попадания) посторонних предметов — air intake debris protection system
    - защиты воздухозаборников (двиг.), струйная — engine air intake blowaway jet system
    - защиты лобовых стекол от запотевания — windshield demisting /defogging/system
    - защиты от обледенения и атмосферных осадков — ice and rain protection system
    (раздел 030) — ice and rain protection
    система для предотвращения образования или удаления льда и удаления атмосферных осадков с различных частей ла. — those units and components which provide а means of preventing or disposing of formation of ice and rain on various parts of the aircraft.
    - защиты от опасных (завыщенных оборотов) — overspeed protection system
    - защиты стекол от запотевания — window demisting /defogging/ system
    - защиты турбины (несущего) винта от раскрутки (сзтв) — main rotor overspeed protection system
    - звуковой информации о высоте полета (автоматическая) — (automatic) altitude reporting system
    - избирательного вызова (на связь) — selective call(ing) system
    - (внесения) изменений (в документацию) — revision system
    - измерения (количества) масла (сим) — oil quantity indicating system (oil qty)
    - измерения массы и центровки (симц) — on-board weight /mass/ and balance system
    для определения массы (в кг) и положения центра тяжести (в % сах) при нахождении ла на земле. — the system measures the aircraft gross weight (in kg) and computes cg (in % mac) when the aircraft is on the ground.
    - измерения расхода топлива (ситр) — fuel flowmeter system
    при наличии системы измерения расхода топлива, у каждого летчика должен быть предусмотрен канал перепуска. — if а fuel flowmeter system is installed, each metering component must have a means for bypassing the fuel supply.
    - измерения расхода топлива (и суммарного запаса топлива) — fuel flow and quantity indicating system
    - измерения температуры (выходящих) газов за турбиной (дв.) — exhaust /turbine/ gas temperature indicating /measuring/ system (egt ind, tgt ind)

    egt is measured by thermocouples.
    - измерения углов атаки и перегрузок (автомат ауасп) — angle of attack and acceleration indicating/warning system
    - измерения уровня масла (сим) — oil quantity indicating system
    - измерения частоты вращения — tachometer system
    - имитации автоматического управления (исау) — auto flight control simulation system
    - имитации видимости (сив) — visibility simulation system
    шторка различной прозрачности для имитации метеоминимумов.
    - имитации визуальной индикации — visual display simulation system
    - имитации усилий (на органах управления) — (artificial) feel system
    - индикации — indication /indicating/ system
    - индикации давления масла (топлива) — oil (fuel) pressure indication system
    включает датчики и указатель давления. — includes pressure transmitters and indicators.
    - индикации (оборотов) — (rpm) indicating system
    - индикации и контроля пространственного положения ла — attitude indicating and monitoring system
    - индикации температуры масла — oil temperature indication system
    - индикации угла атаки — angle-of-attack (indicating) system
    - инертной среды — inert gas system
    -, инерциальная навигационная — inertial navigation system (ins)
    автономная навигационная система, не связанная с наземными навигационными станциями и радиолокационными системами самолета. система воспринимает и измеряет ускорения действующие на ла. служит для выдачи сигналов места ла, путевой скорости, курса (азимута) и вертикали. — ins provides navigation on self-contained basis, i.e. it do not require any ground based aids, nor relays on radio and/or radar observation from the aircraft. the fundamental principle involved is ability of the system to sense and measure aircraft acceleration.
    - инструментальной посадки (илс/сп) — instrument landing system (ils/cp)
    - (речевой) информации (cообщений и команд) — voice warning system
    - информации о безопасности полета — aviation safety reporting system (asrs)
    определяет фактическую или потенциальную опасную ситуацию. — identifies real or potential hazards.
    - (речевой) информации об отказах и неисправностях (магнитофонная сист.) — voice warning system, malfunction reporting system
    - искусственного климата (в кабине ла) (система гepметизации, отопления, вентиляции) — environmental control system (ecs)
    -, исполнительная — actuating /servo/ system
    механическая система, вырабатывающая энергию для привода др. механизмов или систем. — а mechanical system that supplies and transmits energy for operation of other mechanisms or systems.
    - кабинной индикации и сигнализации — cockpit display/warning system
    -, канализационная — waste (disposal) system
    (подраздел 038-30) — waste disposal
    система отвода и сброс использованной воды и отбросов. включает умывальники, туалеты (унитазы), систему промывки и смыва и т.п. — the system used for disposal of water and waste. includes wash basins, water closets, flushing system, etc.
    -, каскадная (гтд) — rotor spool
    спарка компрессора и турбины. — compressor and turbine assembly.
    -, кислородная — oxygen system
    (раздел 035) — oxygen
    система, обеспечивающая хранение, регулирование и подачу кислорода пассажирам и членам экипажа. — those units and components which store, regulate, and deliver oxygen to the passengers and crew.
    - кислородной подпитки двигателя — engine oxygen supply system
    - кольцевания (топливных баков, в магистрали за подкачивающими насосами) — fuel cross-feed system (х-feed)
    - коммутации — switching system
    -, комплексная — integrated system
    -, комплексная навигационная (состоящая из инерциальной, доплеровской и радиолокационной систем) — integral inertial radar navigation system
    - коммутации и автоматического регулирования громкости — audio integrating system, audio system
    оборудование для регулирования уровня звука и подключения выхода связных и навигационных приемников на наушники и громкоговорители членов экипажа, а также выхода их микрофонов на связные передатчики. — controls the communications and navigation receivers into the flight crew headphones and speakers, and the output of the flight crew microphones into communications transmitters. includes audio selector control panels.
    -, комплексная навигационная (навигационный комплекс) — integrated navigation system (intg nav)
    - комплексная пилотажная (пилотажный комплекс) — integrated flight system (intg flt sys)
    состоит из двух комплектов систем директорного управления, включающих кпп, пhп, эвм, приборный усилитель. — the integrated flight system incorporates two independent flight director systems each consisting of fdi, hsi, steering computer and instrument amplifier.
    - комплексной индикации — multi-function display system (mfds)
    - кондиционирования воздуха (скв) — air conditioning system (air cond)
    (раздел 021) — air conditioning
    система, обеспечивающая наддув, обогрев, охлаждение, регулирование влажности и очистку воздуха для вентиляции помещений и отсеков ла, находящихся в пределах герметической кабины. — those units and components which furnish a means of pressurizing, heating, cooling, moisture controlling, filtering and treating the air used to ventilate the areas of the fuselage within the pressure seals.
    - контроля (автоматического управления заходом на посадку) — monitoring system
    (подраздел 022-40) — system monitor
    часть системы автоматического управления, с помощью которой осуществляется контроль режима полета ла при заходе на посадку и при посадке. — that portion of the (auto flight) system that monitors the flight of the aircraft during approach and landing.
    - контроля вибрации (двиг.), бортовая — airborne vibration monitor /indicating/ (avm) system
    - контроля, встроенная (вск) — built-in test system (bit)
    - контроля и индикации работы двигателя — engine monitoring and alert/warning system
    - контроля и индикации, централизованная — master monitor display system (mmd)
    - контроля мощности двигателя (подраздел 077-10) — power
    - контроля расхода топлива (расходомеры и средства индикации и сигнализации) — fuel flowmeter and indicating system
    - контроля состояния систем и предупреждающей сигнализации, многофункциональная (комплексная) — multi-function display system/flight warning system (mfds/fws)
    - контроля температуры двигателя (подраздел 77-20) — temperature
    - координат — coordinate system /frame/, coordinates, axes, system of coordinates, system of coordinates axes
    система взаимноперпендикулярных осей для определения положения точки в пространстве или на плоскости. — any scheme for the unique identification of each point of а given continuum.
    - координат, главноортодромическая — primary great circle spherical coordinate system
    - координат, небесная — celestial coordinate system
    - координат, неподвижная — fixed coordinate system
    - координат, ортодромическая — transverse-pole spherical coordinate system
    сферическая система координат с произвольным расположением полюса. ортодромические широта и долгота координаты точки. — in this system the poles are deliberately displaced from the geographic north and south poles.
    - координат, ортодромическая, прямоугольная (применяемая при счислении пути с условной плоскостностью земли) — transverse-pole rectangular coordinate system
    - координат, полярная — polar coordinate system
    -, координат, поточная — wind axes
    - координат, прямоугольная — rectangular coordinate system
    - координат, прямоугольная, центр которой связан с объектом (условная с. координат) — rectangular aircraft-centered /vehicle-centered/ coordinate system
    - координат (ла), связанная — body axes

    а system of coordinate axes fixed in the aircraft.
    - координат, связанная с землей — earth axes
    система служит для определения положения самолета и образована тремя взаимноперпендикулярными осями с началом в центре земли: одна ось совпадает с осью вращения земли, вторая - линия пересечения плоскостей экватора и гринвичского меридиана, третья - перпендикулярна первым двум. — set of mutually perpendicular reference axes established with the upright axis (z-axis) pointing to the center of the earth used in describing the position of aircraft in flight. the earth axes may remain fixed or may move with the aircraft.
    - координат (ла), скоростная — wind axes

    а system of coordinate axes with the origin in the aircraft and the direction fixed by that of the relative airflow.
    - координат, сферическая — spherical coordinate system, spherical coordinates, system of spherical coordinates
    - координат, условная (картографическая) — map-grid coordinates
    цвм вычисляет место ла в условных (картографических координатах). — the navigation computer calculates а/с position in шарgrid coordinates
    - координат, условная (ортодромическая, с произвольным полюсом) (рис. 111) — transverse-pole coordinate system
    - координат, частноортодромическая — navigation leg coordinate system
    - коротковолновой связи — hf communication system
    - криволинейных координат — system of curvelinear coordinates
    - курса и вертикали, базовая (бскв) — (integrated) attitude and heading reference system (ahrs)
    для вычисления курса ла и выдачи сигналов курса в др. системы. включает два комплекта инерциальных курсовертикалей (икв) и индукционные датчики (ид). — incorporates two vertical/directional gyro unit (v/d gyro) and flux gates.
    -, курсовая (кс) — compass system (cs)

    Русско-английский сборник авиационно-технических терминов > система

  • 33 búsqueda

    f.
    1 search, quest, pursuit, research.
    2 chase, hunting.
    3 data search, lookup, look-up.
    * * *
    1 search
    * * *
    noun f.
    * * *
    SF search (de for)

    a o en búsqueda de algo — in search of sth

    búsqueda y sustitución — (Inform) find and replace

    * * *
    femenino search

    búsqueda de algo/alguien — search for something/somebody

    * * *
    = chase, look-up [lookup], search, search request, searching, hunt, hunting, reaching, trawl, querying.
    Ex. Enthusiasm in a searcher, of course, all are agreed on: 'he must delight in the chase for its own sake'.
    Ex. With online display, the alphabetical arrangement can become less significant, since all look-ups can be achieved with the computer, and there is less need for the scanning of alphabetical lists.
    Ex. Even a user who starts a search with a specific subject in mind, may be seeking a specific subject which does not quite match requirements.
    Ex. The search request is displayed on the screen and assigned a number in the extreme left column.
    Ex. Indexing and searching, then, are integral one to another, and so a few comments on searching are in order here = Por lo tanto, la indización y la búsqueda son complementarios y así pues es pertinente hacer algunos comentarios aquí sobre la búsqueda.
    Ex. If a search, manual or on-line, appears likely to last more than a few minutes, and should the librarian decide not to encourage the enquirer to join in the hunt, good practice requires that the visitor be given something to be going on with and invited to sit down.
    Ex. It was not until the 16th century that falconry and stag hunting gained the significance that it retained until 1789.
    Ex. 'Searching' or even 'ordering' would be better, so long as we didn't imply by either of them an 'irritable reaching after fact and reason'.
    Ex. 'Systematic review' is the process whereby similar studies, identified from a comprehensive trawl of numerous databases, are summarized in digestible form.
    Ex. The project consortium will complete a feasibility study into the automatic indexing of free text and the multilingual querying of text databases = El consorcio creado realizar el proyecto llevará a cabo un estudio de viabilidad sobre la indización automática de texto libre y la consulta en varios idiomas de bases de datos de texto.
    ----
    * acotador de búsqueda = search qualifier.
    * acotar una búsqueda = narrow + search, qualify + search, refine + search.
    * agente de búsqueda = intelligent search agent, search agent.
    * ampliar una búsqueda = broaden + search, expand + Posesivo + search.
    * anterior a la búsqueda = pre-search.
    * árbol de búsqueda binario = binary search tree.
    * búsqueda a terceros = third party searching.
    * búsqueda a través de ficheros de identificación documental = signature-based search.
    * búsqueda automatizada = computer searching, computer search, automated searching.
    * búsqueda avanzada = advanced search.
    * búsqueda bibliográfica = literature searching, literature search, bibliographic search.
    * búsqueda booleana = Boolean searching.
    * búsqueda con anterioridad al pedido = preorder searching.
    * búsqueda contextual = contextual searching.
    * búsqueda cruzada = federated search.
    * búsqueda cruzada de ficheros = cross-file searching.
    * búsqueda de citas = citation search.
    * búsqueda de comida = foraging.
    * búsqueda de datos = fact-finding.
    * búsqueda de documento conocido = known-item search.
    * búsqueda de documentos concretos = item search.
    * búsqueda deductiva = heuristic search.
    * búsqueda de empleo = job searching, job hunting.
    * búsqueda de información = fact-finding, quest for + information, information seeking.
    * búsqueda de la verdad = truth-seeking.
    * búsqueda del conocimiento = quest for/of knowledge.
    * búsqueda del tesoro = treasure hunt, scavenger hunt.
    * búsqueda de nuevos genes = gene-harvesting.
    * búsqueda de oro = gold digging.
    * búsqueda de palabras clave = keyword search.
    * búsqueda de pareja = mate finding.
    * búsqueda de proximidad = proximity searching.
    * búsqueda de recursos = resource discovery.
    * búsqueda de secuencias de caracteres = string search, string searching.
    * búsqueda de tesoros = treasure-seeking.
    * búsqueda de texto libre = free text search, free-text searching.
    * búsqueda de títulos = title search.
    * búsqueda de varios ficheros a la vez = multi-file searching.
    * búsqueda difusa = fuzzy match, fuzzy matching.
    * búsqueda documental = document search.
    * búsqueda eficaz = savvy searching.
    * búsqueda en el índice = index searching.
    * búsqueda en lenguaje natural = natural language searching.
    * búsqueda en línea = online searching, online search.
    * búsqueda en múltiples bases de datos = cross database searching.
    * búsqueda en múltiples ficheros = cross-file searching.
    * búsqueda en serie = serial search, serial searching.
    * búsqueda en texto completo = full text search.
    * búsqueda en vano = wild goose chase.
    * búsqueda evolutiva = berrypicking.
    * búsqueda exacta = exact match.
    * búsqueda global = comprehensive search.
    * búsqueda inteligente = savvy searching.
    * búsqueda interactiva = interactive searching, interactive search.
    * búsqueda inversa = backtracking search.
    * búsqueda iterativa = iterative searching.
    * búsqueda lateral = lateral searching.
    * búsqueda manual = manual searching.
    * búsqueda mecánica = machine searching.
    * búsqueda parcial = partial match.
    * búsqueda personalizada de ejecutivos = headhunting, executive search.
    * búsqueda ponderada = weighted query.
    * búsqueda por autor = author searching.
    * búsqueda por autor/título = author/title search.
    * búsqueda por campos = field searching.
    * búsqueda por descriptores = descriptor searching.
    * búsqueda por el usuario final = end-user searching.
    * búsqueda por materia = subject searching, topical subject search.
    * búsqueda por materias = subject search, subject query, subject browsing.
    * búsqueda por máxima proximidad = nearest neighbour searching.
    * búsqueda por medio de menús = menu-assisted searching.
    * búsqueda por medio de órdenes = command search.
    * búsqueda por palabra del título = title word search.
    * búsqueda por rangos = range searching, ranged search.
    * búsqueda por secuencia de caracteres = character-string search.
    * búsqueda por términos ponderados = weighted term search.
    * búsqueda rápida = scanning.
    * búsqueda repetitiva = iterative search.
    * búsqueda retrospectiva = retrospective search, retrospective searching.
    * búsquedas de secuencias de caracteres = text-string searching.
    * búsqueda simple = simple search.
    * búsqueda simultánea en varios ficheros = cross-searching [cross searching].
    * búsqueda simultánea en varios sitios = cross-search [cross search].
    * Búsqueda Simultánea Remota (SRS) = Simultaneous Remote Searching (SRS).
    * búsqueda tabú = tabu search.
    * búsqueda truncada = truncated search.
    * búsqueda y rescate = search and rescue (SAR).
    * capacidad de búsqueda = searching power.
    * clave de búsqueda = search key.
    * clave de búsqueda derivado = derived search key.
    * clave de búsqueda por el título = title key.
    * clave de búsqueda por nombre de autor = author key.
    * clave de búsqueda truncada = truncated key.
    * clave de búsqueda truncada derivada = truncated derived search key.
    * código de búsqueda = searchable code, search code.
    * coincidencia de mayúsculas y minúsculas en la búsqueda = case sensitivity.
    * comportamiento de búsqueda de información = information-seeking behaviour.
    * condición de búsqueda = search requirement.
    * conocimientos básicos de búsqueda = information literacy.
    * construir una búsqueda = construct + search.
    * construir un enunciado de búsqueda = state + search topic.
    * criterios de búsqueda = search criteria.
    * cumplir la condición de la búsqueda = match + request specification.
    * cumplir un enunciado lógico de búsqueda = satisfy + logic statement.
    * de acuerdo con la búsqueda de cadenas de caracteres = on a string search basis.
    * delimitar una búsqueda = narrow + search, qualify + search, refine + search.
    * desconocimiento de las destrezas básicas en la búsqueda, rec = information illiteracy.
    * destreza en la búsqueda de información en una biblioteca = library research skills.
    * detener búsqueda = discontinue + search.
    * donde se pueden hacer búsquedas = queriable.
    * durante la búsqueda = at the search stage.
    * ecuación de búsqueda = search argument, search expression, search formulation.
    * elemento de búsqueda ficticio = rogue string.
    * eliminar una ecuación de búsqueda = clear + search.
    * empresa de búsqueda personalizada de ejecutivos = headhunter.
    * en búsqueda de = a quest for.
    * en la búsqueda de = in the quest for.
    * enseñanza en la búsqueda de información = information instruction.
    * enunciado de búsqueda = search prescription, search statement, search query, query statement.
    * enunciado de búsqueda de documentos multimedia = multimedia query.
    * enunciado de búsqueda en texto libre = free-text search statement.
    * equipo de búsqueda y rescate = search and rescue team.
    * estadísticas de búsqueda = searching statistics.
    * estrategia de búsqueda = search strategy, search process.
    * estrategia de búsqueda de información = information seeking pattern.
    * expansión de una búsqueda por medio del tesauro = thesaurus expansion.
    * explosión de las búsquedas = explosion of searches.
    * expresión de búsqueda = access vector, search expression.
    * facilidad de búsqueda = scannability, soughtness, searchability, findability.
    * formulación de una búsqueda = query formulation.
    * formular una ecuación de búsqueda = formulate + search strategy.
    * grado de coincidencia entre el tema de un documento y el tema de búsqueda = topicality.
    * guardar los resultados de una búsqueda en un fichero = store + search results + in disc file.
    * guardar una búsqueda en disco = save + Posesivo + search + to disc.
    * hábito de búsqueda de información = information-seeking habit.
    * hacer búsquedas en = search through.
    * hacer cambios en la búsqueda = renegotiate + search.
    * hacer una búsqueda = look up, submit + search, do + search.
    * hacer una búsqueda en Google = google.
    * hacer una búsqueda mediante el operador O = OR together.
    * hacer una búsqueda mediante el operador Y = AND together.
    * herramienta de búsqueda = search aid, finding aid, search tool.
    * herramientas de ayuda para la búsqueda = searching aid.
    * historial de búsqueda = search history.
    * impreso de perfil de búsqueda = profile search form.
    * incluir en la búsqueda los términos relacionados = explode.
    * interfaz de búsqueda = search interface.
    * juego de búsqueda bibliográfica = library scavenger hunt.
    * lenguaje de búsqueda = search language.
    * limitar búsqueda = limit + search.
    * línea de búsqueda = query line.
    * lista de búsqueda = finding list.
    * lógica de búsqueda = search logic.
    * lógica de búsqueda por ponderación = weighted-term search logic.
    * método de búsqueda = search paradigm.
    * misión de búsqueda y rescate = search and rescue mission.
    * motor de búsqueda = portal, search engine, crawler.
    * número de búsquedas fallidas = failure rate.
    * número de la búsqueda = set number.
    * opción de búsqueda = search option.
    * opciones de búsqueda = search capabilities.
    * operación de búsqueda y rescate = search and rescue operation, search and rescue mission.
    * ordenación jerárquica del resultado de la búsqueda = output ranking.
    * orden de ampliar la búsqueda a los términos relaci = explode command.
    * papeleta de petición de búsqueda en línea = online search request form.
    * paradigma de búsqueda = search paradigm.
    * perfil de búsqueda = search profile.
    * petición de búsqueda = search request.
    * ponderación de los términos de la ecuación de búsqueda = query term weighting.
    * posibilidades de búsqueda = searching capabilities, searchability, retrieval facilities, search facilities.
    * posterior a la búsqueda = post-search.
    * precisar una búsqueda = focus + Posesivo + search.
    * proceso de búsqueda = searching process, search process.
    * programa de búsqueda = search software, search software package.
    * proveedor de servicios de búsqueda en línea = online search service supplier.
    * realizar una búsqueda = conduct + search, execute + search, perform + search, run + search, undertake + search, carry out + search.
    * recuadro de búsqueda = search box.
    * reformulación de la búsqueda = query reformation.
    * restringir una búsqueda = limit + selection, narrow + search, qualify + search, qualify + selection.
    * resultado de la búsqueda = posting, search output, search result, searching result.
    * resultado de una búsqueda = set.
    * robot de búsqueda = portal, search engine, crawler, Web crawler.
    * servicio de búsqueda = search service.
    * sesión de búsqueda = search session.
    * sistema de búsqueda = paging system.
    * técnica de búsqueda automatizada = computer-searching technique.
    * tema de búsqueda = search topic.
    * término de búsqueda = search term, search word.
    * término de la búsqueda = query term.
    * tiempo de búsqueda = search time.
    * tipos de búsqueda = retrieval facilities, search facilities.
    * vector de búsqueda = query vector.
    * velocidad de búsqueda = search speed.
    * ventana de búsqueda = search box.
    * * *
    femenino search

    búsqueda de algo/alguien — search for something/somebody

    * * *
    = chase, look-up [lookup], search, search request, searching, hunt, hunting, reaching, trawl, querying.

    Ex: Enthusiasm in a searcher, of course, all are agreed on: 'he must delight in the chase for its own sake'.

    Ex: With online display, the alphabetical arrangement can become less significant, since all look-ups can be achieved with the computer, and there is less need for the scanning of alphabetical lists.
    Ex: Even a user who starts a search with a specific subject in mind, may be seeking a specific subject which does not quite match requirements.
    Ex: The search request is displayed on the screen and assigned a number in the extreme left column.
    Ex: Indexing and searching, then, are integral one to another, and so a few comments on searching are in order here = Por lo tanto, la indización y la búsqueda son complementarios y así pues es pertinente hacer algunos comentarios aquí sobre la búsqueda.
    Ex: If a search, manual or on-line, appears likely to last more than a few minutes, and should the librarian decide not to encourage the enquirer to join in the hunt, good practice requires that the visitor be given something to be going on with and invited to sit down.
    Ex: It was not until the 16th century that falconry and stag hunting gained the significance that it retained until 1789.
    Ex: 'Searching' or even 'ordering' would be better, so long as we didn't imply by either of them an 'irritable reaching after fact and reason'.
    Ex: 'Systematic review' is the process whereby similar studies, identified from a comprehensive trawl of numerous databases, are summarized in digestible form.
    Ex: The project consortium will complete a feasibility study into the automatic indexing of free text and the multilingual querying of text databases = El consorcio creado realizar el proyecto llevará a cabo un estudio de viabilidad sobre la indización automática de texto libre y la consulta en varios idiomas de bases de datos de texto.
    * acotador de búsqueda = search qualifier.
    * acotar una búsqueda = narrow + search, qualify + search, refine + search.
    * agente de búsqueda = intelligent search agent, search agent.
    * ampliar una búsqueda = broaden + search, expand + Posesivo + search.
    * anterior a la búsqueda = pre-search.
    * árbol de búsqueda binario = binary search tree.
    * búsqueda a terceros = third party searching.
    * búsqueda a través de ficheros de identificación documental = signature-based search.
    * búsqueda automatizada = computer searching, computer search, automated searching.
    * búsqueda avanzada = advanced search.
    * búsqueda bibliográfica = literature searching, literature search, bibliographic search.
    * búsqueda booleana = Boolean searching.
    * búsqueda con anterioridad al pedido = preorder searching.
    * búsqueda contextual = contextual searching.
    * búsqueda cruzada = federated search.
    * búsqueda cruzada de ficheros = cross-file searching.
    * búsqueda de citas = citation search.
    * búsqueda de comida = foraging.
    * búsqueda de datos = fact-finding.
    * búsqueda de documento conocido = known-item search.
    * búsqueda de documentos concretos = item search.
    * búsqueda deductiva = heuristic search.
    * búsqueda de empleo = job searching, job hunting.
    * búsqueda de información = fact-finding, quest for + information, information seeking.
    * búsqueda de la verdad = truth-seeking.
    * búsqueda del conocimiento = quest for/of knowledge.
    * búsqueda del tesoro = treasure hunt, scavenger hunt.
    * búsqueda de nuevos genes = gene-harvesting.
    * búsqueda de oro = gold digging.
    * búsqueda de palabras clave = keyword search.
    * búsqueda de pareja = mate finding.
    * búsqueda de proximidad = proximity searching.
    * búsqueda de recursos = resource discovery.
    * búsqueda de secuencias de caracteres = string search, string searching.
    * búsqueda de tesoros = treasure-seeking.
    * búsqueda de texto libre = free text search, free-text searching.
    * búsqueda de títulos = title search.
    * búsqueda de varios ficheros a la vez = multi-file searching.
    * búsqueda difusa = fuzzy match, fuzzy matching.
    * búsqueda documental = document search.
    * búsqueda eficaz = savvy searching.
    * búsqueda en el índice = index searching.
    * búsqueda en lenguaje natural = natural language searching.
    * búsqueda en línea = online searching, online search.
    * búsqueda en múltiples bases de datos = cross database searching.
    * búsqueda en múltiples ficheros = cross-file searching.
    * búsqueda en serie = serial search, serial searching.
    * búsqueda en texto completo = full text search.
    * búsqueda en vano = wild goose chase.
    * búsqueda evolutiva = berrypicking.
    * búsqueda exacta = exact match.
    * búsqueda global = comprehensive search.
    * búsqueda inteligente = savvy searching.
    * búsqueda interactiva = interactive searching, interactive search.
    * búsqueda inversa = backtracking search.
    * búsqueda iterativa = iterative searching.
    * búsqueda lateral = lateral searching.
    * búsqueda manual = manual searching.
    * búsqueda mecánica = machine searching.
    * búsqueda parcial = partial match.
    * búsqueda personalizada de ejecutivos = headhunting, executive search.
    * búsqueda ponderada = weighted query.
    * búsqueda por autor = author searching.
    * búsqueda por autor/título = author/title search.
    * búsqueda por campos = field searching.
    * búsqueda por descriptores = descriptor searching.
    * búsqueda por el usuario final = end-user searching.
    * búsqueda por materia = subject searching, topical subject search.
    * búsqueda por materias = subject search, subject query, subject browsing.
    * búsqueda por máxima proximidad = nearest neighbour searching.
    * búsqueda por medio de menús = menu-assisted searching.
    * búsqueda por medio de órdenes = command search.
    * búsqueda por palabra del título = title word search.
    * búsqueda por rangos = range searching, ranged search.
    * búsqueda por secuencia de caracteres = character-string search.
    * búsqueda por términos ponderados = weighted term search.
    * búsqueda rápida = scanning.
    * búsqueda repetitiva = iterative search.
    * búsqueda retrospectiva = retrospective search, retrospective searching.
    * búsquedas de secuencias de caracteres = text-string searching.
    * búsqueda simple = simple search.
    * búsqueda simultánea en varios ficheros = cross-searching [cross searching].
    * búsqueda simultánea en varios sitios = cross-search [cross search].
    * Búsqueda Simultánea Remota (SRS) = Simultaneous Remote Searching (SRS).
    * búsqueda tabú = tabu search.
    * búsqueda truncada = truncated search.
    * búsqueda y rescate = search and rescue (SAR).
    * capacidad de búsqueda = searching power.
    * clave de búsqueda = search key.
    * clave de búsqueda derivado = derived search key.
    * clave de búsqueda por el título = title key.
    * clave de búsqueda por nombre de autor = author key.
    * clave de búsqueda truncada = truncated key.
    * clave de búsqueda truncada derivada = truncated derived search key.
    * código de búsqueda = searchable code, search code.
    * coincidencia de mayúsculas y minúsculas en la búsqueda = case sensitivity.
    * comportamiento de búsqueda de información = information-seeking behaviour.
    * condición de búsqueda = search requirement.
    * conocimientos básicos de búsqueda = information literacy.
    * construir una búsqueda = construct + search.
    * construir un enunciado de búsqueda = state + search topic.
    * criterios de búsqueda = search criteria.
    * cumplir la condición de la búsqueda = match + request specification.
    * cumplir un enunciado lógico de búsqueda = satisfy + logic statement.
    * de acuerdo con la búsqueda de cadenas de caracteres = on a string search basis.
    * delimitar una búsqueda = narrow + search, qualify + search, refine + search.
    * desconocimiento de las destrezas básicas en la búsqueda, rec = information illiteracy.
    * destreza en la búsqueda de información en una biblioteca = library research skills.
    * detener búsqueda = discontinue + search.
    * donde se pueden hacer búsquedas = queriable.
    * durante la búsqueda = at the search stage.
    * ecuación de búsqueda = search argument, search expression, search formulation.
    * elemento de búsqueda ficticio = rogue string.
    * eliminar una ecuación de búsqueda = clear + search.
    * empresa de búsqueda personalizada de ejecutivos = headhunter.
    * en búsqueda de = a quest for.
    * en la búsqueda de = in the quest for.
    * enseñanza en la búsqueda de información = information instruction.
    * enunciado de búsqueda = search prescription, search statement, search query, query statement.
    * enunciado de búsqueda de documentos multimedia = multimedia query.
    * enunciado de búsqueda en texto libre = free-text search statement.
    * equipo de búsqueda y rescate = search and rescue team.
    * estadísticas de búsqueda = searching statistics.
    * estrategia de búsqueda = search strategy, search process.
    * estrategia de búsqueda de información = information seeking pattern.
    * expansión de una búsqueda por medio del tesauro = thesaurus expansion.
    * explosión de las búsquedas = explosion of searches.
    * expresión de búsqueda = access vector, search expression.
    * facilidad de búsqueda = scannability, soughtness, searchability, findability.
    * formulación de una búsqueda = query formulation.
    * formular una ecuación de búsqueda = formulate + search strategy.
    * grado de coincidencia entre el tema de un documento y el tema de búsqueda = topicality.
    * guardar los resultados de una búsqueda en un fichero = store + search results + in disc file.
    * guardar una búsqueda en disco = save + Posesivo + search + to disc.
    * hábito de búsqueda de información = information-seeking habit.
    * hacer búsquedas en = search through.
    * hacer cambios en la búsqueda = renegotiate + search.
    * hacer una búsqueda = look up, submit + search, do + search.
    * hacer una búsqueda en Google = google.
    * hacer una búsqueda mediante el operador O = OR together.
    * hacer una búsqueda mediante el operador Y = AND together.
    * herramienta de búsqueda = search aid, finding aid, search tool.
    * herramientas de ayuda para la búsqueda = searching aid.
    * historial de búsqueda = search history.
    * impreso de perfil de búsqueda = profile search form.
    * incluir en la búsqueda los términos relacionados = explode.
    * interfaz de búsqueda = search interface.
    * juego de búsqueda bibliográfica = library scavenger hunt.
    * lenguaje de búsqueda = search language.
    * limitar búsqueda = limit + search.
    * línea de búsqueda = query line.
    * lista de búsqueda = finding list.
    * lógica de búsqueda = search logic.
    * lógica de búsqueda por ponderación = weighted-term search logic.
    * método de búsqueda = search paradigm.
    * misión de búsqueda y rescate = search and rescue mission.
    * motor de búsqueda = portal, search engine, crawler.
    * número de búsquedas fallidas = failure rate.
    * número de la búsqueda = set number.
    * opción de búsqueda = search option.
    * opciones de búsqueda = search capabilities.
    * operación de búsqueda y rescate = search and rescue operation, search and rescue mission.
    * ordenación jerárquica del resultado de la búsqueda = output ranking.
    * orden de ampliar la búsqueda a los términos relaci = explode command.
    * papeleta de petición de búsqueda en línea = online search request form.
    * paradigma de búsqueda = search paradigm.
    * perfil de búsqueda = search profile.
    * petición de búsqueda = search request.
    * ponderación de los términos de la ecuación de búsqueda = query term weighting.
    * posibilidades de búsqueda = searching capabilities, searchability, retrieval facilities, search facilities.
    * posterior a la búsqueda = post-search.
    * precisar una búsqueda = focus + Posesivo + search.
    * proceso de búsqueda = searching process, search process.
    * programa de búsqueda = search software, search software package.
    * proveedor de servicios de búsqueda en línea = online search service supplier.
    * realizar una búsqueda = conduct + search, execute + search, perform + search, run + search, undertake + search, carry out + search.
    * recuadro de búsqueda = search box.
    * reformulación de la búsqueda = query reformation.
    * restringir una búsqueda = limit + selection, narrow + search, qualify + search, qualify + selection.
    * resultado de la búsqueda = posting, search output, search result, searching result.
    * resultado de una búsqueda = set.
    * robot de búsqueda = portal, search engine, crawler, Web crawler.
    * servicio de búsqueda = search service.
    * sesión de búsqueda = search session.
    * sistema de búsqueda = paging system.
    * técnica de búsqueda automatizada = computer-searching technique.
    * tema de búsqueda = search topic.
    * término de búsqueda = search term, search word.
    * término de la búsqueda = query term.
    * tiempo de búsqueda = search time.
    * tipos de búsqueda = retrieval facilities, search facilities.
    * vector de búsqueda = query vector.
    * velocidad de búsqueda = search speed.
    * ventana de búsqueda = search box.

    * * *
    search búsqueda DE algo/algn search FOR sth/sb
    Compuestos:
    treasure hunt
    ( Inf) wordsearch
    web search
    ( Inf) search and replace
    * * *

     

    búsqueda sustantivo femenino búsqueda (de algo/algn) search (for sth/sb)
    búsqueda sustantivo femenino search
    ' búsqueda' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    batida
    - consulta
    - busca
    - cuidadoso
    - minucioso
    English:
    for
    - fruitless
    - hunt
    - job hunting
    - look
    - pursuit
    - scouting
    - search
    - warrant
    - wild-goose chase
    - quest
    - treasure
    * * *
    search;
    a la búsqueda de algo in search of sth;
    Esp
    (ir) en búsqueda de (to go) in search of
    * * *
    f search;
    búsqueda en el texto INFOR search o find in the text
    * * *
    : search
    * * *
    búsqueda n search

    Spanish-English dictionary > búsqueda

  • 34 examinar

    v.
    1 to examine.
    El científico examinó la evidencia The scientist examined the evidence.
    El médico examinó al paciente The doctor examined the patient.
    Ricardo examinó el libro Richard examined=perused the book.
    2 to interrogate.
    La policía examinó al testigo The police interrogated the witness.
    * * *
    1 (gen) to examine
    2 (investigar) to consider, inspect, go over
    1 to take an examination, sit an examination
    * * *
    verb
    •
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) [+ alumno] to examine
    2) [+ producto] to test
    3) [+ problema] to examine, study
    4) [+ paciente] to examine
    2.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1) <alumno/candidato> to examine
    2) (mirar detenidamente, estudiar) < objeto> to examine, inspect; <documento/proyecto/propuesta> to examine, study; <situación/caso> to study, consider; < enfermo> to examine
    2.
    examinarse v pron (Esp) to take an exam

    me examiné de latín — I had o took my Latin exam

    * * *
    = analyse [analyze, -USA], assess, discuss, examine, go over, look at, look into, overhaul, study, survey, probe into, offer + an account of, go through, vet, test, look over, check out, check up on, keep + tabs on, review, question, peruse, screen, probe.
    Ex. With a clear objective, the next step is to analyse the concepts that are present in a search.
    Ex. Without such guidelines each document would need to be assessed individually, and inconsistencies would be inevitable.
    Ex. This review also illustrates some of the issues which cataloguers have discussed over the years, and demonstrates other solutions to standards in cataloguing than those embodied in modern cataloguing codes.
    Ex. The article 'Home schoolers: a forgotten clientele?' examines ways in which the library can support parents and children in the home schooling situation.
    Ex. The person assigned as coach goes over the work of the new abstractor, makes editorial changes, and discusses these changes with the new man.
    Ex. This article looks at three interrelated issues regarding on-line services based on the recent literature.
    Ex. The main concern is to look into current use of, and interest in, electronic information services, and also to gauge opinion on setting up a data base concerned solely with development issues.
    Ex. It is difficult to overhaul the basic structure of an enumerative scheme without complete revision of sections of the scheme.
    Ex. Each of the binders is portable and can be separately studied.
    Ex. Chapters 7 and 8 introduced the problems associated with author cataloguing and have surveyed the purpose of cataloguing codes.
    Ex. If one probes more deeply into the question of truth and falsehood, one gets into difficult philosophical issues, which we prefer to leave to others.
    Ex. This article offers an account of the processes shaping the professionalisation of college and research librarianship within the framework of 4 contemporary sociological theories.
    Ex. I believe Mr. Freedman hired about 11 student assistants to go through this intentionally dirty file and clean it up.
    Ex. All three types of material, when first received by DG XIII, are submitted to the Technological Information and Patents Division of DG XIII in order to vet items for possible patentable inventions.
    Ex. Inmate library workers often test a new librarian, but once he or she has passed the test, they usually become very protective and staunch promoters of the library.
    Ex. It would be of enormous help to us if you could put a few things together for us to look over.
    Ex. Where problems do arise it is sensible to check out the training programme before blaming the assistant for poor performance of duties.
    Ex. The physical effort of keeping tabs on people as well as the distasteful practice of checking up on staff output achieves nothing and may do considerable damage.
    Ex. The physical effort of keeping tabs on people as well as the distasteful practice of checking up on staff output achieves nothing and may do considerable damage.
    Ex. There is only space to review briefly the special problems associated with the descriptive cataloguing of nonbook materials.
    Ex. If this appears to be excessively difficult, maybe it is time to question whether the tool is too complex.
    Ex. A summary differs from an abstract in that it assumes that the reader will have the opportunity to peruse the accompanying text.
    Ex. Employers should take a preventive role in protecting women's general health, for example, screening women workers for cervical cancer.
    Ex. The librarian sometimes must probe to discover the context of the question and to be able to discuss various possible approaches and explore their merits.
    ----
    * al examinar Algo de cerca = on closer examination, on closer inspection.
    * examinar cómo = look at + ways in which.
    * examinar detenidamente = scrutinise [scrutinize, -USA], put + Nombre + under the spotlight, bring + Nombre + under the spotlight.
    * examinar el modo de = examine + way.
    * examinar el papel de Algo = investigate + role.
    * examinar la función de Algo = investigate + role.
    * examinar la posibilidad de (que) = examine + the possibility that/of.
    * examinar los conocimientos = test + knowledge.
    * examinar más detenidamente = look + closer, take + a closer look at, take + a close look.
    * examinar más minuciosamente = examine + in greater detail.
    * examinar minuciosamente = pull apart.
    * examinar + Posesivo + conciencia = search + Posesivo + conscience.
    * examinar rápidamente = scan.
    * examinar un tema = explore + theme.
    * sin examinar = unexamined.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1) <alumno/candidato> to examine
    2) (mirar detenidamente, estudiar) < objeto> to examine, inspect; <documento/proyecto/propuesta> to examine, study; <situación/caso> to study, consider; < enfermo> to examine
    2.
    examinarse v pron (Esp) to take an exam

    me examiné de latín — I had o took my Latin exam

    * * *
    = analyse [analyze, -USA], assess, discuss, examine, go over, look at, look into, overhaul, study, survey, probe into, offer + an account of, go through, vet, test, look over, check out, check up on, keep + tabs on, review, question, peruse, screen, probe.

    Ex: With a clear objective, the next step is to analyse the concepts that are present in a search.

    Ex: Without such guidelines each document would need to be assessed individually, and inconsistencies would be inevitable.
    Ex: This review also illustrates some of the issues which cataloguers have discussed over the years, and demonstrates other solutions to standards in cataloguing than those embodied in modern cataloguing codes.
    Ex: The article 'Home schoolers: a forgotten clientele?' examines ways in which the library can support parents and children in the home schooling situation.
    Ex: The person assigned as coach goes over the work of the new abstractor, makes editorial changes, and discusses these changes with the new man.
    Ex: This article looks at three interrelated issues regarding on-line services based on the recent literature.
    Ex: The main concern is to look into current use of, and interest in, electronic information services, and also to gauge opinion on setting up a data base concerned solely with development issues.
    Ex: It is difficult to overhaul the basic structure of an enumerative scheme without complete revision of sections of the scheme.
    Ex: Each of the binders is portable and can be separately studied.
    Ex: Chapters 7 and 8 introduced the problems associated with author cataloguing and have surveyed the purpose of cataloguing codes.
    Ex: If one probes more deeply into the question of truth and falsehood, one gets into difficult philosophical issues, which we prefer to leave to others.
    Ex: This article offers an account of the processes shaping the professionalisation of college and research librarianship within the framework of 4 contemporary sociological theories.
    Ex: I believe Mr. Freedman hired about 11 student assistants to go through this intentionally dirty file and clean it up.
    Ex: All three types of material, when first received by DG XIII, are submitted to the Technological Information and Patents Division of DG XIII in order to vet items for possible patentable inventions.
    Ex: Inmate library workers often test a new librarian, but once he or she has passed the test, they usually become very protective and staunch promoters of the library.
    Ex: It would be of enormous help to us if you could put a few things together for us to look over.
    Ex: Where problems do arise it is sensible to check out the training programme before blaming the assistant for poor performance of duties.
    Ex: The physical effort of keeping tabs on people as well as the distasteful practice of checking up on staff output achieves nothing and may do considerable damage.
    Ex: The physical effort of keeping tabs on people as well as the distasteful practice of checking up on staff output achieves nothing and may do considerable damage.
    Ex: There is only space to review briefly the special problems associated with the descriptive cataloguing of nonbook materials.
    Ex: If this appears to be excessively difficult, maybe it is time to question whether the tool is too complex.
    Ex: A summary differs from an abstract in that it assumes that the reader will have the opportunity to peruse the accompanying text.
    Ex: Employers should take a preventive role in protecting women's general health, for example, screening women workers for cervical cancer.
    Ex: The librarian sometimes must probe to discover the context of the question and to be able to discuss various possible approaches and explore their merits.
    * al examinar Algo de cerca = on closer examination, on closer inspection.
    * examinar cómo = look at + ways in which.
    * examinar detenidamente = scrutinise [scrutinize, -USA], put + Nombre + under the spotlight, bring + Nombre + under the spotlight.
    * examinar el modo de = examine + way.
    * examinar el papel de Algo = investigate + role.
    * examinar la función de Algo = investigate + role.
    * examinar la posibilidad de (que) = examine + the possibility that/of.
    * examinar los conocimientos = test + knowledge.
    * examinar más detenidamente = look + closer, take + a closer look at, take + a close look.
    * examinar más minuciosamente = examine + in greater detail.
    * examinar minuciosamente = pull apart.
    * examinar + Posesivo + conciencia = search + Posesivo + conscience.
    * examinar rápidamente = scan.
    * examinar un tema = explore + theme.
    * sin examinar = unexamined.

    * * *
    examinar [A1 ]
    vt
    A ‹alumno/candidato› to examine
    B (mirar detenidamente, estudiar)
    1 ‹objeto› to examine, inspect; ‹contrato/documento› to examine, study
    2 ‹situación/caso› to study, consider; ‹proyecto/propuesta› to study, examine
    3 ‹paciente/enfermo› to examine
    ( Esp) to take o ( BrE) sit an exam
    ayer nos examinamos de latín we had o took o ( BrE) sat our Latin exam yesterday
    * * *

    Multiple Entries:
    examinar    
    examinar algo
    examinar ( conjugate examinar) verbo transitivo
    to examine;
    ‹situación/caso› to study, consider
    examinarse verbo pronominal (Esp) to take an exam
    examinar verbo transitivo to examine: quisiera examinar las pruebas detenidamente, I'd like to thoroughly examine the evidence
    ' examinar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    mirar
    - pensar
    - tantear
    - analizar
    - escudriñar
    - ver
    English:
    examine
    - inspect
    - look into
    - look over
    - paper
    - reassess
    - review
    - scrutinize
    - search
    - see into
    - study
    - test
    - trace
    - view
    - look
    - peruse
    - reexamine
    - survey
    - vet
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [alumno] to examine
    2. [analizar] to examine;
    examinó detenidamente el arma he examined the weapon carefully;
    examinaremos su caso we shall examine her case;
    tienes que ir al médico a que te examine you must go and get the doctor to examine you
    * * *
    v/t examine
    * * *
    1) : to examine
    2) inspeccionar: to inspect
    * * *
    examinar vb to examine

    Spanish-English dictionary > examinar

  • 35 único

    adj.
    1 only, one-time, one, single.
    2 unique, one-of-a-kind, single, unusual.
    3 single, azygos, that is not one of a pair.
    * * *
    1 (solo) only, sole
    ■ lo único es que... the thing is...
    * * *
    1. (f. - única)
    noun
    2. (f. - única)
    adj.
    1) only, single, sole
    * * *
    ADJ
    1) (=solo) only

    sistema de partido único — one-party o single-party system

    la única dificultad es que... — the only difficulty is that...

    es lo único que nos faltaba — iró that's all we needed

    2) (=singular) unique

    ¡eres único! solo a ti se te podía ocurrir algo así — you're amazing! only you could think of something like that

    * * *
    I
    - ca adjetivo
    1) ( solo) only

    lo único que quiero — the only thing I want, all I want

    2) ( extraordinario) extraordinary

    este hombre es único or es un caso único! — (fam) this guy is something else! (colloq)

    II
    - ca masculino, femenino

    el único/las únicas que tengo — the only one/ones I have

    * * *
    = all-through, distinctive, only, rare, single, sole, unique, unitary, one-time, single-source, flat, one-of-a-kind, unique unto itself, once in a lifetime.
    Ex. An all-through system of bibliographic control based on once-only generated short, reasonably accurate and quickly produced records is more appropriate than the present duplicated efforts.
    Ex. In addition to main or added entries under titles added entries are often also made in respect of distinctive series titles.
    Ex. Clearly, the only totally adequate indication of the content of a document is the text of the document in its entirety.
    Ex. In practice critical abstracts are rare, and certainly do not usually feature in published secondary services.
    Ex. Equally important was the desire to achieve a single text.
    Ex. Mainframe computers are rarely dedicated to the library's own sole application, unless the library concerned happens to be a national library, offering online access to its data bases to a wide audience.
    Ex. The basic requirement of a shelf arrangement system is that each document has a unique place in the sequence.
    Ex. The British unitary system of government impeded local efforts and a spirit of voluntarism.
    Ex. Appropriate system planning to eliminate 'holes,' segregation of public and administrative networks, programming security 'firewalls,' and assignment of one-time passwords all help in networked computing security.
    Ex. Discussion centred around the need for a single-source guide to collection management and electronic media.
    Ex. The company also offers a flat $50 trade-in allowance on major encyclopedias from other publishers.
    Ex. Join leading experts in cultural heritage informatics for a one-of-a-kind learning experience.
    Ex. Their problem, Waikart concluded, 'was unique unto itself'.
    Ex. The article ' Once in a lifetime: a student at Conference' presents a student's view of the Library Association's Centenary Conference, 1977.
    ----
    * autor personal único = single personal authorship.
    * cuota única = flat one-time fee.
    * de una única palabra = single-word.
    * ejemplar único = singleton.
    * el único = the one and only.
    * el único e incomparable = the one and only.
    * el único e inimitable = the one and only.
    * el único problema = a fly in the soup, the fly in the ointment.
    * experiencia única = experience of a lifetime.
    * hacer único = individualise [individualize, -USA].
    * hecho para una única ocasión = one shot.
    * la única pega = the fly in the ointment, a fly in the soup.
    * mercado único = single market.
    * Mercado Unico Europeo = Single European Market.
    * moneda única = single currency.
    * oportunidad única en la vida = chance of a lifetime.
    * pago único = one-time purchase, lump sum.
    * pago único y bien grande = fat lump sum.
    * postura única = unified voice.
    * servicio de única ventanilla = one-stop service.
    * sistema de entrada única = single entry system.
    * sistema en el que el documento aparece representado en un único lugar del ín = one-place system.
    * término que representa un único concepto = one concept term.
    * una única fuente para Algo = one-stop, one-stop shopping, one stop shop.
    * un centro único = one stop shop.
    * única fuente = single-source.
    * * *
    I
    - ca adjetivo
    1) ( solo) only

    lo único que quiero — the only thing I want, all I want

    2) ( extraordinario) extraordinary

    este hombre es único or es un caso único! — (fam) this guy is something else! (colloq)

    II
    - ca masculino, femenino

    el único/las únicas que tengo — the only one/ones I have

    * * *
    = all-through, distinctive, only, rare, single, sole, unique, unitary, one-time, single-source, flat, one-of-a-kind, unique unto itself, once in a lifetime.

    Ex: An all-through system of bibliographic control based on once-only generated short, reasonably accurate and quickly produced records is more appropriate than the present duplicated efforts.

    Ex: In addition to main or added entries under titles added entries are often also made in respect of distinctive series titles.
    Ex: Clearly, the only totally adequate indication of the content of a document is the text of the document in its entirety.
    Ex: In practice critical abstracts are rare, and certainly do not usually feature in published secondary services.
    Ex: Equally important was the desire to achieve a single text.
    Ex: Mainframe computers are rarely dedicated to the library's own sole application, unless the library concerned happens to be a national library, offering online access to its data bases to a wide audience.
    Ex: The basic requirement of a shelf arrangement system is that each document has a unique place in the sequence.
    Ex: The British unitary system of government impeded local efforts and a spirit of voluntarism.
    Ex: Appropriate system planning to eliminate 'holes,' segregation of public and administrative networks, programming security 'firewalls,' and assignment of one-time passwords all help in networked computing security.
    Ex: Discussion centred around the need for a single-source guide to collection management and electronic media.
    Ex: The company also offers a flat $50 trade-in allowance on major encyclopedias from other publishers.
    Ex: Join leading experts in cultural heritage informatics for a one-of-a-kind learning experience.
    Ex: Their problem, Waikart concluded, 'was unique unto itself'.
    Ex: The article ' Once in a lifetime: a student at Conference' presents a student's view of the Library Association's Centenary Conference, 1977.
    * autor personal único = single personal authorship.
    * cuota única = flat one-time fee.
    * de una única palabra = single-word.
    * ejemplar único = singleton.
    * el único = the one and only.
    * el único e incomparable = the one and only.
    * el único e inimitable = the one and only.
    * el único problema = a fly in the soup, the fly in the ointment.
    * experiencia única = experience of a lifetime.
    * hacer único = individualise [individualize, -USA].
    * hecho para una única ocasión = one shot.
    * la única pega = the fly in the ointment, a fly in the soup.
    * mercado único = single market.
    * Mercado Unico Europeo = Single European Market.
    * moneda única = single currency.
    * oportunidad única en la vida = chance of a lifetime.
    * pago único = one-time purchase, lump sum.
    * pago único y bien grande = fat lump sum.
    * postura única = unified voice.
    * servicio de única ventanilla = one-stop service.
    * sistema de entrada única = single entry system.
    * sistema en el que el documento aparece representado en un único lugar del ín = one-place system.
    * término que representa un único concepto = one concept term.
    * una única fuente para Algo = one-stop, one-stop shopping, one stop shop.
    * un centro único = one stop shop.
    * única fuente = single-source.

    * * *
    único1 -ca
    A (solo) only
    es la única solución it's the only solution
    el único sobreviviente the sole o only survivor
    lo único que quiero es … the only thing I want is …, all I want is …
    ¡es lo único que faltaba! that's all we needed!
    un sistema de partido único a single-party system, a one-party system
    su único hijo their only child
    soy hijo único I'm an only child
    es un ejemplar único it's unique, it's the only one of its kind
    un acontecimiento único a once-in-a-lifetime o a unique event
    B (extraordinario) extraordinary
    un actor único an extraordinary actor
    ¡este hombre es único or es un caso único! ( fam); this guy is something else! ( colloq)
    único2 -ca
    masculine, feminine
    only one
    es el único que tengo it's the only one I have
    el único que no está de acuerdo the only one o the only person who doesn't agree
    las únicas que quedaban the only ones (that were) left
    * * *

     

    único
    ◊ -ca adjetivo

    1
    a) ( solo) only;


    ¡es lo único que faltaba! that's all we needed!
    b) ‹mercado/moneda› single;


    talla única one size
    2 ( extraordinario) extraordinary
    ■ sustantivo masculino, femenino:
    ◊ el único/las únicas que tengo the only one/ones I have

    único,-a adjetivo
    1 (exclusivo) only: tengo un único problema, I only have one problem
    talla única, one size
    2 (fuera de lo común, extraordinario) unique: es una ocasión única, it is a unique opportunity

    ' único' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    hijo
    - ideal
    - importar
    - monetaria
    - monetario
    - salvarse
    - señera
    - señero
    - sentida
    - sentido
    - singular
    - singularidad
    - sola
    - solo
    - única
    - vicio
    - ganar
    - limpio
    - pretender
    - que
    English:
    all
    - fault
    - one
    - one-way
    - only
    - single
    - sole
    - thing
    - unique
    - vice
    - existence
    - indulgence
    - life
    - out
    * * *
    único, -a
    ♦ adj
    1. [solo] only;
    [precio, función, moneda] single;
    es la única forma que conozco de hacerlo it's the only way I know of doing it;
    la única alternativa posible the only possible alternative;
    hijo único only child, only son;
    hija única only child, only daughter;
    su caso no es único his is not the only case;
    es lo único que quiero it's all I want;
    lo único es que… the only thing is (that)…, it's just that…;
    única y exclusivamente only, exclusively
    único propietario sole owner
    2. [excepcional] unique;
    una oportunidad única para conocer otros países a unique opportunity to get to know other countries;
    eres único you're one of a kind
    ♦ pron
    el único/la única the only one
    * * *
    adj
    1 only;
    hijo único only child;
    su único hijo her only son;
    lo único que … the only thing that …
    2 ( sin par) unique; fig ( excelente) outstanding, extraordinary;
    es único it’s unique
    * * *
    único, -ca adj
    1) : only, sole
    2) : unique, extraordinary
    único, -ca n
    : only one
    los únicos que vinieron: the only ones who showed up
    * * *
    único1 adj
    1. (solo) only
    2. (especial) unique
    único2 n only one

    Spanish-English dictionary > único

  • 36 aplicación

    f.
    1 application, program, software, application software.
    2 application, utilization, use, implementation.
    3 administration, application, dosification, dosing.
    4 application form, form, application.
    5 diligence, attention, studiousness, application.
    6 appliqué, decoration, trimming.
    7 application, use of a physical means.
    * * *
    1 (gen) application
    2 (adorno) appliqué
    * * *
    noun f.
    2) diligence, dedication
    * * *
    SF
    1) (=uso externo) (tb Med) use, application frm
    2) (=puesta en práctica) [de acuerdo, impuesto, medida] implementation, application; [de método] implementation; [de sanción, castigo] imposition

    en aplicación de la ley 9/1968 — in accordance with law 9/1968

    3) (=dedicación) application

    le falta aplicación en el estudio — he doesn't apply himself enough to his studies, le lacks application in his studies frm

    4) (=aplique) (Cos) appliqué

    una puerta con hermosas aplicaciones de metal — (Téc) a door with beautiful metalwork overlay

    5) pl aplicaciones (=usos) (Téc) uses, applications; (Com, Inform) applications
    6) Bol, Col, Ven (=solicitud) application
    * * *
    1)
    a) (frml) ( de crema) application (frml); (de pintura, barniz) coat, application (frml)
    b) (frml) ( de sanción) imposition; (de técnica, método) application; (de plan, medida) implementation

    en este caso será de aplicación el artículo 12 — (frml) in this case article 12 shall apply (frml)

    2) ( uso práctico) application, use
    3) (esfuerzo, dedicación) application
    4) (Andes) ( solicitud) application
    * * *
    1)
    a) (frml) ( de crema) application (frml); (de pintura, barniz) coat, application (frml)
    b) (frml) ( de sanción) imposition; (de técnica, método) application; (de plan, medida) implementation

    en este caso será de aplicación el artículo 12 — (frml) in this case article 12 shall apply (frml)

    2) ( uso práctico) application, use
    3) (esfuerzo, dedicación) application
    4) (Andes) ( solicitud) application
    * * *
    aplicación1
    1 = application, enforcement, take-up, uptake, operationalisation [operationalization, -USA], enablement.

    Ex: The most appropriate type of abstract must be chosen in accordance with the requirements of each individual application.

    Ex: These are less tangible, more dependent upon personal motivation and inclination, and not amenable to enforcement through institutional policies.
    Ex: One of the reasons for the relatively slow take-up of microcomputers in libraries in the Philippines is the problem caused by the multitude of languages used in the island group.
    Ex: The project is investigating the factors which promote or inhibit the uptake of computers in primary schools.
    Ex: Theories and models from the behavioural sciences offer a sound basis for understanding the problems with conceptualization and operationalization of user satisfaction.
    Ex: The aim was that the edge would come from leveraging its knowledge assets, ie the leadership and expertise of its worldwide work force, through information technology enablement.
    * adaptar a una aplicación concreta = harness.
    * adaptarse a una aplicación = suit + application.
    * ámbito de aplicación = field of application.
    * aplicación a tareas bibliotecarias = library application.
    * aplicación práctica = application, practical application.
    * área de aplicación comercial = niche.
    * campo de aplicación = field of application, scope of application, field of practice, area of application.
    * de aplicación específica a un equipo de ordenador = hardware-based.
    * de aplicación general = general-purpose, of general application.
    * encontrar aplicación práctica = find + application.
    * hacerse a medida de una aplicación práctica concreta = tailor to + application.
    * mala aplicación = misapplication.
    * orientado hacia una aplicación práctica concreta = application-oriented.
    * relación de aplicación = bias relation.
    * según la aplicación de reglas = rule-governed.

    aplicación2
    2 = industry, diligence.

    Ex: In fact, the terms of the contrast are highly ambivalent: order vs. anarchy, liberty vs. despotism, or industry vs. sloth, and also dissimulation vs. honesty.

    Ex: If these guidelines are not adhered to with due care and diligence, financial damage to the library can result = Si no se siguen estas directrices con el debido cuidado y atención, el resultado puede ser que la biblioteca sufra daños económicos.
    * con aplicación = industriously, studiously.

    aplicación3
    3 = software system, software program, app [application].

    Ex: READS is a software system designed to run on a local area network (LAN) file server and accessed by multiple workstation.

    Ex: In the Internet, a client is a software program that is used to contact and obtain data from a server software program on another computer, often across a great distance.
    Ex: I am sick and tired of how Win 2000 runs DOS apps, but I need Windows for other reasons.
    * aplicación comercial = commercial application, business application.
    * aplicación de código abierto = open source software.
    * aplicación didáctica = courseware.
    * aplicaciones = toolbox [tool box].
    * aplicaciones comerciales = proprietary software, commercial software.
    * aplicaciones ofimáticas = office software.
    * aplicaciones para la información = information solutions.
    * aplicación filtro = filtering software.
    * aplicación informática = application(s) program(me), application(s) software, computer application.
    * aplicación multimedia = multimedia application.
    * aplicación web = Web application.
    * apoyo técnico de aplicaciones informáticas = software support.
    * dedicado a una aplicación específica = dedicated.
    * desarrollo de aplicaciones = software development, application development.
    * productor de aplicaciones informáticas = application(s) developer.
    * programa de montaje de aplicaciones = software packager.
    * programador de aplicaciones bibliotecarias = library software developer.

    * * *
    A
    1 ( frml) (de crema, pomada) application ( frml); (de pintura, barniz) coat, application ( frml)
    le hicieron aplicaciones de cobalto he was given o he had radiotherapy
    2 (de una pena, sanción) imposition; (de una técnica, un método) application; (de un plan, una medida) implementation
    en este caso será de aplicación el artículo 12 ( frml); in this case article 12 shall apply ( frml)
    la aplicación de los métodos audiovisuales en la enseñanza de idiomas the use of audiovisual techniques in language teaching
    B (uso práctico) application, use
    las aplicaciones pacíficas de la energía nuclear the applications o uses of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes
    C (esfuerzo, dedicación) application aplicación A algo application TO sth
    su aplicación al estudio the application she shows/has shown to her studies
    D ( Com, Inf) application
    paquete de aplicaciones applications package
    Compuesto:
    software application
    E ( Andes) (solicitud) application
    F aplicaciones fpl (en costura) appliqué work
    * * *

     

    aplicación sustantivo femenino
    1
    a) (frml) ( de crema) application (frml);

    (de pintura, barniz) coat, application (frml)

    (de técnica, método) application;
    (de plan, medida) implementation
    2 ( uso práctico) application, use
    3 (Col, Ven) ( solicitud) application
    4 (Inf) application
    aplicación sustantivo femenino application
    ' aplicación' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    práctica
    - uso
    - ámbito
    - diligencia
    English:
    app
    - application
    - enforcement
    - industry
    - studiously
    - studiousness
    * * *
    1. [de técnica, teoría] application;
    [de plan] implementation; [de sanciones] imposition;
    una ley de aplicación inmediata a law that will take immediate effect;
    exigen la aplicación del acuerdo de paz they are demanding that the peace agreement should be implemented
    2. [de pomada, vendaje, pintura] application
    3. [uso] application, use;
    las aplicaciones de la energía hidroeléctrica the different applications o uses of hydroelectric power
    4. [al estudio] application;
    su aplicación al trabajo the application she shows in her work
    5. [adorno] appliqué
    6. Informát application
    7. Mat map, function
    8. Andes [solicitud] application
    * * *
    f application
    * * *
    1) : application
    2) : diligence, dedication
    * * *
    aplicación n application

    Spanish-English dictionary > aplicación

  • 37 приводить

    reduce, reduce to, bring, cite, deduce, list, adduce, enter
    • Были приведены дальнейшие аргументы, показавшие, что... - Further arguments were given which showed that...
    • Было бы легко привести значительно больше примеров... - It would be easy to give many more examples of...
    • В основном, различные подходы приводят к... - Different approaches will, in general, lead to...
    • В свою очередь это может привести к тому, что... - This in turn can lead to...
    • В таблице 1 мы приводим вместе все данные относительно... - In Table 1 we summarize the...
    • В этом приложении мы приводим результаты... - In this appendix we present the results of...
    • Все эти данные приводили к очевидному требованию, что... - All this evidence led to a clear requirement that...
    • Дальнейшее рассуждение затем привело бы к идее... - Further argument would then lead to the idea of...
    • Данная процедура может быть продолжена, она приводит к... - The procedure can be continued, yielding...
    • Здесь мы приводим другой пример (чего-л). - We give here another example of...
    • Здесь мы приводим некоторые формулы для... - Неге we give some formulae for...
    • Исследование каждого случая отдельно приводит к... - Examination of each individual case leads to...
    • Можно привести еще одно замечание. - One further observation may be made.
    • Мы можем привести геометрическую интерпретацию для... -It is possible to give a geometric interpretation of...
    • Мы не можем привести здесь полный ответ. - We cannot give a complete answer here.
    • Мы не приводим это рассуждение со всеми подробностями по следующим причинам. - We do not present this argument in detail for the following reasons.
    • Мы приводим ниже значения для... - We quote below the values of...
    • Мы теперь приведем приложение уравнения (5). - We now give an application of (5).
    • Это привело нас к предложению, что... - We are led to the suggestion that...
    • Наши рассуждения в предыдущем параграфе могли бы привести нас к предположению, что... - Our work in the previous section might lead us to suspect that...
    • Однако здесь можно привести очень грубый довод. - A very rough reason, however, can be given here.
    • Описанный здесь метод всегда приводит... - The procedure described here always yields...
    • Перед тем как продолжить приводить примеры, мы приведем важное замечание, что... - Before proceeding to give examples, we make the important observation that...
    • Подобные повреждения могут привести к потере... - Such injuries can result in a loss of...
    • Понятно, что только один этот процесс не мог бы привести к... - Clearly such a process alone could not lead to...
    • Предыдущее обсуждение приводит к идее, что... - The preceding discussion leads to the idea that...
    • Приведем более полное доказательство, данное Гильбертом [2]. - A fuller proof, given by Hilbert [2], is as follows.
    • Приведем исключения, которые указывает Смит [1]. - Smith [1] points out certain exceptions as follows.
    • Приведем некоторый основной критерий для... - Let us list some major criteria for...
    • Приведем соответствующие численные величины:... - The corresponding numerical values are as follows:...
    • Приведем теперь пример, в котором... - We now give an example in which...
    • Процесс приводит к замене в... - The process leads to a change in...
    • Следовательно, мы обязаны попытаться развить теорию, которая приводит к... - Hence, we must try to develop a theory that leads to...
    • Смит [1] приводит убедительный пример существования... - Smith [l] makes a persuasive case for the existence of...
    • Сначала мы приведем некоторый дополнительный материал относительно... - We begin with some additional material relating to...
    • Сначала мы приведем один результат из... - We first quote a result from...
    • Такая практика приводит к серьезным недоразумениям. - This practice leads to serious confusion.
    • Тем не менее эта формальная работа привела к конкретному результату. - Nevertheless, this formal work has produced a concrete result. I
    • Тем самым нас довольно настойчиво приводит к идее, что... - This suggests quite strongly that...
    • Теперь мы приведем некоторые экспериментальные данные относительно... - We shall now give some experimental data concerning...
    • Теперь мы приведем список наиболее важных тождеств, включающих... - We shall now list the most important identities involving...
    • Теперь мы приведем явную характеристику... - We now give an explicit characterization of...
    • Теперь приведем несколько конкретных примеров. - A few concrete examples are in order.
    • Чтобы привести еще более простой пример, мы можем рассмотреть... - То take an even simpler example, we can consider...
    • Элегантное доказательство, которое мы здесь приводим, в основном принадлежит Гильберту. - The elegant proof we give is essentially due to Hilbert.
    • Эти кажущиеся тривиальными результаты приводят к... - These seemingly trivial results lead to...
    • Эти результаты мы приводим в таблице 1 для трех значений г. - The results are set out in Table 1 for three values of r.
    • Это выражение можно привести к более удобному виду. - This expression can be put in a more convenient form.
    • Это доказательство слишком сложное, чтобы приводить его здесь. - The proof is too complicated to give here.
    • Это естественным образом приводило к различным схемам для... - It led naturally to various schemes for...
    • Это заключение базируется на тех же самых идеях, которые приводят к... - This conclusion is based on the same ideas that lead to...
    • Это могло бы также привести к лучшему пониманию... - This could also lead to a better understanding of...
    • Это не приведет к ошибке, потому что... - This will not give rise to confusion because...
    • Это не приводит ни к каким концептуальным трудностям, однако... - This introduces no conceptual difficulties, but...
    • Это нестрогое рассуждение приводит нас к... - This crude argument leads to...
    • Это позволяет нам привести уравнение (1) к следующему виду... - This enables us to reduce (1) to the form...
    • Это привело нескольких авторов к заключению, что... - This has led several authors to believe that...
    • Это приводит к возникновению так называемого... - This gives rise to the so-called...
    • Это приводит к возрастанию... - This involves an increase in...
    • Это приводит к выводу, что... - This carries the implication that...
    • Это приводит к концепции... - This leads to a conception in which...
    • Это приводит к новым концепциям. - This leads to new conceptions.
    • Это приводит к полезным методам обращения с... - This leads to useful ways of dealing with...
    • Это приводит к противоречию, и, следовательно, доказательство закончено. - This gives a contradiction, and the proof is complete.
    • Это приводит к рассмотрению темы... - This leads into the topic of...
    • Это приводит к следующему определению. - This motivates the following definition.
    • Это приводит к тому, что известно как... - This leads to what is known as...
    • Это приводит нас к важному свойству... - This leads us to an important property of...
    • Это приводит нас к идее постулировать существование... - This leads us to postulate the existence of...
    • Этот результат автоматически приводит к необходимости изучения... - This result automatically leads to a study of...

    Русско-английский словарь научного общения > приводить

  • 38 real2

    2 = actual, flesh-and-blood, genuine, real, real-world, real-life, on the ground, factual.
    Ex. It presents a case study based on an actual situation which arose between the chief librarian of a public library and the library janitor.
    Ex. It is in this way that students gain experience by proxy and get a feel for handling problems in the flesh-and-blood world.
    Ex. A general paper may be irrelevant to a specialist but of genuine value to someone seeking a brief introduction to a field peripheral to their main interest.
    Ex. In this case we find a tendency to ignore the author's identity as found in the document, and to prefer instead a real name to a pseudonym.
    Ex. It is unfortunate that there is a dearth of real-world logged data to explore usage and problems.
    Ex. Many librarians find such theories difficult to put into practice in real-life situations.
    Ex. It is difficult to know just to what extent vague concepts like 'the flow of information in a democratic society' actually result in services on the ground.
    Ex. No one, in this purely hypothetical example, has thought that the reader might be happy with a factual account of an Atlantic convoy as well as, or in place of, a purely fictional account.
    ----
    * comprobación en la práctica real = field test.
    * en la práctica real = in actual practice.
    * en la vida real = in real life.
    * en términos reales = in real terms, in actual practice.
    * experiencia del mundo real = real-world training.
    * formación en el mundo real = real-world training.
    * hecho real = brute fact.
    * hechos reales = true story.
    * mundo real, el = real world, the.
    * práctica real = actual practice.
    * real y verdaderamente = really and truly.
    * solución poco real = pie in the sky solution.
    * tamaño real = full-size.
    * vida real = real life.

    Spanish-English dictionary > real2

  • 39 Creativity

       Put in this bald way, these aims sound utopian. How utopian they areor rather, how imminent their realization-depends on how broadly or narrowly we interpret the term "creative." If we are willing to regard all human complex problem solving as creative, then-as we will point out-successful programs for problem solving mechanisms that simulate human problem solvers already exist, and a number of their general characteristics are known. If we reserve the term "creative" for activities like discovery of the special theory of relativity or the composition of Beethoven's Seventh Symphony, then no example of a creative mechanism exists at the present time. (Simon, 1979, pp. 144-145)
       Among the questions that can now be given preliminary answers in computational terms are the following: how can ideas from very different sources be spontaneously thought of together? how can two ideas be merged to produce a new structure, which shows the influence of both ancestor ideas without being a mere "cut-and-paste" combination? how can the mind be "primed," so that one will more easily notice serendipitous ideas? why may someone notice-and remember-something fairly uninteresting, if it occurs in an interesting context? how can a brief phrase conjure up an entire melody from memory? and how can we accept two ideas as similar ("love" and "prove" as rhyming, for instance) in respect of a feature not identical in both? The features of connectionist AI models that suggest answers to these questions are their powers of pattern completion, graceful degradation, sensitization, multiple constraint satisfaction, and "best-fit" equilibration.... Here, the important point is that the unconscious, "insightful," associative aspects of creativity can be explained-in outline, at least-by AI methods. (Boden, 1996, p. 273)
       There thus appears to be an underlying similarity in the process involved in creative innovation and social independence, with common traits and postures required for expression of both behaviors. The difference is one of product-literary, musical, artistic, theoretical products on the one hand, opinions on the other-rather than one of process. In both instances the individual must believe that his perceptions are meaningful and valid and be willing to rely upon his own interpretations. He must trust himself sufficiently that even when persons express opinions counter to his own he can proceed on the basis of his own perceptions and convictions. (Coopersmith, 1967, p. 58)
       he average level of ego strength and emotional stability is noticeably higher among creative geniuses than among the general population, though it is possibly lower than among men of comparable intelligence and education who go into administrative and similar positions. High anxiety and excitability appear common (e.g. Priestley, Darwin, Kepler) but full-blown neurosis is quite rare. (Cattell & Butcher, 1970, p. 315)
       he insight that is supposed to be required for such work as discovery turns out to be synonymous with the familiar process of recognition; and other terms commonly used in the discussion of creative work-such terms as "judgment," "creativity," or even "genius"-appear to be wholly dispensable or to be definable, as insight is, in terms of mundane and well-understood concepts. (Simon, 1989, p. 376)
       From the sketch material still in existence, from the condition of the fragments, and from the autographs themselves we can draw definite conclusions about Mozart's creative process. To invent musical ideas he did not need any stimulation; they came to his mind "ready-made" and in polished form. In contrast to Beethoven, who made numerous attempts at shaping his musical ideas until he found the definitive formulation of a theme, Mozart's first inspiration has the stamp of finality. Any Mozart theme has completeness and unity; as a phenomenon it is a Gestalt. (Herzmann, 1964, p. 28)
       Great artists enlarge the limits of one's perception. Looking at the world through the eyes of Rembrandt or Tolstoy makes one able to perceive aspects of truth about the world which one could not have achieved without their aid. Freud believed that science was adaptive because it facilitated mastery of the external world; but was it not the case that many scientific theories, like works of art, also originated in phantasy? Certainly, reading accounts of scientific discovery by men of the calibre of Einstein compelled me to conclude that phantasy was not merely escapist, but a way of reaching new insights concerning the nature of reality. Scientific hypotheses require proof; works of art do not. Both are concerned with creating order, with making sense out of the world and our experience of it. (Storr, 1993, p. xii)
       The importance of self-esteem for creative expression appears to be almost beyond disproof. Without a high regard for himself the individual who is working in the frontiers of his field cannot trust himself to discriminate between the trivial and the significant. Without trust in his own powers the person seeking improved solutions or alternative theories has no basis for distinguishing the significant and profound innovation from the one that is merely different.... An essential component of the creative process, whether it be analysis, synthesis, or the development of a new perspective or more comprehensive theory, is the conviction that one's judgment in interpreting the events is to be trusted. (Coopersmith, 1967, p. 59)
       In the daily stream of thought these four different stages [preparation; incubation; illumination or inspiration; and verification] constantly overlap each other as we explore different problems. An economist reading a Blue Book, a physiologist watching an experiment, or a business man going through his morning's letters, may at the same time be "incubating" on a problem which he proposed to himself a few days ago, be accumulating knowledge in "preparation" for a second problem, and be "verifying" his conclusions to a third problem. Even in exploring the same problem, the mind may be unconsciously incubating on one aspect of it, while it is consciously employed in preparing for or verifying another aspect. (Wallas, 1926, p. 81)
       he basic, bisociative pattern of the creative synthesis [is] the sudden interlocking of two previously unrelated skills, or matrices of thought. (Koestler, 1964, p. 121)
        11) The Earliest Stages in the Creative Process Involve a Commerce with Disorder
       Even to the creator himself, the earliest effort may seem to involve a commerce with disorder. For the creative order, which is an extension of life, is not an elaboration of the established, but a movement beyond the established, or at least a reorganization of it and often of elements not included in it. The first need is therefore to transcend the old order. Before any new order can be defined, the absolute power of the established, the hold upon us of what we know and are, must be broken. New life comes always from outside our world, as we commonly conceive that world. This is the reason why, in order to invent, one must yield to the indeterminate within him, or, more precisely, to certain illdefined impulses which seem to be of the very texture of the ungoverned fullness which John Livingston Lowes calls "the surging chaos of the unexpressed." (Ghiselin, 1985, p. 4)
       New life comes always from outside our world, as we commonly conceive our world. This is the reason why, in order to invent, one must yield to the indeterminate within him, or, more precisely, to certain illdefined impulses which seem to be of the very texture of the ungoverned fullness which John Livingston Lowes calls "the surging chaos of the unexpressed." Chaos and disorder are perhaps the wrong terms for that indeterminate fullness and activity of the inner life. For it is organic, dynamic, full of tension and tendency. What is absent from it, except in the decisive act of creation, is determination, fixity, and commitment to one resolution or another of the whole complex of its tensions. (Ghiselin, 1952, p. 13)
       [P]sychoanalysts have principally been concerned with the content of creative products, and with explaining content in terms of the artist's infantile past. They have paid less attention to examining why the artist chooses his particular activity to express, abreact or sublimate his emotions. In short, they have not made much distinction between art and neurosis; and, since the former is one of the blessings of mankind, whereas the latter is one of the curses, it seems a pity that they should not be better differentiated....
       Psychoanalysis, being fundamentally concerned with drive and motive, might have been expected to throw more light upon what impels the creative person that in fact it has. (Storr, 1993, pp. xvii, 3)
       A number of theoretical approaches were considered. Associative theory, as developed by Mednick (1962), gained some empirical support from the apparent validity of the Remote Associates Test, which was constructed on the basis of the theory.... Koestler's (1964) bisociative theory allows more complexity to mental organization than Mednick's associative theory, and postulates "associative contexts" or "frames of reference." He proposed that normal, non-creative, thought proceeds within particular contexts or frames and that the creative act involves linking together previously unconnected frames.... Simonton (1988) has developed associative notions further and explored the mathematical consequences of chance permutation of ideas....
       Like Koestler, Gruber (1980; Gruber and Davis, 1988) has based his analysis on case studies. He has focused especially on Darwin's development of the theory of evolution. Using piagetian notions, such as assimilation and accommodation, Gruber shows how Darwin's system of ideas changed very slowly over a period of many years. "Moments of insight," in Gruber's analysis, were the culminations of slow long-term processes.... Finally, the information-processing approach, as represented by Simon (1966) and Langley et al. (1987), was considered.... [Simon] points out the importance of good problem representations, both to ensure search is in an appropriate problem space and to aid in developing heuristic evaluations of possible research directions.... The work of Langley et al. (1987) demonstrates how such search processes, realized in computer programs, can indeed discover many basic laws of science from tables of raw data.... Boden (1990a, 1994) has stressed the importance of restructuring the problem space in creative work to develop new genres and paradigms in the arts and sciences. (Gilhooly, 1996, pp. 243-244; emphasis in original)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Creativity

  • 40 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

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