-
81 tractoriae
tractōrĭus, a, um, adj. [traho].I. II. B.trac-tōrĭae, ārum, f. (sc. litterae), an imperial letter containing an order to provide a person with necessaries on his journey:de tractoriis et stativis,
Cod. Just. 15, 52. -
82 tractorius
tractōrĭus, a, um, adj. [traho].I. II. B.trac-tōrĭae, ārum, f. (sc. litterae), an imperial letter containing an order to provide a person with necessaries on his journey:de tractoriis et stativis,
Cod. Just. 15, 52. -
83 X
X, x, a character probably derived from the Greek X (this form of that letter being found in some few Greek inscriptions). Though not introduced instead of the characters for the two separate sounds till after the adoption of the alphabet, the letter x is certainly older than the Latin inscriptions known to us; for we find in the Columna rostr., EXEMET MAXIMOS, EXFOCIONT; in the fifth Epitaph of the Scipios, SAXSVM; and in the S. C. de Bacch., EXDEICENDVM, EXDEICATIS. EXTRAD, etc.The sound of X was like that of the Greek x, i. e. ks, although etymologically it represented not only cs (as in lux, from luc-s, and dixi, from dic-si), but also gs (as in lex, from leg-s; rexi, from reg-si); hs (as in traxi, from trah-si; vexi, from vehsi); and chs (as in the word onyx, from onych-s, borrowed from the Greek). The hardening of a softer final ( g, h, ch) before s into the c -sound, which occurs in the last-mentioned cases, is found also in several roots ending in v and u: nix for niv-s, vixi for viv-si, connixi for conniv-si, fluxi for fluv-si, from fluo (root FLUV; cf. fluvius), struxi for stru-si. Less frequently x has arisen from the combinations ps and ts: proximus for prop-simus (from prope), nixus for nit-sus (from nitor), the latter being used along with the collateral form nisus, as also connivi with connixi, and mistus (from misceo) with mixtus. An exchange of the sounds ss, or s and x, took place in axis for assis, laxus for lassus; cf. also Ulixes, from the Sicilian Oulixês, Etruscan Uluxe for Odusseus; so, too. Sextius, Exquiliae = Sestius, Esquiliae; cf. also Ajax = Aias. In the later language of the vulgar, the guttural sound in x disappeared, and s or ss was often written for it; as vis for vix. vixit for visit. unsit for unxit, conflississet for conflixisset, in late Inscrr. (v. Corss. Ausspr. I. p. 297 sq.); hence regularly in Italian, and frequently in the other Romance tongues, the Lat. x is represented by s or ss. Respecting the nature of x in composition, v. ex.By a mere graphic variation, one of the constituent sounds of x is often expressed in inscriptions (but not the earliest, v. Corss. Ausspr. I. p. 296) by an additional c or s; as SACXO or SAXSO for saxo; VCXOR or VXSOR for uxor; CONIVNCX or CONIVNXS for conjux; even both sounds are sometimes thus expressed, VICXSIT for vixit.As an abbreviation X stands for decem, ten; it was stamped upon the silver denarius, so called because it was valued at ten asses. -
84 x
X, x, a character probably derived from the Greek X (this form of that letter being found in some few Greek inscriptions). Though not introduced instead of the characters for the two separate sounds till after the adoption of the alphabet, the letter x is certainly older than the Latin inscriptions known to us; for we find in the Columna rostr., EXEMET MAXIMOS, EXFOCIONT; in the fifth Epitaph of the Scipios, SAXSVM; and in the S. C. de Bacch., EXDEICENDVM, EXDEICATIS. EXTRAD, etc.The sound of X was like that of the Greek x, i. e. ks, although etymologically it represented not only cs (as in lux, from luc-s, and dixi, from dic-si), but also gs (as in lex, from leg-s; rexi, from reg-si); hs (as in traxi, from trah-si; vexi, from vehsi); and chs (as in the word onyx, from onych-s, borrowed from the Greek). The hardening of a softer final ( g, h, ch) before s into the c -sound, which occurs in the last-mentioned cases, is found also in several roots ending in v and u: nix for niv-s, vixi for viv-si, connixi for conniv-si, fluxi for fluv-si, from fluo (root FLUV; cf. fluvius), struxi for stru-si. Less frequently x has arisen from the combinations ps and ts: proximus for prop-simus (from prope), nixus for nit-sus (from nitor), the latter being used along with the collateral form nisus, as also connivi with connixi, and mistus (from misceo) with mixtus. An exchange of the sounds ss, or s and x, took place in axis for assis, laxus for lassus; cf. also Ulixes, from the Sicilian Oulixês, Etruscan Uluxe for Odusseus; so, too. Sextius, Exquiliae = Sestius, Esquiliae; cf. also Ajax = Aias. In the later language of the vulgar, the guttural sound in x disappeared, and s or ss was often written for it; as vis for vix. vixit for visit. unsit for unxit, conflississet for conflixisset, in late Inscrr. (v. Corss. Ausspr. I. p. 297 sq.); hence regularly in Italian, and frequently in the other Romance tongues, the Lat. x is represented by s or ss. Respecting the nature of x in composition, v. ex.By a mere graphic variation, one of the constituent sounds of x is often expressed in inscriptions (but not the earliest, v. Corss. Ausspr. I. p. 296) by an additional c or s; as SACXO or SAXSO for saxo; VCXOR or VXSOR for uxor; CONIVNCX or CONIVNXS for conjux; even both sounds are sometimes thus expressed, VICXSIT for vixit.As an abbreviation X stands for decem, ten; it was stamped upon the silver denarius, so called because it was valued at ten asses. -
85 apex
apex icis, m [1 AP-], the extreme end, point, summit, top: lauri, V.: montis, O.: sublimis (of a headland), Iu.: levis, a tongue of flame, V.—A hat, helmet, crown: regum apices, H.: summus, the top of the helmet, V.: hinc apicem Fortuna Sustulit, the crown, H.: dialis, the flamen's hat, i. e. the priestly office, L. — Fig., the highest ornament: apex est senectutis auctoritas.* * *point, top, summit; cap, crown; conical priest cap; highest honor; long mark over vowel; outlines of letters, letter; least particle, speck -
86 asper
asper era, erum (poet., abl plur. aspris, V.), adj. with comp. and sup. [ab + spes], without hope, adverse, calamitous, troublesome, cruel, perilous: tempora: oppugnatio, Cs.: mala res, spes multo asperior, S.: venatus, V.: fata, V. — As subst: aspera multa pertulit, hardships, H. — Of nature and character, rough, harsh, hard, violent, unkind, cruel: homo naturā: Iuno, V.: iuvenis monitoribus, H.: asperrimi ad condicionem pacis, L.: rebus non asper egenis, V.: cladibus asper, exasperated, O.: doctrina asperior: fores, i. e. of a cruel mistress, H.: Asperior tribulis (Galatea). more unfeeling, O. — Wild, savage, fierce: (anguis) siti, V.: tactu leo, H.: facetiae.—Of climate, harsh, severe: caelo Germania, Ta.: hiemps, S.: asperrimo hiemis, in the depth, Ta. — Of style, harsh: oratio. — Rough, uneven: regio: loca, Cs.: rura dumis, V.: rubus, prickly, V.: aequora ventis, H.: pocula signis, i. e. wrought in relief, V.: frons cornu, O.: capilli (i. e. hirsuti), H.: maria, stormy, V.: vinum, harsh, T.: pronuntiationis genus, rough: littera, i. e. the letter r, O.* * *Iaspera -um, asperior -or -us, asperrimus -a -um ADJrude/unrefined; cruel/violent/savage/raging/drastic; stern/severe/bitter; hard; rough/uneven/shaggy, coarse, harsh; embossed/encrusted; (mint condition coins); sharp/pointed, jagged/irregular, rugged/severe; sour, pungent, grating, keenIIaspra -um, asprior -or -us, asprissimus -a -um ADJrough/uneven, coarse/harsh; sharp/pointed; rude; savage; pungent; keen; bitter -
87 bēta
bēta ae, f a beet (a vegetable), C., Ct.* * *Ibeet, beetrootIIbeta (second letter of Greek alphabet); second of anything, second item -
88 cēra
cēra ae, f [2 CER-], wax: fingere e cerā: calamos cerā coniungere, V. — Meton., plur, the wax cells (of bees), V. — A writing-tablet, leaf of wood covered with wax: ex illis tabulis cerāve recitata, L.: vacua, O.: prima, the first leaf, H.: extrema.— A seal (of wax), C., O.—A waxen image, wax figure, family portrait: veteres, Iu., S.* * *wax, beeswax; honeycomb; wax-covered writing tablet, letter; wax image/seal -
89 charta
charta ae, f, χάρτησ, a leaf of the Egyptian papyrus, paper: quodcumque semel chartis inleverit, H.: chartas et scrinia posco, H.: dentata, smooth, L. — A writing, paper: chartae obsoluerunt, the records: ne charta nos prodat: finis chartaeque viaeque, H.: tribus chartis, books, Ct.: si chartae sileant, poems, H.* * *paper/papyrus (sheet); record/letter, book/writing(s); thin metal sheet/leaf -
90 clausula
clausula ae, f [claudo], a close, conclusion, end: in quo (mimo), a fitting end: epistulae.—In rhet., the close of a period.* * *end/conclusion (letter/verse/transaction); close (periodic sentence); clause -
91 conloquium (coll-)
conloquium (coll-) ī, n [conloquor], a conversation, conference, discourse: eo ad conloquium venerunt, Cs.: in Antoni conloquium venire: de pace in conloquium venire, S.: per conloquia de pace agere, Cs.: in conloquio esse, N.: occulta habere cum aliquo, L.: crebra inter se habere, Cs.: petere, O.: alterius: deorum, V.: conloquia amicorum absentium, i. e. by letter. -
92 digamma
digamma atis, n, δίγαμμα, the digamma: tuum, your letter F (for fenus), i. e. your interestbook. -
93 epistola
epistola see epistula.* * *letter/dispatch/written communication; imperial rescript; epistle; preface -
94 hypodidascalus
hypodidascalus ī, m, ὑποδιδάσκαλοσ, an under-teacher. I i. This letter represents, in Latin, I. The vowel whose short and long sounds are heard in the English word deceit.— II. Before a, e, o, or u in the same syllable, the consonant which begins the English words yam, yes, yon, you. The character J, j, which represents the latter sound in some school-books, is an invention of the seventeenth century, and is not found in MSS., nor in the best texts of the Latin authors.* * *under-teacher, under-master -
95 iōta
iōta n indec., ἰῶτα, the name of the Greek ι, iota: ut iota litteram tollas.* * *iota; tenth letter of Greek alphabet; (transliterate as I) -
96 libellus
libellus ī, m dim. [3 liber], a little book, pamphlet, manuscript, writing: scripsi illud quodam in libello: libellis operam dare, to books, L.: comīs garrire libellos, clever comedies, H.: nostri farrago libelli, Iu.: te quarere in libellis, i. e. in the booksellers' shops: meus (a satire), H.— A memorandum-book, journal, diary: si quid memoriae causā retulit in libellum.— A memorial, petition: libellam composuit: vitem posce libello, Iu.— A notice, programme, placard, handbill: gladiatorum libelli: libellos deicit, auction handbills: vestitur tota libellis Porticus, Iu.— A letter: libellum ipsius habeo in quo, etc.— A written accusation, indictment, complaint: Sulcius Ambulat cum libellis, H.: Componunt libellos, Iu.— A lawyer's brief: magno in fasce libelli, Iu.* * *little/small book; memorial; petition; pamphlet, defamatory publication -
97 liber
liber brī, m —Of a tree, the inner bark: obducuntur libro aut cortice trunci: udoque docent (germen) inolescere libro, V.: cum alta liber aret in ulmo, i. e. the elm is parched through, V.— Because dried bark was anciently used to write on, a book, work, treatise: Platonis de morte: caerimoniarum, ritual, Ta.: quas (sententias) hoc libro exposui: libros pervolutare: libri confectio: libri carminum valentium, of charms, H.: libros adire decemviri iussi, i. e. Sibylline books, L.: libri Etruscorum, religious books.—A division of a work, book: tres libri de Naturā Deorum: dictum est in libro superiore: legi tuum nuper quartum de Finibus (sc. librum).—A list, catalogue, register: litterarum adlatarum libri.—A letter, epistle: grandis, N.* * *Ilibera -um, liberior -or -us, liberrimus -a -um ADJfree (man); unimpeded; void of; independent, outspoken/frank; licentious; idleIIchildren (pl.); (sg. VOC) childIIIbook, volume; inner bark of a tree -
98 līnum
līnum ī, n [cf. λίνον], flax: lini inopia, Cs.: reticulum tenuissimo lino.— A thread: linum ostendit non una cicatrix, Iu.: linum incidimus, legimus, the fastening (of a letter).— A fishingline: moderabar harundine linum, O.— A linen cloth, linen: Massica lino vitiata, strained through linen, H.— A rope, cable: subducere carbasa lino, O.— A net, hunter's net, toils: positarum lina plagarum, O.: umida, a fisher's net, V.: cymbae linique magister, i. e. the fisherman, Iu.* * *flax, linen cloth/thread; rope; fishing line; (hunter's/fisher's) net -
99 litterātē (līter-)
litterātē (līter-) adv. with comp. [litteratus], learnedly, intelligently: scriptorum veterum litterate peritus, critically skilled: dicta, clever sayings: Latine loqui litteratius quam, etc., accurately.—To the letter, literally: respondere. -
100 nē-sciō
nē-sciō īvī, —, īre, not to know, to be ignorant: quid agam nescio, T.: de Oropo opinor, sed certum nescio: animae sit (illa vis) ignisve, nescio: nescis, Quem fugias, O.: Tu nescis id quod scis, si sapies, i. e. keep closely secret, T.: nescibam id dicere illam, T.: vincere scis, victoriā uti nescis, L.: utrum velit... nescitur: futura, O.—With quis or quid, I know not who, some one, somebody, a certain person, I know not what, something, some, a certain: oblatum ab nescio quo inprobo, T.: postea quam nescio quid impendit: hoc nescio quid, quod ego gessi, this trifle: quia nescio quid in philosophiā dissentiret, a little: nescio quid litterularum, a sort of letter: Laetus est nescio quid, over something, T.: casu nescio quo: nescio quid praeclarum, indefinable excellence.—With quo modo, somehow, I know not how: fit enim, nescio quo modo, ut, etc.: qui, nescio quo modo, conspirant, N.—With quando, at some time or other: me nescio quando venisse questus est.—With an, I know not whether, probably, perhaps (softening an assertion): constantiam dico? nescio an melius patientiam possim dicere, perhaps I might better say: nescio an modum excesserint, L.—Not to know, to be unacquainted with: Nescio alias, i. e. how others may act, T.: eas artīs: hiemem, V.: vinum toto nescire Decembri, i. e. abstain from, Iu.—Not to understand, to be unable: scire Latine... nescire: stare loco nescit (of a horse), V.: nescit vox missa reverti, cannot be unsaid, H.: irasci: Uxor invicti Iovis esse nescis, know not how to be, H.
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