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1 πικρών
πίκραantidote: fem gen plπικράζωtaste bitter: fut part act masc voc sgπικράζωtaste bitter: fut part act neut nom /voc /acc sgπικράζωtaste bitter: fut part act masc nom sg (attic epic ionic)πικρόςpointed: fem gen plπικρόςpointed: masc /neut gen plπικρόωmake bitter: pres part act masc voc sg (doric aeolic)πικρόωmake bitter: pres part act neut nom /voc /acc sg (doric aeolic)πικρόωmake bitter: pres part act masc nom sgπικρόωmake bitter: pres inf act (doric) -
2 πικρῶν
πίκραantidote: fem gen plπικράζωtaste bitter: fut part act masc voc sgπικράζωtaste bitter: fut part act neut nom /voc /acc sgπικράζωtaste bitter: fut part act masc nom sg (attic epic ionic)πικρόςpointed: fem gen plπικρόςpointed: masc /neut gen plπικρόωmake bitter: pres part act masc voc sg (doric aeolic)πικρόωmake bitter: pres part act neut nom /voc /acc sg (doric aeolic)πικρόωmake bitter: pres part act masc nom sgπικρόωmake bitter: pres inf act (doric) -
3 πικρός
Grammatical information: adj.Meaning: `sharp, peaky, piercing, bitter, painful' (Il.; on the meaning Treu Von Homer zur Lyrik 78 a. 273).Compounds: Compp., e.g. πικρό-χολος `full of bitter gall' (Hp.), γλυκύ-πικρος `sweet-bitter' (Sapph.; Risch IF 59, 32).Derivatives: 1. Abstract: πικρ-ότης f. `sharpness, bitterness etc.' (IA.), - ία f. `id.' (D., Arist., hell.). 2. plantname: πικρ-άς, - ίς, - ίδιον (Arist., Thphr., Ps.-Dsc.); Strömberg Pfl.namen 63; - άς f. also `sour bottom' (pap. IIIa); - ίδιος as adj. `somewhat bitter' (Ath.). 3. verbs: a. πικρ-αίνομαι, - αίνω, also w. ἐκ-, ἐν-, παρα- a.o., `to become bitter, to embitter; to make bitter' (IA.) with - ασμός ( παρα-πικρός) m. `embitterment' (LXX, Ep. Hebr.), - αντικῶς adv. `in an embittering way' (S.E.); b. πικρ-όομαι, almost only with ἐκ-, `id.' (Hp., Arist., Thphr.) with - ωσις f. (Gal.); back formation ἔκπικρος `very bitter' (Arist.; Strömberg Prefix Studies 73); c. πικρ-άζομαι, - άζω, also w. ἐκ-, `id.' (S. E.). 4. substantivising πίκρα f. name of an antidote (Alex. Trall.). 5. PN Πρίκων m. (Eretria, Tanagra) with metathesis as in NGr. πρικός (Kretschmer Glotta 6, 304; diff. Bechtel KZ 45, 155).Origin: IE [Indo-European] [794] *piḱ-ro- `motley, painted'Etymology: With a Slav. word for `motley', e.g. ORuss. CSlav. pьstrъ formally identical: IE *piḱros, from a verb `sting, cut, embroider, paint' in Sk. piṃśáti (nasalpres.) `carve, cut to measure, ornament', Slav., e.g. OCS pьsati `write'; further cognates s. ποικίλος. -- With πικρός also some Indo-Iran. words have been identified: Pashto p(u)šǝī f. `kind of rhubarb, Rheum emodi' (Morgenstierne Sarūpa-Bhāratī [Hoshiarpur 1954] 1;), Skt. śilpá- `motley' (inverted from *piślá-; Tedesco Lang. 23, 383ff [?]). After Machek Zeitschr. f. Slawistik 1, 36 here also Slav. prikrь `disgusting, sour, sharp'; against this Vasmer Wb. s. príkryj.Page in Frisk: 2,535-536Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > πικρός
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4 πικρία
πικρία, ας, ἡ (πικρός; Demosth., Aristot. et al.; pap, LXX; TestSol 5:13; TestAbrA; TestLevi 11:7; TestNapht 2:8; ApcMos 24; Just., D. 120, 2)① state of being bitter to the taste, bitterness (Theophr., CP 6, 10, 7; Plut., Mor. 897a), but used in imagery, of a βοτάνη πικρίαν ἔχουσα a plant that has a bitter taste GEg 252, 54 (Diog. L. 9, 80 πικρός is ‘inedible’ in contrast to ἐδώδιμος. Likew. Jos., Ant. 3, 30 πικρία=‘inedibility’). A reprehensible pers. is called χολὴ πικρίας= χολὴ πικρά (on the close connection of χολή w. πικρία s. Vett. Val. 249, 16; Dt 29:17; La 3:19; TestNapht 2:8) bitter gall Ac 8:23. ῥίζα πικρίας a bitter root, a root that bears bitter fruit Hb 12:15 (cp. Dt 29:17; Hippocr., Ep. 16, 4 τ. πικρὴν ῥίζαν ἐκκόψαι).② state of being bitter in an affective sense, bitterness, animosity, anger, harshness fig. ext. of 1 (cp. Demosth. et al.; Bion of Borysthenes [III B.C.] in Diog. L. 4, 46 [of a slaveholder’s inhuman cruelty]; LXX, Philo); it is associated with ὀξυχολία Hm 5, 2, 4; 5, 2, 8; 6, 2, 5. ἐν π. γίνεσθαι become embittered m 5, 2, 2. ἐπιτάσσειν τινὶ ἐν π. give an order to someone harshly B 19:7; cp. D 4:10. W. θυμός, ὀργή al. (cp. Philo, Ebr. 223; Jos., Ant. 17, 148) in a list of vices Eph 4:31. τὸ στόμα ἀρᾶς καὶ πικρίας γέμει the mouth is full of curses and of bitter words Ro 3:14 (Ps 13:3; cp. 9:28. π. γέμειν as Philo, Migr. Abr. 36).—DELG s.v. πικρός. M-M. TW. -
5 πικραίνω
πικραίνω fut. πικρανῶ; aor. ἐπίκρανα LXX. Pass: fut. 3 pl. πικρανθήσονται Jer 40:9; 1 aor. ἐπικράνθην; prim. ‘make sharp’ esp. to the taste (s. three next entries).① to cause to become bitter, make bitter in physical sense (Hippocr. et al.) πικρανεῖ σου τὴν κοιλίαν (κοιλία 1b) Rv 10:9. Pass., of the stomach ἐπικράνθη ἡ κοιλία vs. 10. Of someth. that has been swallowed: (τὰ ὕδατα) ἐπικράνθησαν 8:11 (prob. not in ref. to οἱ ἄνθρωποι, in the sense ‘made bitter’=poisoned?). Of honey when wormwood is mixed w. it Hm 5, 1, 5.② to cause bitter feelings, embitter, make bitter, in affective sense (Pla.+; LXX; ApcrEzk Denis p. 122, 3 [Epiph. 70, 14]) pass., intr. sense become bitter or embittered abs. (Demosth., Ep. 1, 6; Ep. 6 of Apollonius of Tyana: Philostrat. I 346, 19; Is 14:9; Philo, Mos. I, 302) Hm 10, 2, 3. π. πρός τινα be embittered against someone Col 3:19 (πρός τινα as Lynceus in Athen. 6, 242b).—DELG s.v. πικρός. M-M. TW. -
6 πικρός
πικρός, ά, όν (Hom. et al.; pap, LXX, pseudepigr., apolog.)① pert. to being bitter to taste, bitter (opp. γλυκύς; cp. Pla., Theaet. 166e πικρῷ γλυκὺ μεμιγμένον; Pr 27:7) of water that is not potable (as Appian, Iber. 88, §385; Ex 15:23; Demetr.: 722 Fgm. 4 Jac.; Philo, Rer. Div. Her. 208; Jos., Bell. 4, 476; 7, 186 [opp. γλυκύς]) Js 3:11 (τ̣ό[ν θ]υμ̣[όν], so the ed. P74, but perh. τὸ [ἀλ]υκ̣[όν] is to be read, s. N. app.).② pert. to being bitter in feeling or attitude, bitter, embittered, harsh, fig. ext. of 1: ζῆλον π. ἔχειν ἐν τῇ καρδίᾳ have bitter jealousy in one’s heart Js 3:14. Of ὀξυχολία (πικρία 2) Hm 5, 1, 6. Of the commandments of the devil m 12, 4, 6. Of humans (Trag. et al.; Diod S 14, 65, 4 π. τύραννος; Aelian, Fgm. 74 p. 222, 27; 103 p. 235, 24; Alciphron 1, 15, 5; Philo, Omn. Prob. Lib. 106; Jos., C. Ap. 2, 277; Ath. 31, 1) harsh (w. ὀξύχολος and ἄφρων) m 6, 2, 4; (w. ἄσπλαγχνος) Hs 6, 3, 2. λέοντα … π. λίαν a very ferocious lion AcPl Ha 4, 20. Of patience μηδὲν ἐν ἑαυτῇ ἔχουσα πικρόν it has no bitterness in it Hm 5, 2, 3.—B. 1033.—DELG. M-M. TW. -
7 αλόα
ἀλόᾱ, ἀλόηbitter aloes: fem nom /voc /acc dualἀλόᾱ, ἀλόηbitter aloes: fem nom /voc sg (doric aeolic)ἀ̱λόᾱ, ἀλοάωtread: imperf ind act 3rd sg (doric aeolic)ἀλόᾱ, ἀλοάωtread: pres imperat act 2nd sgἀλόᾱ, ἀλοάωtread: imperf ind act 3rd sg (homeric ionic)——————ἀλόᾱ, ἀλόηbitter aloes: fem nom /voc /acc dualἀλόᾱ, ἀλόηbitter aloes: fem nom /voc sg (doric aeolic)ἀ̱λόᾱ, ἀλοάωtread: imperf ind act 3rd sg (doric aeolic)ἀλόᾱ, ἀλοάωtread: pres imperat act 2nd sg -
8 δυσηλεγέ'
δυσηλεγέα, δυσηλεγήςbringing bitter grief: neut nom /voc /acc pl (epic ionic)δυσηλεγέα, δυσηλεγήςbringing bitter grief: masc /fem acc sg (epic ionic)δυσηλεγέϊ, δυσηλεγήςbringing bitter grief: dat sg (epic)δυσηλεγέε, δυσηλεγήςbringing bitter grief: masc /fem /neut nom /voc /acc dual (epic ionic) -
9 χολή
χολή, ῆς, ἡ (χόλος ‘gall, bile’; since Archilochus [VII B.C.], Fgm. 96; PGM 36, 284; LXX; TestSol 5:9; 13; TestJob 43:8; Test12Patr, ApcEsdr, Philo; Jos., Ant. 17, 173; Mel., P. 79, 574; loanw. in rabb. The equivalent χόλος Hom. et al. is used in both the lit. sense of ‘gall, bile’ and the fig. ‘bitter anger’.)① lit. a substance w. an unpleasant taste, someth. bitter, gall (PSI 1180, 103 [II A.D.], bile of a hyena; the LXX uses χολή to transl. (a) מְרֵרָה=gall Job 16:13; (b) מְרֹרָה=poison Job 20:14; (c) לַעֲנָה=wormwood Pr 5:4; La 3:15; (d) רֹאשׁ=poison Dt 29:17 [of an unspecified poisonous plant]; Ps 68:22) ἔδωκαν αὐτῷ πιεῖν οἶνον μετὰ χολῆς μεμιγμένον they gave him a drink of wine mixed with bitters (so Moffatt) Mt 27:34 (fr. Ps 68:22 [?]; cp. Mk 15:23 wine laced w. myrrh).—B 7:3, 5; GPt 5:16 (s. ὄξος).—Zohary, Plants 186.② fig. ext. of 1: the Semitic idiom χολὴ πικρίας gall of bitterness, bitter gall Ac 8:23 (πικρία 1) in ref. to Simon Magus prob.= bitter poison and refers to his predicament in a state of sin (cp. Dt 29:17 ἐν χολῇ καὶ πικρίᾳ; on the theme 1QS 2:11–17), not to an emotional condition. (Sometimes cited in this connection, but of a difft. order is Biogr. p. 153 the tragedian Philocles ἐπεκαλεῖτο Χολὴ διὰ τό πικρόν.)—PKatz conjectures ἐν χολῇ for ἐνοχλῇ (s. ἐνοχλέω) Hb 12:15 (ZNW 49, ’58, 213–23) on the basis of Dt 29:17 (cp. P46 ἐνχ[.]λη). In such case χολή refers to an emotional condition: wrath.—B. 1134. DELG s.v. χόλος. M-M. -
10 πικροίς
πικρόςpointed: masc /neut dat plπικρόωmake bitter: pres opt act 2nd sgπικρόωmake bitter: pres subj act 2nd sgπικρόωmake bitter: pres ind act 2nd sg -
11 πικροῖς
πικρόςpointed: masc /neut dat plπικρόωmake bitter: pres opt act 2nd sgπικρόωmake bitter: pres subj act 2nd sgπικρόωmake bitter: pres ind act 2nd sg -
12 πικροίσι
πικρόςpointed: masc /neut dat pl (epic ionic aeolic)πικρόωmake bitter: pres part act masc /neut dat pl (doric aeolic)πικρόωmake bitter: pres subj act 3rd sg (epic)πικρόωmake bitter: pres ind act 3rd pl (aeolic) -
13 πικροῖσι
πικρόςpointed: masc /neut dat pl (epic ionic aeolic)πικρόωmake bitter: pres part act masc /neut dat pl (doric aeolic)πικρόωmake bitter: pres subj act 3rd sg (epic)πικρόωmake bitter: pres ind act 3rd pl (aeolic) -
14 πικροίσιν
πικρόςpointed: masc /neut dat pl (epic ionic aeolic)πικρόωmake bitter: pres part act masc /neut dat pl (doric aeolic)πικρόωmake bitter: pres subj act 3rd sg (epic)πικρόωmake bitter: pres ind act 3rd pl (aeolic) -
15 πικροῖσιν
πικρόςpointed: masc /neut dat pl (epic ionic aeolic)πικρόωmake bitter: pres part act masc /neut dat pl (doric aeolic)πικρόωmake bitter: pres subj act 3rd sg (epic)πικρόωmake bitter: pres ind act 3rd pl (aeolic) -
16 πικροί
πικρόςpointed: masc nom /voc plπικρόωmake bitter: pres subj mp 2nd sgπικρόωmake bitter: pres ind mp 2nd sgπικρόωmake bitter: pres subj act 3rd sg -
17 σαρδανία
σαρδανίᾱ, σαρδάνιοςbitter: fem nom /voc /acc dualσαρδανίᾱ, σαρδάνιοςbitter: fem nom /voc sg (attic doric aeolic)——————σαρδανίᾱͅ, σαρδάνιοςbitter: fem dat sg (attic doric aeolic) -
18 πικρός
-ά,-όν + A 2-4-10-4-15=35 Gn 27,34; Ex 15,23; JgsB 18,25; 1 Sm 15,32; 2 Sm 2,26bitter (of drink) Ex 15,23; id. (metaph.) Gn 27,34; embittered, angry (of people) JgsB 18,25; Πικρά (proper name; linking Πικρά with πικραίνω reflecting the MT aetiological or popular etymology that links מרא with מרר) Ru 1,20πρᾶγμα πικρόν a bitter thing, a painful matter Ps 63(64),4, cpr. πρᾶγμα*Jer 20,8 ὅτι πικρῷ λόγῳ μου for in the bitterness of my speech, for with bitter speech-דברי מר כי? for MTאדבר מדי כי for whenever I speakCf. DORIVAL 1994, 123 -
19 δάκρυ
Grammatical information: n.Compounds: παρά- δακρυ plant name (Ps.-Dsc.); many bahuvrihi's in - δακρυς.Derivatives: Demin. δακρύδιον as plant name (Ps.-Dsc.); - δακρυ-όεις `rich in tears' (Il.) on which Risch, Museum Helv. 3 (1946) 255; δακρυώδης `with tears' (of wounds, Hp.); denomin. δακρύω `weep (over)' (Il.) with δάκρῡμα `wept over' (Orac. ap. Hdt. 7, 169), `tear' (A.); hell. *δάκρῠμα to Lat. dacrŭma, lacrĭma, s. Leumann Sprache 1, 206.Origin: IE [Indo-European] [179] *drḱ-h₂ḱru `eye-bitter' \> `tear'Etymology: Old word for `tear'. Arm. artasu-k` pl. (\< *draḱu-, s. below), sg. artawsr (\< *draḱu-r); Germ., e. g. OHG zahar, Goth. tagr (with grammat. change); Celt., e. g. OBret. dacr, OIr. dēr, \< *daḱr(o)-. - Beside it OHG trahan, \< PGm. * trahnu-, \< *draḱnu-. One started from *draḱru- with dissimilation. - The eastern languages have no initial consonants: Skt. áśru-, Av. asrū-, Balt., e. g. Lith. ašarà, Toch. A ākär. "Eine befriedigende Erklärung ist noch nicht gefunden; vielleicht liegt alte Kreuzung mit einem anderen Wort vor." (Frisk) - Kortlandt assumes a compound from *dr̥ḱ-h₂ḱru `eye-bitter', the first element from *derḱ- `to see', the second element being `bitter'. Cf. Pinault FS Beekes 1997, 291-233. - Note Hitt. išḫaḫru- n. `tears'. Kortlandt supposes *skʷ-h₂ḱru (from * sekʷ- `see'). - See W.-Hofmann s. lacrima; further Sapir Lang. 15, 180ff..Page in Frisk: 1,344Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > δάκρυ
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20 πικρίζω
πικρίζω, bitter sein, werden, bitter schmecken, Strab., Clem. Al.
См. также в других словарях:
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Bitter — Bitter, er, ste, adj. et adv. was auf der Zunge beißt, eine gewisse beißende Empfindung auf der Zunge verursacht, von dem Geschmacke. 1. Eigentlich. Das schmeckt bitter. Bitter wie Galle. Bitter wie Wermuth. Bittere Mandeln. Das bittere Wasser… … Grammatisch-kritisches Wörterbuch der Hochdeutschen Mundart
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bitter — [bit′ər] adj. [ME < OE biter, akin to bītan,BITE] 1. designating or having a sharp, often unpleasant taste; acrid, as quinine or peach stones 2. causing or showing sorrow, discomfort, or pain; grievous 3. sharp and disagreeable; harsh; severe; … English World dictionary
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bitter — Adj std. (8. Jh.), mhd. bitter, ahd. bittar, as. bittar Stammwort. Aus g. * bit ra Adj. bitter , auch in anord. bitr, ae. biter neben dem hochstufigen * bait ra gleicher Bedeutung in gt. baitrs und * baiska (aus * bait ska ) in anord. beiskr.… … Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen sprache
bitter — (adj.) O.E. biter bitter, sharp, cutting; angry, embittered; cruel, from P.Gmc. *bitras (Cf. O.S. bittar, O.N. bitr, Du. bitter, O.H.G. bittar, Ger. bitter, Goth. baitrs bitter ), from PIE root *bheid to split (Cf. O.E. bitan … Etymology dictionary
