-
21 Caltech
(California Institute of Technology) Калифорнийский технологический институтсм. www.caltech.comАнгло-русский толковый словарь терминов и сокращений по ВТ, Интернету и программированию. > Caltech
-
22 CIT
1) Общая лексика: (counsellor in training) практикант-вожатый (в детском или молодежном лагере), certification, inspection and testing2) Компьютерная техника: Cobol Intermediate Temporary, Computer Information Technology, communications and information technology3) Авиация: Compressor Internal Temperature (Температура внутри компрессора ГТД - показатель его работы)4) Американизм: Center for Information Technology5) Военный термин: command interface test, configuration identification tables, counterintelligence team6) Техника: Central Independent Television, call in time, conductivity indicator transmitter, corporate investigation team, critical incident technique7) Религия: Christians In Training8) Железнодорожный термин: International Rail Transport Committee (фр.)9) Юридический термин: Crisis Intervention Team10) Экономика: подоходный налог корпорации (Corporate Income Tax)11) Сокращение: California Institute of Technology, Carnegie Institute of Technology, Center for Innovative Technology (USA), Central Institute of Technology, Circumstellar Imaging Telescope, Coherent Integration Time, Combined Interrogator-Transponder, Compressor Inlet Temperature, Case Institute of Technology (part of CWRU, Cleveland, OH)12) Университет: Center For Innovative Teaching, Center For Innovative Thinking, Center For Instructional Technologies, College Of Information Technology13) Физиология: Collagen Induction Therapy14) Вычислительная техника: communication and information technology, Circumstellar Imaging Telescope (Space)15) Транспорт: Certifications In Transit16) Воздухоплавание: Cranfield Institute of Technology (UK)17) Фирменный знак: Cambridge Information Technology, Compagnia Italiana Turismo, Cornell Information Technologies18) Налоги: налог на доходы юридических лиц (corporate income tax), (Corporate Income Tax) КПН (корпоративный подоходный налог)19) Образование: Campers In Transition20) Сетевые технологии: communication and information, computer-integrated telephony21) Военно-воздушные силы: Тренажёр истребителя-перехватчика с подвижной кабиной (Controller Interceptor Trainer)22) Нефть и газ: (casing imaging tool) Сканер по определению состояния обсадной колонны23) Электротехника: coolant in temperature24) Фармация: Continuous Integrated Testing25) Должность: Camper In Training, Campus Instructional Technologist, Coach In Training, Coot In Training, Counselor In Training26) NYSE. CIT Group, Inc. (now FDD)27) Международная торговля: Court of International Trade -
23 cit
1) Общая лексика: (counsellor in training) практикант-вожатый (в детском или молодежном лагере), certification, inspection and testing2) Компьютерная техника: Cobol Intermediate Temporary, Computer Information Technology, communications and information technology3) Авиация: Compressor Internal Temperature (Температура внутри компрессора ГТД - показатель его работы)4) Американизм: Center for Information Technology5) Военный термин: command interface test, configuration identification tables, counterintelligence team6) Техника: Central Independent Television, call in time, conductivity indicator transmitter, corporate investigation team, critical incident technique7) Религия: Christians In Training8) Железнодорожный термин: International Rail Transport Committee (фр.)9) Юридический термин: Crisis Intervention Team10) Экономика: подоходный налог корпорации (Corporate Income Tax)11) Сокращение: California Institute of Technology, Carnegie Institute of Technology, Center for Innovative Technology (USA), Central Institute of Technology, Circumstellar Imaging Telescope, Coherent Integration Time, Combined Interrogator-Transponder, Compressor Inlet Temperature, Case Institute of Technology (part of CWRU, Cleveland, OH)12) Университет: Center For Innovative Teaching, Center For Innovative Thinking, Center For Instructional Technologies, College Of Information Technology13) Физиология: Collagen Induction Therapy14) Вычислительная техника: communication and information technology, Circumstellar Imaging Telescope (Space)15) Транспорт: Certifications In Transit16) Воздухоплавание: Cranfield Institute of Technology (UK)17) Фирменный знак: Cambridge Information Technology, Compagnia Italiana Turismo, Cornell Information Technologies18) Налоги: налог на доходы юридических лиц (corporate income tax), (Corporate Income Tax) КПН (корпоративный подоходный налог)19) Образование: Campers In Transition20) Сетевые технологии: communication and information, computer-integrated telephony21) Военно-воздушные силы: Тренажёр истребителя-перехватчика с подвижной кабиной (Controller Interceptor Trainer)22) Нефть и газ: (casing imaging tool) Сканер по определению состояния обсадной колонны23) Электротехника: coolant in temperature24) Фармация: Continuous Integrated Testing25) Должность: Camper In Training, Campus Instructional Technologist, Coach In Training, Coot In Training, Counselor In Training26) NYSE. CIT Group, Inc. (now FDD)27) Международная торговля: Court of International Trade -
24 Shockley, William Bradford
[br]b. 13 February 1910 London, Englandd. 12 August 1989, Palo Alto, California, USA.[br]American physicist who developed the junction transistor from the point contact transistor and was joint winner (with John Bardeen and Walter H. Brattain) of the 1956 Nobel Prize for physics.[br]The son of a mining engineer, Shockley graduated from the California Institute of Technology in 1932 and in 1936 obtained his PhD at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. In that year, he joined the staff of Bell Telephone Laboratories.Since the early days of radio, crystals of silicon or similar materials had been used to rectify alternating current supply until these were displaced by thermionic valves or tubes. Shockley, with Bardeen and Brattain, found that crystals of germanium containing traces of certain impurities formed far better rectifiers than crystals of the material in its pure form. The resulting device, the transistor, could also be used to amplify the current; its name is derived from its ability to transfer current across a resistor. The transistor, being so much smaller than the thermionic valve which it replaced, led to the miniaturization of electronic appliances. Another advantage was that a transistorized device needed no period of warming up, such as was necessary with a thermionic valve before it would operate. The dispersal of the heat generated by a multiplicity of thermionic valves such as were present in early computers was another problem obviated by the advent of the transistor.Shockley was responsible for much development in the field of semiconductors. He was Deputy Director of the Weapons Systems Evaluation Group of the US Department of Defense (1954–5), and in 1963 he was appointed the first Poniatoff Professor of Engineering Science at Stanford University, California. During the late 1960s Shockley became a controversial figure for expressing his unorthodox views on genetics, such as that black people were inherently less intelligent than white people, and that the population explosion spread "bad" genes at the expense of "good" genes; he supported the idea of a sperm bank from Nobel Prize winners, voluntary sterilization and the restriction of interracial marriages.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsNobel Prize for Physics 1956.Further ReadingI.Asimov (ed.), 1982, Biographical Encyclopedia of Science and Technology, New York: Doubleday \& Co.IMcNBiographical history of technology > Shockley, William Bradford
-
25 Townes, Charles Hard
SUBJECT AREA: Electronics and information technology[br]b. 28 July 1915 Greenville, South Carolina, USA[br]American physicist who developed the maser and contributed to the development of the laser.[br]Charles H.Townes entered Furman University, Greenville, at the early age of 16 and in 1935 obtained a BA in modern languages and a BS in physics. After a year of postgraduate study at Duke University, he received a master's degree in physics in 1936. He then went on to the California Institute of Technology, where he obtained a PhD in 1939. From 1939 to 1947 he worked at the Bell Telephone Laboratories, mainly on airborne radar, although he also did some work on radio astronomy. In 1948 he joined Columbia University as Associate Professor of Physics and in 1950 was appointed a full professor. He was Director of the University's Radiation Laboratory from 1950 to 1952, and from 1952 to 1955 he was Chairman of the Physics Department.To meet the need for an oscillator generating very short wavelength electromagnetic radiation, Townes in 1951 realized that use could be made of the different natural energy levels of atoms and molecules. The practical application of this idea was achieved in his laboratory in 1953 using ammonia gas to make the device known as a maser (an acronym of microwave amplification by stimulated emission of radiation). The maser was developed in the next few years and in 1958, in a joint paper with his brother-in-law Arthur L. Schawlow, Townes suggested the possibility of a further development into optical frequencies or an optical maser, later known as a laser (an acronym of light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation). Two years later the first such device was made by Theodore H. Maiman.In 1959 Townes was given leave from Columbia University to serve as Vice-President and Director of Research at the Institute for Defense Analyses until 1961. He was then appointed Provost and Professor of Physics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. In 1967 he became University Professor of Physics at the University of California, where he has extended his research interests in the field of microwave and infra-red astronomy. He is a member of the National Academy of Sciences, the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers and the American Astronomical Society.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsNobel Prize for Physics 1964. Foreign Member, Royal Society of London. President, American Physical Society 1967. Townes has received many awards from American and other scientific societies and institutions and honorary degrees from more than twenty universities.BibliographyTownes is the author of many scientific papers and, with Arthur L.Schawlow, ofMicrowave Spectroscopy (1955).1980, entry, McGraw-Hill Modern Scientists and Engineers, Part 3, New York, pp. 227– 8 (autobiography).1991, entry, The Nobel Century, London, p. 106 (autobiography).Further ReadingT.Wasson (ed.), 1987, Nobel Prize Winners, New York, pp. 1,071–3 (contains a short biography).RTS -
26 Pierce, John Robinson
[br]b. 27 March 1910 Des Moines, Iowa, USA[br]American scientist and communications engineer said to be the "father" of communication satellites.[br]From his high-school days, Pierce showed an interest in science and in science fiction, writing under the pseudonym of J.J.Coupling. After gaining Bachelor's, Master's and PhD degrees at the California Institute of Technology (CalTech) in Pasadena in 1933, 1934 and 1936, respectively, Pierce joined the Bell Telephone Laboratories in New York City in 1936. There he worked on improvements to the travelling-wave tube, in which the passage of a beam of electrons through a helical transmission line at around 7 per cent of the speed of light was made to provide amplification at 860 MHz. He also devised a new form of electrostatically focused electron-multiplier which formed the basis of a sensitive detector of radiation. However, his main contribution to electronics at this time was the invention of the Pierce electron gun—a method of producing a high-density electron beam. In the Second World War he worked with McNally and Shepherd on the development of a low-voltage reflex klystron oscillator that was applied to military radar equipment.In 1952 he became Director of Electronic Research at the Bell Laboratories' establishment, Murray Hill, New Jersey. Within two years he had begun work on the possibility of round-the-world relay of signals by means of communication satellites, an idea anticipated in his early science-fiction writings (and by Arthur C. Clarke in 1945), and in 1955 he published a paper in which he examined various possibilities for communications satellites, including passive and active satellites in synchronous and non-synchronous orbits. In 1960 he used the National Aeronautics and Space Administration 30 m (98 1/2 ft) diameter, aluminium-coated Echo 1 balloon satellite to reflect telephone signals back to earth. The success of this led to the launching in 1962 of the first active relay satellite (Telstar), which weighed 170 lb (77 kg) and contained solar-powered rechargeable batteries, 1,000 transistors and a travelling-wave tube capable of amplifying the signal 10,000 times. With a maximum orbital height of 3,500 miles (5,600 km), this enabled a variety of signals, including full bandwidth television, to be relayed from the USA to large receiving dishes in Europe.From 1971 until his "retirement" in 1979, Pierce was Professor of Electrical Engineering at CalTech, after which he became Chief Technologist at the Jet Propulsion Laboratories, also in Pasadena, and Emeritus Professor of Engineering at Stanford University.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsInstitute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Morris N.Liebmann Memorial Award 1947; Edison Medal 1963; Medal of Honour 1975. Franklin Institute Stuart Ballantine Award 1960. National Medal of Science 1963. Danish Academy of Science Valdemar Poulsen Medal 1963. Marconi Award 1974. National Academy of Engineering Founders Award 1977. Japan Prize 1985. Arthur C.Clarke Award 1987. Honorary DEng Newark College of Engineering 1961. Honorary DSc Northwest University 1961, Yale 1963, Brooklyn Polytechnic Institute 1963. Editor, Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers 1954–5.Bibliography23 October 1956, US patent no. 2,768,328 (his development of the travelling-wave tube, filed on 5 November 1946).1947, with L.M.Field, "Travelling wave tubes", Proceedings of the Institute of RadioEngineers 35:108 (describes the pioneering improvements to the travelling-wave tube). 1947, "Theory of the beam-type travelling wave tube", Proceedings of the Institution ofRadio Engineers 35:111. 1950, Travelling Wave Tubes.1956, Electronic Waves and Messages. 1962, Symbols, Signals and Noise.1981, An Introduction to Information Theory: Symbols, Signals and Noise: Dover Publications.1990, with M.A.Knoll, Signals: Revolution in Electronic Communication: W.H.Freeman.KF -
27 Caltech
1) Сокращение: California Institute of Technology2) Образование: Калифорнийский технологический институт (California Institute of Technology) -
28 Калифорнийский технологический институт
2) Education: Caltech (California Institute of Technology)Универсальный русско-английский словарь > Калифорнийский технологический институт
-
29 creérselas de
(v.) = fancy + ReflexivoEx. A chemical engineering graduate of the California Institute of Technology, he fancied himself a scientist and something of an amateur theologian.* * *(v.) = fancy + ReflexivoEx: A chemical engineering graduate of the California Institute of Technology, he fancied himself a scientist and something of an amateur theologian.
-
30 dárselas de
familiar to pose as, fancy oneself as* * ** * *(v.) = fancy + ReflexivoEx. A chemical engineering graduate of the California Institute of Technology, he fancied himself a scientist and something of an amateur theologian.* * *(v.) = fancy + ReflexivoEx: A chemical engineering graduate of the California Institute of Technology, he fancied himself a scientist and something of an amateur theologian.
-
31 Cady, Walter Guyton
[br]b. 10 December 1874 Providence, Rhode Island, USAd. 9 December 1974 Providence, Rhode Island, USA[br]American physicist renowned for his pioneering work on piezo-electricity.[br]After obtaining BSc and MSc degrees in physics at Brown University in 1896 and 1897, respectively, Cady went to Berlin, obtaining his PhD in 1900. Returning to the USA he initially worked for the US Coast and Geodetic Survey, but in 1902 he took up a post at the Wesleyan University, Connecticut, remaining as Professor of Physics from 1907 until his retirement in 1946. During the First World War he became interested in piezo-electricity as a result of attending a meeting on techniques for detecting submarines, and after the war he continued to work on the use of piezo-electricity as a transducer for generating sonar beams. In the process he discovered that piezo-electric materials, such as quartz, exhibited high-stability electrical resonance, and in 1921 he produced the first working piezo-electric resonator. This idea was subsequently taken up by George Washington Pierce and others, resulting in very stable oscillators and narrow-band filters that are widely used in the 1990s in radio communications, electronic clocks and watches.Internationally known for his work, Cady retired from his professorship in 1946, but he continued to work for the US Navy. From 1951 to 1955 he was a consultant and research associate at the California Institute of Technology, after which he returned to Providence to continue research at Brown, filing his last patent (one of over fifty) at the age of 93 years.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsPresident, Institute of Radio Engineers 1932. London Physical Society Duddell Medal. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Morris N.Liebmann Memorial Prize 1928.Bibliography28 January 1920, US patent no. 1,450,246 (piezo-electric resonator).1921, "The piezo-electric resonator", Physical Review 17:531. 1946, Piezoelectricity, New York: McGraw Hill (his classic work).Further ReadingB.Jaffe, W.R.Cooke \& H.Jaffe, 1971, Piezoelectric Ceramics.KF -
32 Los Angeles
I [los ˊændʒǝlǝs] г. Лос-Анджелес, второй по величине город США ( после Нью-Йорка) и крупнейший город штата Калифорния ( с пригородами 13 млн. жителей). Этот мегаполис в южной части штата Калифорния, население которого ещё в начале XX в. не достигало и 100 тыс., сохранял черты типичной испано-мексиканской архитектуры и долго считался пыльным захолустьем (см. Santa Ana winds), затерявшимся среди фасолевых полей и цитрусовых плантаций. Миграция на Западное побережье началась в 1920-е, в 1930-е гг. во время Великой депрессии [*Great Depression] сюда устремились бездомные и безработные, в 1920—30-х гг. город стал центром кинопроизводства ( Голливуд), в конце 1940-х гг. здесь осело много демобилизованных из армии и флота, возвращавшихся с тихоокеанского театра боевых действий, а в 1950—60-е гг. Эл-Эй (LA I — сокр. от Los Angeles I) стал центром новых технологий будущего и аэрокосмической промышленности. Сюда потянулись молодые и наиболее перспективные кадры, а девушек всегда привлекал Голливуд. Если не всем удавалось стать кинозвездой, то официанткой, секретарём-машинисткой или лаборанткой в научных центрах становились многие; Лос-Анджелес притягивал к себе молодых, сильных и красивых. Так он становился «городом американской мечты». Высокий уровень жизни, виллы и автомобили ( пусть даже купленные в кредит), пляжи и много солнца — таков Лос-Анджелес в представлении среднего американца. Сокращение: LA I. Прозвища: «город ангелов» [‘City of the Angels’], «город дорог» [‘roadsville’], «двойной Дубьюк» [‘Double Dubuque’]. Житель: лосанджелесец [Los Angelean, Los Angeleno]. Районы, улицы, площади: Голливуд [*Hollywood], Беверли-Хиллз [Beverly Hills I], Плаза [Plaza III], улица Олвера [Olvera Street], Пятая улица [Fifth Avenue], бульвар Голливуд [*Hollywood Boulevard], Гауэр-стрит [Gower Street], бульвары Ла-Сиенга [La Cienega Boulevard], Сансет [*Sunset Boulevard] и Уилшир [Wilshire Boulevard], «Маленький Токио» [Little Tokyo], Портс-о’ Колл-Виллидж [Ports o’Call Village]. Комплексы, здания, памятники: башня муниципалитета [City Hall Tower], муниципальный центр [Los Angeles Civic Center and Mall]. Музеи, памятные места: Музей Юго-Запада США [Southwest Museum] ( искусство индейцев), Голливудский музей восковых фигур [Hollywood Wax Museum], Музей костюмов из кинопостановок «Голливуд меморис» [Hollywood Memories, Inc.], Музей восковых фигур «Мувиленд» [Movieland Wax Museum], корабль-музей «Куин Мэри» [‘Queen Mary’], ягодная плантация Нотта [Knott’s Berry Farm]. Художественные музеи, выставки: Художественный музей округа Лос-Анджелес [*Los Angeles County Museum of Art], Библиотека и картинная галерея Хантингтона [Huntington Library and Art Gallery]. Культурные центры, театры, студии: Греческий театр [Greek Theater], Театр «Хантингтон-Хартфорд» [Huntington Hartford Theater], Театр «Шуберт» [*Shubert Theater], Театр «Уэствуд плейхаус» [Westwood Playhose], Театр «Пентаж» [Pentages Theater], амфитеатр «Голливудская чаша» [Hollywood Bowl], Музыкальный центр [Music Center], студии «Бёрбанк» [*Burbank Studios] телевизионные студии Эн-би-си [NBC Television Studios], «XX век — Фокс» [20th Century Fox], «Китайский театр Манна» [Mann’s Chinese Theater], студии «Парамаунт» [Paramount Pictures] и «Уорнер бразерс» [Warner Brothers], студии Самуэля Голдвина [Samuel Goldwyn Studios], студии Селзника [Selznick Studios], Театр «Пасадена» [Pasadena Playhouse]. Учебные заведения, научные центры: Калифорнийский университет [University of California at Los Angeles], Университет Южной Калифорнии [University of Southern California (USC)], Калифорнийский технологический институт [California Institute of Technology]. Периодические издания: «Лос-Анджелес таймс» [‘Los Angeles Times’], «Лос-Анджелес геральд экзаменер» [‘Los Angeles Herald-Examiner’], «Лос-Анджелес» [‘Los Angeles’ II], «Калифорния» [‘California’ II]. Парки, зоопарки: парк Гриффит [Griffith Park], «Волшебная гора Шести Флагов» [Six Flags Magic Mountain], мемориальный парк Форест-Лон [*Forest Lawn Memorial Park], аквапарк «Мариналенд» [Marinaland], «Диснейленд» [*Disneyland], «Сафари в стране львов» [Lion Country Safari]. Спорт. Команды: бейсбольная «Ловкие» [‘Dodgers’] и «Калифорнийские ангелы» [‘California Angels’], футбольные «Архары» [‘Rams’] и «Рейдеры» [‘Raiders’], баскетбольная «Лейкерс» [‘Lakers’], хоккейные «Короли» [‘Kings’] и «Экспресс» [‘La Express’]; открытый турнир по гольфу «Глен Кампбелл» [Glen Campbell Open Golf Tournament]; футбольный матч «всех звёзд» [All-Star Shrine Football Game]; стадион «Мемориальный Колизей» [*Memorial Coliseum]. Магазины, рынки: Фермерский рынок [Farmers Market I]. Отели: «Беверли-Хиллз» [‘Beverly Hills’ II], «Беверли-Уилшир» [‘Beverly Wilshire’]. Рестораны: «Чейсенс» [Chasen’s], «Императорский дворец» [Imperial Palace]. Транспорт: железнодорожный вокзал «Юнион» [Union], Лос-Анджелесский международный аэропорт [Los Angeles International Airport]. Достопримечательности: горы Сан-Габриель [San Gabriel Mountains] и Санта-Моника [Santa Monica Mountains], гора Олимп [Mount Olympus], ветры Санта-Ана [*Santa Ana winds]. Фестивали, праздники: Выставка рисунков на асфальте [Sidewalk Arts Festival], «Праздник роз в Пасадене» [Pasadena Rose Bowl], Фестиваль камелий [Camelia Festival], Марди-Гра Университета Южной Калифорнии [UCLA Mardi Gras], ярмарка в стиле Ренессанса [Renaissance Pleasure Faire], пасхальное шествие в «Диснейленде» [Disneyland’s Easter Parade], фестиваль искусств Манхаттан-Бич [Manhattan Beach Art Festival], фейерверк 4 июля [4th of July fireworks], Международный морской фестиваль [California International Sea Festival], Международный фестиваль сёрфинга [International Surf Festival], ярмарка округа Лос-Анджелес [Los Angeles County Fair], рождественское шествие в Голливуде [Hollywood Christmas Parade] II • ‘Los Angeles’ «Лос-Анджелес», ежемесячный журнал. Издаётся в Лос-Анджелесе ( штат Калифорния)США. Лингвострановедческий англо-русский словарь > Los Angeles
-
33 Oppenheimer, J. Robert
(1904-1967) Оппенгеймер, Дж. РобертФизик. Выпускник Гарвардского университета [ Harvard University], получил дальнейшее образование в европейских университетах (Кембридж, Геттинген, Лейден и Цюрих), после чего стал преподавателем физики в Калифорнийском технологическом институте [ California Institute of Technology] и Калифорнийском университете в Беркли [ California, University of]; полный профессор с 1936. В 1941 стал во главе Манхэттенского проекта [ Manhattan Project] создания атомной бомбы, привлек к работе значительное число ведущих физиков мира (в том числе Энрико Ферми и Нильса Бора). Проявил себя прекрасным администратором, заслужил прозвище "отца атомной бомбы". В 1946 был удостоен высшей награды для гражданских лиц - президентской медали "За заслуги" [ Medal for Merit]. В 1946-52 был председателем консультативного комитета при Комиссии по атомной энергии [ Atomic Energy Commission] и главным научным консультантом американской делегации при ООН. Выступал за гражданский контроль над атомной энергией в стране и международный контроль в мире, выступил против создания водородной бомбы. В 1947 возглавил принстонский Институт перспективных исследований [ Institute for Advanced Study]. Однако в 1953 попал под подозрение комиссии Маккарти [ Oppenheimer case]. В 1963 получил премию Ферми по физике, врученную ему лично президентом Л. Джонсоном [ Johnson, Lyndon Baines (LBJ)]. Автор ряда книг, среди них: "Наука и общепринятое понимание" ["Science and Common Understanding"] (1954), "Непредвзятость" ["Open Mind"] (1955) и "Некоторые размышления о науке и культуре" ["Some Reflection on Sciwence and Culture"] (1960)English-Russian dictionary of regional studies > Oppenheimer, J. Robert
-
34 Bowdoin College
Частный колледж высшей ступени [ senior college] в г. Брансуике, шт. Мэн. Основан в 1794 и назван в честь политического деятеля и губернатора колонии Массачусетс Дж. Боудена [Bowdoin, James] (1726-90). Старейшее высшее учебное заведение штата. Библиотека насчитывает около 750 тыс. томов. Имеет совместную программу по обучению инженеров с Массачусетским технологическим институтом [ Massachusetts Institute of Technology], инженерным факультетом Колумбийского университета [ Columbia University, School of Engineering] и Калифорнийским технологическим институтом [ California Institute of Technology]. Более 1,3 тыс. студентовEnglish-Russian dictionary of regional studies > Bowdoin College
-
35 Gell-Mann, Murray
(р. 1929) Гелл-Манн, МэрриФизик-теоретик. Окончил Йельский университет [ Yale University], и получил степень доктора [ Ph.D.] в Массачусетском технологическом институте [ Massachusetts Institute of Technology] (1951). В 1952-55 работал в Институте ядерной физики при Чикагском университете [ Chicago, University of]. С 1955 профессор Калифорнийского технологического института [ California Institute of Technology]. Работая в области классификации и упорядочения элементарных частиц, открыл их новое свойство - "странность" и закон ее сохранения при взаимодействии частиц, что позволило сделать ряд предсказаний, позднее подтвержденных экспериментально. Изучение свойств барионов и мезонов привело его к открытию "восьмикратного пути", позволившего осуществить группировку частиц по квантовым величинам и предсказать свойства частиц, в том числе и еще не открытых. За эту работу в 1969 ему была присуждена Нобелевская премия по физике. Выдвинул гипотезу о существовании кварка как наиболее элементарной частицыEnglish-Russian dictionary of regional studies > Gell-Mann, Murray
-
36 Carlson, Chester Floyd
SUBJECT AREA: Photography, film and optics[br]b. 8 July 1906 Seattle, Washington, USAd. 19 September 1968 New York, USA[br][br]Carlson studied physics at the California Institute of Technology and in 1930 he took a research position at Bell Telephone Laboratories, but soon transferred to their patent department. To equip himself in this field, Carlson studied law, and in 1934 he became a patent attorney at P.R.Mallory \& Co., makers of electrical apparatus. He was struck by the difficulty in obtaining copies of documents and drawings; indeed, while still at school, he had encountered printing problems in trying to produce a newsletter for amateur chemists. He began experimenting with various light-sensitive substances, and by 1937 he had conceived the basic principles of xerography ("dry writing"), using the property of certain substances of losing an electrostatic charge when light impinges on them. His work for Mallory brought him into contact with the Battelle Memorial Institute, the world's largest non-profit research organization; their subsidiary, set up to develop promising ideas, took up Carlson's invention. Carlson received his first US patent for the process in 1940, with two more in 1942, and he assigned to Battelle exclusive patent rights in return for a share of any future proceeds. It was at Battelle that selenium was substituted as the light-sensitive material.In 1946 the Haloid Company of Rochester, manufacturers of photographic materials and photocopying equipment, heard of the Xerox copier and, seeing it as a possible addition to their products, took out a licence to develop it commercially. The first Xerox Copier was tested during 1949 and put on the market the following year. The process soon began to displace older methods, such as Photostat, but its full impact on the public came in 1959 with the advent of the Xerox 914 Copier. It is fair to apply the overworked word "revolution" to the change in copying methods initiated by Carlson. He became a multimillionaire from his royalties and stock holding, and in his last years he was able to indulge in philanthropic activities.[br]Further ReadingObituary, 1968, New York Times, 20 September.R.M.Schaffert, 1954, "Developments in xerography", Penrose Annual.J.Jewkes, 1969, The Sources of Invention, 2nd edn, London: Macmillan, pp. 405–8.LRD -
37 MacCready, Paul
SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace[br]b. 29 September 1925 New Haven, Connecticut, USA[br]American designer of man-powered aeroplanes, one of which flew across the English Channel in 1979.[br]As a boy, Paul MacCready was an enthusiastic builder of flying model aeroplanes; he became US National Junior Champion in 1941. He learned to fly and became a pilot with the US Navy in 1943. he developed an interest in gliding in 1945 and became National Soaring Champion in 1948 and 1949. After graduating from the California Institute of Technology (Cal Tech) as a meteorologist, he set up Meteorological Research Inc. In 1953 MacCready became the first American to win the World Gliding Championship. When hang-gliders became popular in the early 1970s MacCready studied their performance and compared them with soaring birds: he came to the conclusion that man-powered flight was a possibility. In an effort to generate an interest in man-powered flight, a cash prize had been offered in Britain by Henry Kremer, a wealthy industrialist and fitness enthusiast. A man-powered aircraft had to complete a one-mile (1.6km) figure-of-eight course in order to win. However, the figure-of-eight proved to be a major obstacle and the prize money was increased over the years to £50,000. In 1976 MacCready and his friend Dr Peter Lissaman set to work on their computer and came up with their optimum design for a man-powered aircraft. The Gossamer Condor had a wing span of 96 ft (27.4 m), about the same as a Douglas DC-9 airliner, yet it weighed just 70 lb (32 kg). It was a tail-first design with a pedaldriven pusher propeller just behind the pilot. Bryan Allen, a biologist, pilot and racing cyclist, joined the team to provide the muscle-power. After over two hundred flights they were ready to make an attempt on the prize, and on 23 August 1977 they succeeded where many had failed, in 7 minutes. Kremer then offered £100,000 for the first manpowered flight across the English Channel. Many thought this would be impossible, but MacCready and his team set about the task of designing a new machine based on their Condor, which they called the Gossamer Albatross. Bryan Allen also had a major task: getting fit for a flight which might take three hours of pedalling. The weather was more of a problem than in California, and after a long delay the Gossamer Albatross took off, on 12 June 1979. After pedalling for 2 hours 49 minutes, Bryan Allen landed in France: it was seventy years since Blériot's flight, although Blériot was much quicker.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsWorld Gliding Champion 1953.Bibliography1979, "The Channel crossing and the future", Man Powered Aircraft Symposium, London: Royal Aeronautical Society.Further ReadingM.Grosser, 1981, Gossamer Odyssey, London (provides a brief biography and detailed accounts of the two aircraft).M.F.Jerram, 1980, Incredible Flying Machines, London (a short survey of pedal planes).Articles by Ron Moulton on the Gossamer Albatross appeared in Aerospace (Royal Aeronautical Society) London, August/September 1979, and the Aeromodeller, London, September 1979.JDS -
38 CIT
1. California Institute of Technology - Калифорнийский технологический институт;2. call in time - "вызвать к требуемому моменту"; "заправить в требуемый момент";3. Central Independent Television - Центральное независимое телевидение;4. communication and information technology - технология связи и передачи информации;5. computer-integrated telephony - компьютерная телефония;6. conductivity indicator transmitter - передающее устройство индикатора проводимости;7. corporate investigation team - корпоративная группа по проведению расследований;8. critical incident technique - метод критических событий -
39 CIT
-
40 CALIT
Сокращение: California Institute of Technology
См. также в других словарях:
California Institute of Technology — Motto The truth shall make you free [1] Established 1891 Type … Wikipedia
California Institute Of Technology — Logo de California Institute of Technology California Institute of Technology ou Caltech est l’une des facultés des États Unis les plus connues de par le monde. Elle se situe à Pasadena, dans la banlieue de Los Angeles (Californie). Elle est en… … Wikipédia en Français
California Institute of Technology — Devise The truth shall make you free Informations Fondation 1891 Fondateur … Wikipédia en Français
California institute of technology — Logo de California Institute of Technology California Institute of Technology ou Caltech est l’une des facultés des États Unis les plus connues de par le monde. Elle se situe à Pasadena, dans la banlieue de Los Angeles (Californie). Elle est en… … Wikipédia en Français
California Institute of Technology — Motto The truth shall make you free („Die Wahrheit wird euch frei machen “) Gründung 18 … Deutsch Wikipedia
California Institute of Technology — →↑Cal Tech … Dictionary of contemporary English
California Institute of Technology — known as Caltech U.S. based, highly select, private university and research institute in Pasadena. Established in 1891, it offers graduate and undergraduate instruction and research in pure and applied science and engineering. It is considered… … Universalium
California Institute of Technology — n. Caltech, private coeducational university located in Pasadena (California, USA) … English contemporary dictionary
List of California Institute of Technology trustees — The list of California Institute of Technology trustees includes notable trustees of the California Institute of Technology. The current Chairman of the Board is Kent Kresa. List of current trustees The official Board of Trustees site listed the… … Wikipedia
House System at the California Institute of Technology — The House System is the basis of undergraduate student residence at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech). Caltech s unique House system is modeled after the residential college system of Oxford and Cambridge in England, although the… … Wikipedia
List of California Institute of Technology people — The California Institute of Technology has had numerous notable alumni and staff.=Notable alumni=Alumni who went on to become members of the faculty are listed only in this category.Physics and Astronomy*Carl D. Anderson, BS 1927, PhD 1930,… … Wikipedia