cănis

albĭco, āre, v. a. and n. [albus].

Act., to make white: rivus offensus a scopulo albicatur, becomes white, foamy, Poët. ap. Non. 75, 21.—

Neutr., to be white (rare; poet. or in post - Aug. prose): prata canis pruinis, * Hor. C. 1, 4, 4:

albicans litus,

Cat. 63, 87:

ex nigro albicare incipit,

Plin. 27, 5, 23, § 40:

colos,

id. 25, 8, 50, § 89:

alb cans cauda,

id. 10, 3, 3, § 6.—Hence, * albĭcantius, adv. comp., somewhat in the way of white:

(hyacinthus lapis) albicantius in aquaticum eliquescit,

Sol. 30.

albĭco, āre, v. a. and n. [albus].

Act., to make white: rivus offensus a scopulo albicatur, becomes white, foamy, Poët. ap. Non. 75, 21.—

Neutr., to be white (rare; poet. or in post - Aug. prose): prata canis pruinis, * Hor. C. 1, 4, 4:

albicans litus,

Cat. 63, 87:

ex nigro albicare incipit,

Plin. 27, 5, 23, § 40:

colos,

id. 25, 8, 50, § 89:

alb cans cauda,

id. 10, 3, 3, § 6.—Hence, * albĭcantius, adv. comp., somewhat in the way of white:

(hyacinthus lapis) albicantius in aquaticum eliquescit,

Sol. 30.

alter, tĕra, tĕrum, adj. (the measure of the gen. sing. āltĕrĭŭs as paeon primus is supported in good Latin only by examples from dactylic verse (but see alterĭus in trochaic measure, Plaut. Capt. 2, 2, 56), in which īpsĭŭs, īllĭŭs, īstĭŭs, ūnĭŭs, etc., are used as dactyls; on the contr., the regular measure āltĕrīŭs, as ditrochaeus, is sufficiently confirmed by the foll. verses of Enn., Ter., and Ter. Maur.: mox cum alterīus abligurias bona, Enn. ap. Donat. ad Ter. Phorm. 2, 2, 25 (Sat. 29 Vahl.):

alterīus sua comparent commoda? ah!

Ter. And. 4, 1, 4:

nec alter[imacracute]us indigéns opís veni,

Ter. Maur. p. 2432 P.;

and sescupló vel una víncet alter[imacracute]us singulum,

id. ib. p. 2412 ib.; Prisc. p. 695 ib.; alterius is also commonly used as the gen. of alius, as alīus is little used (v. h. v. fin.).— Dat. sing. f.:

alterae,

Plaut. Rud. 3, 4, 45; Ter. Heaut. 2, 3, 30; Caes. B. G. 5, 27; Nep. Eum. 1, 6; Col. 5, 11, 10) [a comp. form of al-ius; cf. Sanscr. antara = alius; Goth. anthar; Lith. antras = secundus; Germ. ander; Gr. heteros; Engl. either, other; also Sanscr. itara = alius], the other of two, one of two, the other, ho heteros.

Lit.

In gen.:

nam huic alterae patria quae sit, profecto nescio,

Plaut. Rud. 3, 4, 45:

necesse est enim sit alterum de duobus,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 41, 97:

altera ex duabus legionibus,

Caes. B. C. 2, 20: mihi cum viris ambobus est amicitia;

cum altero vero magnus usus,

Cic. Clu. 42, 117:

alter consulum,

Liv. 40, 59:

alter ex censoribus,

id. 40, 52:

in alterā parte fluminis legatum reliquit,

on the other side, Caes. B. G. 2, 5; id. B. C. 3, 54:

si quis te percusserit in dexteram maxillam tuam, praebe illi et alteram,

Vulg. Matt. 5, 39; 28, 1.—Hence: alter ambove, one or both; commonly in the abbreviation:

A. A. S. E. V. = alter ambove si eis videretur: utique C. Pansa, A. Hirtius consules alter ambove S. E. V. rationem agri habeant,

Cic. Phil. 5 fin. Wernsd.; cf. id. ib. 8, 11; 9, 7 fin.; 14, 14 fin.; cf.

Brison. Form. pp. 218 and 219: absente consulum altero ambobusve,

Liv. 30, 23: ambo alterve, S. C. ap. Front. Aquaed. 100 fin. —

Esp.

a.. In distributive clauses: alter... alter, the one... the other (cf. alius, II. A.): ho heteros... ho heteros:

Si duobus praefurniis coques, lacunā nihil opus erit. Cum cinere eruto opus erit, altero praefurnio eruito, in altero ignis erit,

Cato, R. R. 38, 9:

alteram ille amat sororem, ego alteram,

Plaut. Bacch. 4, 4, 68; id. Am. 1, 2, 19; 1, 2, 20; Ter. Ad. 1, 2, 50:

quorum alter exercitum perdidit, alter vendidit,

Cic. Planc. 35; so id. Rosc. Am. 6, 16: namque alterā ex parte Bellovaci instabant;

alteram Camulogenus tenebat,

Caes. B. G. 7, 59 Herz.:

conjunxit alteram (cortinam) alteri,

Vulg. Exod. 36, 10; 36, 22; ib. Joan. 13, 14; ib. Rom. 12, 5.—

In same sense, unus... alter, one... the other, as in later Gr. heis men... heteros de: vitis insitio una est per ver, altera est cum uva floret;

ea optima est,

Cato, R. R. 41, 1: Phorm. Una injuria est tecum. Chrem. Lege agito ergo. Phorm. Altera est tecum, Ter. Phorm. 5, 8, 90: uni epistolae respondi;

venio ad alteram,

Cic. Fam. 2, 17, 6:

nomen uni Ada, et nomen alteri Sella,

Vulg. Gen. 4, 19; ib. Matt. 6, 24:

Erant duae factiones, quarum una populi causam agebat, altera optimatium,

Nep. Phoc. 3, 1; Liv. 31, 21:

consules coepere duo creari, ut si unus malus esse voluisset, alter eum coërceret,

Eutr. 1, 8:

Duo homines ascenderunt in templum, unus pharisaeus et alter publicanus,

Vulg. Luc. 18, 10 al. —

Sometimes a subst., or hic, ille, etc., stands in the place of the second alter:

Epaminondas... Leonidas: quorum alter, etc... Leonidas autem, etc.,

Cic. Fin. 2, 30, 97; so Vell. 2, 71, 3:

alter gladiator habetur, hic autem, etc.,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 6, 17:

quorum alteri Capitoni cognomen est, iste, qui adest, magnus vocatur,

id. ib.:

alterum corporis aegritudo, illum, etc.,

Flor. 4, 7.—Sometimes

one alter is entirely omitted (cf. alius, II. A.; heteros, L. and S. I. 2.):

duae turmae haesere: altera metu dedita hosti, pertinacior (sc. altera), etc.,

Liv. 29, 33:

hujus lateris alter angulus ad orientem solem, inferior ad meridiem spectat,

Caes. B. G. 5, 13; or

the form changed:

dialecticam adjungunt et physicam, alteram quod habeat rationem.... Physicae quoque etc.,

Cic. Fin. 3, 21, 72, and 3, 22, 73. —Sometimes a further distributive word is added:

alter adulescens decessit, alter senex, aliquis praeter hos infans,

Sen. Ep. 66, 39:

alter in vincula ducitur, alter insperatae praeficitur potestati, alius etc.,

Amm. 14, 11.—

In plur.: nec ad vivos pertineat, nec ad mortuos;

alteri nulli sunt, alteros non attinget,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 38, 91:

alteri dimicant, alteri victorem timent,

id. Fam. 6, 3: binas a te accepi litteras; quarum alteris mihi gratulabare... alteris dicebas etc., in one of which,... in the other, id. ib. 4, 14:

quorum alteri adjuvabant, alteri etc.,

Caes. B. G. 7, 17: duplices similitudines, unae rerum, alterae verborum, Auct. ad Her. 3, 20. —

The second alter in a different case:

alter alterius ova frangit,

Cic. N. D. 2, 49:

uterque numerus plenus, alter alterā de causā habetur,

Macr. Somn. Scip. 2:

qui noxii ambo, alter in alterum causam conferant,

Liv. 5, 11:

alteri alteros aliquantum attriverant,

Sall. J. 79, 4; so id. ib. 42, 4;

53, 7 al. —Also with alteruter: ne alteruter alterum praeoccuparet,

Nep. Dion. 4, 1.—With unus:

quom inter nos sorderemus unus alteri,

Plaut. Truc. 2, 4, 30:

dicunt unus ad alterum,

Vulg. Ez. 33, 30:

ne unus adversus alterum infletur pro alio,

ib. 1 Cor. 4, 6.—With uterque:

uterque suo studio delectatus contempsit alterum,

Cic. Off. 1, 1, 4:

utrique alteris freti finitimos sub imperium suum coëgere,

Sall. J. 18, 12.—With nemo, nullus, neuter:

ut nemo sit alteri similis,

Quint. 2, 9, 2:

cum tot saeculis nulla referta sit causa, quae esset tota alteri similis,

id. 7, prooem. 4:

neutrum eorum contra alterum juvare,

Caes. B. C. 1, 1, 3:

ut neutra alteri officiat,

Quint. 1, 1, 3.—After two substt., the first alter generally refers to the first subst., and the second to the second:

Philippum rebus gestis superatum a filio, facilitate video superiorem fuisse. Itaque alter semper magnus, alter saepe turpissimus,

Cic. Off. 1, 26; cf. Plaut. Am. 1, 2, 21; Brem. ad Suet. Claud. 20.—Sometimes the order is reversed: contra nos (summa gratia et eloquentia) raciunt in hoc tempore;

quarum alteram (i. e. eloquentiam) vereor, alteram (i. e. gratiam) metuo,

Cic. Quinct. 1; so id. Off. 3, 18; 1, 12; cf. Spald. ad Quint. 9, 2, 6.—

As a numeral = secundus, the second, the next, o heteros:

primo die, alter dies, tertius dies, deinde reliquis diebus etc.,

Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 7:

proximo, altero, tertio, reliquis consecutis diebus non intermittebas etc.,

id. Phil. 1, 13 Wernsd.:

quadriennio post alterum consulatum,

id. Sen. 9:

die altero,

Vulg. Jos. 10, 32: alteris Te mensis adhibet deum, i. e. at the dessert (= mensā secundā), Hor. C. 4, 5, 31.—So, alterā die, the next day, têi allêi hêmerai, têi heterai:

se alterā die ad conloquium venturum,

Caes. B. C. 3, 19; Vulg. Gen. 19, 34; ib. Matt. 27, 62:

die altero,

ib. Num. 11, 32; ib. Jos. 5, 11 al.—So in comparative sense:

alterā die quam a Brindisio solvit, in Macedoniam trajecit,

Liv. 31, 14; Suet. Vit. 3:

intermittere diem alterum quemque oportet,

every other day, Cels. 3, 23; 3, 13; 4, 12:

Olea non continuis annis, sed fere altero quoque fructum adfert,

Col. R. R. 5, 8.—With prepp.:

qui (Ptolemaeus) tum regnabat alter post Alexandream conditam,

next after, Cic. Off. 2, 23, 82; so, fortunate puer, tu nunc eris alter ab illo, the second or next after him, Verg. E. 5, 49:

alter ab undecimo jam tum me ceperat annus,

id. ib. 8, 39.—Hence,

Also with tens, hundreds, etc.:

accepi tuas litteras, quas mihi Cornificius altero vicesimo die reddidit,

on the twenty-second day, Cic. Fam. 12, 25 Manut.:

anno trecentesimo altero quam condita Roma erat,

in the three hundred and second year, Liv. 3, 33:

vicesima et altera laedit,

Manil. 4, 466.—

So of a number collectively:

remissarios pedum XII., alteros pedum X.,

a second ten, Cato, R. R. 19, 2:

ad Brutum hos libros alteros quinque mittemus,

Cic. Tusc. 5, 41, 121:

basia mille, deinde centum, dein mille altera, dein secunda centum,

Cat. 5, 7.—So with the numeral understood: aurea mala decem misi;

cras altera (sc. decem) mittam,

a second ten, Verg. E. 3, 71.—Hence,

Unus et alter, unus atque alter, unus alterque, the one and the other.

For two (as in Gr. heis kai heteros):

unus et alter dies intercesserat,

Cic. Clu. 26:

adductus sum tuis unis et alteris litteris,

id. Att. 14, 18:

et sub eā versus unus et alter erunt,

Ov. H. 15, 182; so Suet. Tib. 63; id. Calig. 56; id. Claud. 12 (cf. id. Gram. 24: unum vel alterum, vel, cum plurimos, tres aut quattuor admittere).—

More freq. of an indef. number, one and another; and: unusalterve, one or two:

Unus et item alter,

Ter. And. 1, 1, 50:

mora si quem tibi item unum alterumve diem abstulerit,

Cic. Fam. 3, 9; so id. Clu. 13, 38; 13, 26:

versus paulo concinnior unus et alter,

Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 74; so id. S. 1, 6, 102; 2, 5, 24; id. A. P. 15:

ex illis unus et alter ait,

Ov. F. 2, 394; id. Am. 2, 5, 22; Petr. 108; Plin. Pan. 45 Schwarz; cf. id. ib. 52, 2; Suet. Caes. 20; id. Galb. 14 al.:

paucis loricae, vix uni alterive cassis aut galea,

Tac. G. 6.—

Alterum tantum, as much more or again, twice as much (cf. Gr. heteron tosouton or hetera tosauta):

etiamsi alterum tantum perdundum est, perdam potius quam sinam, etc.,

Plaut. Ep. 3, 4, 81; so id. Bacch. 5, 2, 65:

altero tanto aut sesqui major,

Cic. Or. 56, 188:

altero tanto longior,

Nep. Eum. 8, 5; so Dig. 28, 2, 13:

numero tantum alterum adjecit,

Liv. 1, 36; so id. 10, 46; Auct. B. Hisp. 30; Dig. 49, 14, 3 al.—

Alteri totidem, as many more:

de alteris totidem scribere incipiamus,

Varr. L. L. 8, 24 Müll. —

To mark the similarity of one object to another in qualities, etc., a second, another (as in English, a second father, my second self, and the like). So,

With a proper name, used as an appellative (cf. alius, II. G.):

Verres, alter Orcus,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 50:

alterum se Verrem putabat,

id. ib. 5, 33 fin.:

Hamilcar, Mars alter,

Liv. 21, 10.—

With a com. noun:

me sicut alterum parentem observat,

Cic. Fam. 5, 8:

altera patria,

Flor. 2, 6, 42 al. —

Alter ego, a second self, of very intimate friends (in the class. per. perh. only in Cic. Ep.; cf. ho hetairos, heteros egô, Clem. Al. 450):

vide quam mihi persuaserim te me esse alterum,

Cic. Fam. 7, 5:

me alterum se fore dixit,

id. Att. 4, 1:

quoniam alterum me reliquissem,

id. Fam. 2, 15; Aus. praef. 2, 15.—

Alter idem, a second self, like heteroi hautoi, Arist. Eth. M. 8, 12, 3 (on account of the singularity of the expression, introduced by tamquam):

amicus est tamquam alter idem,

Cic. Lael. 21, 82.—

The one of two, either of two, without a more precise designation, for alteruter:

non uterque sed alter,

Cic. Ac. 2, 43, 132:

fortasse utrumque, alterum certe,

id. Att. 11, 18:

melius peribimus quam sine alteris vestrūm vivemus,

Liv. 1, 13:

nec rogarem, ut mea de vobis altera amica foret,

Ov. A. A. 3, 520:

ex duobus, quorum alterum petis, etc.,

Plin. Ep. 1, 7, 3:

ex duobus (quorum necesse est alterum verum), etc.,

Quint. 5, 10, 69:

ac si necesse est in alteram errare partem, maluerim etc.,

id. 10, 1, 26; 1, 4, 24; 9, 3, 6 al.—Once also with a negative, neither of two: hos, tamquam medios, [p. 98] nec in alterius favorem inclinatos, miserat rex, Liv. 40, 20, 4.—

Transf.

Another of a class = alius (as opp. to one's self, to another); subst., another, a neighbor, a fellow-creature, ho pelas (so sometimes heteros, Xen. Cyr. 2, 3, 17); cf. Ochsn. Eclog. 90 and 458 (alter designates the similarity of two objects; alius a difference in the objects contrasted): SI. INIVRIAM. FAXIT. ALTERI., Fragm. XII. Tab. ap. Gell. 20, 1:

qui alterum incusat probri, eum ipsum se intueri oportet,

Plaut. Truc. 1, 2, 58; id. Am. prol. 84: mox dum alterius abligurias bona, quid censes dominis esse animi? Enn. ap. Don. ad Ter. Phorm. 2, 2, 25:

ut malis gaudeant atque ex incommodis Alterius sua ut comparent commoda,

Ter. And. 4, 1, 3: qui alteris exitium paret, etc., Att. ap. Cic. Tusc. 2, 17, 39:

qui nihil alterius causā facit et metitur suis commodis omnia,

Cic. Leg. 1, 14:

ut aeque quisque altero delectetur ac se ipso,

id. Off. 1, 17, 56; 1, 2, 4:

scientem in errorem alterum inducere,

id. ib. 3, 13, 55 et saep.:

cave ne portus occupet alter,

Hor. Ep. 1, 6, 32 Schmid.:

nil obstet tibi, dum ne sit te ditior alter,

id. S. 1, 1, 40; 1, 5, 33:

canis parturiens cum rogāsset alteram, ut etc.,

Phaedr. 1, 19:

nec patientem sessoris alterius (equum) primus ascendit,

Suet. Caes. 61; id. Tib. 58:

in quo judicas alterum, te ipsum condemnas,

Vulg. Rom. 2, 1:

nemo quod suum est quaerat, sed quod alterius,

ib. 1 Cor. 10, 24;

14, 17: sic in semet ipso tantum gloriam habebit et non in altero,

ib. Gal. 6, 4 al. —Hence, alter with a neg., or neg. question and comp., as an emphatic expression (mostly ante-class.; cf.

alius, II. H.): scelestiorem nullum illuxere alterum,

Plaut. Bacch. 2, 3, 22:

scelestiorem in terrā nullam esse alteram,

id. Cist. 4, 1, 8:

qui me alter audacior est homo?

id. Am. 1, 1, 1; id. Ep. 1, 1, 24.—

The other, the opposite:

alterius factionis principes,

the leaders of the opposite party, Nep. Pelop. 1, 4 (cf. id. ib. 1, 2:

adversariae factioni): studiosiorem partis alterius,

Suet. Tib. 11. —

In gen., different:

quotiens te speculo videris alterum,

Hor. C. 4, 10, 6: abeuntes post carnem alteram (Gr. heteros, q. v. L. and S. III.), Vulg. Jud. 7.—

In the lang. of augury, euphem. for infaustus, unfavorable, unpropitious, Fest. p. 6 (v. L. and S. Gr. Lex. s. v. heteros, III. 2.).

alterius commonly serves as gen. of alius instead of alīus, Cic. Fam. 15, 1, 1; id. Att. 1, 5, 1; 1, 20, 2; Caes. B. G. 1, 36, 1; Sall. C. 52, 8; Liv. 21, 13, 3; 22, 14, 4; 26, 8, 2; 28, 37, 6 al.; Col. 8, 17, 2; 11, 2, 87; 12, 22, 2; Sen. Ep. 72, 10; 102, 3; id. Ben. 4, 3, 1; id. Ot. Sap. 4, 1; id. Brev. Vit. 16, 2; id. Q. N. 2, 34, 1 al.; Quint. 7, 9, 8; 8, 3, 73 al.; Tac. A. 15, 25; id. H. 2, 90; Plin. Ep. 10, 114, 2; Suet. Caes. 61; id. Tib. 58 al.; Gell. 2, 28 al.—It also stands as correlative to alius:

alius inter cenandum solutus est, alterius continuata mors somno est,

Sen. Ep. 66, 39:

cum inventum sit ex veris (gemmis) generis alterius in aliud falsas traducere,

Plin. 37, 12, 75, § 197; Plin. Pan. 2, 6 (Neue, Formenl. II. p. 216).

[alter], for alias, acc. to Paul. ex. Fest. p. 27 Müll.

alter, tĕra, tĕrum, adj. (the measure of the gen. sing. āltĕrĭŭs as paeon primus is supported in good Latin only by examples from dactylic verse (but see alterĭus in trochaic measure, Plaut. Capt. 2, 2, 56), in which īpsĭŭs, īllĭŭs, īstĭŭs, ūnĭŭs, etc., are used as dactyls; on the contr., the regular measure āltĕrīŭs, as ditrochaeus, is sufficiently confirmed by the foll. verses of Enn., Ter., and Ter. Maur.: mox cum alterīus abligurias bona, Enn. ap. Donat. ad Ter. Phorm. 2, 2, 25 (Sat. 29 Vahl.):

alterīus sua comparent commoda? ah!

Ter. And. 4, 1, 4:

nec alter[imacracute]us indigéns opís veni,

Ter. Maur. p. 2432 P.;

and sescupló vel una víncet alter[imacracute]us singulum,

id. ib. p. 2412 ib.; Prisc. p. 695 ib.; alterius is also commonly used as the gen. of alius, as alīus is little used (v. h. v. fin.).— Dat. sing. f.:

alterae,

Plaut. Rud. 3, 4, 45; Ter. Heaut. 2, 3, 30; Caes. B. G. 5, 27; Nep. Eum. 1, 6; Col. 5, 11, 10) [a comp. form of al-ius; cf. Sanscr. antara = alius; Goth. anthar; Lith. antras = secundus; Germ. ander; Gr. heteros; Engl. either, other; also Sanscr. itara = alius], the other of two, one of two, the other, ho heteros.

Lit.

In gen.:

nam huic alterae patria quae sit, profecto nescio,

Plaut. Rud. 3, 4, 45:

necesse est enim sit alterum de duobus,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 41, 97:

altera ex duabus legionibus,

Caes. B. C. 2, 20: mihi cum viris ambobus est amicitia;

cum altero vero magnus usus,

Cic. Clu. 42, 117:

alter consulum,

Liv. 40, 59:

alter ex censoribus,

id. 40, 52:

in alterā parte fluminis legatum reliquit,

on the other side, Caes. B. G. 2, 5; id. B. C. 3, 54:

si quis te percusserit in dexteram maxillam tuam, praebe illi et alteram,

Vulg. Matt. 5, 39; 28, 1.—Hence: alter ambove, one or both; commonly in the abbreviation:

A. A. S. E. V. = alter ambove si eis videretur: utique C. Pansa, A. Hirtius consules alter ambove S. E. V. rationem agri habeant,

Cic. Phil. 5 fin. Wernsd.; cf. id. ib. 8, 11; 9, 7 fin.; 14, 14 fin.; cf.

Brison. Form. pp. 218 and 219: absente consulum altero ambobusve,

Liv. 30, 23: ambo alterve, S. C. ap. Front. Aquaed. 100 fin. —

Esp.

a.. In distributive clauses: alter... alter, the one... the other (cf. alius, II. A.): ho heteros... ho heteros:

Si duobus praefurniis coques, lacunā nihil opus erit. Cum cinere eruto opus erit, altero praefurnio eruito, in altero ignis erit,

Cato, R. R. 38, 9:

alteram ille amat sororem, ego alteram,

Plaut. Bacch. 4, 4, 68; id. Am. 1, 2, 19; 1, 2, 20; Ter. Ad. 1, 2, 50:

quorum alter exercitum perdidit, alter vendidit,

Cic. Planc. 35; so id. Rosc. Am. 6, 16: namque alterā ex parte Bellovaci instabant;

alteram Camulogenus tenebat,

Caes. B. G. 7, 59 Herz.:

conjunxit alteram (cortinam) alteri,

Vulg. Exod. 36, 10; 36, 22; ib. Joan. 13, 14; ib. Rom. 12, 5.—

In same sense, unus... alter, one... the other, as in later Gr. heis men... heteros de: vitis insitio una est per ver, altera est cum uva floret;

ea optima est,

Cato, R. R. 41, 1: Phorm. Una injuria est tecum. Chrem. Lege agito ergo. Phorm. Altera est tecum, Ter. Phorm. 5, 8, 90: uni epistolae respondi;

venio ad alteram,

Cic. Fam. 2, 17, 6:

nomen uni Ada, et nomen alteri Sella,

Vulg. Gen. 4, 19; ib. Matt. 6, 24:

Erant duae factiones, quarum una populi causam agebat, altera optimatium,

Nep. Phoc. 3, 1; Liv. 31, 21:

consules coepere duo creari, ut si unus malus esse voluisset, alter eum coërceret,

Eutr. 1, 8:

Duo homines ascenderunt in templum, unus pharisaeus et alter publicanus,

Vulg. Luc. 18, 10 al. —

Sometimes a subst., or hic, ille, etc., stands in the place of the second alter:

Epaminondas... Leonidas: quorum alter, etc... Leonidas autem, etc.,

Cic. Fin. 2, 30, 97; so Vell. 2, 71, 3:

alter gladiator habetur, hic autem, etc.,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 6, 17:

quorum alteri Capitoni cognomen est, iste, qui adest, magnus vocatur,

id. ib.:

alterum corporis aegritudo, illum, etc.,

Flor. 4, 7.—Sometimes

one alter is entirely omitted (cf. alius, II. A.; heteros, L. and S. I. 2.):

duae turmae haesere: altera metu dedita hosti, pertinacior (sc. altera), etc.,

Liv. 29, 33:

hujus lateris alter angulus ad orientem solem, inferior ad meridiem spectat,

Caes. B. G. 5, 13; or

the form changed:

dialecticam adjungunt et physicam, alteram quod habeat rationem.... Physicae quoque etc.,

Cic. Fin. 3, 21, 72, and 3, 22, 73. —Sometimes a further distributive word is added:

alter adulescens decessit, alter senex, aliquis praeter hos infans,

Sen. Ep. 66, 39:

alter in vincula ducitur, alter insperatae praeficitur potestati, alius etc.,

Amm. 14, 11.—

In plur.: nec ad vivos pertineat, nec ad mortuos;

alteri nulli sunt, alteros non attinget,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 38, 91:

alteri dimicant, alteri victorem timent,

id. Fam. 6, 3: binas a te accepi litteras; quarum alteris mihi gratulabare... alteris dicebas etc., in one of which,... in the other, id. ib. 4, 14:

quorum alteri adjuvabant, alteri etc.,

Caes. B. G. 7, 17: duplices similitudines, unae rerum, alterae verborum, Auct. ad Her. 3, 20. —

The second alter in a different case:

alter alterius ova frangit,

Cic. N. D. 2, 49:

uterque numerus plenus, alter alterā de causā habetur,

Macr. Somn. Scip. 2:

qui noxii ambo, alter in alterum causam conferant,

Liv. 5, 11:

alteri alteros aliquantum attriverant,

Sall. J. 79, 4; so id. ib. 42, 4;

53, 7 al. —Also with alteruter: ne alteruter alterum praeoccuparet,

Nep. Dion. 4, 1.—With unus:

quom inter nos sorderemus unus alteri,

Plaut. Truc. 2, 4, 30:

dicunt unus ad alterum,

Vulg. Ez. 33, 30:

ne unus adversus alterum infletur pro alio,

ib. 1 Cor. 4, 6.—With uterque:

uterque suo studio delectatus contempsit alterum,

Cic. Off. 1, 1, 4:

utrique alteris freti finitimos sub imperium suum coëgere,

Sall. J. 18, 12.—With nemo, nullus, neuter:

ut nemo sit alteri similis,

Quint. 2, 9, 2:

cum tot saeculis nulla referta sit causa, quae esset tota alteri similis,

id. 7, prooem. 4:

neutrum eorum contra alterum juvare,

Caes. B. C. 1, 1, 3:

ut neutra alteri officiat,

Quint. 1, 1, 3.—After two substt., the first alter generally refers to the first subst., and the second to the second:

Philippum rebus gestis superatum a filio, facilitate video superiorem fuisse. Itaque alter semper magnus, alter saepe turpissimus,

Cic. Off. 1, 26; cf. Plaut. Am. 1, 2, 21; Brem. ad Suet. Claud. 20.—Sometimes the order is reversed: contra nos (summa gratia et eloquentia) raciunt in hoc tempore;

quarum alteram (i. e. eloquentiam) vereor, alteram (i. e. gratiam) metuo,

Cic. Quinct. 1; so id. Off. 3, 18; 1, 12; cf. Spald. ad Quint. 9, 2, 6.—

As a numeral = secundus, the second, the next, o heteros:

primo die, alter dies, tertius dies, deinde reliquis diebus etc.,

Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 7:

proximo, altero, tertio, reliquis consecutis diebus non intermittebas etc.,

id. Phil. 1, 13 Wernsd.:

quadriennio post alterum consulatum,

id. Sen. 9:

die altero,

Vulg. Jos. 10, 32: alteris Te mensis adhibet deum, i. e. at the dessert (= mensā secundā), Hor. C. 4, 5, 31.—So, alterā die, the next day, têi allêi hêmerai, têi heterai:

se alterā die ad conloquium venturum,

Caes. B. C. 3, 19; Vulg. Gen. 19, 34; ib. Matt. 27, 62:

die altero,

ib. Num. 11, 32; ib. Jos. 5, 11 al.—So in comparative sense:

alterā die quam a Brindisio solvit, in Macedoniam trajecit,

Liv. 31, 14; Suet. Vit. 3:

intermittere diem alterum quemque oportet,

every other day, Cels. 3, 23; 3, 13; 4, 12:

Olea non continuis annis, sed fere altero quoque fructum adfert,

Col. R. R. 5, 8.—With prepp.:

qui (Ptolemaeus) tum regnabat alter post Alexandream conditam,

next after, Cic. Off. 2, 23, 82; so, fortunate puer, tu nunc eris alter ab illo, the second or next after him, Verg. E. 5, 49:

alter ab undecimo jam tum me ceperat annus,

id. ib. 8, 39.—Hence,

Also with tens, hundreds, etc.:

accepi tuas litteras, quas mihi Cornificius altero vicesimo die reddidit,

on the twenty-second day, Cic. Fam. 12, 25 Manut.:

anno trecentesimo altero quam condita Roma erat,

in the three hundred and second year, Liv. 3, 33:

vicesima et altera laedit,

Manil. 4, 466.—

So of a number collectively:

remissarios pedum XII., alteros pedum X.,

a second ten, Cato, R. R. 19, 2:

ad Brutum hos libros alteros quinque mittemus,

Cic. Tusc. 5, 41, 121:

basia mille, deinde centum, dein mille altera, dein secunda centum,

Cat. 5, 7.—So with the numeral understood: aurea mala decem misi;

cras altera (sc. decem) mittam,

a second ten, Verg. E. 3, 71.—Hence,

Unus et alter, unus atque alter, unus alterque, the one and the other.

For two (as in Gr. heis kai heteros):

unus et alter dies intercesserat,

Cic. Clu. 26:

adductus sum tuis unis et alteris litteris,

id. Att. 14, 18:

et sub eā versus unus et alter erunt,

Ov. H. 15, 182; so Suet. Tib. 63; id. Calig. 56; id. Claud. 12 (cf. id. Gram. 24: unum vel alterum, vel, cum plurimos, tres aut quattuor admittere).—

More freq. of an indef. number, one and another; and: unusalterve, one or two:

Unus et item alter,

Ter. And. 1, 1, 50:

mora si quem tibi item unum alterumve diem abstulerit,

Cic. Fam. 3, 9; so id. Clu. 13, 38; 13, 26:

versus paulo concinnior unus et alter,

Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 74; so id. S. 1, 6, 102; 2, 5, 24; id. A. P. 15:

ex illis unus et alter ait,

Ov. F. 2, 394; id. Am. 2, 5, 22; Petr. 108; Plin. Pan. 45 Schwarz; cf. id. ib. 52, 2; Suet. Caes. 20; id. Galb. 14 al.:

paucis loricae, vix uni alterive cassis aut galea,

Tac. G. 6.—

Alterum tantum, as much more or again, twice as much (cf. Gr. heteron tosouton or hetera tosauta):

etiamsi alterum tantum perdundum est, perdam potius quam sinam, etc.,

Plaut. Ep. 3, 4, 81; so id. Bacch. 5, 2, 65:

altero tanto aut sesqui major,

Cic. Or. 56, 188:

altero tanto longior,

Nep. Eum. 8, 5; so Dig. 28, 2, 13:

numero tantum alterum adjecit,

Liv. 1, 36; so id. 10, 46; Auct. B. Hisp. 30; Dig. 49, 14, 3 al.—

Alteri totidem, as many more:

de alteris totidem scribere incipiamus,

Varr. L. L. 8, 24 Müll. —

To mark the similarity of one object to another in qualities, etc., a second, another (as in English, a second father, my second self, and the like). So,

With a proper name, used as an appellative (cf. alius, II. G.):

Verres, alter Orcus,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 50:

alterum se Verrem putabat,

id. ib. 5, 33 fin.:

Hamilcar, Mars alter,

Liv. 21, 10.—

With a com. noun:

me sicut alterum parentem observat,

Cic. Fam. 5, 8:

altera patria,

Flor. 2, 6, 42 al. —

Alter ego, a second self, of very intimate friends (in the class. per. perh. only in Cic. Ep.; cf. ho hetairos, heteros egô, Clem. Al. 450):

vide quam mihi persuaserim te me esse alterum,

Cic. Fam. 7, 5:

me alterum se fore dixit,

id. Att. 4, 1:

quoniam alterum me reliquissem,

id. Fam. 2, 15; Aus. praef. 2, 15.—

Alter idem, a second self, like heteroi hautoi, Arist. Eth. M. 8, 12, 3 (on account of the singularity of the expression, introduced by tamquam):

amicus est tamquam alter idem,

Cic. Lael. 21, 82.—

The one of two, either of two, without a more precise designation, for alteruter:

non uterque sed alter,

Cic. Ac. 2, 43, 132:

fortasse utrumque, alterum certe,

id. Att. 11, 18:

melius peribimus quam sine alteris vestrūm vivemus,

Liv. 1, 13:

nec rogarem, ut mea de vobis altera amica foret,

Ov. A. A. 3, 520:

ex duobus, quorum alterum petis, etc.,

Plin. Ep. 1, 7, 3:

ex duobus (quorum necesse est alterum verum), etc.,

Quint. 5, 10, 69:

ac si necesse est in alteram errare partem, maluerim etc.,

id. 10, 1, 26; 1, 4, 24; 9, 3, 6 al.—Once also with a negative, neither of two: hos, tamquam medios, [p. 98] nec in alterius favorem inclinatos, miserat rex, Liv. 40, 20, 4.—

Transf.

Another of a class = alius (as opp. to one's self, to another); subst., another, a neighbor, a fellow-creature, ho pelas (so sometimes heteros, Xen. Cyr. 2, 3, 17); cf. Ochsn. Eclog. 90 and 458 (alter designates the similarity of two objects; alius a difference in the objects contrasted): SI. INIVRIAM. FAXIT. ALTERI., Fragm. XII. Tab. ap. Gell. 20, 1:

qui alterum incusat probri, eum ipsum se intueri oportet,

Plaut. Truc. 1, 2, 58; id. Am. prol. 84: mox dum alterius abligurias bona, quid censes dominis esse animi? Enn. ap. Don. ad Ter. Phorm. 2, 2, 25:

ut malis gaudeant atque ex incommodis Alterius sua ut comparent commoda,

Ter. And. 4, 1, 3: qui alteris exitium paret, etc., Att. ap. Cic. Tusc. 2, 17, 39:

qui nihil alterius causā facit et metitur suis commodis omnia,

Cic. Leg. 1, 14:

ut aeque quisque altero delectetur ac se ipso,

id. Off. 1, 17, 56; 1, 2, 4:

scientem in errorem alterum inducere,

id. ib. 3, 13, 55 et saep.:

cave ne portus occupet alter,

Hor. Ep. 1, 6, 32 Schmid.:

nil obstet tibi, dum ne sit te ditior alter,

id. S. 1, 1, 40; 1, 5, 33:

canis parturiens cum rogāsset alteram, ut etc.,

Phaedr. 1, 19:

nec patientem sessoris alterius (equum) primus ascendit,

Suet. Caes. 61; id. Tib. 58:

in quo judicas alterum, te ipsum condemnas,

Vulg. Rom. 2, 1:

nemo quod suum est quaerat, sed quod alterius,

ib. 1 Cor. 10, 24;

14, 17: sic in semet ipso tantum gloriam habebit et non in altero,

ib. Gal. 6, 4 al. —Hence, alter with a neg., or neg. question and comp., as an emphatic expression (mostly ante-class.; cf.

alius, II. H.): scelestiorem nullum illuxere alterum,

Plaut. Bacch. 2, 3, 22:

scelestiorem in terrā nullam esse alteram,

id. Cist. 4, 1, 8:

qui me alter audacior est homo?

id. Am. 1, 1, 1; id. Ep. 1, 1, 24.—

The other, the opposite:

alterius factionis principes,

the leaders of the opposite party, Nep. Pelop. 1, 4 (cf. id. ib. 1, 2:

adversariae factioni): studiosiorem partis alterius,

Suet. Tib. 11. —

In gen., different:

quotiens te speculo videris alterum,

Hor. C. 4, 10, 6: abeuntes post carnem alteram (Gr. heteros, q. v. L. and S. III.), Vulg. Jud. 7.—

In the lang. of augury, euphem. for infaustus, unfavorable, unpropitious, Fest. p. 6 (v. L. and S. Gr. Lex. s. v. heteros, III. 2.).

alterius commonly serves as gen. of alius instead of alīus, Cic. Fam. 15, 1, 1; id. Att. 1, 5, 1; 1, 20, 2; Caes. B. G. 1, 36, 1; Sall. C. 52, 8; Liv. 21, 13, 3; 22, 14, 4; 26, 8, 2; 28, 37, 6 al.; Col. 8, 17, 2; 11, 2, 87; 12, 22, 2; Sen. Ep. 72, 10; 102, 3; id. Ben. 4, 3, 1; id. Ot. Sap. 4, 1; id. Brev. Vit. 16, 2; id. Q. N. 2, 34, 1 al.; Quint. 7, 9, 8; 8, 3, 73 al.; Tac. A. 15, 25; id. H. 2, 90; Plin. Ep. 10, 114, 2; Suet. Caes. 61; id. Tib. 58 al.; Gell. 2, 28 al.—It also stands as correlative to alius:

alius inter cenandum solutus est, alterius continuata mors somno est,

Sen. Ep. 66, 39:

cum inventum sit ex veris (gemmis) generis alterius in aliud falsas traducere,

Plin. 37, 12, 75, § 197; Plin. Pan. 2, 6 (Neue, Formenl. II. p. 216).

[alter], for alias, acc. to Paul. ex. Fest. p. 27 Müll.

Ămyclae, ārum, f., = Amuklai.

A town in Laconia, in a beautiful, fertile region, the residence of Tyndarus and the birthplace of Castor and Pollux; also renowned on account of its temple and Colossus of Apollo, now Agios Kyriaki, Mart. 9, 104; Ov. M. 8, 314; cf. Mann. Graec. 616. —

An unknown town in Latium, between Cajeta and Tarracina, Verg. A. 10, 564, called tacitae, as being conquered because it was forbidden to announce the approach of an enemy; cf. Serv. ad h. l.; Sil. 8, 35, and Mann. Ital. 1, 681.—Hence,

Derivv.

Ămyclaeus, a, um, of Amyclœ ( in Laconia):

canis,

Verg. G. 3, 345:

fratres,

Castor and Pollux, Stat. Th. 7, 413; cf. Ov. H. 8, 71: corona, which were received in pugilistic games, very freq. in Amyclae, Mart. 9, 74.—Poet for Spartan, Sil. 6, 504.—

Ămyclānus, a, um, belonging to Amyclœ in Latium, Plin. 14, 6, 8, § 61.

Ămyclae, ārum, f., = Amuklai.

A town in Laconia, in a beautiful, fertile region, the residence of Tyndarus and the birthplace of Castor and Pollux; also renowned on account of its temple and Colossus of Apollo, now Agios Kyriaki, Mart. 9, 104; Ov. M. 8, 314; cf. Mann. Graec. 616. —

An unknown town in Latium, between Cajeta and Tarracina, Verg. A. 10, 564, called tacitae, as being conquered because it was forbidden to announce the approach of an enemy; cf. Serv. ad h. l.; Sil. 8, 35, and Mann. Ital. 1, 681.—Hence,

Derivv.

Ămyclaeus, a, um, of Amyclœ ( in Laconia):

canis,

Verg. G. 3, 345:

fratres,

Castor and Pollux, Stat. Th. 7, 413; cf. Ov. H. 8, 71: corona, which were received in pugilistic games, very freq. in Amyclae, Mart. 9, 74.—Poet for Spartan, Sil. 6, 504.—

Ămyclānus, a, um, belonging to Amyclœ in Latium, Plin. 14, 6, 8, § 61.

Ămyclae, ārum, f., = Amuklai.

A town in Laconia, in a beautiful, fertile region, the residence of Tyndarus and the birthplace of Castor and Pollux; also renowned on account of its temple and Colossus of Apollo, now Agios Kyriaki, Mart. 9, 104; Ov. M. 8, 314; cf. Mann. Graec. 616. —

An unknown town in Latium, between Cajeta and Tarracina, Verg. A. 10, 564, called tacitae, as being conquered because it was forbidden to announce the approach of an enemy; cf. Serv. ad h. l.; Sil. 8, 35, and Mann. Ital. 1, 681.—Hence,

Derivv.

Ămyclaeus, a, um, of Amyclœ ( in Laconia):

canis,

Verg. G. 3, 345:

fratres,

Castor and Pollux, Stat. Th. 7, 413; cf. Ov. H. 8, 71: corona, which were received in pugilistic games, very freq. in Amyclae, Mart. 9, 74.—Poet for Spartan, Sil. 6, 504.—

Ămyclānus, a, um, belonging to Amyclœ in Latium, Plin. 14, 6, 8, § 61.

assulto ( ads-, Halm, Jan), āvi, ātum, 1, v. freq. [id.], to jump or leap to a place, to jump or leap; constr. absol., with dat. or acc. (only post-Aug.).

In gen.:

(canis elephanto) adsultans,

Plin. 8, 40, 61, § 150:

feminae pellibus accinctae adsultabant, ut sacrificantes Bacchae,

Tac. A. 11, 31.—

Esp., of warlike operations, to attack, assault:

tertiā vigiliā adsultatum est castris,

Tac. A. 2, 13:

telis adsultantes,

id. ib. 12, 35:

adsultare ex diverso Tiridates,

id. ib. 13, 40:

adsultante per campos equite,

id. H. 4, 22:

latera adsultare,

id. A. 1, 51:

portarum moras frenis et hastis,

Stat. Th. 4, 243; Sil. 7, 401.—

Transf., of things:

duo montes crepitu maximo adsultantes,

Plin. 2, 83, 85, § 199.

āter, tra, trum, adj. [cf. aithô, to burn; Sanscr. idh; aithôn aithêr, Aitnê, [p. 188] Aetna, aether, aestus, aestas] (pr. burnt black, black as a coal; cf.:

Tam excoctam reddam atque atram quam carbost,

Ter. Ad. 5, 3, 63: hence), black; and specif., coalblack, lustreless-black, sable, dark (opp. albus, lustreless-white, and diff. from niger, glossy black, v. albus init.; class. and freq., but never in Vulg., which uses niger).

Lit.:

album an atrum vinum potas?

Plaut. Men. 5, 5, 17:

atrior multo Quam Aegyptii,

id. Poen. 5, 5, 11:

alba et atra discernere non poterat,

Cic. Tusc. 5, 39, 114: nigra scuta, tincta corpora;

atras ad proelia noctes legunt,

Tac. G. 43:

Mos erat antiquus niveis atrisque capillis, etc.,

Ov. M. 15, 41; so id. ib. 15, 44; cf.

albus: fauces,

Lucr. 6, 1147:

dens,

Hor. Epod. 8, 3:

nubes,

Lucr. 6, 180; Hor. C. 2, 16, 2:

lumen, with smoke,

Verg. A. 7, 457:

agmen, with dust,

id. ib. 12, 450 Serv.:

axis, with blood,

Sil. 2, 186:

Eridanus ater stragibus,

id. 6, 107:

bilis,

Plaut. Capt. 3, 4, 64, and Cic. Tusc. 3, 5, 11 (cf. the Gr. melancholia):

cruor,

Hor. Epod. 17, 31:

tempestas,

Lucr. 6, 258 sq.; Verg. A. 5, 693:

hiemps,

id. ib. 7, 214:

canis,

Ter. Phorm. 4, 4, 25:

corvus atro gutture,

Cat. 108, 5:

venena,

Verg. G. 2, 130:

Tartara,

Lucr. 3, 966; so,

Cocytus,

Hor. C. 2, 14, 17:

mare,

dark, stormy, id. S. 2, 2, 16:

fluctus,

Verg. A. 5, 2: mons, v. 2. ater.— The proverb albus an ater, v. albus.— Poet., = atratus, clothed in black:

lictores,

Hor. Ep. 1, 7, 6; cf. albus, I. B. 2.—

Trop.

In gen., black, dark, gloomy, sad, dismal, unfortunate, etc.:

funus,

Lucr. 2, 580:

formido,

id. 4 [173], and id. 6, 254; so,

Timor,

Verg. A. 9, 719:

cupressus,

id. ib. 3, 64:

dies,

id. ib. 6, 429; Prop. 3, 2, 4:

mors,

Hor. C. 1, 28, 13:

fila trium sororum,

id. ib. 2, 3, 16:

Esquiliae (as a burying-place),

dismal, id. S. 2, 6, 32:

seu mors atris circumvolat alis,

id. ib. 2, 1, 58:

cura,

id. C. 3, 1, 40; 3, 14, 13; 4, 11, 35:

lites,

id. A. P. 423:

comes,

id. S. 2, 7, 115:

serpens,

Verg. G. 1, 129; Ov. M. 3, 63 al.:

genius.. vultu mutabilis, albus et ater,

Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 189.—In Roman civil life, dies atri are the days on which the state experienced some calamity, unlucky days. (This designation is said to have arisen from the Roman custom of marking every unfortunate day in the calendar with coal); Varr. L. L. 6, § 29; Liv. 6, 1; Gell. 5, 17; Fest. s. v. nonarum, p. 179 Müll.; id. s. v. religiosus, p. 278 Müll.; Ov. A. A. 1, 418; Macr. S. 1, 15 fin. and 16; Afran. ap. Non. p. 73, 33:

si atro die faxit insciens, probe factum esto,

Liv. 22, 10.—

Esp.

Rare and poet., of mind or feeling, malevolent, malicious, virulent (cf. niger, II. D., and the Gr. melas, II. 4 Lidd. and Scott):

versus,

Hor. Ep. 1, 19, 30:

si quis atro dente me petiverit,

id. Epod. 6, 15.—

Also poet. of something difficult to be understood, dark, obscure (so melas, Anth. Pal. 11, 347):

latebrae Lycophronis atri,

Stat. p. 5, 3, 157.— Comp. v. supra, I.— Sup. and adv. not used.

Āter mons, a mountain in the interior of Africa, north of Phazania ( Fezzan), Plin. 5, 5, 5, § 35.<

āter, tra, trum, adj. [cf. aithô, to burn; Sanscr. idh; aithôn aithêr, Aitnê, [p. 188] Aetna, aether, aestus, aestas] (pr. burnt black, black as a coal; cf.:

Tam excoctam reddam atque atram quam carbost,

Ter. Ad. 5, 3, 63: hence), black; and specif., coalblack, lustreless-black, sable, dark (opp. albus, lustreless-white, and diff. from niger, glossy black, v. albus init.; class. and freq., but never in Vulg., which uses niger).

Lit.:

album an atrum vinum potas?

Plaut. Men. 5, 5, 17:

atrior multo Quam Aegyptii,

id. Poen. 5, 5, 11:

alba et atra discernere non poterat,

Cic. Tusc. 5, 39, 114: nigra scuta, tincta corpora;

atras ad proelia noctes legunt,

Tac. G. 43:

Mos erat antiquus niveis atrisque capillis, etc.,

Ov. M. 15, 41; so id. ib. 15, 44; cf.

albus: fauces,

Lucr. 6, 1147:

dens,

Hor. Epod. 8, 3:

nubes,

Lucr. 6, 180; Hor. C. 2, 16, 2:

lumen, with smoke,

Verg. A. 7, 457:

agmen, with dust,

id. ib. 12, 450 Serv.:

axis, with blood,

Sil. 2, 186:

Eridanus ater stragibus,

id. 6, 107:

bilis,

Plaut. Capt. 3, 4, 64, and Cic. Tusc. 3, 5, 11 (cf. the Gr. melancholia):

cruor,

Hor. Epod. 17, 31:

tempestas,

Lucr. 6, 258 sq.; Verg. A. 5, 693:

hiemps,

id. ib. 7, 214:

canis,

Ter. Phorm. 4, 4, 25:

corvus atro gutture,

Cat. 108, 5:

venena,

Verg. G. 2, 130:

Tartara,

Lucr. 3, 966; so,

Cocytus,

Hor. C. 2, 14, 17:

mare,

dark, stormy, id. S. 2, 2, 16:

fluctus,

Verg. A. 5, 2: mons, v. 2. ater.— The proverb albus an ater, v. albus.— Poet., = atratus, clothed in black:

lictores,

Hor. Ep. 1, 7, 6; cf. albus, I. B. 2.—

Trop.

In gen., black, dark, gloomy, sad, dismal, unfortunate, etc.:

funus,

Lucr. 2, 580:

formido,

id. 4 [173], and id. 6, 254; so,

Timor,

Verg. A. 9, 719:

cupressus,

id. ib. 3, 64:

dies,

id. ib. 6, 429; Prop. 3, 2, 4:

mors,

Hor. C. 1, 28, 13:

fila trium sororum,

id. ib. 2, 3, 16:

Esquiliae (as a burying-place),

dismal, id. S. 2, 6, 32:

seu mors atris circumvolat alis,

id. ib. 2, 1, 58:

cura,

id. C. 3, 1, 40; 3, 14, 13; 4, 11, 35:

lites,

id. A. P. 423:

comes,

id. S. 2, 7, 115:

serpens,

Verg. G. 1, 129; Ov. M. 3, 63 al.:

genius.. vultu mutabilis, albus et ater,

Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 189.—In Roman civil life, dies atri are the days on which the state experienced some calamity, unlucky days. (This designation is said to have arisen from the Roman custom of marking every unfortunate day in the calendar with coal); Varr. L. L. 6, § 29; Liv. 6, 1; Gell. 5, 17; Fest. s. v. nonarum, p. 179 Müll.; id. s. v. religiosus, p. 278 Müll.; Ov. A. A. 1, 418; Macr. S. 1, 15 fin. and 16; Afran. ap. Non. p. 73, 33:

si atro die faxit insciens, probe factum esto,

Liv. 22, 10.—

Esp.

Rare and poet., of mind or feeling, malevolent, malicious, virulent (cf. niger, II. D., and the Gr. melas, II. 4 Lidd. and Scott):

versus,

Hor. Ep. 1, 19, 30:

si quis atro dente me petiverit,

id. Epod. 6, 15.—

Also poet. of something difficult to be understood, dark, obscure (so melas, Anth. Pal. 11, 347):

latebrae Lycophronis atri,

Stat. p. 5, 3, 157.— Comp. v. supra, I.— Sup. and adv. not used.

Āter mons, a mountain in the interior of Africa, north of Phazania ( Fezzan), Plin. 5, 5, 5, § 35.<

atque or āc (atque is used before vowels and consonants, ac, in class. lang., only before consonants; v. infra, I.), conj. [at has regularly in the compound atque a continuative, as in atqui it has an adversative force; pr. and further, and besides, and also; cf. in Gr. pros de, pros de eti, eti kai, eti de, and te kai; v. at init., and for the change of form atque, ac, cf. neque, nec; in MSS. and inscriptions sometimes written adque, and sometimes by confusion atqui ], a copulative particle, and also, and besides, and even, and (indicating a close internal connection between single words or whole clauses; while et designates an external connection of diff. objects with each other, v. et; syn.: et, -que, autem, praeterea, porro, ad hoc, ad haec).

In joining single words, which is its most common use.

In gen. (The following representation is based on a collection of all the instances of the use of atque and ac in Cic. Imp. Pomp., Phil. 2, Tusc. 1, and Off. 1; in Caes. B. G. 1 and 2; in Sall. C.; and in Liv. 21; and wherever in the account either author or work is not cited, there atque or ac does not occur.)

The form atque.

Before vowels and h. —Before a (very freq.):

sociorum atque amicorum,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 2, 6; 3, 7; id. Phil. 2, 13, 33; id. Tusc. 1, 34, 122; Caes. B. G. 1, 2; 1, 18; 1, 26; 2, 14; Sall. C. 5, 8; 7, 5; Liv. 21, 3; 21, 12.—Before e (very freq.):

deposci atque expeti,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 2, 5; 6, 16; 10, 28; id. Phil, 2, 21, 51; 2, 21, 52; id. Tusc. 1, 20, 46; Caes. B. G. 1, 6; 1, 15; 1, 18; 2, 19; Sall. C. 14, 6; 49, 4; Liv. 21, 4; 21, 37.—Before i (very freq.):

excitare atque inflammare,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 2, 6; 3, 7; 7, 18; id. Phil. 2, 15, 37; 2, 21, 50; id. Tusc. 1, 20, 46; 1, 40, 97; Caes. B. G. 1, 17; 1, 20; 1, 22; 2, 1 bis; Sall. C. 2, 3; 3, 5; 14, 4; Liv. 21, 4; 21, 6; 21, 10.—Before o (freq. in Cic.):

honestissimus atque ornatissimus,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 7, 17; 8, 21; 11, 31; id. Off. 1, 25, 86; 1, 27, 94; Caes. B. G. 1, 40; 2, 14; Sall. C. 10, 6; Liv. 21, 8.—Before u (very rare), Cic. Imp. Pomp. 3, 7; 5, 11; 6, 15; Caes. B. G. 1, 26; 2, 20; Sall. C. 31, 6; 42, 1.—Before h (not infreq.):

Sertorianae atque Hispaniensis,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 4, 10; 7, 19; id. Tusc. 1, 28, 69; id. Off. 1, 24, 87; Caes. B. G. 1, 19; 2, 9; 2, 10; Sall. C. 6, 1; 12, 2; Liv. 21, 37.—

Before consonants.—Before b (very rare):

Gallorum atque Belgarum,

Caes. B. G. 1, 6; so,

Cassius atque Brutus,

Tac. A. 3, 76.—Before c (infreq. in Cic., freq. in Sall.):

in portubus atque custodiis,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 6, 16; 8, 21; id. Phil. 2, 8, 18; id. Tusc. 1, 18, 42; id. Off. 1, 25, 88; Sall. C. 2, 3; 7, 4; 16, 3; 26, 4; 29, 3.—Before d (infreq.):

superatam esse atque depressam,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 8, 21; id. Phil. 2, 44, 114: id. Off. 1, 6, 19; 1, 25, 85; 1, 33, 119; Sall. C. 4, 1; 20, 7; 20, 10.—Before f (infreq.):

vitiis atque flagitiis,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 30, 72; id. Off. 1, 28, 98; 1, 28, 100; Caes. B. G. 1, 2; Sall. C. 1, 4; 2, 9; 11, 2.— Before g (very rare):

dignitate atque gloria,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 4, 11; 5, 12:

virtute atque gloria,

Sall. C. 3, 2; 61, 9.—Before j (very rare):

labore atque justitia,

Sall. C. 10, 1; 29, 3.—Before l (rare):

hilari atque laeto,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 42, 100; id. Off. 1, 19, 64; Sall. C. 14, 3; 21, 2; 28, 4.—Before m (infreq. in Cic., once in Caes.):

multae atque magnae,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 9, 23; 17, 50; id. Phil. 2, 39, 100; id. Off. 1, 29, 103; 1, 31, 110; Caes. B. G. 1, 34; Sall. C. 18, 4; 31, 7; 34, 1; 51, 1.—Before n (infreq.):

adventu atque nomine,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 5, 13; 20, 60; id. Off. 1, 28, 101; Sall. C. 2, 2 bis. —Before p (infreq. in Cic.):

magna atque praeclara,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 4, 10; 11, 31; 16, 48; id. Off. 1, 44, 156; Sall. C. 4, 1; 4, 4; 16, 2; 20, 3.—Before q (does not occur).—Before r (rare):

se conlegit atque recreavit,

Cic. Phil. 2, 24, 58.— Before s (rare in Cic.):

provinciarum atque sociorum,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 1, 24, 71; id. Off. 1, 9, 30; 1, 21, 72; Sall. C. 2, 5; 2, 7; 6, 1.— Before t (infreq.):

parietum atque tectorum,

Cic. Phil. 2, 28, 69; id. Tusc. 1, 24, 57; id. Off. 1, 35, 126; Sall. C. 42, 2; 50, 3; 51, 38.—Before v (infreq.):

gravis atque vehemens,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 9, 23; 9, 25; id. Tusc. 1, 23, 54; Sall. C. 1, 1; 12, 3; 45, 4; Liv. 21, 4; 21, 30.—

The form ac before consonants.—Before b (very rare):

sentientes ac bene meritos,

Cic. Off. 1, 41, 149:

feri ac barbari,

Caes. B. G. 1, 31 and 33.—Before c (very rare):

liberis ac conjugibus,

Liv. 21, 30:

Romae ac circa urbem,

id. 21, 62.—Before d (freq. in Cic.):

periculum ac discrimen,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 5, 12; 9, 23; 12, 33; id. Tusc. 1, 17, 40; 1, 28, 69; id. Off. 1, 14, 42:

usus ac disciplina,

Caes. B. G. 1, 40; 2, 31; Sall. C. 5, 4; 5, 8; 28, 1; Liv. 21, 10; 21, 18; 21, 19.—Before f (infreq.):

opima est ac fertilis,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 6, 14; 7, 19; id. Tusc. 1, 1, 2; 1, 27, 66; id. Off. 1, 29, 103:

potentissimos ac firmissimos,

Caes. B. G. 1, 3; 1, 48; 2, 12;

2, 13: pessuma ac flagitiosissima,

Sall. C. 5, 9; Liv. 21, 17; 21, 20.—Before g (does not occur).—Before j (very rare):

nobilitatis ac juventutis,

Cic. Phil. 2, 15, 37.—Before l (not infreq. in Liv.), Cic. Imp. Pomp. 4, 9; 23, 66; id. Phil. 2, 22, 54; Caes. B. G. 1, 12; 1, 23; 2, 23; Liv. 21, 13; 21, 14; 21, 35.—Before m (not infreq. in Cic.):

terrore ac metu,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 9, 23; 18, 54 bis; 20, 59; id. Tusc. 1, 40, 95; id. Off. 1, 30, 106; Caes. B. G. 1, 39; 2, 14; Sall. C. 2, 4; 10, 1; Liv. 21, 8; 21, 60.—Before n (not infreq. in Cic.):

insedit ac nimis inveteravit,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 3, 7:

gentes ac nationes,

id. ib. 11, 31; 12, 35 bis; id. Phil. 2, 21, 50; id. Tusc. 1, 21, 48; Caes. B. G. 1, 20; 2, 28; Liv. 21, 32.—Before p (not infreq. in Cic., Caes., and Liv.):

celeberrimum ac plenissimum,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 12, 33; 12, 35; 13, 36; id. Phil. 2, 15, 39; id. Tusc. 1, 17, 41; id. Off. 1, 20, 68; Caes. B. G. 1, 18; 1, 20; 2, 13; 2, 19; Sall. C. 5, 9; Liv. 21, 25; 21, 34; 21, 35.—Before q (does not occur).—Before r (infreq.):

firmamenti ac roboris,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 4, 10; 8, 21; 15, 45; id. Off. 1, 5, 15; Caes. B. G. 1, 25; Liv. 21, 41; 21, 44.—Before s (freq. in Cic. and Liv., infreq. in Caes.):

vectigalibus ac sociis,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 2, 4; 4, 10; 11, 30; id. Phil. 2, 27, 66; Caes. B. G. 1, 25; 1, 31; 1, 33; 2, 24; Liv. 21, 4; 21, 33 bis; 21, 36.—Before t (infreq. in Cic., freq. in Liv.):

tantis rebus ac tanto bello,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 10, 27 bis; 19, 56; 20, 59; Caes. B. G. 1, 26; 1, 39; 2, 6; Liv. 21, 7 ter; 21, 10; 21, 14; 21, 25.—Before v (not in Cic., only once in Caes. and Sall., but freq. in Liv.):

armatos ac victores,

Caes. B. G. 1, 40:

inconsulte ac veluti etc.,

Sall. C. 42, 2:

opera ac vineae,

Liv. 21, 7; 21, 22; 21, 40; 21, 43. —(So in the phrases treated below: atque adeo, atque alter or alius, atque eccum, atque eo, atque etiam, atque illuc, atque is or hic, atque iterum, atque omnia, atque ut, atque late, atque sic, atque velut, but ac ne, ac si, and ac tamen).—With simul:

Britannorum acies in speciem simul ac terrorem editioribus locis constiterat,

Tac. Agr. 35:

in se simul atque in Herculem,

id. G. 34:

suos prosequitur simul ac deponit,

id. ib. 30; so,

sociis pariter atque hostibus,

id. H. 4, 73:

innocentes ac noxios juxta cadere,

id. A. 1, 48.—Hence, sometimes syn. with et—et, ut—ita, aeque ac; both—and, as—so, as well—as, as well as: hodie sero ac nequiquam [p. 190] voles, Ter. Heaut. 2, 3, 103 (cf. Cic. Quinct. 25, 79:

verum et sero et nequidquam pudet): copia sententiarum atque verborum,

Cic. Cael. 19, 45:

omnia honesta atque inhonesta,

Sall. C. 30, 4:

nobiles atque ignobiles,

id. ib. 20, 7:

caloris ac frigoris patientia par,

Liv. 21, 4; 6, 41; Vell. 2, 127:

vir bonus et prudens dici delector ego ac tu,

Hor. Ep. 1, 16, 32.—

Esp.

In a hendiadys:

utinam isto animo atque virtute in summa re publica versari quam in municipali maluisset,

with this virtuous feeling, Cic. Leg. 3, 16, 36:

de conplexu ejus ac sinu,

of his bosom embrace, id. Cat. 2, 10, 22:

me eadem, quae ceteros, fama atque invidia vexabat, i. e. invidiosa fama,

Sall. C. 3 fin.:

clamore atque adsensu,

shout of applause, Liv. 21, 3.—

In joining to the idea of a preceding word one more important, and indeed, and even, and especially (v. Kritz ad Sall. J. 4, 3).

Absol.: Pa. Nempe tu istic ais esse erilem concubinam? Sc. Atque arguo me etc., yea and I maintain that I etc., Plaut. Mil. 2, 3, 66: Ph. Tun vidisti? Sc. Atque his quidem oculis, id. ib. 2, 4, 15: Ps. Ecquid habet is homo aceti in pectore? Ch. Atque acidissimi, id. Ps. 2, 4, 49; so id. Bacch. 3, 6, 9; id. Men. 1, 2, 40: Py. Cognoscitne (ea)? Ch. Ac memoriter, Ter. Eun. 5, 3, 6:

Faciam boni tibi aliquid pro ista re ac lubens,

and with a good will, id. Heaut. 4, 5, 15:

rem difficilem (dii immortales) atque omnium difficillimam,

and indeed, Cic. Or. 16, 52:

magna diis immortalibus habenda est gratia atque huic ipsi Jovi Statori, etc.,

and especially, id. Cat. 1, 5, 11:

hebeti ingenio atque nullo,

and in fact, id. Tusc. 5, 15, 45:

ex plurimis periculis et insidiis atque ex media morte,

and even, id. Cat. 4, 9:

fratre meo atque eodem propinquo suo interfecto,

and at the same time, Sall. J. 14, 11:

intra moenia atque in sinu urbis,

id. C. 52, 35.—

With adeo, and that too, and even:

intra moenia atque adeo in senatu,

Cic. Cat. 1, 2, 5:

qui in urbe remanserunt atque adeo qui contra urbis salutem etc.,

id. ib. 2, 12, 27:

insto atque urgeo, insector, posco atque adeo flagito crimen,

id. Planc. 19 fin.:

non petentem atque adeo etiam absentem,

Liv. 10, 5.—And with autem also added:

atque adeo autem quor etc.,

Ter. Eun. 5, 4, 42.—

With etiam:

id jam populare atque etiam plausibile factum est,

and also, Cic. Div. in Caecil. 3, 8:

ne Verginio commeatum dent atque etiam in custodia habeant,

Liv. 3, 46.—

With the dem. pron. hic, is:

negotium magnum est navigare atque id mense Quintili,

and besides, and that, and that too, Cic. Att. 5, 12; 1, 14:

maximis defixis trabibus atque eis praeacutis,

Caes. B. C. 1, 27:

Asseres pedum XII. cuspidibus praefixis atque hi maximis ballistis missi,

id. ib. 2, 2:

duabus missis subsidio cohortibus a Caesare, atque his primis legionum duarum,

id. B. G. 5, 15; id. B. C. 3, 70:

flumen uno omnino loco pedibus atque hoc aegre transiri potest,

id. B. G. 5, 18:

ad celeritatem onerandi subductionesque paulo facit humiliores... atque id eo magis, quod, etc.,

id. ib. 5, 1; cf. without id (perh. to avoid the repetition of the pron.): qua (sc. virtute) nostri milites facile superabant, atque eo magis, quod, etc., and that the more because etc., id. ib. 3, 8 fin.:

dicendi artem apta trepidatione occultans atque eo validior,

Tac. H. 1, 69; 2, 37; id. A. 4, 22; 4, 46.—

In comparisons.

Of equality (Rudd. II. p. 94; Zumpt, § 340); with par, idem, item, aequus, similis, juxta, talis, totidem, etc., as: et nota, quod ex hujus modi structura Graeca (sc. homoios kai, etc.) frequenter Latini ac et atque in significatione similitudinis accipiunt, Prisc. pp. 1192 and 1193 P.; cf. Gell. 10, 29; Lidd. and Scott, s. v. kai, III.:

si parem sententiam hic habet ac formam,

Plaut. Mil. 4, 6, 36: quom opulenti loquuntur pariter atque ignobiles, Enn. ap. Gell. 11, 4:

Ecastor pariter hoc atque alias res soles,

Plaut. Men. 5, 1, 52:

pariter nunc opera me adjuves ac re dudum opitulata es,

Ter. Phorm. 5, 3, 3:

neque enim mihi par ratio cum Lucilio est ac tecum fuit,

Cic. N. D. 3, 1, 3:

parique eum atque illos imperio esse jussit,

Nep. Dat. 3, 5:

magistrum equitum pari ac dictatorem imperio fugavit,

id. Hann. 5, 3:

pariter patribus ac plebi carus,

Liv. 2, 33: nam et vita est eadem et animus te erga idem ac fuit, Ter. Heaut. 2, 3, 24:

In hanc argumentationes ex eisdem locis sumendae sunt atque in causam negotialem,

Cic. Inv. 2, 23, 70:

equi quod alii sunt ad rem militarem idonei, alii ad vecturam... non item sunt spectandi atque habendi,

Varr. R. R. 2, 7, 15; id. L. L. 10, § 74 Mull.:

cum ex provincia populi Romani aequam partem tu tibi sumpseris atque populo Romano miseris,

Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 19:

Modo ne in aequo (jure) hostes apud vos sint ac nos socii,

Liv. 39, 37 (exs. with aeque; v. aeque, d); Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 83 fin.:

et simili jure tu ulcisceris patrui mortem atque ille persequeretur fratris sui, si, etc.,

id. Rab. Perd. 5; id. Phil. 1, 4; id. Agr. 1, 4 fin.:

similem pavorem inde ac fugam fore, ac bello Gallico fuerit,

Liv. 6, 28; Col. 5, 7, 3:

contendant, se juxta hieme atque aestate bella gerere posse,

Liv. 5, 6; cf. Drak. ad Liv. 1, 54, 9:

faxo eum tali mactatum, atque hic est, infortunio,

Ter. Phorm. 5, 9, 39; Cic. Vatin. 4, 10:

cum totidem navibus atque erat profectus,

Nep. Milt. 7, 4.—

Of difference; with alius and its derivv., with dissimile, contra, contrarius, secus, etc., than:

illi sunt alio ingenio atque tu,

other than, different from, Plaut. Ps. 4, 7, 35 al.; v. the passages under alius, I. B. a:

aliter tuum amorem atque est accipis,

Ter. Heaut. 2, 3, 23 al.; v. the passages under aliter, 1. a.; cf.

also aliorsum, II., and aliusmodi: quod est non dissimile atque ire in Solonium,

Cic. Att. 2, 3:

simulacrum in excelso collocare et, contra atque ante fuerat, ad orientem convertere,

id. Cat. 3, 8, 20:

vides, omnia fere contra ac dicta sint evenisse,

id. Div. 2, 24 fin.; id. Verr. 2, 1, 46:

qui versantur retro, contrario motu atque caelum,

id. Rep. 6, 17, 17:

membra paulo secus a me atque ab illo partita,

id. de Or. 3, 30, 119:

cujus ego salutem non secus ac meam tueri debeo,

id. Planc. 1 fin. al.; v. contra, contrarius, secus, etc.—

Sometimes, in cases of equality or difference, atque with ut or ac with si (with aliter affirm. Cic. appears to connect only atque ut, not ac si;

once, however, non aliter, ac si,

Cic. Att. 13, 51;

v. aliter, 1. b.): pariter hoc fit atque ut alia facta sunt,

Plaut. Am. 4, 1, 11:

nec fallaciam Astutiorem ullus fecit poeta atque Ut haec est fabre facta a nobis,

id. Cas. 5, 1, 6 sqq.:

quod iste aliter atque ut edixerat decrevisset,

Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 46:

et qui suos casus aliter ferunt atque ut auctores aliis ipsi fuerunt, etc.,

id. Tusc. 3, 30, 73:

si mentionem fecerint, quo aliter ager possideretur atque ut ex legibus Juliis,

id. Att. 2, 18, 2; 16, 13, c; cf. Wopk. Lect. Tull. 1, 15, p. 118; Dig. 43, 13, 11:

Egnatii absentis rem ut tueare, aeque a te peto ac si mea negotia essent,

just as if, Cic. Fam. 13, 43:

tu autem similiter facis ac si me roges, etc.,

id. N. D. 3, 3, 8:

reliquis officiis, juxta ac si meus frater esset, sustentavit,

id. Post. Red. in Sen. 8, 20:

quod dandum est amicitiae, large dabitur a me non secus ac si meus esset frater,

id. Mur. 4 fin.:

haec sunt, tribuni, consilia vestra, non, hercule, dissimilia, ac si quis, etc.,

Liv. 5, 5 fin. al. —

More rare with nimis, in partem, pro eo, etc.;

in Plaut. also with mutare or demutare = aliud esse: nimis bellus, atque ut esse maxume optabam, locus,

Plaut. Bacch. 4, 4, 73:

haud centensumam Partem dixi atque, otium rei si sit, possim expromere,

id. Mil. 3, 1, 168: sane quam pro eo ac debui graviter molesteque tuli, just as was my duty, Sulp. ap. Cic. Fam. 4, 5:

debeo sperare, omnes deos, qui huic urbi praesident, pro eo mihi, ac mereor, relaturos gratiam esse,

Cic. Cat. 4, 2:

pro eo, ac si concessum sit, concludere oportebit argumentationem,

id. Inv. 1, 32, 54:

non possum ego non aut proxime atque ille aut etiam aeque laborare,

nearly the same as he, id. Fam. 9, 13, 2:

neque se luna quoquam mutat atque uti exorta est semel,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 118:

num quid videtur demutare atque ut quidem Dixi?

id. Mil. 4, 3, 37.—

Sometimes the word indicating comparison (aeque, tantopere, etc.) is to be supplied from the connection (in the class. per. perh. used only once by Cassius in epist. style):

nebula haud est mollis atque hujus est,

Plaut. Cas. 4, 4, 21:

quem esse amicum ratus sum atque ipsus sum mihi,

id. Bacch. 3, 6, 20:

quae suco caret atque putris pumex,

Priap. 32, 7 (Mull., est putusque): digne ac mereor commendatus esse, Cass. ap. Cic. Fam. 12, 13; Dig. 2, 14, 4; 19, 2, 54.—

Poet. or in post-Aug. prose with comparatives (for quam), than:

amicior mihi nullus vivit atque is est,

Plaut. Merc. 5, 2, 56:

non Apollinis magis verum atque hoc responsum est,

Ter. And. 4, 2, 15 Ruhnk.:

Illi non minus ac tibi Pectore uritur intimo Flamma,

Cat. 61, 172:

haud minus ac jussi faciunt,

Verg. A. 3, 561:

Non tuus hoc capiet venter plus ac meus,

Hor. S. 1, 1, 46 Bentl. and Heind. (cf. infra:

nihilo plus accipias quam Qui nil portarit): qui peccas minus atque ego,

id. ib. 2, 7, 96:

Artius atque hedera procera adstringitur ilex,

id. Epod. 15, 5; Suet. Caes. 14 Ruhnk. —

In the comparison of two periods of time, most freq. with simul (v. examples under simul); ante- or post-class. with principio, statim:

principio Atque animus ephebis aetate exiit,

as soon as, Plaut. Merc. 1, 1, 40:

judici enim, statim atque factus est, omnium rerum officium incumbit,

Dig. 21, 1, 25:

quamvis, statim atque intercessit, mulier competierat,

ib. 16, 1, 24.—

To connect a negative clause which explains or corrects what precedes; hence sometimes with potius (class.; in Cic. very freq., but rare in the poets), and not, and not rather.

Absol.:

Decipiam ac non veniam,

Ter. Heaut. 4, 4, 6:

si fidem habeat,... ac non id metuat, ne etc.,

id. Eun. 1, 2, 60:

perparvam vero controversiam dicis, ac non eam, quae dirimat omnia,

Cic. Leg. 1, 20, 54:

quasi nunc id agatur, quis ex tanta multitudine occiderit, ac non hoc quaeratur, eum, etc.,

id. Rosc. Am. 33:

si (mundum) tuum ac non deorum immortalium domicilium putes, nonne plane desipere videare?

id. N. D. 2, 6, 17:

nemo erat, qui illum reum ac non miliens condemnatum arbitraretur,

id. Att. 1, 16:

si hoc dissuadere est, ac non disturbare ac pervertere,

id. Agr. 2, 37, 101:

si res verba desideraret ac non pro se ipsa loqueretur,

id. Fam. 3, 2 fin.: hoc te exspectare tempus tibi turpe est ac non ei rei sapientia tua te occurrere, Serv. ap. Cic. Fam. 4, 5, 6:

velut destituti ac non qui ipsi destituissent,

Liv. 8, 27; 7, 3 fin.:

si mihi mea sententia proferenda ac non disertissimorum,

Tac. Or. 1.—

With potius:

Quam ob rem scriba deducet, ac non potius mulio, qui advexit?

Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 79 (B. and K., et):

quis (eum) ita aspexit, ut perditum civem, ac non potius ut importunissimum hostem?

id. Cat. 2, 6, 12.— Pliny the elder commonly employs in this sense atque non, not ac non:

concremasse ea (scrinia) optuma fide atque non legisse,

Plin. 7, 25, 26, § 94; 22, 24, 50, § 108; 29, 2, 9, § 29; 27, 9, 55, § 78; 31, 7, 39, § 73 et saep. —

In connecting clauses and beginning periods.

In gen., and, and so, and even, and too: Pamph. Antiquam adeo tuam venustatem obtines. Bacch. Ac tu ecastor morem antiquom atque ingenium obtines, And you too, Ter. Hec. 5, 4, 20:

atque illi (philosopho) ordiri placet etc.,

Cic. de Or. 3, 47, 183: Africanus indigens mei? Minime hercle. Ac ne ego quidem illius, And I indeed not, etc., id. Lael. 9, 30; id. Fin. 5, 11, 33:

cum versus facias, te ipsum percontor, etc.... Atque ego cum Graecos facerem, natus mare citra, Versiculos, etc.,

Hor. S. 1, 10, 31:

multa quippe et diversa angebant: validior per Germaniam exercitus, etc.... quos igitur anteferret? ac (i. e. similiter angebat), ne postpositi contumelia incenderentur,

Tac. A. 1, 47:

Minime, minime, inquit Secundus, atque adeo vellem maturius intervenisses,

Tac. Or. 14:

ac similiter in translatione, etc.,

Quint. 3, 6, 77.—

In adducing new arguments of similar force in favor of any assertion or making further statements about a subject, etc.; cf. Beier ad Cic. Off. 3, 11, 487.

Absol.:

maxima est enim vis vetustatis et consuetudinis: atque in ipso equo, cujus modo mentionem feci, si, etc.,

and furthermore, and moreover, Cic. Lael. 19, 68: Atque, si natura confirmatura jus non erit, virtutes omnes tollentur, id. Leg. 1, 15, 42 B. and K. —

Often with etiam:

Atque alias etiam dicendi virtutes sequitur,

Cic. Or. 40, 139:

Atque hoc etiam animadvertendum non esse omnia etc.,

id. de Or. 2, 61, 251; so id. Off. 1, 26, 90; id. N. D. 2, 11, 30; Col. 2, 2, 3.—

Sometimes with quoque:

Atque occidi quoque Potius quam cibum praehiberem,

Plaut. Ps. 1, 3, 133; so Cic. N. D. 2, 12, 32; Col. 2, 13, 3, and Cels. 2, 3; 3, 22.—

And even with quoque etiam: Atque ego [p. 191] quoque etiam, qui Jovis sum filius, Contagione etc., Plaut. Am. prol. 30.—

In narration:

aegre submoventes obvios intrare portam, qui adducebant Philopoemenem, potuerunt: atque conferta turba iter reliquum clauserat,

Liv. 39, 49; 5, 21 fin.:

completur caede, quantum inter castra murosque vacui fuit: ac rursus nova laborum facies,

Tac. H. 3, 30; cf. Caes. B. C. 2, 28 fin. and 2, 29 init. —

In introducing comparisons, atque ut, atque velut (mostly poet., esp. in epic poetry):

Atque ut perspicio, profecto etc.,

Plaut. Capt. 3, 4, 53:

ac veluti magno in populo cum saepe coorta est Seditio.... Sic cunctus pelagi cecidit fragor, etc.,

Verg. A. 1, 148; so id. G. 4, 170; id. A. 2, 626; 4, 402; 4, 441; 6, 707; 9, 59; 10, 405; 10, 707; 10, 803; 11, 809; 12, 365; 12, 521; 12, 684; 12, 715;

12, 908: Inclinare meridiem Sentis ac, veluti stet volucris dies, Parcis deripere etc.,

Hor. C. 3, 28, 6; Val. Fl. 6, 664;

and so, Ac velut in nigro jactatis turbine nautis, etc.... Tale fuit nobis Manius auxilium,

Cat. 68, 63 (for which Sillig and Muller read:

Hic velut, etc.): Atque ut magnas utilitates adipiscimur, etc.,

Cic. Off. 2, 5, 16:

Atque ut hujus mores veros amicos parere non potuerunt, sic etc.,

id. Lael. 15, 54.—

In connecting two acts or events.

In the order of time, and then; hence the ancient grammarians assume in it the notion of quick succession, and explain it, though improperly, as syn. with statim, ilico, without any accompanying copulative, v. Gell. 10, 29; Non. p. 530, 1 sq. (only in the poets and histt.): Atque atque accedit muros Romana juventus (the repetition of the atque represents the approach step by step), Enn. ap. Gell. and Non. l. l. (Ann. v. 527 Mull.): Quo imus una;

ad prandium? Atque illi tacent,

And then they are silent, Plaut. Capt. 3, 1, 19:

Ubi cenamus? inquam, atque illi abnuunt,

and upon this they shake their head, id. ib. 3, 1, 21; id. Ep. 2, 2, 33:

dum circumspecto atque ego lembum conspicor,

id. Bacch. 2, 3, 45; so id. Merc. 2, 1, 32; 2, 1, 35; id. Most. 5, 1, 9:

lucernam forte oblitus fueram exstinguere: Atque ille exclamat derepente maximum,

and then he suddenly exclaims, id. ib. 2, 2, 57: cui fidus Achates It comes... atque illi Misenum in litore sicco Ut venere, vident, etc., and as they thus came, etc., Verg. A. 6, 162:

dixerat, atque illi sese deus obtulit ultro,

Stat. Th. 9, 481; 12, 360; Liv. 26, 39, 16; Tac. H. 3, 17:

tum Otho ingredi castra ausus: atque illum tribuni centurionesque circumsistunt,

id. ib. 1, 82. —Sometimes with two imperatives, in order to indicate vividly the necessity of a quicker succession, or the close connection between two actions:

cape hoc argentum atque defer,

Ter. Heaut. 4, 7, 3:

abi domum ac deos comprecare,

id. Ad. 4, 5, 65:

tace modo ac sequere hac,

id. ib. 2, 4, 16:

Accipe carmina atque hanc sine tempora circum hederam tibi serpere,

Verg. E. 8, 12; id. G. 1, 40; 3, 65; 4, 330:

Da auxilium, pater, atque haec omina firma,

id. A. 2, 691; 3, 89; 3, 250; 3, 639; 4, 424; 9, 90; 10, 624; 11, 370.—

In the order of thought, and so, and thus, and therefore.

Absol.:

si nunc de tuo jure concessisses paululum, Atque adulescenti morigerasses,

and so, Ter. Ad. 2, 2, 10.—

With ita or sic:

Ventum deinde ad multo angustiorem rupem, atque ita rectis saxis, etc.,

Liv. 21, 36; Plin. 10, 58, 79, § 158:

ac sic prope innumerabiles species reperiuntur,

Quint. 12, 10, 67.—

Connecting conclusion and condition, so, then (cf. at, II. F.):

non aliter quam qui adverso vix flumine lembum Remigiis subigit, si bracchia forte remisit, Atque illum praeceps prono rapit alveus amni,

Verg. G. 1, 203 (here explained by statim by Gell. 10, 29, and by Servius, but thus its connective force is wholly lost; cf. also Forbig ad h. l. for still another explanation).—

(As supra, I. c.) To annex a thought of more importance:

Satisne videtur declarasse Dionysius nihil esse ei beatum, cui semper aliqui terror impendeat? atque ei ne integrum quidem erat, ut ad justitiam remigraret,

Cic. Tusc. 5, 21, 62; id. Tull. 4:

hoc enim spectant leges, hoc volunt, incolumem esse civium conjunctionem, quam qui dirimunt, eos morte... coercent. Atque hoc multo magis efficit ipsa naturae ratio,

id. Off. 3, 5, 23; id. Fam. 6, 1, 4: hac spe lapsus Induciomarus... exsules damnatosque tota Gallia magnis praemiis ad se allicere coepit;

ac tantam sibi jam iis rebus in Gallia auctoritatem comparaverat, ut, etc.,

Caes. B. G. 5, 55 fin.; Nep. Hann. 13, 2; Quint. 1, 10, 16.—Hence also in answers, in order to confirm a question or assertion:

Sed videone ego Pamphilippum cum fratre Epignomo? Atque is est,

And he it is, Yes, it is he, Plaut. Stich. 4, 2, 4; so id. Truc. 1, 2, 24: Th. Mihin malum minitare? Ca. Atque edepol non minitabor, sed dabo, id. Curc. 4, 4, 15: Ch. Egon formidulosus? nemost hominum, qui vivat, minus. Th. Atque ita opust, Ter. Eun. 4, 6, 20.—

In expressing a wish, atque utinam:

Veritus sum arbitros, atque utinam memet possim obliscier! Att., Trag. Rel. p. 160 Rib.: videmus enim fuisse quosdam, qui idem ornate ac graviter, idem versute et subtiliter dicerent. Atque utinam in Latinis talis oratoris simulacrum reperire possemus!

Cic. Or. 7, 22; so id. Rep. 3, 5, 8:

Atque utinam pro decore etc.,

Liv. 21, 41, 13:

Atque utinam ex vobis unus etc.,

Verg. E. 10, 35; id. A. 1, 575:

Atque utinam... Ille vir in medio fiat amore lapis!

Prop. 2, 9, 47; 3, 6, 15; 3, 7, 25; 3, 8, 19 al.—

To connect an adversative clause, and often fully with tamen, and yet, notwithstanding, nevertheless.

Absol.: Mihi quidem hercle non fit veri simile;

atque ipsis commentum placet,

Ter. And. 1, 3, 20 Ruhnk. (atque pro tamen, Don.):

ego quia non rediit filius, quae cogito!... Atque ex me hic natus non est, sed ex fratre,

id. Ad. 1, 1, 15 (Quasi dicat, ex me non est, et sic afficior: quid paterer si genuissem? Don.; cf. Acron. ap. Charis. p. 204 P.); Cic. Off. 3, 11, 48 Beier; id. Mur. 34, 71 Matth.:

ceterum ex aliis negotiis, quae ingenio exercentur, in primis magno usui est memoria rerum gestarum... Atque ego credo fore qui, etc.,

and yet I believe, Sall. J. 4, 1 and 3 Corte; id. C. 51, 35:

observare principis egressum in publicum, insidere vias examina infantium futurusque populus solebat. Labor parentibus erat ostentare parvulos... Ac plerique insitis precibus surdas principis aures obstrepebant,

Plin. Pan. 26.—

With tamen:

nihil praeterea est magnopere dicendum. Ac tamen, ne cui loco non videatur esse responsum, etc.,

Cic. Fin. 2, 27, 85:

discipulos dissimilis inter se ac tamen laudandos,

id. de Or. 3, 10, 35; id. Rep. 1, 7, 12:

Atque in his tamen tribus generibus etc.,

id. Off. 3, 33, 118; id. Pis. 1, 3; 13, 30; id. Prov. Cons. 7, 16; 7, 15 fin. (cf. in reference to the last four passages Wund. Varr. Lectt. p. lviii. sq.):

ac tamen initia fastigii etc.,

Tac. A. 3, 29; 3, 56; 12, 56;

14, 21: pauciores cum pluribus certasse, ac tamen fusos Germanos,

id. H. 5, 16.—

To connect a minor affirmative proposition (the assumptio or propositio minor of logical lang.) in syllogisms, now, but, but now (while atqui is used to connect either an affirmative or negative minor premiss: v. atqui): Scaptius quaternas postulabat. Metui, si impetrasset, ne tu ipse me amare desineres;

... Atque hoc tempore ipso impingit mihi epistulam etc.,

Cic. Att. 6, 1, 6.—Sometimes the conclusion is to be supplied:

nisi qui naturas hominum, penitus perspexerit, dicendo, quod volet, perficere non poterit. Atque totus hic locus philosophorum putatur proprius (conclusion: ergo oratorem philosophiam cognoscere oportet),

Cic. de Or. 1, 12, 53 and 54.—

In introducing a purpose (freq. in Cic.).

A negative purpose, and esp. in anticipating an objection:

Ac ne sine causa videretur edixisse,

Cic. Phil. 3, 9, 24:

Ac ne forte hoc magnum ac mirabile esse videatur,

id. de Or. 2, 46, 191; so id. Fam. 5, 12, 30:

Ac ne saepius dicendum sit,

Cels. 8, 1:

Ac ne forte roges, quo me duce, quo lare tuter,

Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 13:

Ac ne forte putes,

id. ib. 2, 1, 208:

Ac ne forte putes etc.,

Ov. R. Am. 465 (Merkel, Et).—

A positive purpose:

Atque ut ejus diversa studia in dissimili ratione perspicere possitis, nemo etc.,

Cic. Cat. 2, 5, 9:

Atque ut omnes intellegant me etc.... dico etc.,

id. Imp. Pomp. 8, 20; 2, 4; id. Clu. 14, 43; id. Sull. 2, 5; id. de Or. 3, 11, 40:

Atque ut C. Flaminium relinquam etc.,

id. Leg. 3, 9, 20; id. Fin. 3, 2, 4.—

a.. In continuing a thought in assertions or narration, and, now, and now, Plaut. Aul. prol. 18: audistis, cum pro se diceret, genus orationis, etc.,... perspexistis. Atque in eo non solum ingenium ejus videbatis, etc., Cic. Cael. 19, 45; so id. de Or. 3, 32, 130; 2, 7, 27; 3, 10, 39 al.; Caes. B. G. 2, 29; Nep. Ages. 7, 3; 8, 1, Eum. 10, 3 Bremi; Tac. A. 14, 64; 15, 3; Verg. A. 9, 1; Sil. 4, 1 al.: ac si, sublato illo, depelli a vobis omne periculum judicarem, now if I, etc., Cic. Cat. 2, 2, 3:

atque si etiam hoc natura praescribit, etc.,

id. Off. 3, 6, 27; so Quint. 10, 1, 26; 10, 2, 8.—

In introducing parentheses:

vulgo credere, Penino (atque inde nomen et jugo Alpium inditum) transgressum,

Liv. 21, 38:

omne adfectus genus (atque ea maxime jucundam et ornatam faciunt orationem) de luxuria, etc.,

Quint. 4, 3, 15 MSS., where Halm after Spalding reads et quae. —

At the conclusion of a discourse (not infreq. in Cic.): Atque in primis duabus dicendi partibus qualis esset, summatim breviterque descripsimus, And thus have we, then, briefly described, etc., Cic. Or. 15, 50:

Ac de primo quidem officii fonte diximus,

id. Off. 1, 6, 19:

Ac de inferenda quidem injuria satis dictum est,

id. ib. 1, 8, 27; id. Inv. 2, 39, 115 al.—

In particular connections and phrases.

Unus atque alter, one and the other; alius atque alius, one and another; now this, now that:

unae atque alterae scalae,

Sall. J. 60, 7:

quarum (coclearum) cum unam atque alteram, dein plures peteret,

id. ib. 93, 2:

unum atque alterum lacum integer perfluit,

Tac. H. 5, 6:

dilatisque alia atque alia de causa comitiis,

Liv. 8, 23, 17; Col. 9, 8, 10:

alius atque alius,

Tac. H. 1, 46; 1, 50 (v. alius, II. D.).—Also separated by several words:

aliud ejus subinde atque aliud facientes initium,

Sen. Ep. 32, 2.—

Etiam atque etiam. again and again:

temo Stellas cogens etiam atque etiam Noctis sublime iter, Enn., Trag. Rel. p. 39 Rib.: etiam atque etiam cogita,

Ter. Eun. 1, 1, 11:

etiam atque etiam considera,

Cic. Div. in Caecil. 14, 46:

monitos eos etiam atque etiam volo,

id. Cat. 2, 12, 27.—So, semel atque iterum, Cic. Font. 26; id. Clu. 49; Tac. Or. 17; and:

iterum atque iterum,

Verg. A. 8, 527; Hor. S. 1, 10, 39.—

Huc atque illuc, hither and thither, Cic. Q. Rosc. 37; id. de Or. 1, 40, 184; Verg. A. 9, 57; Ov. M. 2, 357; 10, 376; Tac. Agr. 10; id. H. 1, 85.—

Longe atque late, far and wide, Cic. Marcell. 29:

atque eccum or atque eccum video, in colloquial lang.: Heus vocate huc Davom. Atque eccum,

but here he is, Ter. And. 3, 3, 48:

Audire vocem visa sum modo militis. Atque eccum,

and here he is, id. Eun. 3, 2, 2; so id. Hec. 4, 1, 8.—

Atque omnia, in making an assertion general, and so generally:

Atque in eis omnibus, quae sunt actionis, inest quaedam vis a natura data,

Cic. de Or. 3, 59, 223:

quorum (verborum) descriptus ordo alias alia terminatione concluditur, atque omnia illa et prima et media verba spectare debent ad ultimum,

id. Or. 59, 200; id. de Or. 2, 64, 257: commoda civium non divellere, atque omnes aequitate eadem continere, and so rather, etc., id. Off. 2, 23, 83:

nihil acerbum esse, nihil crudele, atque omnia plena clementiae, humanitatis,

id. ad Q. Fr. 1, 1, 8:

Atque omnis vitae ratio sic constat, ut, quae probamus in aliis, facere ipsi velimus,

Quint. 10, 2, 2.—

With other conjunctions.

After et:

equidem putabam virtutem hominibus instituendo et persuadendo, non minis et vi ac metu tradi,

Cic. de Or. 1, 58, 247:

Magnifica vero vox et magno viro ac sapiente digna,

id. Off. 3, 1, 1; id. Cael. 13:

vanus aspectus et auri fulgor atque argenti,

Tac. Agr. 32.:

denuntiarent, ut ab Saguntinis abstineret et Carthaginem in Africam traicerent ac sociorum querimonias deferrent,

Liv. 21, 6, 4:

ubi et fratrem consilii ac periculi socium haberem,

id. 21, 41, 2:

et uti liter demum ac Latine perspicueque,

Quint. 8, 3, 3:

Nam et subtili plenius aliquid atque subtilius et vehementi remissius atque vehementius invenitur,

id. 12, 10, 67. —

After que, as in Gr. te kai: litterisque ac laudibus aeternare, Varr. ap. Non. p. 75, 20:

submoverique atque in castra redigi,

Liv. 26, 10:

terrorem caedemque ac fugam fecere,

id. 21, 52:

mus Sub terris posuitque domos atque horrea fecit,

Verg. G. 1, 182; 3, 434; id. A. 8, 486.—

Before et:

caelum ipsum ac mare et silvas circum spectantes,

Tac. Agr. 32.—

After neque (only in the poets and post - Aug. prose):

nec clavis nec canis atque calix,

Mart. 1, 32, 4: naturam Oceani atque aestus [p. 192] neque quaerere hujus operis est, ac multi retulere, Tac. Agr. 10:

mediocritatem pristinam neque dissimulavit umquam ac frequenter etiam prae se tulit,

Suet. Vesp. 12.—

Atque repeated, esp. in arch. Lat.: Scio solere plerisque hominibus in rebus secundis atque prolixis atque prosperis animum excellere atque superbiam atque ferociam augescere atque crescere, Cato ap. Gell. 7, 3: Dicere possum quibus villae atque aedes aedificatae atque expolitae maximo opere citro atque ebore atque pavimentis Poenicis stent, Cato ap. Fest. p. 242 Mull.:

atque ut C. Flamininum atque ea, quae jam prisca videntur, propter vetustatem relinquam,

Cic. Leg. 3, 9, 20:

omnem dignitatem tuam in virtute atque in rebus gestis atque in tua gravitate positam existimare,

id. Fam. 1, 5, 8.—Esp. freq. in enumerations in the poets:

Haec atque illa dies atque alia atque alia,

Cat. 68, 152:

Mavortia tellus Atque Getae atque Hebrus,

Verg. G. 4, 463:

Clioque et Beroe atque Ephyre Atque Opis et Asia,

id. ib. 4, 343.—And sometimes forming a double connective, both— and = et—et:

Multus ut in terras deplueretque lapis: Atque tubas atque arma ferunt crepitantia caelo Audita,

Tib. 2, 5, 73:

complexa sui corpus miserabile nati Atque deos atque astra vocat crudelia mater,

Verg. E. 5, 23; Sil. 1, 93; v. Forbig ad Verg. l. l.

► Atque regularly stands at the beginning of its sentence or clause or before the word it connects, but in poetry it sometimes, like et and at, stands:

In the second place:

Jamque novum terrae stupeant lucescere solem, Altius atque cadant imbres,

Verg. E. 6, 38 Rib., ubi v. Forbig.:

Accipite ergo animis atque haec mea figite dicta,

id. A. 3, 250, and 10, 104 (animis may, however, here be taken with Accipite, as in id. ib. 5, 304):

Esto beata, funus atque imagines Ducant triumphales tuum,

Hor. Epod. 8, 11; id. S. 1, 5, 4; 1, 6, 111; 1, 7, 12 (ubi v. Fritzsche).—

In the third place:

quod pubes hedera virente Gaudeant pulla magis atque myrto,

Hor. C. 1, 25, 18; cf. at fin. (Vid. more upon this word in Hand, Turs. I. pp. 452-513.)

Belgae, ārum, m., = Belgai [Balge, in Lower Germany, a low, swampy region], the Belgians, a warlike people, of German and Celtic origin, in the north of Gaul, Caes. B. G. 1, 1; 2, 4; Mel. 3, 2, 4; Tac. A. 1, 43; 3, 40; id. H. 4, 17; 4, 76 al.—In sing.: Bel-ga, ae, m., a Belgian, Luc. 1, 426; Claud. Laud. Stil. 1, 226.—

Deriv.: Belgĭ-cus, a, um, adj., Belgic:

esseda,

Verg. G. 3, 204:

color,

Prop. 2 (3), 18, 26:

calami,

Plin. 16, 36, 65, § 161:

canis,

Sil. 10, 80.—Hence, Gallia Belgica, or absol. Belgica, the northern part of Gaul, between the Rhine, Seine, Marne, and the North Sea, inhabited by the Belgians, Plin. 4, 17, 31, § 105; 7, 16, 17, § 76. — Absol., Plin. 15, 25, 30, § 103; Tac. H. 1, 12; 1, 58 al.

Belgae, ārum, m., = Belgai [Balge, in Lower Germany, a low, swampy region], the Belgians, a warlike people, of German and Celtic origin, in the north of Gaul, Caes. B. G. 1, 1; 2, 4; Mel. 3, 2, 4; Tac. A. 1, 43; 3, 40; id. H. 4, 17; 4, 76 al.—In sing.: Bel-ga, ae, m., a Belgian, Luc. 1, 426; Claud. Laud. Stil. 1, 226.—

Deriv.: Belgĭ-cus, a, um, adj., Belgic:

esseda,

Verg. G. 3, 204:

color,

Prop. 2 (3), 18, 26:

calami,

Plin. 16, 36, 65, § 161:

canis,

Sil. 10, 80.—Hence, Gallia Belgica, or absol. Belgica, the northern part of Gaul, between the Rhine, Seine, Marne, and the North Sea, inhabited by the Belgians, Plin. 4, 17, 31, § 105; 7, 16, 17, § 76. — Absol., Plin. 15, 25, 30, § 103; Tac. H. 1, 12; 1, 58 al.

Belgae, ārum, m., = Belgai [Balge, in Lower Germany, a low, swampy region], the Belgians, a warlike people, of German and Celtic origin, in the north of Gaul, Caes. B. G. 1, 1; 2, 4; Mel. 3, 2, 4; Tac. A. 1, 43; 3, 40; id. H. 4, 17; 4, 76 al.—In sing.: Bel-ga, ae, m., a Belgian, Luc. 1, 426; Claud. Laud. Stil. 1, 226.—

Deriv.: Belgĭ-cus, a, um, adj., Belgic:

esseda,

Verg. G. 3, 204:

color,

Prop. 2 (3), 18, 26:

calami,

Plin. 16, 36, 65, § 161:

canis,

Sil. 10, 80.—Hence, Gallia Belgica, or absol. Belgica, the northern part of Gaul, between the Rhine, Seine, Marne, and the North Sea, inhabited by the Belgians, Plin. 4, 17, 31, § 105; 7, 16, 17, § 76. — Absol., Plin. 15, 25, 30, § 103; Tac. H. 1, 12; 1, 58 al.

clam (old access. form callim, or, acc. to Cod. Gu. 1, calam, Paul. ex Fest. p. 47, 3 Müll.) [root cal-; cf.: calix, celo, cella, occulo, caligo], adv. and prep., secretly, privately; and in the predicate after sum and fore, hidden, secret, unknown (opp. palam; except once in Caes., v. II. infra; in class. prose only used as adv.).

In gen.: clamque palamque, Enn. ap. Gell. 12, 4 (247 Vahl.): ignis mortalibus clam Divisus, Att. ap. Cic. Tusc. 2, 10, 23:

mea nunc facinora aperiuntur, clam quae speravi fore,

Plaut. Truc. 4, 3, 21; cf. Ter. Ad. 1, 1, 46; Lucr. 5, 1157:

nec id clam esse potuit,

Liv. 5, 36, 6: clam mordax canis (Gr. lathrodêktês kuôn), Plaut. Bacch. 5, 2, 27; cf. Amm. 15, 3, 5; Ter. And. 2, 6, 13; Cat. 21, 5; cf. Ov. Am. 3, 14, 8:

clam peperit uxor,

Ter. Hec. 5, 2, 15:

hanc tu mihi vel vi, vel clam, vel precario Fac tradas (a jurid. formula),

id. Eun. 2, 3, 28; cf. Cic. Caecin. 32, 92:

qui propter avaritiam clam depositum non reddidit,

id. Tusc. 3, 8, 17:

clam mussitantes,

Liv. 33, 31, 1; Suet. Tib. 6:

praemissis confestim clam cohortibus,

id. Caes. 31; id. Ner. 34:

ille Sychaeum Clam ferro incautum superat,

stealthily, Verg. A. 1, 350:

nec dic quid doleas, clam tamen usque dole,

Ov. R. Am. 694:

cui te commisit alendum Clam,

id. M. 13, 432; cf. id. ib. 14, 310 al.—

Esp.

With advv.; with furtim, Plaut. Poen. 3, 3, 49;

with furtive,

id. ib. 5, 2, 61;

with occulte,

Plin. 36, 2, 2, § 6; poet. with tacitus:

tacito clam venit illa pede, and similar words,

Tib. 1, 10, 34; 4, 6, 16; cf.:

strepito nullo clam reserare fores,

id. 1, 8, 60; opp. palam, Enn. l. l.; Plaut. Merc. 5, 4, 63; Cic. Cael. 9, 20; id. Rosc. Am. 8, 23; id. Fam. 1, 1, 4; Tib. 2, 1, 84; Suet. Caes. 80; id. Dom. 2;

and opp. propalam,

Suet. Ner. 22.—

With gen.:

res exulatum at illam clam abibat patris,

Plaut. Merc. 1, 1, 43 Ritschl (cf. lathrê Laomedontos, Hom. Il. 5, 269).—

Clam est, with subj.-clause (cf. II. B. infra):

meretricem commoneri Quam sane magni referat, nil clam'st,

Plaut. Mil. 3, 3, 9.—

Prep., without the knowledge of, unknown to, constr. with abl. or acc.

With abl. (only in the two foll. passages; for Plaut. Merc. 3, 2, 2; 4, 6, 5; id. Curc. 1, 3, 17; id. Am. prol. 107 al., where the abl. formerly stood with clam, have been corrected by Ritschl and recent edd.; v. Speng. ad Ter. And. 1, 5, 52;

but cf. Ussing ad Plaut. Curc. l.l.): nec clam durateus Trojanis Pergama partu Inflammasset equos,

Lucr. 1, 476 Munro ad loc.:

non sibi clam vobis salutem fuga petivit?

Caes. B. C. 2, 32.—

With acc.:

clam uxorem,

Plaut. As. Grex. 1; id. Cas. prol. 54: clam uxorem et clam filium, [p. 348] id. Merc. 3, 2, 2:

matrem,

id. Mil. 2, 1, 34:

patrem,

id. Merc. 2, 3, 8; 3, 4, 75; id. Truc. 2, 1, 37 Speng.; Gell. 2, 23, 16:

senem,

Plaut. Most. 5, 1, 13:

uxorem,

id. Cas. 2, 8, 32; id. As. Grex. 5; id. Men. 1, 2, 43; 5, 9, 78; id. Merc. 4, 6, 3 Ritschl:

virum,

id. Cas. 2, 2, 28; id. Am. prol. 107:

clam alter alterum,

id. Cas. prol. 51:

illum,

id. Merc. 2, 3, 26:

omnīs,

id. Aul. prol. 7:

clam praesidia Pompeii, Auct. B. Hisp. 3: clam quemdam Philonem,

id. ib. 35:

nostros,

id. ib. 16:

dominum,

Dig. 9, 2, 27, § 14:

haec clam me omnia,

Ter. Heaut. 1, 1, 46.—

Clam me est, it is unknown to me, I know not (only in Plaut. and Ter.):

neque adeo clam me est,

Ter. Hec. 2, 2, 19:

haud clam me est,

id. ib. 3, 4, 10; so id. ib. 4, 1, 53;

4, 2, 1: nec clam te est, quam, etc.,

id. And. 1, 5, 52.—

Clam habere aliquem = celare aliquem, to keep secret from one, conceal from, Ter. Hec. 4, 4, 35; cf. Prisc. p. 988 P.; Pomp. Comm. Art. Don. p. 399.

clam (old access. form callim, or, acc. to Cod. Gu. 1, calam, Paul. ex Fest. p. 47, 3 Müll.) [root cal-; cf.: calix, celo, cella, occulo, caligo], adv. and prep., secretly, privately; and in the predicate after sum and fore, hidden, secret, unknown (opp. palam; except once in Caes., v. II. infra; in class. prose only used as adv.).

In gen.: clamque palamque, Enn. ap. Gell. 12, 4 (247 Vahl.): ignis mortalibus clam Divisus, Att. ap. Cic. Tusc. 2, 10, 23:

mea nunc facinora aperiuntur, clam quae speravi fore,

Plaut. Truc. 4, 3, 21; cf. Ter. Ad. 1, 1, 46; Lucr. 5, 1157:

nec id clam esse potuit,

Liv. 5, 36, 6: clam mordax canis (Gr. lathrodêktês kuôn), Plaut. Bacch. 5, 2, 27; cf. Amm. 15, 3, 5; Ter. And. 2, 6, 13; Cat. 21, 5; cf. Ov. Am. 3, 14, 8:

clam peperit uxor,

Ter. Hec. 5, 2, 15:

hanc tu mihi vel vi, vel clam, vel precario Fac tradas (a jurid. formula),

id. Eun. 2, 3, 28; cf. Cic. Caecin. 32, 92:

qui propter avaritiam clam depositum non reddidit,

id. Tusc. 3, 8, 17:

clam mussitantes,

Liv. 33, 31, 1; Suet. Tib. 6:

praemissis confestim clam cohortibus,

id. Caes. 31; id. Ner. 34:

ille Sychaeum Clam ferro incautum superat,

stealthily, Verg. A. 1, 350:

nec dic quid doleas, clam tamen usque dole,

Ov. R. Am. 694:

cui te commisit alendum Clam,

id. M. 13, 432; cf. id. ib. 14, 310 al.—

Esp.

With advv.; with furtim, Plaut. Poen. 3, 3, 49;

with furtive,

id. ib. 5, 2, 61;

with occulte,

Plin. 36, 2, 2, § 6; poet. with tacitus:

tacito clam venit illa pede, and similar words,

Tib. 1, 10, 34; 4, 6, 16; cf.:

strepito nullo clam reserare fores,

id. 1, 8, 60; opp. palam, Enn. l. l.; Plaut. Merc. 5, 4, 63; Cic. Cael. 9, 20; id. Rosc. Am. 8, 23; id. Fam. 1, 1, 4; Tib. 2, 1, 84; Suet. Caes. 80; id. Dom. 2;

and opp. propalam,

Suet. Ner. 22.—

With gen.:

res exulatum at illam clam abibat patris,

Plaut. Merc. 1, 1, 43 Ritschl (cf. lathrê Laomedontos, Hom. Il. 5, 269).—

Clam est, with subj.-clause (cf. II. B. infra):

meretricem commoneri Quam sane magni referat, nil clam'st,

Plaut. Mil. 3, 3, 9.—

Prep., without the knowledge of, unknown to, constr. with abl. or acc.

With abl. (only in the two foll. passages; for Plaut. Merc. 3, 2, 2; 4, 6, 5; id. Curc. 1, 3, 17; id. Am. prol. 107 al., where the abl. formerly stood with clam, have been corrected by Ritschl and recent edd.; v. Speng. ad Ter. And. 1, 5, 52;

but cf. Ussing ad Plaut. Curc. l.l.): nec clam durateus Trojanis Pergama partu Inflammasset equos,

Lucr. 1, 476 Munro ad loc.:

non sibi clam vobis salutem fuga petivit?

Caes. B. C. 2, 32.—

With acc.:

clam uxorem,

Plaut. As. Grex. 1; id. Cas. prol. 54: clam uxorem et clam filium, [p. 348] id. Merc. 3, 2, 2:

matrem,

id. Mil. 2, 1, 34:

patrem,

id. Merc. 2, 3, 8; 3, 4, 75; id. Truc. 2, 1, 37 Speng.; Gell. 2, 23, 16:

senem,

Plaut. Most. 5, 1, 13:

uxorem,

id. Cas. 2, 8, 32; id. As. Grex. 5; id. Men. 1, 2, 43; 5, 9, 78; id. Merc. 4, 6, 3 Ritschl:

virum,

id. Cas. 2, 2, 28; id. Am. prol. 107:

clam alter alterum,

id. Cas. prol. 51:

illum,

id. Merc. 2, 3, 26:

omnīs,

id. Aul. prol. 7:

clam praesidia Pompeii, Auct. B. Hisp. 3: clam quemdam Philonem,

id. ib. 35:

nostros,

id. ib. 16:

dominum,

Dig. 9, 2, 27, § 14:

haec clam me omnia,

Ter. Heaut. 1, 1, 46.—

Clam me est, it is unknown to me, I know not (only in Plaut. and Ter.):

neque adeo clam me est,

Ter. Hec. 2, 2, 19:

haud clam me est,

id. ib. 3, 4, 10; so id. ib. 4, 1, 53;

4, 2, 1: nec clam te est, quam, etc.,

id. And. 1, 5, 52.—

Clam habere aliquem = celare aliquem, to keep secret from one, conceal from, Ter. Hec. 4, 4, 35; cf. Prisc. p. 988 P.; Pomp. Comm. Art. Don. p. 399.

calvārĭa, ae, f. [calva, calvus].

The skull of man, Cels. 8, 1; Vulg. 4 Reg. 9, 35:

calvariae locus,

id. Matt. 27, 33;

of beasts: canis,

Plin. 30, 6, 18, § 53:

equae, asinae,

Pall. 1, 35, 16.—

In eccl. Lat., Calvary, the place where Jesus Christ was crucified, Tert. adv. Marc. 3, 198.

cănārĭus, a, um, adj. [canis], of or pertaining to dogs, dog-: augurium, i. e. in which dogs were offered, Auct. ap. Plin. 18, 3, 3, § 14; Fest. s. v. rutilae, p. 285 Müll. (cf. Ov. F. 4, 936; Col. 10, 342 sq.; Paul. ex Fest. s. v. catularia, p. 45 Müll.): herba, a kind of grass; acc. to Sprengel, fingerformed panic:

Panicum dactylon, Linn.: lappa,

Plin. 24, 19, 116, § 176.—

Transf.

As adj. prop.: Cănārĭa insula, one of the Insulae Fortunatae in the Atlantic Ocean, so called from its large dogs, Plin. 6, 32, 37, § 205; Sol. 56, 17.— Plur.:

Canariae insulae,

the Canary islands, Arn. 6, 5.—

As nom. prop.: Cănārii, ōrum, m., a voracious people of Mauritania, Plin. 5, 1, 1, § 15.