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  • 61 Arbeit

    Arbeit f 1. GEN task, work, workmanship; 2. PERS work, job, employment; 3. WIWI (AE) labor, (BE) labour • aktiv nach Arbeit suchen PERS, SOZ actively looking for work (such as contacting employers or public or private employment agencies) • an die Arbeit gehen PERS start work • an der Arbeit sein PERS be at work • Arbeit annehmen PERS take employment, take a job, accept a job • Arbeit aufgeben PERS give up work • Arbeit aufnehmen PERS take up employment, take up work, start a job • Arbeit ausführen PERS carry out work, perform work • Arbeit beginnen PERS start a job, start work, begin work • Arbeit durchführen PERS carry out work, perform work • Arbeit finden PERS find work, find employment, find a job • Arbeit haben PERS have a job, be employed, be in work • Arbeit muss sich lohnen POL, WIWI make work pay (strategischer Ansatz zur Bekämpfung der Arbeitslosigkeit) • Arbeit nach Vorschrift machen PERS work to rule, go slow, (AE) work to contract • Arbeit schaffen PERS create work • Arbeit suchen PERS seek work, look for work, look for a job, seek a job • Arbeit verrichten PERS do one’s work, carry out one’s work • Arbeit wieder aufnehmen PERS, SOZ resume work, return to work • Arbeiten auslagern GEN, PERS outsource, contract out • Arbeiten nach außen vergeben GEN, PERS outsource, contract out, put out to contract • auf Arbeit gehen PERS go to work • bei der Arbeit fehlen PERS be off work • der Arbeit abgeneigt GEN, PERS, MGT disinclined to work, work-shy (arbeitsscheu) • die Arbeit antreten PERS report for work • die Arbeit beenden 1. GEN finish work; 2. PERS cease work, stop working • die Arbeit einstellen GEN finish work • die Arbeit im Griff haben PERS be on top of one’s job • die Arbeit niederlegen PERS down tools, walk out • gute Arbeit leisten PERS do a good job • in der Arbeit sein PERS be at work • in Arbeit bleiben PERS stay in employment, continue to work, remain in employment, stay in the job, remain in the job • in Arbeit sein 1. GEN, IND, MGT be in process, be in progress; 2. PERS be employed • in Arbeit verbleiben PERS stay in employment, stay in the job, remain in the job, continue to work, remain in employment • in Arbeit vermitteln SOZ place in work, place people in work, place in jobs, place people in jobs • jmdn. wieder in Arbeit bringen PERS bring sb back to work, get sb back into work • mit Arbeit eingedeckt sein PERS (infrml) be up to one’s neck in work, have lots to do • mit der Arbeit anfangen PERS begin work, begin to work, start work, start to work • ohne Arbeit sein PERS be out of work, be without employment • schlechte Arbeit leisten PERS do a bad job • seine Arbeit verlieren PERS lose one’s work, lose one’s job • sich an die Arbeit machen GEN get down to work • sich seine Arbeit einteilen PERS organize one’s work, divide up one’s work • von der Arbeit freistellen PERS release from work, give time off • zur Arbeit gehen PERS go to work
    * * *
    f 1. < Geschäft> task, work, workmanship; 2. < Person> work, job, employment; 3. <Vw> labor (AE), labour (BE) ■ Arbeit annehmen < Person> take employment, take a job, accept a job ■ Arbeit aufgeben < Person> give up work ■ Arbeit aufnehmen < Person> take up employment, take up work, start a job ■ Arbeit beginnen < Person> start a job, start work, begin work ■ Arbeit finden < Person> find work, find employment ■ Arbeit haben < Person> have a job, be employed ■ Arbeit muss sich lohnen <Pol, Vw> strategischer Ansatz zur Bekämpfung der Arbeitslosigkeit make work pay ■ Arbeit suchen < Person> seek work, look for work, look for a job, seek a job ■ Arbeit wieder aufnehmen < Person> resume work, return to work ■ der Arbeit abgeneigt <Geschäft, Person, Mgmnt> arbeitsscheu disinclined to work, work-shy ■ die Arbeit beenden < Geschäft> finish work < Person> cease work, stop working ■ die Arbeit einstellen < Geschäft> finish work ■ die Arbeit im Griff haben < Person> be on top of one's job ■ die Arbeit niederlegen < Person> down tools, walk out ■ in Arbeit sein 1. <Geschäft, Ind, Mgmnt> be in process, be in progress; 2. < Person> be employed ■ in Arbeit vermitteln < Sozial> place in work, place people in work, place in jobs, place people in jobs ■ mit Arbeit eingedeckt sein < Person> be up to one's neck in work infrml, have lots to do ■ ohne Arbeit sein < Person> be out of work, be without employment ■ seine Arbeit verlieren < Person> lose one's work, lose one's job ■ sich an die Arbeit machen < Geschäft> get down to work ■ von der Arbeit freistellen < Person> release from work
    * * *
    Arbeit
    work, labo(u)r, (Aufgabe) task, assignment, (Ausführung) workmanship, craftsmanship, handiwork, (Beschäftigung) employment, achievement, job, occupation, (Dienst) service, (Erzeugnis) product, make, (Geschäft) concern, business, (Leistung) performance, output, (Mühe) effort, trouble, pains, toil, exertion, (Stück) piece of work, job, (Tätigkeit) activity, operation;
    • auf dem Weg zur Arbeit (Versicherungsrecht) on the way to business;
    • bei der Arbeit on the job, at work;
    • mit Arbeit überlastet overwhelmed with work;
    • nach umfangreicher und harter Arbeit after much hard work;
    • ohne Arbeit out of work;
    • während der Arbeit in course of one’s employment;
    • über Gemeinkosten abgerechnete Arbeit indirect labo(u)r;
    • in der Qualität abweichende Arbeit spotty piece of work;
    • auferlegte Arbeit task;
    • wieder aufgenommene Arbeit return to plant;
    • auserwählte Arbeit delicate workmanship;
    • schlampig ausgeführte Arbeit slipshod (shoddy, ragged) [piece of] work;
    • ausgezeichnete Arbeit excellent piece of work;
    • in der Ausführung begriffene Arbeit work in progress;
    • bequeme und lukrative Arbeit sweet job;
    • bezahlte Arbeit paid work;
    • im Akkord bezahlte Arbeit work at piece rates;
    • schlecht bezahlte Arbeit badly paid (journeyman) work, tight job;
    • nach Stunden (stundenweise) bezahlte Arbeit time work, work at time rates;
    • untertariflich bezahlte Arbeit scab work;
    • eigene Arbeit personal labo(u)r;
    • in den Tarif einbezogene Arbeit bargain work;
    • einträgliche Arbeit fat [job];
    • entfremdete Arbeit alienation of labo(u)r;
    • noch zu erledigende Arbeiten jobs awaiting attention;
    • erstklassige Arbeit finest workmanship;
    • fachmännische Arbeit professional job;
    • fertig gestellte Arbeit [accomplished] work;
    • freiwillige Arbeit labo(u)r of love;
    • ganztägige Arbeit full-time job;
    • geistige Arbeit brainwork, headwork;
    • im Stücklohn geleistete Arbeit contract work;
    • tatsächlich geleistete Arbeit hours worked;
    • in Angriff genommene Arbeit job in hand;
    • gewöhnliche Arbeit ordinary labo(u)r;
    • gleichwertige Arbeit equal work;
    • grenzüberschreitende Arbeit transnational work;
    • harte Arbeit hard work;
    • hervorragende Arbeit first-rate workmanship, excellent piece of work;
    • hochwertige Arbeit high-class workmanship;
    • kinderleichte Arbeit child’s play;
    • körperliche Arbeit manual labo(u)r;
    • langweilige Arbeit dry work, boring job, a chore (US);
    • laufende Arbeit work in progress;
    • liederliche Arbeit slipshod work;
    • mechanische Arbeit unskilled labo(u)r, routine job;
    • minderwertige Arbeit inferior workmanship;
    • monotone Arbeit humdrum work;
    • niedrige Arbeit menial work;
    • öffentliche Arbeiten public works;
    • Zeit raubende Arbeit time-consuming work;
    • saisonbedingte Arbeit seasonality of work;
    • schlampige Arbeit a lick and a promise (coll.), slipshod (shoddy, ragged) [piece of] work;
    • schlechte Arbeit poor workmanship;
    • schludrige Arbeit badly finished (rush, slovenly) work, slapdash, slopwork;
    • schmutzige Arbeit dirty work;
    • schweres Stück (schwierige) Arbeit tough job, difficult task;
    • selbstständige Arbeit occupation of a professional nature;
    • termingebundene Arbeit (Werbung) traffic;
    • überflüssige Arbeit unnecessary labo(u)r;
    • global übernommene Arbeit lump work;
    • vertraglich übernommene Arbeit contract labo(u)r;
    • unbezahlte Arbeit unremunerative work;
    • unerledigte Arbeit unfinished work;
    • ungelernte Arbeit common labo(u)r, manual (unskilled) work;
    • unselbstständige Arbeit wagework, employment [work], (Doppelbesteuerungsabkommen) dependent personal service;
    • vergütete Arbeit work against payment;
    • vorausbezahlte Arbeit horse (sl.);
    • vorbereitete Arbeit dead work;
    • vordringliche Arbeit priority (key) job;
    • ziemliche Arbeit lot of work;
    • nicht zusagende Arbeit uncongenial job;
    • mit dem Euro zusammenhängende Arbeit euro-related work;
    • Arbeit im Akkord task wages (work), job work, piecework,
    • Arbeit am laufenden Band work on the assembly line, serial production;
    • Arbeit für den Fachmann skilled job;
    • Arbeit von Führungskräften managerial work;
    • Arbeit als landwirtschaftlicher Gehilfe farm labo(u)ring;
    • Arbeit und Kapital Capital and Labo(u)r;
    • Arbeit auf Prämienbasis work on the bonus system;
    • Arbeit außerhalb der Saison off-season work;
    • Arbeit in wechselnden Schichten split shift;
    • Arbeit unter Tage underground work;
    • Arbeit im Tagelohn daywork;
    • Arbeit unter Tariflohn scab work;
    • Arbeit mit geringer Verdienstspanne low-profit work;
    • Arbeit nach Vorschrift go-slow (Br.), work-to-rule (Br.);
    • Arbeit sparend labo(u)r-saving;
    • Arbeit an einen Untergebenen abgeben to devolve work on a subordinate;
    • j. bei einer Arbeit ablösen to give s. o. a spell;
    • zur Arbeit anhalten to keep in harness;
    • ganz in seiner Arbeit aufgehen to burn with love for one’s work;
    • mit der Arbeit aufhören to knock off work;
    • Arbeit wieder aufnehmen to go back to work,to fall to work again;
    • Arbeit bei Fortsetzung der Lohnverhandlungen wieder aufnehmen to negotiate a return to work pending further talks;
    • Arbeit aufteilen to divide up the work;
    • Arbeit auf mehrere Leute aufteilen to break up a piece of work among several people;
    • Arbeiten und Lieferungen ausschreiben to invite tenders;
    • Arbeit aussetzen to stop working, to walk out (US);
    • von der Arbeit befreien to release from working;
    • bei der Ernte Arbeit bekommen to get a turn of work at the harvest;
    • großen Teil der Arbeit hinter sich bringen to get through a lot of work;
    • Arbeit einstellen to stop working, to knock off, (streiken) to lay down tools, to cease work, (kündigen) to quit work, (streiken) to turn out, to come out on strike, to walk out (US);
    • Arbeit erledigen to manage a piece of work;
    • seine Arbeit flüchtig erledigen to scurry through one’s work;
    • Arbeit innerhalb einer Woche erledigen to finish a job within (inside of, US) a week;
    • in Arbeit ersticken to be smothered with work;
    • der Arbeit fernbleiben to absent o. s. from work;
    • scharenweise der Arbeit fernbleiben to stay away from the assembly line in droves;
    • während der Arbeit schnell etw. futtern to put on the nose bag (fam.);
    • Auftrag in Arbeit geben to put an order in hand;
    • an die Arbeit gehen to proceed to business;
    • auf Arbeit gehen to go out (take) to work;
    • ernsthaft an die Arbeit gehen to go roundly to work;
    • seine Arbeit lieb gewinnen to reconcile o. s. to one’s work;
    • neues Buch in Arbeit haben to have a new book on the stocks;
    • keine Arbeit haben to be out of work (unemployed);
    • Arbeit wieder aufgenommen haben to be back on the job;
    • unerledigte Arbeit liegen haben to fall behind with one’s work;
    • sein Äußerstes bei der Arbeit hergeben to work to the full at one’s task;
    • durch seine Arbeit hinzulernen to learn on the job;
    • von seiner Hände Arbeit leben to live by one’s hands (by the sweat of one’s brow), to be left to one’s purchase;
    • ausgezeichnete Arbeit leisten to do a first-class job;
    • bahnbrechende Arbeit leisten to do pioneer work;
    • gute Arbeit leisten to give good service, to make a good job of it;
    • schlechte Arbeit leisten to tinker;
    • schludrige Arbeit leisten to scamp;
    • Arbeit leiten to direct a job;
    • im Rahmen einer Arbeit liegen to fall within the scope of a job;
    • sich an die Arbeit machen to get (settle) down to work, to hitch up to a job (US), to get down to it, to roll up one’s sleeves;
    • sich eifrig an die Arbeit machen to buckle down to work;
    • sich selbst an die Arbeit machen to put one’s hand to the plough (plow, US);
    • seiner täglichen Arbeit nachgehen to go about one’s usual work (business), to do one’s daily stint;
    • seiner Arbeit im Ausland nachgehen to work on assignment abroad;
    • seine Arbeit niederlegen to drop one’s work, to stay off one’s job, to down tools (Br.), to walk out (US);
    • sehr nach Arbeit riechen to smell of the lamp (midnight oil);
    • Arbeit sabotieren to make a bad job of s. th.;
    • auf Arbeit sein to be out at work;
    • in Arbeit sein to be in hand (process) of manufacture;
    • mit ganzer Seele (ganzem Herzen) bei der Arbeit sein to have one’s heart in (lend one’s soul to) one’s work;
    • an selbstständige Arbeit gewöhnt sein to be accustomed to working independently;
    • Arbeit sparend sein (Maschinen) to be real labo(u)r savers;
    • mit seiner Arbeit im Rückstand sein to be behind (in arrears) with one’s work;
    • bei jem. in Lohn und Arbeit stehen to be in s. one’s employ;
    • Arbeit fertig stellen to finish off a job;
    • sich in die Arbeit stürzen to plunge into business;
    • Arbeit suchen to look for (seek) a job, to seek work (employment);
    • bei der Arbeit trödeln to slack at one’s job;
    • Arbeit übernehmen to [under]take a job;
    • zusätzliche Arbeiten übernehmen to take on extra work;
    • Arbeit im Akkord vergeben to let out a job of work on contract;
    • Arbeiten und Lieferungen vergeben to let out a work in contract, to give on contract;
    • seine Arbeit vernachlässigen to be negligent in one’s work;
    • Arbeit verpfuschen to butcher a job;
    • allerlei Arbeiten verrichten to do odd jobs;
    • Arbeit seiner Angestellten verrichten to keep a dog and bark o. s.;
    • Arbeit verschaffen to procure labo(u)r;
    • jem. Arbeit verschaffen to find s. o. work;
    • Arbeit vollenden to execute a job of work;
    • mit niedrigen Arbeiten beschäftigt werden to be employed at a lower status;
    • mit seiner Arbeit fertig werden to get through one’s work;
    • Material für eine wissenschaftliche Arbeit zusammenstellen to collect material for a scientific work.
    scheuen, Arbeit
    to shirk one’s share of work;
    • keine Kosten scheuen to spare no expense.
    verrichten, Arbeit
    to operate;
    • Gelegenheitsarbeiten verrichten to char.

    Business german-english dictionary > Arbeit

  • 62 exchange rate risk

    Fin
    the risk of suffering loss on converting another currency to the currency of a company’s own country.
    EXAMPLE
    Exchange rate risks can be arranged into three primary categories. (1.) Economic exposure: operating costs will rise due to changes in rates and make a product uncompetitive in the world market. Little can be done to reduce this routine business risk that every enterprise must endure. (2.) Translation exposure: the impact of currency exchange rates will reduce a company’s earnings and weaken its balance sheet. To reduce translation exposure, experienced corporate fund managers use a range of techniques known as currency hedging. (3.) Transaction exposure: there will be an unfavorable move in a specific currency between the time when a contract is agreed and the time it is completed, or between the time when a lending or borrowing is initiated and the time the funds are repaid. Transaction exposure can be eased by factoring: transferring title to foreign accounts receivable to a third-party factoring house.
         Although there is no definitive way of forecasting exchange rates, largely because the world’s economies and financial markets are evolving so rapidly, the relationships between exchange rates, interest rates, and inflation rates can serve as leading indicators of changes in risk. These relationships are as follows. Purchasing Power Parity theory (PPP): while it can be expressed differently, the most common expression links the changes in exchange rates to those in relative price indices in two countries:
    Rate of change of exchange rate = Difference in inflation rates
         International Fisher Effect (IFE): this holds that an interest-rate differential will exist only if the exchange rate is expected to change in such a way that the advantage of the higher interest rate is offset by the loss on the foreign exchange transactions. Practically speaking, the IFE implies that while an investor in a low-interest country can convert funds into the currency of a high-interest country and earn a higher rate, the gain (the interest rate differential) will be offset by the expected loss due to foreign exchange rate changes. The relationship is stated as:
    Expected rate of change of the exchange rate = Interest-rate differential
         Unbiased Forward Rate Theory: this holds that the forward exchange rate is the best unbiased estimate of the expected future spot exchange rate.
    Expected exchange rate = Forward exchange rate

    The ultimate business dictionary > exchange rate risk

  • 63 Steuer

    Steuer f 1. IMP/EXP levy; 2. STEUER tax, duty, imposition; 3. WIWI tax • jmdm. eine Steuer auferlegen STEUER impose a tax on sb • von der Steuer befreit sein STEUER be exempt from taxes, be not subject to taxation • von der Steuer freistellen STEUER exempt sb from tax
    * * *
    f 1. <Imp/Exp> levy; 2. < Steuer> tax, duty, imposition; 3. <Vw> tax ■ jmdm. eine Steuer auferlegen < Steuer> impose a tax on sb ■ von der Steuer freistellen < Steuer> exempt sb from tax
    * * *
    Steuer
    tax, (Abgabe) impost, imposition, assessment, lot (Br.), rate (Br.), (Auto) [steering] wheel, (Zoll) customs duty;
    • Steuern und Kosten abgezogen clear;
    • abzüglich Steuern less taxes;
    • einschließlich Steuer tax included;
    • frei von Steuern tax-exempt (-free);
    • mit Steuern überladen tax-ridden;
    • nach Abzug der Steuern after [deduction for] taxes, tax[es] paid;
    • von Steuern erdrückt crushed by (burdened with) taxation;
    • vor Steuern pretax, less taxes, grossed;
    • vor Berücksichtigung (Abzug) der Steuern prior to deduction of taxes, less taxes;
    • zuzüglich Steuer plus tax;
    • auf den Verbraucher abgewälzte Steuer tax shifted onto the consumer;
    • abzuziehende Steuer tax to be deducted;
    • allgemeine Steuern general taxes;
    • angefallene Steuern accrued taxes;
    • angeglichene Steuer (EU) harmonized tax;
    • anteilmäßige Steuer pro-rata (proportional) tax;
    • aufgehobene Steuer obsolete tax;
    • ausgewiesene Steuern declared taxes;
    • mit einem höheren Satz berechnete Steuer higher-rate tax;
    • im Abzugswege zu bezahlende Steuer tax payable by deduction;
    • zu viel bezahlte Steuer excess tax;
    • degressive Steuer degressive tax;
    • direkte Steuern tax payable direct, assessed (direct) taxes;
    • doppelte Steuer double tax;
    • drückende Steuern oppressive taxes;
    • einbehaltene Steuern taxes withheld;
    • vom Parlament eingeführte (beschlossene) Steuern parliamentary taxes;
    • nicht eingegangene Steuern tax-collection shortage;
    • einheitliche Steuer uniform tax;
    • einmalige Steuer non-recurring tax;
    • entstandene Steuern taxes incurred;
    • erhobene Steuern taxes levied;
    • fortlaufend erhobene Steuer tax by stages;
    • jährlich erhobene Steuer annual tax;
    • im Veranlagungswege erhobene Steuern assessed taxes;
    • erträgliche Steuern reasonable taxation;
    • fällige Steuern matured taxes, (Bilanz) accrued taxes payable;
    • geschätzte Steuer estimated tax;
    • gesparte Steuer duty saved;
    • gestaffelte Steuer progressive (graduated) tax;
    • nach oben gestaffelte Steuer progressive tax;
    • gestundete Steuer deferred tax;
    • zu viel gezahlte Steuer excess tax;
    • harmonisierte Steuern (EU) harmonized taxes;
    • harte Steuern grievous taxes;
    • hinterzogene Steuer defrauded (evaded) tax;
    • hohe Steuern heavy taxes;
    • indirekte Steuern expenditure (indirect, outlay, excise) taxes, excise [duty];
    • innerstaatliche Steuern internal taxes;
    • kommunale Steuern county rates (Br.), local (municipal) taxes (US);
    • latente Steuern (Bilanz) deferred taxes;
    • laufende Steuern U.K. taxation (Br.);
    • negative Steuern negative taxes;
    • örtliche Steuern local rates (taxes, US);
    • pauschalierte Steuer composition (lump-sum) tax, all-in-one rate;
    • progressive Steuer progressive (graduated) tax;
    • prohibitive Steuer prohibitive tax;
    • regressive Steuer tax on a descending scale;
    • rückständige Steuern tax [in] arrears, arrears of taxes, delinquent (US) (back) taxes;
    • rückwirkende Steuer regressive tax;
    • sonstige Steuern taxes other than federal income (US);
    • städtische Steuern rates (Br.), local (municipal, US) taxes;
    • vom Pächter zu tragende Steuern taxes payable by the tenant;
    • überfällige Steuern back taxes;
    • überhöhte (übermäßige) Steuern excessive taxes;
    • überzahlte Steuer excess (overpaid) duty;
    • umfassende Steuer blanket tax;
    • unerhobene Steuer unlevied tax;
    • unwirtschaftliche Steuer nuisance tax;
    • veranlagte Steuer assessment, assessed (scheduled) tax;
    • verdeckte Steuer stealth tax;
    • vereinnahmte Steuer tax suffered;
    • verschleierte (versteckte) Steuer hidden tax;
    • völkerrechtswidrige Steuer illegal tax;
    • im Abzugswege zahlbare Steuern tax payable by deduction;
    • in Raten zahlbare Steuer duty payable on instalment;
    • zu zahlende Steuer assessment, rating (Br.);
    • in Naturalien zu zahlende Steuer tax in kind;
    • zurückvergütete Steuer refunded tax;
    • zusätzliche Steuer additional tax;
    • zweckgebundene Steuern apportioned taxes;
    • Steuer auf Abfindungen bei vorzeitiger Pensionierung tax on individual retirement arrangement;
    • Steuern und Abgaben taxes and dues;
    • inländische Steuern und Abgaben internal revenue taxes (US);
    • indirekte Steuern auf die Ansammlung von Kapital indirect taxes on the raising of capital;
    • Steuern für Ausgaben im privaten Bereich private expenditure taxes;
    • Steuer für Devisenausländer non-resident tax;
    • Steuern vom Einkommen, vom Ertrag und vom Vermögen taxes on income and property;
    • Steuern auf im Ausland angefallene Einkünfte (Erträge) tax on foreign earnings;
    • Steuern und sonstige Einkünfte general fund;
    • Steuern auf Einkünfte aus selbstständiger Arbeit tax on income or profits from trade, profession or vocation;
    • Steuern der EU-Bediensteten tax paid by European civil servants;
    • Steuern und Gebühren taxes and fees
    • Steuer auf alkoholische Getränke alcoholic beverage tax (Br.), liquor excise tax (US), liquor excise tax (US);
    • Steuer auf nicht ausgeschüttete Gewinne undistributed profits tax, accumulated earnings tax (US);
    • Steuer auf Grundbesitz general property tax (US);
    • Steuer auf kurzfristige Kursgewinne short-term capital gains tax;
    • Steuer mit höherem Satz higher-rate tax;
    • Steuer mit normalem Steuertarif basic tax rate;
    • Steuer auf selbstständige Tätigkeit tax in respect of any profession or vocation;
    • Steuern und Umlagen rates and taxes;
    • Steuern vom Vermögen tax on capital;
    • Steuer auf das bewegliche (persönliche) Vermögen personal tax (US);
    • Steuern auf den Wertzuwachs (Doppelbesteuerungsabkommen) taxes on capital appreciation;
    • Steuer auf Wettgewinne tax on racing bets;
    • Zölle und Steuern customs and excise entries;
    • Steuern, Zölle und Abgaben taxes, duties, imposts and excises (US);
    • Steuern abführen to pay taxes;
    • Steuer gleich vom Ertrag abführen to pay a tax at the source;
    • Steuern an die Finanzverwaltung abführen to hand over a tax to the commissioners of the Inland Revenue (Br.);
    • Steuer abschaffen to abolish a tax;
    • Steuer in Etappen abschaffen to phase out a tax;
    • von der Steuer absetzen to deduct from the tax;
    • Steuer auf den Kunden abwälzen to pass on (shift) a tax to the customer;
    • Steuer anrechnen to impute a tax, (Doppelbesteuerungsabkommen) to credit taxes;
    • in USA gezahlte Steuer in der Bundesrepublik anrechnen to allow United States taxes as credit against Federal Republic taxes;
    • neue Steuer auferlegen to impose a new tax on the people;
    • Steuer wieder aufheben to withdraw (abandon, back down, eliminate) a tax;
    • Steuer aufschlüsseln to break down a tax;
    • Steuern ausschreiben to levy taxes, to tax (US);
    • von der Steuer befreien to frank (exempt, relieve) from a tax;
    • Steuern einfach als Geschäftskosten behandeln to treat taxes simply as business expense;
    • mit Steuern belasten (belegen) to lay (impose, burden) taxes upon;
    • Höhe einer Steuer berechnen to assess (fix, compute the amount of) a tax;
    • Steuern bereitstellen to allow (make provisions) for taxation;
    • sich über zu hohe Steuern beschweren to grumble at high taxation;
    • Steuer beseitigen to abolish a tax;
    • Steuern bezahlen to return taxes to the treasury, to pay one’s taxes;
    • Steuern nach dem Vermögen bezahlen to pay scot and lot (Br.);
    • bei der Steuer in Abzug bringen to relieve;
    • Steuer zum Normalsatz in Abzug bringen to deduct income tax at the standard rate from payment;
    • Steuer einbehalten to retain a tax;
    • Steuer bei der Lohnzahlung einbehalten to withhold a tax from wage payment (US);
    • Steuer an der Quelle einbehalten to deduct a tax at source;
    • Steuer einführen to impose a tax on the people;
    • sich für niedrigere Steuern einsetzen to fight for lower taxes;
    • Steuern eintreiben to collect (exact) taxes;
    • Steuern einziehen to collect taxes;
    • Steuern erheben to raise revenue, to levy (lay) taxes;
    • Steuer an der Quelle erheben to levy a tax at the source;
    • Steuern erhöhen to increase (raise) the taxes, to raise tax rates;
    • Steuer erlassen to remit (abate) a tax;
    • Steuer ermäßigen to reduce (lower, cut down) a tax;
    • Steuer erstatten to repay (refund) a tax;
    • überzahlte Steuer erstatten to refund an excess of tax;
    • Steuern festsetzen to assess (graduate) taxes upon;
    • Steuer herabsetzen to reduce (lower, abate, cut down) a tax;
    • j. zu einer Steuer heranziehen to assess (tax, US) s. o.;
    • Steuern hereinholen to get in taxes;
    • Steuern hinterziehen to evade [paying] a tax, to defraud the revenue [authorities];
    • Steuer auf etw. legen to impose (levy) a tax on s. th., to put (lay) a duty [up]on s. th.;
    • größere Geldbeträge für die Steuer aufbringen müssen to have to fork out a lot of money to the collector of taxes;
    • Steuer niederschlagen to drop a tax;
    • Steuer pauschalieren to compound for a tax;
    • Steuer rückvergüten to refund a tax;
    • von Steuern befreit sein to be exempt from taxes;
    • von der Steuer erfasst sein to be in the tax net;
    • von der Steuer schon erfasst sein to have suffered tax;
    • mit Steuern verbunden sein to involve taxes;
    • Steuern senken to lighten (lower, cut [down]) the taxes;
    • Steuern sparen to save on [income] taxes;
    • Steuer stunden to defer payment of taxes;
    • Steuer überwälzen to shift (pass on) a tax;
    • Steuer umgehen to dodge a tax, to avoid payment of a tax;
    • Steuern umlegen to apportion taxes;
    • der Steuer unterliegen to be taxable (liable to a tax);
    • nicht der Steuer unterliegen to be tax-exempt;
    • der Steuer unterwerfen to fiscalize;
    • nur in der Stadt selbst getätigte Umsätze der Steuer unterwerfen to allocate only receipts from sales within the city for tax purpose;
    • Steuer veranlagen to assess a tax;
    • Steuer verlangen to charge duty;
    • Steuer vermeiden to avoid (dodge) taxes;
    • Steuern verpachten to farm out taxes;
    • 500 Euro an Steuern zahlen to pay euro 500 in taxes;
    • höhere Steuern zahlen to write bigger tax cheques (Br.) (checks, US);
    • zu niedrige Steuern zahlen to underpay taxes;
    • für Steuern zurückstellen to allow (make provisions) for taxation;
    • in Amerika fällige Steuern auf ausländische Einkünfte bis zur Transfermöglichkeit zurückstellen to defer American tax on income from abroad until it is repatriated;
    • gezahlte Steuer zurückverlangen to claim tax back;
    • Steuer-ABC taxation primer;
    • Steuerabgabe levy.

    Business german-english dictionary > Steuer

  • 64 Stückgutfracht

    Stückgutfracht f LOGIS break bulk cargo, general cargo, g.c., (AE) package freight • Stückgutfracht abladen LOGIS break bulk • Stückgutfracht aufteilen LOGIS break bulk
    * * *
    f < Transp> break bulk cargo, general cargo (g.c.), package freight (AE) ■ Stückgutfracht abladen < Transp> break bulk ■ Stückgutfracht aufteilen < Transp> break bulk
    * * *
    Stückgutfracht
    general (astray, liner, less-than-carload, US) freight, general merchandise, berth cargo;
    • Stückgutfrachtdienst less-than-carload service (US);
    • Stückgutfrachtgeschäft berth freighting, less-than-carload business (US);
    • Stückgutkurswagen station wag(g)on;
    • Stückgutladung general (mixed, Br.) cargo, mixed consignment, astray freight, parcels, mixed freight carload (US), less-than-carload (truckload) (US), consolidated carload freight (US);
    • Stückgutlieferung drop shipment delivery, less-than-carload delivery (US);
    • Stückgutmarkt piece market (Br.);
    • Stückgutmindestgewicht minimum carload weight (US);
    • Stückgutschiff general cargo liner;
    • Stückgutsendung packed parcels, general (mixed, Br.) cargo, mixed [freight] carload (US), small-lot consignment, less-than-carload (truckload) shipment (US);
    • Stückgutsendungen package freight, less-than-carload lots (US), less-than-carloads (US);
    • Stückgutspediteur general freight carrier;
    • Stückguttarif all-commodity (mixed cargo) rate (Br.), berth rate, less-than-carload rates (US), less-than-truckload rate (freight charges) (US), less-than-carload freight charges, LCL-rates (US), package freight (US);
    • Stückgutumschlag transshipment of general cargo;
    • Stückgutverkehr berth freighting, retail (part-load) traffic, less-than-carload business (traffic) (US);
    • Stückgutverpackung less-than-carload packages (US);
    • Stückgutversand less-than-carload (truckload) shipment (US), less-than-carload business (traffic) (US), berth freighting, packed parcels;
    • Stückgutzustellung less-than-carload delivery (US).

    Business german-english dictionary > Stückgutfracht

  • 65 Zins- und Wechselkursschwankungen

    Zins- und Wechselkursschwankungen
    swings in interest and exchange rates;
    • Zinssenkung reduction of [the] interest [rate], cut in interest rates;
    • Zinssenkungstendenz downward tendency in interest rates;
    • Zinssituation interest-rate situation;
    • Zinsspanne (Bank) margin of profit, profit margin;
    • Zinsspannenentwicklung interest margin development;
    • Zinsspiegel interest-rate level;
    • Zinsstabilisierung interest stabilization;
    • Zinsstaffel equation of interest;
    • Zinsstruktur interest-rate structure;
    • Zinssubvention subsidy of interest;
    • Zinstabelle interest table, table of interest, ready reckoner;
    • Zinstag quarter day;
    • Zinstermin interest [due] date;
    • zum Zinstermin ablösen to redeem at an interest date;
    • Zinsüberschuss interest surplus;
    • Zinsumwandlung conversion of interest;
    • Zinsverbilligung cheapening of interest rates, interest reduction (rebate);
    • betriebliche Zinsverbindlichkeiten interest on business indebtedness;
    • entstandene [noch nicht fällige] Zinsverbindlichkeiten accrued interest payable (US);
    • Zinsvereinbarung agreement on interest rates;
    • Zinsvergünstigung interest-rate relief;
    • Zinsvergütung allowance for interest, rebate[ment];
    • Wertpapiere ohne Zinsvergütung veräußern to sell stocks flat;
    • Zinsverlust loss of interest;
    • Zinsversprechen (Wechsel) interest clause;
    • Zinsverzug default of interest;
    • Zinsvorauszahlung anticipatory interest, prepayment of interest, interest collected in advance;
    • Zinsvorauszahlungen leisten to pay interest in advance;
    • Zinsvorteil interest-rate advantage;
    • Zinswucher usury;
    • Zinswucherer loan shark (US);
    • Zinszahlen red (interest) numbers, products (Br.);
    • Zinszahlung payment of interest, interest payment;
    • Zinszahlungen an natürliche Personen interest paid to individuals;
    • mit den Zinszahlungen in Verzug sein to make default in the payment of interest;
    • Zinszahlungstermin interest-payment date;
    • Zinszuschüsse interest rate subsidy, interest-relief grants;
    • Zins- und Tilgungszuschüsse subsidies for interest and redemption.

    Business german-english dictionary > Zins- und Wechselkursschwankungen

  • 66 kurssinlasku

    finance, business, economy
    • decline in the market rates
    finance, business, economy
    • decline in prices
    finance, business, economy
    • decline in rates

    Suomi-Englanti sanakirja > kurssinlasku

  • 67 прейскурант

    2) Naval: price table
    3) Construction: schedule of price
    7) Accounting: schedule
    8) Information technology: list of prices
    10) Perfume: list price
    11) Advertising: rate sheet (прокатной конторы, типографии), sale catalogue
    12) Patents: list
    14) Sakhalin energy glossary: schedule of rates
    15) Customs: (price list) PL (Карачаганак, язык контрактов)
    16) Sakhalin R: schedule of rates (see: rates schedule)

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > прейскурант

  • 68 rebasar

    v.
    1 to exceed, to surpass.
    2 to pass, to overtake. ( Central American Spanish, Mexican Spanish)
    3 to overtake. ( Central American Spanish, Mexican Spanish)
    4 to pass over, to outrun, to exceed, to overreach.
    Ellos rebasaron a Ricardo They outran Richard.
    5 to pass another car.
    Ellos rebasan They pass another car.
    6 to overdraw.
    Ellas rebasaron la cuenta They overdrew the account.
    * * *
    1 (gen) to exceed, go beyond, surpass
    2 (límite, marca) to overstep
    3 (náutica) to pass
    4 AUTOMÓVIL to overtake
    * * *
    VT
    1) [+ límite] to pass; [+ punto] to pass, go beyond; [+ límite de tiempo] to exceed; [en cualidad, cantidad] to exceed, surpass; [en carrera, progreso] to overtake, leave behind
    2) esp Méx (Aut) to overtake, pass (EEUU); (Náut) to sail past
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo

    rebasar un punto — to go past o beyond a point

    rebasar el límite de velocidad — to exceed o go over the speed limit

    2) (Méx) (Auto) to pass, overtake
    2.
    rebasar vi (Méx) to pass, overtake (BrE)
    * * *
    = outrun [out-run], transcend, overshoot, overstep, go + past.
    Ex. But he was wiry and wily, too, and he could often out-run, track, back-track, double-back, and finally dodge unseen in the subway.
    Ex. Why do only Catholics, Jews, Negroes, and women transcend their particular nationality?.
    Ex. The importance of exchange rates on prices paid for imported periodicals is noted, particularly when these exchange rates overshoot relative inflation.
    Ex. Permission is not sought when purchasing other categories of materials and so the board is overstepping its policy and fiscal authority and assuming management responsibilities.
    Ex. Unfortunately, its conclusions are completely pedestrian, rarely going past the fact that there were old people in England in the late Middle Ages.
    ----
    * rebasar fronteras = transcend + boundaries.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo

    rebasar un punto — to go past o beyond a point

    rebasar el límite de velocidad — to exceed o go over the speed limit

    2) (Méx) (Auto) to pass, overtake
    2.
    rebasar vi (Méx) to pass, overtake (BrE)
    * * *
    = outrun [out-run], transcend, overshoot, overstep, go + past.

    Ex: But he was wiry and wily, too, and he could often out-run, track, back-track, double-back, and finally dodge unseen in the subway.

    Ex: Why do only Catholics, Jews, Negroes, and women transcend their particular nationality?.
    Ex: The importance of exchange rates on prices paid for imported periodicals is noted, particularly when these exchange rates overshoot relative inflation.
    Ex: Permission is not sought when purchasing other categories of materials and so the board is overstepping its policy and fiscal authority and assuming management responsibilities.
    Ex: Unfortunately, its conclusions are completely pedestrian, rarely going past the fact that there were old people in England in the late Middle Ages.
    * rebasar fronteras = transcend + boundaries.

    * * *
    rebasar [A1 ]
    vt
    A ‹cantidad/límite›
    el agua ha rebasado el dique the water has risen above the level of o has overflowed the dike
    una vez rebasemos ese punto once we're past o once we've passed that point, once we've got(ten) beyond o past that point
    había rebasado los 40 años he was over 40 years old
    los resultados rebasan todas las previsiones the results exceed o surpass all predictions
    está rebasando el límite de mi paciencia she's pushing o stretching my patience to the limit
    su historia rebasa los límites de lo verosímil his story goes beyond the limits of credibility
    su fama ha rebasado nuestras fronteras her fame has gone beyond o reaches beyond our borders
    este trabajo rebasa su capacidad this job is beyond him o beyond his capabilities
    B ( Méx) ( Auto) to pass, overtake
    ■ rebasar
    vi
    ( Méx) to pass, overtake ( BrE)
    [ S ] no rebasar no passing o overtaking
    * * *

    rebasar ( conjugate rebasar) verbo transitivo

    ‹ cifras previstas› to exceed;
    ‹ punto› to go beyond;

    b) (Méx) (Auto) to pass, overtake

    verbo intransitivo (Méx) to pass, overtake (BrE)
    rebasar verbo transitivo
    1 (un límite, una marca, señal) to exceed, go beyond: el salto rebasó los ocho metros, the jump exceeded eight metres
    2 (desbordar) todo este asunto me rebasa, all this business is beyond me
    3 Auto to overtake
    ' rebasar' also found in these entries:
    English:
    exceed
    - over
    - pass
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [sobrepasar] to exceed, to surpass;
    la inflación rebasó la barrera del 5 por ciento inflation passed the 5 percent mark;
    el caza rebasó la barrera del sonido the fighter plane broke the sound barrier;
    la pelota rebasó la línea de gol the ball went over o crossed the goal line;
    nunca rebasa el límite de velocidad she never speeds, she never drives over the speed limit;
    las ventas rebasaron las predicciones sales were higher than predicted;
    un debate que rebasa el ámbito de lo político a debate that goes beyond politics
    2. CAm, Méx [corredor, vehículo] to pass, to overtake
    ♦ vi
    CAm, Méx [adelantar] to overtake
    * * *
    v/t
    AUTO pass, Br
    overtake
    2 límite go beyond
    * * *
    1) : to surpass, to exceed
    2) Mex : to pass, to overtake

    Spanish-English dictionary > rebasar

  • 69 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 70 тариф

    тариф сущ
    tariff
    Агентство по пропорциональным тарифам
    Prorate Agency
    Африканская конференция по авиационным тарифам
    African Air Tariff Conference
    аэропортовый тариф
    airport tariff
    багажный тариф
    baggage rate
    базисный тариф
    basic fare
    базовый тариф
    fare construction unit
    билет по основному тарифу
    normal fare ticket
    введение в действие пассажирских и грузовых тарифов
    fares and rates enforcement
    введение тарифов
    fare-setting
    верхний предел тарифа промежуточного класса
    higher intermediate fare
    внесезонный тариф
    off-season fare
    вновь введенный тариф
    1. innovative fare
    2. innovative rate внутренний тариф
    1. internal fare
    2. domestic fare грузовая поездка со скидкой тарифов
    incentive group travel
    грузовой тариф
    1. freight rate
    2. cargo rate групповой тариф
    group fare
    действующий тариф
    applicable fare
    детский тариф
    child fare
    деятельность по координации тарифов
    tariff coordinating activity
    дифференцированный тариф
    differential rate
    дополнительный тариф
    extra fare
    единица при построении грузовых тарифов
    rate construction unit
    единый тариф
    1. flat fare
    2. flat rate единый тариф на полет в двух направлениях
    two-way fare
    закрытый тариф
    closed rate
    исходный уровень тарифа
    reference fare level
    количественный тариф
    quantity rate
    комбинированный сквозной тариф
    combination through fare
    комбинированный тариф
    combination fare
    Комиссия по нарушению тарифов
    Breachers Commission
    Комитет по поощрительным тарифам
    Creative Fares Board
    Комитет по специальным грузовым тарифам
    Specific Commodity Rates Board
    Конференция по координации тарифов
    Tariff Co-ordinating Conference
    льготный тариф
    1. low fare
    2. discount fare 3. reduced tariff 4. concession fare 5. discount rate льготный целевой тариф
    creative fare
    межсезонный тариф
    shoulder season fare
    местный тариф
    local fare
    молодежный тариф
    youth fare
    неопубликованный тариф
    unpublished fare
    несоблюдение тарифов
    tariff violation
    нижний предел тарифа туристического класса
    economy fare
    общий тариф на перевозку разносортных грузов
    freight-all-kinds rate
    Объединенная конференция по грузовым тарифам
    Composite cargo Traffic Conference
    Объединенная конференция по координации пассажирских тарифов
    Composite Passenger Tariff Co-ordinating Conference
    объединенный тариф
    joint fare
    объявленный тариф
    public fare
    обычно действующий тариф
    normal applicable fare
    обычный тариф экономического класса
    normal economy fare
    односторонний тариф
    1. one-way rate
    2. one-way fare одобренный тариф
    adopted tariff
    опубликованный тариф
    published fare
    опубликовывать тарифы
    disclose the fares
    основной грузовой тариф
    general cargo rate
    основной тариф
    fare basis
    Отдел по соблюдению тарифов
    Compliance Department
    открытый тариф
    open rate
    пассажир по полному тарифу
    adult
    пассажирский тариф
    passenger fare
    первоначальный тариф
    inaugural fare
    перевозка по специальному тарифу
    unit toll transportation
    перевозки по тарифу туристического класса
    coach traffic
    повышение тарифа
    fare upgrading
    полный тариф
    adult fare
    поощрительный тариф
    1. incentive fare
    2. promotional fare порядок введения тарифов
    fare-setting machinery
    порядок подготовки тарифов
    fare-making machinery
    порядок утверждения тарифов
    fare-fixing machinery
    построение тарифов
    fare construction
    правила построения тарифов
    fare construction rules
    предварительный тариф
    package type fare
    приемлемый тариф
    matching fare
    применение тарифов
    application of tariffs
    применяемый тариф
    applicable tariff
    принятый тариф
    1. adopted rate
    2. adopted fare пропорционально распределенный тариф
    prorated fare
    пропорциональный дополнительный тариф
    add-on fare
    пропорциональный тариф
    proportional fare
    разница в тарифах по классам
    class differential
    разовый тариф
    arbitrary fare
    расчетный тариф
    constructed fare
    расчет тарифа
    fare calculation
    регулирование тарифов
    rate-setting
    режим закрытых тарифов
    closed-rate situation
    режим открытых тарифов
    open-rate situation
    сборник пассажирских тарифов на воздушную перевозку
    Air Passenger Tariff
    сверхльготный тариф
    deep discount fare
    сезонный тариф
    1. shoulder fare
    2. on-season fare Секция тарифов воздушных перевозчиков
    Air Carrier Tariffs Section
    (ИКАО) семейный тариф
    family fare
    сквозной тариф
    1. through fare
    2. through rate скидка с тарифа
    1. fare taper
    2. reduction on fare скидка с тарифа за дальность
    distance fare taper
    сниженный тариф
    1. reduced rate
    2. reduced fare соблюдать опубликованный тариф
    comply with published tariff
    Совместный комитет по специальным грузовым тарифам
    Joint service Commodity Rates Board
    совместный тариф между авиакомпаниями
    interline fare
    согласованная статья двустороннего соглашения о тарифах
    standard bilateral tariff clause
    согласованный тариф
    1. agreed rate
    2. agreed fare соглашение по пассажирским и грузовым тарифам
    fares and rates agreement
    соглашение по тарифам
    tariff agreement
    составной тариф
    combined fare
    специально установленный тариф
    specified fare
    специальный грузовой тариф
    specific commodity rate
    специальный тариф
    special fare
    специальный тариф за перевозку транспортируемой единицы
    unit toll
    стандартный отраслевой уровень тарифов
    standard industry fare level
    стандартный уровень зарубежных тарифов
    standard foreign fare level
    статья об авиационных тарифах
    air tariff clause
    структура тарифов
    fare structure
    студенческий тариф
    student fare
    тариф без скидок
    normal fare
    тариф бизнес-класса
    business class fare
    тариф в местной валюте
    local currency fare
    тариф вне сезона пик
    off-peak fare
    тариф в одном направлении
    directional rate
    тариф для беженцев
    refugee fare
    тариф для младенцев
    infant fare
    тариф для моряков
    seaman's fare
    тариф для навалочных грузов
    bulk unitization rate
    тариф для отдельного участка полета
    sectorial fare
    тариф для пары пассажиров
    two-in-one fare
    тариф для перевозки с неподтвержденным бронированием
    standby fare
    тариф для переселенцев
    migrant fare
    тариф для полета в одном направлении
    single fare
    тариф для полетов внутри одной страны
    cabotage fare
    тариф для рабочих
    worker fare
    тариф для специализированной группы
    affinity group fare
    тариф для супружеской пары
    spouse fare
    тариф для членов экипажей морских судов
    ship's crew fare
    тариф для эмигрантов
    emigrant fare
    тариф за багаж сверх нормы
    excess baggage rate
    тариф за перевозку
    1. fare for carriage
    2. conveyance rate тариф за перевозку грузов в специальном приспособлении для комплектования
    unit load device rate
    тариф за перевозку несопровождаемого багажа
    unaccompanied baggage rate
    тариф за полное обслуживание
    inclusive fare
    тариф за рейс вне расписания
    nonscheduled tariff
    тариф кругового маршрута
    circle trip fare
    тариф между двумя пунктами
    point-to-point fare
    тариф на воздушную перевозку пассажира
    air fare
    тариф на оптовую чартерную перевозку
    wholesale charter rate
    тариф на отдельном участке полета
    sectorial rate
    тариф на перевозку почты
    mail rate
    тариф на перевозку товаров
    commodity rate
    тариф на полет в ночное время суток
    night fare
    тариф на полет по замкнутому кругу
    round trip fare
    тариф на полет с возвратом в течение суток
    day round trip fare
    тариф на путешествие
    trip fare
    тариф первого класса
    first-class fare
    тариф перевозки туристических групп, укомплектованных эксплуатантом
    tour operator's package fare
    тариф по контракту
    contract rate
    тариф по незамкнутому круговому маршруту
    open-jaw fare
    тариф при предварительном бронировании
    advance booking fare
    тариф при предварительном приобретении билета
    advance purchase fare
    тариф при приобретении билета непосредственно перед вылетом
    instant purchase fare
    тариф при регулярной воздушной перевозки
    regular fare
    тариф при свободной продаже
    open-market fare
    тариф промежуточного класса
    intermediate class fare
    тариф прямого маршрута
    direct fare
    тариф сезона пик
    peak fare
    тариф стоимости перевозки
    fare
    тариф туда-обратно
    return fare
    тариф туристического класса
    1. coach fare
    2. tourist fare уровень тарифов
    fare level
    условный тариф
    basing fare
    установление тарифа
    market pricing
    установление тарифов
    tariff setting
    утверждать тариф
    approve the tariff
    утвержденный тариф
    1. approved rate
    2. approved fare чартерный тариф
    1. charter rate
    2. charter class fare экскурсионный тариф
    1. tour-basing fare
    2. excursion fare

    Русско-английский авиационный словарь > тариф

  • 71 de última hora

    last-minute
    * * *
    = last minute [last-minute], up-to-the-minute, late breaking [late-breaking], hot off the griddle
    Ex. In the case of BUSHMEN and HOTTENTOTS, the peoples' real names don't even appear as after-the-fact, last minute cross-references to the defamatory form.
    Ex. These systems carry up-to-the-minute information on stock prices, currency rates, world and national events, etc.
    Ex. This is a late breaking full text database designed for online searchers who need instant access to the texts of trade journals, newsletters, and business publication at or near the time of their original publication.
    Ex. 'As long as I'm the editor I want news that's hot off the griddle!' she says, rejecting any story more than 15 minutes old.
    * * *
    = last minute [last-minute], up-to-the-minute, late breaking [late-breaking], hot off the griddle

    Ex: In the case of BUSHMEN and HOTTENTOTS, the peoples' real names don't even appear as after-the-fact, last minute cross-references to the defamatory form.

    Ex: These systems carry up-to-the-minute information on stock prices, currency rates, world and national events, etc.
    Ex: This is a late breaking full text database designed for online searchers who need instant access to the texts of trade journals, newsletters, and business publication at or near the time of their original publication.
    Ex: 'As long as I'm the editor I want news that's hot off the griddle!' she says, rejecting any story more than 15 minutes old.

    Spanish-English dictionary > de última hora

  • 72 establecer

    v.
    1 to establish.
    no lograba establecer contacto con la torre de control he couldn't make o establish contact with the control tower
    la policía no ha podido establecer la causa de su muerte the police have been unable to establish o determine the cause of death
    las normas del club establecen que… the club rules state that…
    Establecieron directrices They established guidelines.
    Establecieron a Ricardo en la oficina They established Richard at the office.
    2 to establish (instalar) (colonia, poblado).
    * * *
    Conjugation model [ AGRADECER], like link=agradecer agradecer
    1 (gen) to establish; (fundar) to found, set up
    2 (récord) to set
    3 (ordenar) to state, lay down, establish
    1 (en un lugar) to settle; (en un negocio) to set up in business
    * * *
    verb
    to establish, set up, found
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) [+ relación, comunicación] to establish
    2) (=fundar) [+ empresa] to establish; [+ colonia] to settle
    3) (=dictaminar) to state, lay down

    la ley establece que... — the law states o lays down that...

    4) (=expresar) [+ idea, principio] to establish; [+ norma] to lay down; [+ criterio] to set
    5) [+ récord] to set
    2.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) <colonia/dictadura> to establish; < campamento> to set up
    b) <relaciones/contacto> to establish
    a) <criterios/bases> to establish, lay down; < precio> to fix, set; < precedente> to establish, set

    conviene dejar establecido que... — we should make it clear that...

    establecer un precedente — to establish o set a precedent

    b) (frml) ley/reglamento ( disponer) to state, establish
    c) < uso> to establish
    d) <récord/marca/moda> to set
    3) ( determinar) to establish
    2.
    establecerse v pron colono/emigrante to settle; comerciante/empresa to set up
    * * *
    = call for, determine, establish, institute, instruct, lay down, set, set up, settle, map out, set forth, set out, bring into + being.
    Ex. The main rules call for entry of societies under name and institutions under place.
    Ex. This assignment of intellectual responsibility is important, as we have seen earlier, since it determines the heading for the main entry.
    Ex. The intention is to establish a general framework, and then to give exceptions or further explanation and examples for each area in turn.
    Ex. The librarians have instituted a series of campaigns, including displays and leaflets on specific issues, eg family income supplement, rent and rates rebates, and school grants.
    Ex. Some of the above limitations of title indexes can be overcome by exercising a measure of control over the index terminology, and by inputting and instructing the computer to print a number of pre-determined links or references between keywords.
    Ex. He was the son of a bricklayer who laid down as early as 1859 that 'the assistance of readers in their researches' is one of the duties that 'have daily to be provided for' in ordinary public libraries.
    Ex. If no fines are to be charged for a particular combination of borrower and material type, set the maximum fine to zero.
    Ex. The searcher now decides to set up an SDI profile.
    Ex. Once the name to be used in a heading and its form have been settled, it is time to decide upon the entry element, or in more general terms, to examine the preferred order of the components of a name as the name is to appear as a heading.
    Ex. Down the years, the information industry has mapped out for itself the categories of information with which it is prepared to deal.
    Ex. She sets forth some of the conditions which may have led to this situation in the hope that it may bring about further study.
    Ex. The regulation sets out the requirement for compulsory notification of agreements to the Commission and gives the Commission powers to grant exemption to the rules.
    Ex. MARC was brought into being originally to facilitate the creation of LC catalogue cards.
    ----
    * establecer alianzas = make + alliances.
    * establecer canales para = establish + channels for.
    * establecer características = lay down + features.
    * establecer comparaciones = make + comparisons.
    * establecer comparaciones entre elementos comparables = compare + like with like.
    * establecer conexión = establish + link, make + connection.
    * establecer contacto = make + contact.
    * establecer contactos = liaise (with/between).
    * establecer contactos profesionales = networking.
    * establecer criterios para = make + provision for.
    * establecer directrices = chart + direction.
    * establecer disposiciones para = make + provisions for.
    * establecer el contexto = set + context.
    * establecer el origen de = trace + the origin of.
    * establecer el tema = set + the theme.
    * establecer el tono = set + the theme.
    * establecer equivalencias entre = map onto/to.
    * establecer lazos afectivos = bond.
    * establecer límites = draw + limits.
    * establecer norma = legislate.
    * establecer normas = make + provision, establish + standards.
    * establecer normas de funcionamiento = establish + policy.
    * establecer normativa = govern.
    * establecer prioridades = prioritise [prioritize, -USA], establish + priorities, set + priorities.
    * establecer reglas = make + provision.
    * establecer reglas para = lay down + rules for.
    * establecer relaciones = build + relationships, develop + relationships, develop + relations, build + relations, structure + relationships.
    * establecer relaciones con = forge + links with, forge + relationships with, forge + ties.
    * establecerse = settle in, settle down.
    * establecer sectores = sectoring.
    * establecer una analogía = draw + analogy.
    * establecer una colaboración = forge + collaboration.
    * establecer una condición = specify + requirement.
    * establecer una conexión = achieve + connection.
    * establecer una convención = establish + convention.
    * establecer un acuerdo = work out + agreement.
    * establecer una diferencia = draw + demarcation.
    * establecer una norma = lay down + standard, set down + rule.
    * establecer una normalización = impose + standardization.
    * establecer una política = institute + policy.
    * establecer una regla = frame + rule.
    * establecer un equilibrio = establish + a balance.
    * establecer un límite = set + limit.
    * establecer un norma = give + prescription.
    * establecer un paralelismo = draw + parallel.
    * establecer un paralelo = draw + parallel.
    * establecer un principio = establish + principle, set forth + cause.
    * establecer un record = establish + a record.
    * establecer un vínculo = provide + an interface.
    * establecer valores = establish + values.
    * establecer vínculos afectivos = bond.
    * volver a establecer equivalencias = remap.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) <colonia/dictadura> to establish; < campamento> to set up
    b) <relaciones/contacto> to establish
    a) <criterios/bases> to establish, lay down; < precio> to fix, set; < precedente> to establish, set

    conviene dejar establecido que... — we should make it clear that...

    establecer un precedente — to establish o set a precedent

    b) (frml) ley/reglamento ( disponer) to state, establish
    c) < uso> to establish
    d) <récord/marca/moda> to set
    3) ( determinar) to establish
    2.
    establecerse v pron colono/emigrante to settle; comerciante/empresa to set up
    * * *
    = call for, determine, establish, institute, instruct, lay down, set, set up, settle, map out, set forth, set out, bring into + being.

    Ex: The main rules call for entry of societies under name and institutions under place.

    Ex: This assignment of intellectual responsibility is important, as we have seen earlier, since it determines the heading for the main entry.
    Ex: The intention is to establish a general framework, and then to give exceptions or further explanation and examples for each area in turn.
    Ex: The librarians have instituted a series of campaigns, including displays and leaflets on specific issues, eg family income supplement, rent and rates rebates, and school grants.
    Ex: Some of the above limitations of title indexes can be overcome by exercising a measure of control over the index terminology, and by inputting and instructing the computer to print a number of pre-determined links or references between keywords.
    Ex: He was the son of a bricklayer who laid down as early as 1859 that 'the assistance of readers in their researches' is one of the duties that 'have daily to be provided for' in ordinary public libraries.
    Ex: If no fines are to be charged for a particular combination of borrower and material type, set the maximum fine to zero.
    Ex: The searcher now decides to set up an SDI profile.
    Ex: Once the name to be used in a heading and its form have been settled, it is time to decide upon the entry element, or in more general terms, to examine the preferred order of the components of a name as the name is to appear as a heading.
    Ex: Down the years, the information industry has mapped out for itself the categories of information with which it is prepared to deal.
    Ex: She sets forth some of the conditions which may have led to this situation in the hope that it may bring about further study.
    Ex: The regulation sets out the requirement for compulsory notification of agreements to the Commission and gives the Commission powers to grant exemption to the rules.
    Ex: MARC was brought into being originally to facilitate the creation of LC catalogue cards.
    * establecer alianzas = make + alliances.
    * establecer canales para = establish + channels for.
    * establecer características = lay down + features.
    * establecer comparaciones = make + comparisons.
    * establecer comparaciones entre elementos comparables = compare + like with like.
    * establecer conexión = establish + link, make + connection.
    * establecer contacto = make + contact.
    * establecer contactos = liaise (with/between).
    * establecer contactos profesionales = networking.
    * establecer criterios para = make + provision for.
    * establecer directrices = chart + direction.
    * establecer disposiciones para = make + provisions for.
    * establecer el contexto = set + context.
    * establecer el origen de = trace + the origin of.
    * establecer el tema = set + the theme.
    * establecer el tono = set + the theme.
    * establecer equivalencias entre = map onto/to.
    * establecer lazos afectivos = bond.
    * establecer límites = draw + limits.
    * establecer norma = legislate.
    * establecer normas = make + provision, establish + standards.
    * establecer normas de funcionamiento = establish + policy.
    * establecer normativa = govern.
    * establecer prioridades = prioritise [prioritize, -USA], establish + priorities, set + priorities.
    * establecer reglas = make + provision.
    * establecer reglas para = lay down + rules for.
    * establecer relaciones = build + relationships, develop + relationships, develop + relations, build + relations, structure + relationships.
    * establecer relaciones con = forge + links with, forge + relationships with, forge + ties.
    * establecerse = settle in, settle down.
    * establecer sectores = sectoring.
    * establecer una analogía = draw + analogy.
    * establecer una colaboración = forge + collaboration.
    * establecer una condición = specify + requirement.
    * establecer una conexión = achieve + connection.
    * establecer una convención = establish + convention.
    * establecer un acuerdo = work out + agreement.
    * establecer una diferencia = draw + demarcation.
    * establecer una norma = lay down + standard, set down + rule.
    * establecer una normalización = impose + standardization.
    * establecer una política = institute + policy.
    * establecer una regla = frame + rule.
    * establecer un equilibrio = establish + a balance.
    * establecer un límite = set + limit.
    * establecer un norma = give + prescription.
    * establecer un paralelismo = draw + parallel.
    * establecer un paralelo = draw + parallel.
    * establecer un principio = establish + principle, set forth + cause.
    * establecer un record = establish + a record.
    * establecer un vínculo = provide + an interface.
    * establecer valores = establish + values.
    * establecer vínculos afectivos = bond.
    * volver a establecer equivalencias = remap.

    * * *
    establecer [E3 ]
    vt
    A
    1 ‹colonia› to establish; ‹campamento› to set up
    estableció su residencia en Mónaco he took up residence in Monaco
    2 ‹relaciones/comunicaciones/contacto› to establish
    3 ‹dictadura› to establish, set up
    1 ‹criterios/bases› to establish, lay down; ‹precio› to fix, set
    conviene dejar establecido que … we should make it clear that …
    establecer un precedente to establish o set a precedent
    2 ( frml); «ley/reglamento» (disponer) to state, establish
    como se establece en la Constitución as laid down o established in the Constitution
    tres veces el precio establecido por la ley three times the legal price
    3 ‹uso› to establish; ‹moda› to set
    4 ‹récord/marca› to set
    C (determinar) to establish
    no se ha podido establecer qué fue lo que ocurrió it has been impossible to ascertain o establish exactly what happened
    1 «colono/emigrante» to settle
    2 «comerciante/empresa» to set up
    se estableció por su cuenta he set up his own business ( o practice etc), he set up on his own
    * * *

     

    establecer ( conjugate establecer) verbo transitivo
    1
    a) ‹colonia/dictadura› to establish;

    ‹ campamento› to set up;

    b) ‹relaciones/contacto› to establish

    2 ( dejar sentado)
    a) ‹criterios/bases› to establish, lay down;

    ‹ precio› to fix, set;
    ‹ precedente› to establish, set
    b) (frml) [ley/reglamento] ( disponer) to state, establish

    c) ‹récord/marca/moda› to set;

    ‹ uso› to establish
    3 ( determinar) to establish
    establecerse verbo pronominal [colono/emigrante] to settle;
    [comerciante/empresa] to set up
    establecer verbo transitivo to establish
    (un récord) to set (up)
    ' establecer' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    conectar
    - disponer
    - fijar
    - implantar
    - sentar
    - consagrar
    - determinar
    - montar
    English:
    ascertain
    - establish
    - get at
    - institute
    - lay down
    - networking
    - open up
    - parallel
    - pattern
    - prioritize
    - set
    - set down
    - set up
    - standard
    - timetable
    - bond
    - determine
    - dictate
    - draw
    - empathize
    - get
    - issue
    - lay
    - open
    - pin
    - state
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [instalar] [colonia, poblado] to establish;
    [campamento, negocio, sucursal] to set up;
    establecer residencia en to take up residence in
    2. [fijar, emprender] [régimen, relaciones, comunicación] to establish;
    [costumbre] to introduce; [moda] to start; [récord] to set;
    no lograba establecer contacto con la torre de control he couldn't make o establish contact with the control tower
    3. [expresar] [principios, criterios] to establish, to lay down;
    [teoría, hipótesis] to formulate;
    estableció las bases de la física moderna he laid the foundations of modern physics
    4. [estipular] to state, to stipulate;
    las normas del club establecen que… the club rules state that…;
    según establece la ley,… as stipulated by law,…
    5. [averiguar] to establish, to determine;
    la policía no ha podido establecer la causa de su muerte the police have been unable to establish o determine the cause of death
    * * *
    v/t
    1 establish
    2 negocio set up
    * * *
    establecer {53} vt
    fundar, instituir: to establish, to found, to set up
    * * *
    1. (crear) to set up [pt. & pp. set]
    2. (demostrar) to establish
    Newton estableció que... Newton established that...
    3. (ordenar) to state
    la constitución establece que... the constitution states that...

    Spanish-English dictionary > establecer

  • 73 oficina de cambio

    * * *
    (n.) = exchange office, currency exchange bureau, exchange bureau
    Ex. An original passport (not a copy) is required for the majority of exchange offices.
    Ex. In banks and currency exchange bureaux you will see exchange rates quoted with very different buy and sell commissions.
    Ex. Exchange bureaux have longer business hours than banks and are usually open at the weekend.
    * * *
    * * *
    (n.) = exchange office, currency exchange bureau, exchange bureau

    Ex: An original passport (not a copy) is required for the majority of exchange offices.

    Ex: In banks and currency exchange bureaux you will see exchange rates quoted with very different buy and sell commissions.
    Ex: Exchange bureaux have longer business hours than banks and are usually open at the weekend.

    Spanish-English dictionary > oficina de cambio

  • 74 множественность валютных курсов

    1) General subject: multiple exchange rates
    2) Diplomatic term: multiplicity of rates

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > множественность валютных курсов

  • 75 транспортный тариф

    1) General subject: traffic rates, freight rate

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > транспортный тариф

  • 76 Abschwächung

    Abschwächung f WIWI slowdown, slackening, alleviation
    * * *
    f <Vw> slowdown, slackening, alleviation
    * * *
    Abschwächung
    mitigation, moderation, relaxation, (Konjunktur) softness, decline, levelling off, easing, (Kurse) sagging, lowering, weakening, depression;
    • geringe Abschwächung slight decline;
    • saisonbedingte Abschwächung seasonal allowance;
    • Abschwächung um einen Bruchteil fractional ease;
    • Abschwächung der Geldmarktsätze ease in money rates;
    • Abschwächung der Konjunktur economic slowdown, downward business trend;
    • Abschwächung der Kurse weaker tendency in prices;
    • Abschwächung der Preise price weakness;
    • Abschwächung der Sätze für Festgeld lowering of the time loan rates;
    • Abschwächung des Umsatzes drop (falling off, letdown) in sales;
    • Abschwächung der Wachstumsrate dampening of rates of growth;
    • Abschwächung des Zinssatzes für festes Geld lowering of the time-loan rate;
    • Abschwächungen zeigen (Börse) to turn soft.

    Business german-english dictionary > Abschwächung

  • 77 Anzeigentarif

    Anzeigentarif
    advertisement (Br.) (space, US coll.) rates, advertising charges, advertising-rate base, advertisement-rate schedule, rate card (US), (Zeitungskopf) business notice;
    • z. Zt. gültiger Anzeigentarif temporary rate sheet;
    • kombinierter Anzeigentarif combination rate;
    • Anzeigentarif für Einzelinsertionen ohne Rabatt one-time (transient) rate;
    • Anzeigentarif für ortsansässige Firmen local rates;
    • Anzeigentarif für Verkehrsmittelwerbung car-card rates.

    Business german-english dictionary > Anzeigentarif

  • 78 interés

    m.
    1 interest, concernment, regard, interestedness.
    2 interest, yield.
    * * *
    1 (gen) interest; (propio) self-interest
    2 FINANZAS interest
    \
    de gran interés very interesting
    ir en interés de to be in the interests of
    poner interés en algo to take an interest in something, put effort into something
    tener interés en to be interested in
    interés compuesto compound interest
    interés simple simple interest
    intereses creados vested interests
    * * *
    noun m.
    * * *
    SM
    1) (=valor) interest
    2) (=curiosidad) interest

    el tema despertó o suscitó el interés del público — the topic aroused public interest

    • esperar algo con interés — to await sth with interest

    • mostrar interés en o por algo — to show (an) interest in sth

    • poner interés en algo — to take an interest in sth

    • sentir o tener interés por algo — to be interested in sth

    si tienes interés por el piso, todavía está a la venta — if you're interested in the flat, it's still for sale

    siento auténtico interés por los idiomas — I have a real interest o I am really interested in languages

    sentir o tener interés por hacer algo — to be interested in doing sth

    3) (=beneficio)
    a) [de persona, país] interest

    ¿qué interés tienes tú en que pierdan el partido? — what's your interest in their losing the match?

    b) (Econ) interest

    un préstamo a o con un interés del 9 por ciento — a loan at 9 per cent interest

    • dar interés — [capital, inversión] to yield interest; [banco, cuenta] to pay interest

    mi capital me da un interés del 5,3 por ciento — my capital yields an interest of 5.3 per cent

    • devengar interés — to accrue interest, earn interest

    • tasa LAm o tipo de interés — interest rate

    interés devengado — accrued interest, earned interest

    4) pl intereses
    a) (Com) interests

    • un conflicto de intereses — a conflict of interests

    • tener intereses en algo — to have interests o a stake in sth

    tiene intereses en varias compañías extranjeras — he has interests o a stake in several foreign companies

    b) (=aficiones) interests

    ¿qué intereses tienes? — what are your interests?

    * * *
    1)
    a) (importancia, valor) interest
    b) ( actitud) interest

    tengo especial interés en que... — I am particularly concerned o keen that...

    c) (afición, inquietud) interest
    2)
    a) (conveniencia, beneficio) interest

    por tu propio interés — in your own interest, for your own good

    b) intereses masculino plural ( objetivos) interests (pl)
    c) intereses masculino plural (bienes, capital)

    tiene intereses en esa empresa — he has a stake o an interest in that company

    3) (Fin) interest

    a or con un interés del 12% — at 12% interest o at an interest rate of 12%

    •
    * * *
    1)
    a) (importancia, valor) interest
    b) ( actitud) interest

    tengo especial interés en que... — I am particularly concerned o keen that...

    c) (afición, inquietud) interest
    2)
    a) (conveniencia, beneficio) interest

    por tu propio interés — in your own interest, for your own good

    b) intereses masculino plural ( objetivos) interests (pl)
    c) intereses masculino plural (bienes, capital)

    tiene intereses en esa empresa — he has a stake o an interest in that company

    3) (Fin) interest

    a or con un interés del 12% — at 12% interest o at an interest rate of 12%

    •
    * * *
    interés1
    1 = appeal, appetite, concern, focus, involvement, interest, knowledge interest, piquancy, penchant, pursuit, topicality.

    Ex: Indeed, if they are not successful in finding ways of renewing their original purpose and appeal, they are on their way to dissolution and displacement.

    Ex: We need to know what and how consumers' information appetites have changed.
    Ex: The use of agents is necessary but not ideal, because an agent often represents rival concerns, and aims for a quick turnover rather than long-term profitability.
    Ex: Our focus in this text is on the first stage in the following diagram.
    Ex: Clearly, anyone having any dealings at all with the CAP needs a general understanding of how the system works, at a level which is appropriate to their involvement.
    Ex: An abstracting bulletin is generally a weekly or monthly current-awareness service containing abstracts of all documents of interest that have passed into the library or information unit during that time.
    Ex: Phenomenography is an approach that builds on phenomenological and hermeneutic traditions; its knowledge interest is to describe the varying conceptions held within a specific group about a phenomenon = La fenomenografía es un método que parte de las tradicionaes fenomenológicas y hermenéuticas; su interés es describir las diversas concepciones que un grupo concreto tiene sobre un fenómeno.
    Ex: Young was a man of singular eccentricity and piquancy of character, a person who was very interesting in his own right.
    Ex: Our penchant to organize is perhaps as close to a biological imperative as any form of human behavior is likely to come.
    Ex: What is more arguable is whether or not it is a bibliographical pursuit at all since it bears little relationship to the physical nature of the book.
    Ex: This year, the event is gaining topicality because of the EU enlargement.
    * actuar en defensa de los intereses de las bibliotecas y bibliotec = library advocacy.
    * adaptarse a un interés = accommodate + interest.
    * ámbito de interés = sphere of interest.
    * ampliar el interés = broaden + interest.
    * aprovecharse del interés general por Algo = exploit + appeal.
    * área de interés = field of interest.
    * atraer el interés = capture + the imagination, capture + the interest, draw + interest.
    * atraer el interés de = catch + the imagination of.
    * caer fuera del interés de = lie outside + the scope of.
    * caer fuera del interés de uno = fall outside + Posesivo + interest.
    * campo de interés = sphere of interest.
    * captar el interés = capture + the imagination, capture + the interest.
    * captar el interés de = catch + the imagination of.
    * coincidir con los intereses de uno = match + interests.
    * combinar intereses = bridge + interests.
    * conflicto de intereses = conflict of interest(s), competing interests.
    * con intereses ocultos = agenda-laden.
    * con intereses propios = self-interested.
    * conjunto de intereses = set of interests.
    * Consejo Internacional de Museos y Lugares de Interés (ICOMS) = International Council of Museums and Sites (ICOMOS).
    * constatar el interés = gauge + interest.
    * con un interés en = with a stake in.
    * crear interés = build + interest.
    * dar interés = spice up, add + spice.
    * debate por tema de interés = breakout discussion.
    * defender los intereses = defend + interests, lobby for + interests.
    * defender los intereses de = go to + bat for, bat for.
    * defensa de intereses = lobbying.
    * defensa de los intereses de las bibliotecas y bibliotecarios = library advocacy.
    * defensor de los intereses del ciudadano = watchdog.
    * de interés especial = of particular concern, special-interest.
    * de intereses similares = of like interest.
    * de interés general = general-interest, of general interest.
    * de interés humano = human interest.
    * de interés periodístico = newsworthy.
    * despertar el interés = provoke + interest, stimulate + interest, stir + interest, whet + the appetite, heighten + interest, rouse + interest, capture + the imagination, capture + the interest, work up + an interest, pique + interest.
    * despertar el interés de = catch + the imagination of.
    * despertar interés = arouse + interest, attract + interest, raise + interest, spark + interest.
    * despertar interés por = kindle + interest in.
    * destinado a despertar el interés del usuario = highlight abstract.
    * dirigir los intereses de uno = break into.
    * el interés público = the public interest.
    * en interés de = in the interest(s) of.
    * esperar con interés (+ Infinitivo), = look forward to (+ Gerundio).
    * estar fuera del interés = lie outside + the scope of.
    * estar fuera del interés de uno = lie beyond + concern.
    * expresión de interés = application.
    * falta de interés por cooperar = unresponsiveness.
    * foco de interés = focus of interest, focus of concern, focus of attention.
    * fomentar el interés = raise + interest, foster + interest, foster + interest.
    * fomentar interés = build + interest.
    * generar interés = generate + interest.
    * grupo de interés = focus group, interest group.
    * grupo de trabajo por tema de interés = breakout group.
    * guiado por intereses propios = interest-determined.
    * hacer que pierda el interés = take + the shine off things.
    * institución de interés histórico = heritage institution.
    * institución de interés histórico y cultural = cultural heritage institution.
    * interés cada vez mayor = growing interest.
    * interés + centrarse en = interest + lie with.
    * interés comercial = business interest, commercial interest.
    * interés común = shared interest.
    * interés creado = vested interest.
    * interés + decaer = interest + flag.
    * interés económico = economic interest.
    * intereses = breadth of interests.
    * intereses comerciales = market forces, marketplace forces.
    * intereses comunes = common ground, community of interest.
    * intereses contrapuestos = conflicting interests.
    * intereses cotidianos = life interests.
    * intereses de lectura = reading interests.
    * intereses encontrados = competing interests.
    * intereses ocultos = hidden agenda.
    * interés general = public interest.
    * interés pasajero = passing interest.
    * interés periodístico = newsworthiness.
    * interés personal = vested interest, self-interest, axe + to grind, personal interest.
    * interés por ganar dinero = profit motive.
    * interés por los libros = awareness of books.
    * interés público = public interest.
    * interés renovado = renewed interest.
    * ir en detrimento de los intereses = prejudice + interests.
    * lleno de interés = solicitously.
    * lugar de interés = attraction, sight.
    * lugares de interés = sights.
    * mantener el interés = hold + the interest.
    * mantener un interés = pursue + interest.
    * material documental de interés para los vecinos del barrio = community literature.
    * máximo interés = maximum interest.
    * mostrar interés = mark + interest.
    * mostrar interés en = show + interest in.
    * mostrar interés por = express + interest in.
    * motivado por intereses propios = interest-based.
    * mucho interés = keen interest.
    * muestra de interés = expression of interest.
    * no tener ningún interés = can't/couldn't be bothered.
    * noticias diarias de interés = daily news alerts.
    * objeto de interés = object of interest.
    * ordenación topográfica según los intereses del lector = reader interest arrangement.
    * para personas con intereses similares = birds-of-a-feather.
    * perder el interés = pall.
    * perder interés = lapse, lose + interest.
    * perfil de interés = subject interest.
    * perfil de interés del usuario = subject profile, user interest profile.
    * perjudicar los intereses = prejudice + interests.
    * por interés = out of interest.
    * por interés personal = self-interested.
    * profundizar el interés = deepen + interest.
    * promover un interés = promote + interest.
    * proyección de cuestiones de interés = issues management.
    * punto de interés = point of interest.
    * quitar el interés = take + the shine off things.
    * renovado interés = upsurge.
    * resumen de interés = highlight abstract.
    * reunión por temas de interés = breakout session.
    * según los intereses personales de cada uno = interest-based.
    * ser de interés para = be of interest (to/for).
    * servir los intereses = serve + interests.
    * sesión por tema de interés = breakout session.
    * sin interés = unexciting, uninteresting, unmoving, vapid.
    * tarea falta de interés = chore.
    * tema de interés = area of concern, area of enquiry [area of inquiry], area of interest, focus area, issue of concern, topic of interest.
    * temas de interés de los usuarios = user interests.
    * temas de interés particular = particular concerns.
    * tenemos intereses en ambas partes = our feet are in both worlds.
    * tener intereses en juego = have + invested.
    * tener interés por = have + an interest in.
    * tener interés por = be interested in.
    * tener mucho interés en = have + a high stake in.
    * tener mucho interés por = be keen to.
    * tener un interés muy personal en = have + a stake in, hold + a stake in.
    * tomarse interés por = take + an interest in.

    interés2
    2 = interest, rate, interest charge.

    Ex: Repayments is normally by equal half-yearly payments of capital and interest after a moratorium on capital repayments of up to five years, depending on project completion date.

    Ex: The EIB is able to borrow money at the best possible rates, and as it is non-profit making it is able to offer loans at advantageous terms.
    Ex: And, most importantly, even if a company makes a loss, it still has to pay its interest charges.
    * interés bancario = interest rate.
    * interés compuesto = compound interest.
    * intereses del capital = capital charges.
    * interés fijo = fixed interest.
    * interés simple = simple interest.
    * pago de los intereses = interest payment.
    * recorte de los tipos de interés = rate cut, interest-rate cut.
    * reducción de los tipos de interés = rate cut, interest-rate cut.
    * subida de los tipos de interés = rate increase, interest-rate increase.
    * tipo de interés base = base rate, prime rate.
    * tipo de interés preferente = base rate, prime rate.

    * * *
    A
    1 (importancia, valor) interest
    de interés turístico of interest to tourists
    un tema de interés humano a human interest story
    un descubrimiento de enorme interés científico a discovery of enormous scientific significance o importance
    una anécdota sin ningún interés an anecdote of little or no interest
    2 (actitud) interest
    el anuncio despertó or suscitó el interés de todos the advertisement aroused everyone's interest
    con gran interés with great interest
    interés EN algo interest IN sth
    pon más interés en tus estudios take more interest in your schoolwork
    tengo especial interés en que esto se resuelva pronto I am particularly concerned o keen that this should be resolved quickly
    tienen gran interés en probarlo they are very interested in testing it
    3 (afición, inquietud) interest
    la fotografía se cuenta entre sus muchos intereses photography is one of her many interests
    B
    1 (conveniencia, beneficio) interest
    por tu propio interés in your own interest, for your own good o benefit
    las mejoras van en interés de todos the improvements are in everyone's interest
    actúa sólo por interés he acts purely out of self-interest o in his own interest
    2 intereses mpl (objetivos) interests (pl)
    había un conflicto de intereses there was a conflict of interests
    (bienes, capital): tiene intereses en varias empresas he has a stake o an interest in several companies
    un contable administra sus intereses an accountant looks after her investments
    Compuestos:
    mpl vested interests (pl)
    mpl private interests (pl)
    el interés público the public interest
    C ( Fin) interest
    un préstamo a or con un interés del 12% a loan at 12% interest o at an interest rate of 12%
    pagan unos intereses muy altos or un interés muy alto they pay very high interest o very high rates of interest
    devengar or ganar intereses to earn interest
    tipo de interés rate of interest
    Compuestos:
    compound interest
    simple interest
    * * *

     

    interés sustantivo masculino
    1 ( en general) interest;

    pon más interés en tus estudios take more interest in your schoolwork;
    tengo especial interés en que … I am particularly concerned o keen that …;
    tienen gran interés en verlo they are very interested in seeing it;
    por tu propio interés in your own interest, for your own good;
    actúa solo por interés he acts purely in his own interest o out of self-interest;
    conflicto de intereses conflict of interests
    2 (Fin) interest;
    a or con un interés del 12% at 12% interest o at an interest rate of 12%;

    tipo de interés rate of interest
    interés sustantivo masculino
    1 (curiosidad) interest: tienes que poner más interés en ello, you must take more interest in it
    tengo interés en/por viajar a Perú, I'm interested in travelling to Peru
    2 (importancia) esta película carece de interés, this movie lacks interest
    no ha sucedido nada de interés, nothing interesting has happened
    3 (provecho personal) self-interest: te llama solo por interés, he phones you out of self-interest
    (provecho, bien) in the interest of: lo haré en interés tuyo, I shall do it for your own good
    en interés de la ciencia, for the sake of science
    4 Fin interest
    con un interés del 15%, at an interest rate of 15%
    tipos de interés, interest rates
    ♦ Locuciones: perder el interés, to lose interest
    con intereses, (con creces, más de lo que se recibió) with interest
    ' interés' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    amorfa
    - amorfo
    - candente
    - captar
    - carente
    - comodidad
    - común
    - conveniencia
    - dar
    - decir
    - deducirse
    - desgana
    - desganada
    - desganado
    - despertarse
    - desvivirse
    - devengar
    - entregarse
    - flojedad
    - hinchar
    - hipotecaria
    - hipotecario
    - importar
    - inquietud
    - interesar
    - interesada
    - interesado
    - lengua
    - llamar
    - menguante
    - morbosa
    - morboso
    - pasar
    - polarizar
    - revelar
    - solicitud
    - tinta
    - tipo
    - ver
    - abusivo
    - acaparar
    - anecdótico
    - anual
    - aparentar
    - aparente
    - apreciar
    - atractivo
    - atraer
    - auténtico
    - baja
    English:
    accrue
    - active
    - ax
    - axe
    - bear
    - benefit
    - capture
    - conflicting
    - deep
    - demolish
    - develop
    - fire
    - flag
    - flat
    - fluctuate
    - foster
    - interest
    - interest rate
    - keen
    - keenly
    - lack
    - lending
    - LIBOR
    - pall
    - pay
    - prime rate
    - really
    - reduction
    - revive
    - rising
    - self-interest
    - send down
    - show
    - sight
    - simple interest
    - stake
    - stimulate
    - sustain
    - vested
    - wane
    - yield
    - bank
    - concern
    - fixed
    - memorabilia
    - pique
    - purpose
    - rate
    - revival
    - secondary
    * * *
    1. [utilidad, valor] interest;
    de interés interesting;
    un descubrimiento de gran interés para los enfermos de sida a discovery of great signifiance to people with AIDS;
    una construcción de interés histórico a building of historical interest
    2. [curiosidad] interest;
    un tema de interés común a subject of interest to everyone;
    el hallazgo ha despertado el interés de los científicos the discovery has aroused scientists' interest;
    tener interés en o [m5] por to be interested in;
    tengo interés por recorrer el centro de la ciudad I'm interested in doing a tour of the town centre;
    sigo con interés la polémica I'm following the debate with interest
    3. [esfuerzo] interest;
    trabajó con mucho interés en el proyecto she was an enthusiastic worker on the project;
    poner interés en algo to take a real interest in sth;
    tienes que poner más interés en los estudios you must show a bit more interest in your schoolwork
    4. [conveniencia, provecho] interest;
    una obra de interés general o [m5] público a construction project that is in everyone's o the public interest;
    hacer algo por el interés de alguien, hacer algo en interés de alguien to do sth in sb's interest;
    tengo interés en que venga pronto it's in my interest that he should come soon;
    a todos nos mueve un interés común we are all motivated by a common interest
    5. [egoísmo] self-interest, selfishness;
    por interés out of selfishness;
    casarse por (el) interés to marry for money
    intereses creados vested interests
    6.
    intereses [aficiones] interests;
    entre sus intereses se cuentan el golf y la vela his interests include golf and sailing
    7.
    intereses [económicos] interests;
    los intereses españoles en Latinoamérica Spanish interests in Latin America;
    tiene intereses en una empresa del sector he has interests o a stake in a company in that sector;
    su hermana administra sus intereses her sister looks after her financial interests
    8. Fin interest;
    un préstamo con un interés del 5 por ciento a loan at 5 percent interest;
    interés a corto/largo plazo short-/long-term interest;
    tipo o [m5] tasa de interés interest rate
    interés acumulable cumulative interest;
    interés compuesto compound interest;
    intereses de demora penalty interest [for late payment];
    interés devengado accrued o earned interest;
    interés interbancario interbank deposit rate;
    interés de mora penalty interest [for late payment];
    interés preferencial preferential interest rate;
    interés simple simple interest;
    intereses vencidos interest due
    * * *
    m
    1 interest
    2 COM interest;
    sin interés interest free
    self-interest
    4
    :
    intereses pl ( bienes) interests
    * * *
    interés nm, pl - reses : interest
    * * *
    interés n interest
    en esta cuenta obtendrás un interés del 5% you'll get 5% interest from this account
    tener interés en/por hacer algo to be keen to do something

    Spanish-English dictionary > interés

  • 79 собирать налог

    1. collect a tax
    2. raise takes
    3. raise taxes
    4. raise taxes raise rent raise rates

    норма налога; ставка налога — tax rate

    5. take in taxes
    6. collect taxes

    Русско-английский большой базовый словарь > собирать налог

  • 80 sich

    abkühlen, sich
    (Konjunktur) to cool off.
    abmelden, sich
    to notify one’s departure.
    absprechen, sich
    to come to an arrangement, to agree;
    • sich mit seinen Mitarbeitern absprechen to consult with one’s fellow workers;
    • Schadenersatz absprechen to disallow damages.
    abwechseln, sich
    to take turns, to alternate;
    • jährlich abwechseln (Vorsitz) to rotate every year;
    • in Schichten abwechseln to rotate shifts.
    aneignen, sich
    to acquire, to appropriate, to adopt;
    • sich Geld aneignen to embezzle funds, to misappropriate (convert) money;
    • sich einen Namen aneignen to adopt a name.
    auspendeln, sich
    (Zinssätze) to stabilize at a certain level.
    auswirken, sich
    to bear upon, to take effect;
    • sich auf das Betriebsergebnis auswirken to come through into the results;
    • sich kostenmäßig auswirken to make a showing on costs;
    • sich in einer Preiserhöhung auswirken to result in a price increase;
    • sich schnell auswirken (Investitionen) to pick up quickly;
    • sich ungünstig auswirken to have an unfavo(u)rable effect;
    • sich voll auswirken to be in full swing;
    • sich als Vorteil auswirken to turn out to be an advantage.
    behaupten, sich
    to stand one’s ground, (Kurse) to hold their ground, to keep its head, to keep (remain) steady, to remain firm;
    • sich gut behaupten (Wechselkurs) to hold fairly steady;
    • weiterhin hohe Kurse behaupten to continue to rule high;
    • seine Rechte behaupten to safeguard one’s rights;
    • sich am Schluss behaupten oder leicht abschwächen (Börse) to close steady to slightly lower;
    • sich in seiner Stellung behaupten to hold one’s position;
    • seine Stellung im technologischen Wettbewerb behaupten to keep up in the technology race.
    behauptend, sich
    (Preis) steady.
    behelfen, sich
    to make shift, to manage, to resort to expedients;
    • sich ohne Sekretärin behelfen to do without the services of a secretary.
    belaufen, sich
    to come (mount up, run) to, to reach, to rise, to run into, to make;
    • sich auf 10.000 Euro belaufen to foot up (figure out) to euro 10,000 debts;
    • sich auf das Doppelte des Voranschlags belaufen to come to double the estimate;
    • insgesamt belaufen to aggregate, to total;
    • sich ungefähr belaufen to come near to.
    bereichern, sich
    to line one’s pockets, to make one’s pile;
    • sich an Kinderarbeit bereichern to exploit child labo(u)r;
    • sich öffentlich bereichern to enrich o. s. from public office.
    beruhigen, sich
    (Börse) to settle down, (politische Lage) to become stable, to ease;
    • Gläubiger mit einer Ratenzahlung beruhigen to put off a dun with an instal(l)ment.
    bewegen, sich
    (Preise) to range (vary) from... to...;
    • sich abwärts bewegen to be on the downgrade (skids, US);
    • sich fast einheitlich um die 20% bewegen to cluster around the 20 per cent mark;
    • sich entsprechend der Preisindexziffern bewegen to move in sympathy with the index figures of prices.
    bewerben, sich
    to apply for, to stand as a candidate for (Br.), to run, to [run as a] candidate, to seek, to go up (Br.), (um Lieferungen) to make a bid for, to tender, (um einen Preis) to compete for;
    • sich um ein Amt bewerben to run (stand) for an office (US);
    • sich um einen Auftrag bewerben to make a tender;
    • sich persönlich bewerben to make a personal application;
    • sich um eine Stelle (Stellung) bewerben to apply (run) for a position, to put in for a post (job, fam.), to compete for a job.
    bewähren, sich
    (Artikel) to stand the strain (test);
    • sich nicht bewähren to prove a failure.
    drehen, sich
    (Börse) to turn;
    • sich um ein Thema drehen to run on a subject.
    durchschlagen, sich
    to shift for a living;
    • kostenmäßig durchschlagen to make a showing on cost;
    • auf die Ladenverkaufspreise durchschlagen to work through to prices in the shops;
    • direkt auf die Preise durchschlagen to feed straight through into the prices.
    eignen, sich
    to qualify, to be suitable (qualified);
    • sich als Kapitalanlage eignen to be suitable for investment.
    einbürgern, sich
    to become established;
    • teilweise einbürgern to denizen;
    • wieder einbürgern to repatriate.
    einigen, sich
    to agree, to come to terms, to settle an issue (Br.);
    • sich über die Bedingungen einigen to agree upon the terms;
    • sich mit seinen Gläubigern einigen to compound with one’s creditors;
    • sich auf die Gründung einer Gesellschaft einigen to agree to form a company;
    • sich gütlich einigen to settle a matter amicably, to come to an amicable arrangement;
    • sich auf einen bestimmten Preis einigen to agree on a certain price;
    • sich vergleichsweise einigen to reach a settlement.
    einmischen, sich
    to intervene, to interfere, to meddle, to barge in (fam.);
    • sich in die Angelegenheiten eines Nachbarlandes einmischen to intervene in the affairs of a neighbo(u)ring country;
    • sich unaufgefordert (ungefragt) einmischen to meddle.
    einpendeln, sich
    (Kurse) to even out, to settle down.
    einschiffen, sich
    to embark, to get (go) aboard, to join one’s ship, to go on board, to [take] ship.
    einwählen, sich
    (Computer) to plug into.
    emporarbeiten, sich
    to work one’s way up, to win one’s way from poverty.
    entschließen, sich
    to determine, to decide, to make up one’s mind, to resolve;
    • sich zu einem Kauf entschließen to decide on buying.
    ereignen, sich
    to occur, to happen, to take place.
    erholen, sich
    to recreate, to convalesce, to recuperate, to pick up, (Industrie) to be reviving, (Kurse) to look (pick, prick) up, to recover, to revive, to rally, to rise, to improve, (Markt) to improve, (sich schadlos halten) to make up for one’s losses, to repay (reimburse, recoup) o. s.;
    • sich bei jem. erholen to draw (reimburse o. s.) upon s. o.;
    • sich von einem geschäftlichen Fehlschlag erholen to recover from a business setback;
    • sich beim Giranten erholen to have recourse to the endorser of a note;
    • sich von den Nachwirkungen des Krieges erholen to recover from the effects of the war;
    • sich bei den Schlusskursen erholen to be improving at the close;
    • sich schnell erholen (Kurse) to brisk up;
    • sich wieder erholen (Kurse) to be picking up again, to experience a recovery;
    • sich finanziell wieder erholen to recover financially (one’s strength), to recuperate;
    • sich für eine Zahlung erholen to cover o. s.
    etablieren, sich
    to establish o. s., to set up shop for o. s., to start a business.
    festigen, sich
    to consolidate, (Börse, Kurse, Preise) to [become] firm, to steady, to stiffen, to strengthen, to harden, to stabilize;
    • Dollarkurs festigen to strengthen the dollar price;
    • seine Stellung festigen to strengthen one’s position, to solidify one’s place;
    • Währung festigen to stabilize the currency;
    • sich erneut im Vergleich mit anderen harten Währungen festigen to strengthen again against other major currencies;
    • Wechselkurse festigen to stabilize exchange rates.
    freizeichnen, sich
    to contract out, to exempt o. s. from a liability.
    gesundschrumpfen, sich
    to shrink to profitable size;
    • sich gesundstoßen to make a packet (fam.).
    heraufarbeiten, sich
    to work one’s way (o. s.) up (o. s. into a good position).
    herauskristallisieren, sich
    to crystallize, to take shape;
    • sich herausmachen (Firma) to make good progress;
    • sein Kapital herausnehmen to withdraw one’s capital;
    • Gehälter aus dem Preisindexsystem herausnehmen to disindex salaries from the price index;
    • Geld aus jem. herauspressen to squeeze money out of s. o.;
    • weitere Steuern aus dem Volk herauspressen to screw more taxes out of the people;
    • Gewinne aus einem fallenden und überbesetzten Markt herausprügeln müssen to be forced to slug it out in a slumping and overcrowded market;
    • Geld herausrücken to cough up (US sl.), to fork out (sl.);
    • Zahlungen herausschieben to postpone payment;
    • herausschinden to eke out;
    • Geld aus jem. herausschinden to extract money from s. o.;
    • zusätzliche Urlaubswoche herausschinden to wangle an extra week’s holiday;
    • Geld aus einer Sache herausschlagen to get one’s money’s worth;
    • allerlei Vorteile herausschlagen to gain all kinds of advantages;
    • Unfähige herausschmeißen to weed out the incompetents;
    • heraussetzen (Mieter) to evict, to eject, to turn out.
    herausstellen, sich
    to turn out, to prove;
    • besonders herausstellen (Presse) to feature (US coll.), to highlight (US);
    • sich als Fälschung herausstellen to prove to be a forgery;
    • groß herausstellen to give a build-up;
    • sich als sehr hoch herausstellen (Kosten) to come rather high;
    • sich als missglückt herausstellen (Anlage) to turn sour;
    • sich als Vorteil herausstellen to turn out to be an advantage.
    hinschleppen, sich
    to drag on.
    konkretisieren, sich
    (Forderung) to crystallize.
    konstituieren, sich
    (parl.) to assemble;
    • Ausschuss konstituieren to appoint a committee;
    • sich als eingetragene Gesellschaft konstituieren to form themselves into a registered corporation.
    kreuzen, sich
    to intersect, (Interessen) to clash, to run counter, (Straße) to cross.
    kristallisieren, sich
    to crystallize.
    kräftigen, sich
    (Kurs) to improve, to recover, (Markt) to strengthen;
    • Dollarkurs kräftigen to strengthen the dollar price.
    lebensversichern, sich
    to assure one’s life with a company (Br.);
    • sich für 20.000 L lebensversichern to insure (assure, Br.) o. s. for L 20,000;
    • sich gegenseitig lebensversichern to insure one’s own life for the benefit of the other;
    • seine Schlüsselkräfte lebensversichern to take out life policies on one’s key man.
    liieren, sich
    (Gesellschafter) to unite, to join, to associate, to become a partner.
    massieren, sich
    (Aufträge) to pile up.
    niederlassen, sich
    to set up for o. s., to take up one’s abode (domicile, residence), to locate, (Wohnsitz) to settle down;
    • sich als Anwalt niederlassen to settle down in the practice of law;
    • sich als Arzt niederlassen to put up (hang out) one’s shingle;
    • sich als Buchhändler niederlassen to establish o. s. (set up business) as a bookseller;
    • sich für dauernd niederlassen to settle down for good;
    • sich geschäftlich niederlassen to establish o. s. as a businessman, to set up for o. s., to set up shop, to set o. s. up in business;
    • sich im Hauptgeschäftsviertel niederlassen to fix one’s residence in the city;
    • sich widerrechtlich niederlassen to abate.
    rentieren, sich
    to pay [its way (for costs)], to pay well, to bring a return, (Betrieb) to be profitable, (Ware) to leave a margin;
    • sich gut rentieren to yield good profits;
    • sich nicht rentieren not to be worthwhile;
    • sich noch rentieren to break even;
    • sich gerade noch rentieren to wash its face (Br. sl.);
    • sich in zehn Jahren rentieren to pay its way in ten years.
    stabilisieren, sich
    to become stable;
    • Preise stabilisieren to stabilize (peg) prices.
    treffen, sich
    to meet, to gather, to assemble;
    • Abkommen treffen to come to an agreement (terms);
    • Anordnungen treffen to prescribe;
    • Auslese treffen to cull;
    • Buchung treffen to pass (effect) an entry;
    • Freigabeverfügungen für die Wirtschaftshilfe treffen to loosen its grip on the economic-aid purse strings;
    • auf Öl treffen to strike oil;
    • Steuerzahler heftig treffen to clobber the taxpayers;
    • Übereinkommen treffen to compact;
    • Übereinkunft treffen to come to an arrangement;
    • Verabredung treffen to make (fix) an appointment;
    • Verbraucher unmittelbar treffen to fall directly onto the consumer;
    • vorläufige Vereinbarung treffen to make a provisional arrangement;
    • Vorbereitungen (Vorkehrungen) treffen to make preparations;
    • Vorsichtsmaßregeln treffen to take precautionary measures.
    unterordnen, sich
    to subordinate o. s.
    verausgaben, sich
    to spend beyond one’s means, to run short of money.
    verbürgen, sich
    to [a]vouch, to undertake, to warrant, to guarantee, to stand surety, to bail;
    • sich für einen Bericht verbürgen to warrant a report;
    • sich für jds. Ehrlichkeit und Zuverlässigkeit verbürgen to warrant s. o. an honest and reliable person;
    • sich für eine Schuld verbürgen to answer for a debt;
    • sich für jds. Zahlungsfähigkeit verbürgen to vouch for s. one's ability to pay.
    verkalkulieren, sich
    to miscalculate, to overshoot.
    vermehren, sich
    to multiply;
    • sein Vermögen vermehren to enlarge one’s fortune;
    • Zahlungsmittelumlauf vermehren to expand the currency.
    verschulden, sich
    to run into debt, to take on debts, to involve o. s. (get into) debt, to outrun the constable (Br.), to run up a score (Br.);
    • sich kurzfristig erheblich verschulden to borrow heavily on a short-term basis;
    • sich erneut verschulden to run into debt again;
    • sich total verschulden (Staat) to plunge into debt;
    • sich ungewöhnlich verschulden to go into debt at a record chip (US).
    verschätzen, sich
    to be out in one’s calculation[s] (estimate).
    verspekulieren, sich
    to lose money by bad investment.
    verspäten, sich
    (Schiff, Zug) to be overdue (behind schedule, US).
    versteifen, sich
    (Markt) to tighten [up].
    verzweigen, sich
    to branch out.
    zurückhalten, sich
    to keep a low profile, (Börse) to stay on the sidelines, (Verbraucher) to hold back, to resist;
    • Aktien in Erwartung von Kurssteigerungen zurückhalten to hold stocks for a rise;
    • Informationsmaterial zurückhalten to hold back information;
    • Mittel zurückhalten to bottle up funds;
    • sich mit der Verwirklichung geplanter Kapazitätsausweitungen zurückhalten to hold back on bringing in planned new capacity;
    • restliche Ware zurückhalten to hold over the rest of the goods;
    • Waren unberechtigt zurückhalten to wrongfully detain goods.
    zurückmelden, sich
    to report one’s return;
    • sich vom Urlaub zurückmelden to report back from leave (one’s return).
    zusammenschließen, sich
    to amalgamate, to merge, to combine, to consolidate (US), (pol.) to unite, to fuse;
    • Arbeiter in einer Gewerkschaft zusammenschließen to unite workers in a trade union;
    • Firmen (Gesellschaften) zusammenschließen to consolidate business companies;
    • sich zu einem Kartell zusammenschließen to join a cartel;
    • sich in einem großen Unternehmen zusammenschließen to merge into one large organization;
    • sich zu einem Verein zusammenschließen to club.
    ändern, sich
    to vary;
    • Eintragung ändern to rectify (alter) an entry;
    • nachträglich ändern (Wechsel) to alter materially;
    • zweckentsprechend ändern to adapt.
    überschneiden, sich
    to overlap, to intersect, (Ereignisse) to clash;
    • sich mit einem anderen Termin überschneiden to clash with another date.

    Business german-english dictionary > sich

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