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1 elementum
ĕlĕmentum, i, n. [root al-, to nourish; Gr. an-al-tos, alsos; Lat. alo, alimentum, etc.; cf. Sanscr. al-akā, a girl ], a first principle, element (cf.: initium, principium, exordium, primordium); Gr. stoicheion.I.Lit., in plur.:II.nec de elementis video dubitari quatuor esse ea,
Plin. 2, 5, 4, § 10; Lucr. 1, 827; 913; 2, 393 et saep.; Cic. Ac. 1, 7, 26; Sen. Q. N. 3, 12 sq.; Quint. 2, 17, 38; 3, 8, 31; Ov. M. 15, 237; 1, 29; Vulg. 2 Pet. 3, 10.—In sing., Plin. 10, 69, 88, § 191; 11, 36, 42, § 119; 31, 1, 1, § 1; Juv. 15, 86; Amm. 17, 13:quia ignis inviolabile sit elementum,
Lact. 1, 12 med.; 7, 9 al.—Transf.A.The alphabet, Suet. Caes. 56 (cf. Prisc. 538 P.).—More freq.,B.Transf., the first principles, rudiments, in the arts and sciences (cf. doctrina, praecepta).1.In gen.:2.puerorum,
Cic. de Or. 1, 35, 163; cf. Quint. prooem. § 21; 1, 1, 35; Hor. S. 1, 1, 26; id. Ep. 1, 20, 17 et saep.:loquendi,
Cic. Ac. 2, 28 fin.; cf. id. de Or. 2, 11, 45; Quint. 2, 3, 13; Ov. M. 9, 719 et saep.—In partic.a.The ten categories of Aristotle, Quint. 3, 6, 23 sq. Spald.—* b.Meton., elementary scholars, beginners: vix se prima elementa ad spem effingendae eloquentiae audebunt, Quint. 1, 2, 26.—C.The beginnings of other things:prima Romae,
Ov. F. 3, 179:prima Caesaris,
id. ib. 709:cupidinis pravi,
Hor. C. 3, 24, 52; cf.irarum,
Sil. 3, 77:vitiorum,
Juv. 14, 123 al. -
2 incipio
incĭpĭo, cēpi, ceptum, 3 (archaic incepsit inceperit, Paul. ex Fest. p. 107 Müll.), v. a. and n. [in-capio; lit., to seize upon, lay hold of; opp. to desinere; hence, with the accessory idea of action), to begin to do something, to take in hand (syn. incoho; in class. prose, viz. in Cic., only in the tempp. press., while coepi is used in the tempp. perff.); constr. usually with the inf., less freq. absol., with the acc., ab, or adv. of place or time.I.Act.(α).With inf.:(β).ut homines mortem vel optare incipiant vel certe timere desistant,
Cic. Tusc. 1, 49, 117:huic incipio sententiae diffidere,
id. ib. 5, 1, 3:prius quam incipit tinnire,
Plaut. As. 2, 4, 42:bella gerere,
Cic. N. D. 2, 3, 9:leges neglegere,
id. Rep. 1, 43 fin.:queri cum multis incipiunt,
id. Verr. 2, 2, 23, § 56:nimis cito diligere,
id. Lael. 21, 78:amare aliquem,
id. ib. 16, 60:fossas complere,
Caes. B. G. 5, 51, 4:rem frumentariam expedire,
id. B. C. 1, 54, 4:triplicem aciem ducere,
id. ib. 1, 64, 7;2, 30, 1: cum maturescere frumenta inciperent,
id. ib. 6, 29, 4; cf. id. ib. 3, 49, 1:cum primum pabuli copia esse inciperet,
id. B. G. 2, 2, 2; cf.:ictus erat, qua crus esse incipit,
Ov. M. 6, 255; 8, 474; 15, 256:opes pellere dominatione,
Sall. H. 3, 61, 3:si res explicare incipiam,
Nep. Pelop. 1:Bessus agere gratias incipit,
Curt. 5, 12, 1:cenare,
Suet. Aug. 74:promovere scalas,
Tac. A. 15, 4 fin.:si dormire incipis ortu luciferi,
Juv. 8, 11:male quod mulier facere incepit, nisi id efficere perpetrat, etc.... Si bene facere incepit, etc. (shortly afterward, occeperunt),
Plaut. Truc. 2, 5, 12 and 14:satis nequam sum, utpote qui hodie inceperim Amare,
id. Rud. 2, 5, 5.—Absol.:(γ).ut incipiendi ratio fuerit, ita sit desinendi modus,
Cic. Off. 1, 37, 135; cf. Plin. Ep. 9, 4, 1; Sen. Ep. 116:dum incipimus,
Quint. 11, 3, 144:dum deliberamus, quando incipiendum sit, incipere jam serum est,
id. 12, 6, 3:in incipiendo, etc.,
id. 11, 1, 6: ac statim sic rex incipit, thus begins (to speak), Sall. J. 109 fin.; cf.:nec sic incipies, ut scriptor cyclicus olim: Fortunam Priami, etc.,
Hor. A. P. 136:sic incipit, with a foll. direct quotation,
id. S. 2, 6, 79; Ov. M. 9, 281;and simply incipit,
Hor. S. 1, 9, 21:sapere aude, Incipe,
make a beginning, begin, id. Ep. 1, 2, 41; Juv. 4, 34:priusquam incipias, consulto opus est,
Sall. C. 1, 6:turpe inceptu est,
Ter. Phorm. 2, 4, 16:incipientes atque adhuc teneri (pueri),
who are beginning to learn, beginners, Quint. 1, 2, 26:incipiens,
id. 2, 5, 18; 2, 6, 5; 8 prooem. § 1; 3;10, 7, 18: quoties madidum ver incipit,
Juv. 9, 52 al. —With acc. (once in Cic., once in Cæs., v. infra):(δ).facinus audax incipit,
Plaut. Aul. 3, 4, 1:facinus,
Sall. C. 20, 3:pugilatum,
Plaut. Capt. 4, 2, 13:iter,
id. Cas. 4, 4, 2:aliquid novi negotii,
Ter. Phorm. 4, 4, 29:bellum (opp. deponere),
Sall. J. 83, 1:tam prava,
id. ib. 64, 2:indigna nobis,
id. H. 2, 41, 8:opus,
Liv. 7, 34, 13:bellum,
id. 21, 21, 6; 26, 37, 9; 42, 43, 3:sementem,
Verg. G. 1, 230:Maenalios versus,
id. E. 8, 21:si id facere non potueris, quod, ut opinio mea fert, ne incipies quidem,
Cic. Planc. 19, 48; Quint. 1, 12, 5:iter mihi incepi,
Plaut. Cas. 2, 1, 16:tantum incepi operis,
id. Men. 2, 3, 80:mandata,
Tac. A. 12, 10; 4, 46:auspicia a parricidio,
Just. 26, 2 init.: multa, Cat. ap. Gell. 16, 14, 2.— Pass.:tanta incepta res est,
Plaut. Capt. 2, 1, 31:nuptiarum gratia haec sunt ficta atque incepta,
Ter. And. 5, 1, 17; 3, 3, 7:si inceptam oppugnationem reliquissent,
Caes. B. G. 7, 17, 6:quia dici extremum erat, proelium non inceptum,
Sall. J. 21, 2:proelium incipitur,
id. ib. 57, 3;74, 2: saxis proelium incipitur,
Tac. H. 5, 17:satis cito incipi victoriam,
id. ib. 2, 25; id. A. 2, 5; 2, 76; 12, 67 fin.:iter inceptum celerant,
Verg. A. 8, 90:inceptumque decurre laborem,
id. G. 2, 39:inceptum frustra summitte furorem,
id. A. 12, 832:deus me vetat Inceptos iambos Ad umbilicum adducere,
Hor. Epod. 14, 7:in re incipiunda ad defendendam noxiam,
Ter. Phorm. 1, 4, 48:in contentionibus aut incipiendis aut finiendis,
Quint. 11, 3, 128:a tantis princeps incipiendus erat,
Ov. F. 5, 570.—With ab or an adv. of place or time:II. (α).a Jove incipiendum putat,
Cic. Rep. 1, 36 (acc. to the Gr. of Aratus, ek Dios archômestha):ab illis incipit uxor,
Juv. 6, 348; Quint. 10, 1, 46:incipiamus ab iis,
id. 9, 2, 6:semper ab excusatione aetatis incipientem,
id. 6, 3, 76:potissimum incipiam ab ea parte,
id. 3, 7, 1:optime manus a sinistra parte incipit, in dextra deponitur,
id. 11, 3, 106:amicitia incepta a parvis cum aetate accrevit simul,
Ter. And. 3, 3, 7.— Pass. impers.:optime incipitur a longis, recte aliquando a brevibus,
Quint. 9, 4, 92.With abl.:(β).tertius sinus Acrocerauniis incipit montibus,
Plin. 4, 1, 1, § 1:censere ut principium anni inciperet mense Decembri,
Tac. A. 13, 10:verbum petere quo incipiant,
Quint. 10, 7, 21.—Absol.:cum ver esse coeperat... cum rosam viderat, tum incipere ver arbitrabatur,
Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 10, § 27:quoties incipit sensus aut desinit,
Quint. 9, 4, 67:hic annus incipit vicesimus,
Plaut. Capt. 5, 3, 3:narrationis incipit mihi initium,
Ter. And. 4, 2, 26:jam tum inceperat turba inter eos,
id. Eun. 4, 4, 58:tempus erat quo prima quies mortalibus aegris Incipit,
Verg. A. 2, 269:mox Idumaea incipit et Palaestina,
Plin. 5, 13, 14, § 68:epistula, quam incipiente febricula scripseras,
Cic. Att. 7, 8, 2:incipientes curas principis onerari,
Tac. A. 1, 19:incipiens adhuc et nondum adulta seditio,
id. H. 1, 31:incipiens omnia sentit amor,
Ov. A. A. 2, 648:Menander Syracusanus incipientis juventae,
Plin. 8, 5, 5, § 14:incipiente aestate,
id. 27, 13, 109, § 133:trixago incipientibus hydropicis efficax,
id. 24, 15, 80, § 131:quem (honorem) et incipientes principes et desinentes adeo concupis cunt ut auferant,
Plin. Pan. 57.—Hence, in-ceptum, i, n., a beginning, attempt, undertaking (freq. in historians and poets, but not in Cæs.;also rare in Cic.): cujus ego non modo factum, sed inceptum ullum conatumve contra patriam deprehendero,
Cic. Cat. 2, 12, 27:servetur ad imum, Qualis ab incepto processerit (persona),
from the beginning onwards, Hor. A. P. 127: permanere in incepto, Luccei. ap. Cic. Fam. 5, 14 fin.:a quo incepto studioque me ambitio mala detinuerat,
Sall. C. 4, 2:cujus neque consilium neque inceptum ullum frustra erat,
id. J. 7, 6; cf.:ni ea res longius nos ab incepto traheret,
the subject, id. ib. 7 fin.:absistere incepto,
Liv. 31, 26, 5:desistere incepto,
Verg. A. 1, 37:haerere in incepto,
id. ib. 2, 654:peragere inceptum,
id. ib. 4, 452; cf.:perficere inceptum,
Sall. J. 11 fin.:piget incepti,
Verg. A. 5, 678:nunc ad inceptum redeo,
Sall. J. 4, 9; 42, 5:turpe inceptum est,
Ter. Phorm. 2, 4, 16.— In plur.:cupidus incepta patrandi,
Sall. J. 70, 5:juventus Catilinae inceptis favebat,
id. C. 17, 6:incepta mea inpedivit,
id. H. 4, 61, 12; cf.:inceptis annue, diva, meis,
Ov. Am. 3, 2, 56; and:di nostra incepta secundent,
Verg. A. 7, 259:gravia et magna professa,
Hor. A. P. 14.
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