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1 particular
صَعْب الإِرْضاء \ fussy: hard to please: She’s fussy about her food. particular: hard to please: My teacher is very particular about neat writing. -
2 particular
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3 particular
تفاصِيل \ particular: small facts: Give me particulars of your stolen car (its number, kind, colour, etc.). \ يَصْعُب إِرضاؤه \ particular: hard to please: My teacher is very particular about neat writing. -
4 particular
مُتَشَدِّد \ particular: hard to please: My teacher is very particular about neat writing. stringent: (of conditions, rules, etc.) severe; demanding exact fulfilment. -
5 particular
adj.1 particular (especial).tiene su sabor particular it has its own particular tasteen casos particulares puede hacerse una excepción we can make an exception in special casesen particular in particulareso no tiene nada de particular that's nothing special o unusuallo que tiene de particular es… the unusual thing about it is…2 private (privado).dar clases particulares to teach private classesdomicilio particular home addressf. & m.1 member of the public (person).2 individual, citizen, civilian, private citizen.3 matter, point.m.matter (asunto).sin otro particular, se despide atentamente yours faithfully (en carta) (British), sincerely yours (United States)* * *► adjetivo1 (concreto) particular2 (privado) private3 (privativo) peculiar, particular, special4 (extraordinario) noteworthy, extraordinary1 (individuo) private individual2 (asunto) matter, subject\en particular in particular, particularlyno tener nada de particular (no ser nada especial) to be nothing special 2 (no ser nada extraño) to be completely normalsin otro particular, le saluda... Yours sincerely,...* * *1. adj.1) particular2) private3) special, peculiar2. noun m.* * *1. ADJ1) (=especial) speciallo que tiene de particular es que... — what's remarkable about it is that...
2) (=específico)me gustan todas, pero esta en particular — I like all of them, but this one in particular
3) (=privado) [secretario, coche] private2.SM (=asunto) mattersin otro particular, se despide atentamente... — [en correspondencia] yours faithfully, sincerely yours (EEUU)
3.SMF (=persona) (private) individual* * *Ib) ( específico) <caso/aspecto> particularrasgos que les son particulares — characteristics (which are) peculiar o unique to them
en particular — in particular, particularly
c) ( especial)tiene un estilo muy particular — she has a very individual o personal style
es un tipo muy particular — (fam) he's a very peculiar guy
IIno tiene nada de particular que vaya — there's nothing unusual o strange in her going
a) (frml) ( asunto) matter, pointsin otro particular le saluda — sincerely yours (AmE), yours faithfully (BrE)
b) ( persona) (private) individualde particular — (RPl) out of uniform
* * *Ib) ( específico) <caso/aspecto> particularrasgos que les son particulares — characteristics (which are) peculiar o unique to them
en particular — in particular, particularly
c) ( especial)tiene un estilo muy particular — she has a very individual o personal style
es un tipo muy particular — (fam) he's a very peculiar guy
IIno tiene nada de particular que vaya — there's nothing unusual o strange in her going
a) (frml) ( asunto) matter, pointsin otro particular le saluda — sincerely yours (AmE), yours faithfully (BrE)
b) ( persona) (private) individualde particular — (RPl) out of uniform
* * *particular11 = private individual, private citizen.Ex: Special pricing policies introduced recently by several international publishers have resulted in libraries having to pay more than private individuals for books.
Ex: Except for civil laws, and the individual right of the private citizen etc., the king is bound to public law, constitutional law and divine law.particular22 = specified, particular.Ex: If access is limited to certain specified times, the term 'off-line' is applied.
Ex: It is possible to identify an item uniquely within a particular institution or agency by a running accession number.* algo en particular = that certain something.* casa particular = private home.* de lo general a lo particular = from the general to the particular.* de lo particular a lo general = from the particular to the general.* en particular = in particular.* no hacer nada de particular = do + nothing in particular.* particular a = peculiar to.* particular a un área = localised [localized, -USA].* ser muy particular = be picky.* * *en su domicilio particular at his home2 (específico) ‹característica/aspecto› particularen el caso particular de García in García's particular casela especie presenta ciertos rasgos que le son particulares the species has certain characteristics which are peculiar o unique to iten particular in particular, particularly3(especial, diferente): tiene un estilo muy particular she has a very individual o personal style, she has a style all of her ownno tiene nada de particular que quiera ir there's nothing unusual o strange in her wanting to gola casa no tiene nada de particular there's nothing special about the houseconocemos su opinión sobre este particular we know your opinion on this matter o point2 (persona) (private) individualviajar como particular to travel on private o personal businessde particular ( AmL); out of uniform* * *
particular adjetivo
‹ teléfono› home ( before n)
no tiene nada de particular que vaya there's nothing unusual o strange in her going;
la casa no tiene nada de particular there's nothing special about the house
■ sustantivo masculino
◊ viajar como particular to travel on private o personal business
particular
I adjetivo
1 (peculiar, característico) special
2 (concreto, singular) particular
3 (privado) private, personal
4 (raro, extraordinario) peculiar
II sustantivo masculino
1 (persona) private individual
2 (asunto, tema) subject, matter
♦ Locuciones: de particular, special, extraordinary: ¿qué tiene de particular que vengan a visitarme?, what's so special about them coming to visit me?
en particular, in special
' particular' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
ceñirse
- chofer
- chófer
- concreta
- concreto
- determinada
- determinado
- frasear
- permitirse
- profesor
- profesora
- alojar
- baño
- bueno
- cada
- clase
- cuál
- domicilio
- escritorio
- especial
- gentilicio
- parte
- peculiar
- puntilloso
- salón
- vestíbulo
English:
coach
- especially
- in
- individual
- lazy
- locker
- particular
- potter
- private
- separate
- special
- tutor
- able
- can
- certain
- detail
- disability
- distinct
- distinctive
- file
- home
- hour
- knowledge
- language
- lodger
- management
- notably
- peculiar
- perk
- personal
- play
- power
- school
- single
- some
- specific
- syllabus
- trade
- trouble
- -wise
* * *♦ adj1. [especial] particular;tiene su sabor particular it has its own particular taste;en casos particulares puede hacerse una excepción we can make an exception in special cases;es una persona muy particular she's a very unusual person;eso no tiene nada de particular that's nothing special o unusual;lo que tiene de particular es… the unusual thing about it is…;en particular in particular2. [privado] private;se vieron en su domicilio particular they met at his private residence;dar clases particulares to teach privately;domicilio particular home address;♦ nmf[persona] member of the public; Amde particular [de paisano] [policía] in plain clothes;[soldado] in civilian clothes; [soldado] he was in o wearing civilian clothes♦ nm[asunto] matter;¿cuál es tu opinión sobre el particular? what's your opinion on this (matter)?;te llamaba sin otro particular que preguntarte por la operación de tu madre I was just calling to ask about your mother's operation;sin otro particular, se despide atentamente [en carta] Br yours faithfully, US sincerely yours* * *I adj2 ( específico) particular;caso particular particular case;en particular in particular3 ( especial) peculiarII m1 ( persona) individual2:particulares pl particulars3:sin otro particular se despide atentamente sincerely yours, Br yours faithfully4:sobre el particular on the subject* * *particular adj1) : particular, specific2) : private, personal3) : special, uniqueparticular nm1) : matter, detail2) : individual* * *particular adj1. (privado) private2. (concreto) particular / specific3. (característico) particular / characteristic4. (peculiar) individual / personal5. (original) unusual -
6 no hacer nada de particular
(v.) = do + nothing in particularEx. A new report says that we waste three hours a day faffing around, doing nothing in particular, pootling, dawdling, pottering, hanging about.* * *(v.) = do + nothing in particularEx: A new report says that we waste three hours a day faffing around, doing nothing in particular, pootling, dawdling, pottering, hanging about.
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7 mess about
1) to behave in a foolish or annoying way:يَتَصَرَّف بِصورةٍ حَمْقاء ومُزْعِجَهThe children were shouting and messing about.
2) to work with no particular plan in a situation that involves mess:يَعْمَل بصورةٍ فَوضَويَّهI love messing about in the kitchen.
يَتَدخَّل فيWho's been messing about with my papers?
4) to upset or put into a state of disorder or confusion:يَجْعَلُه عَديم التَّرتيب، يَنْعَفُThe wind messed her hair about.
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8 ser muy particular
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9 требовательный к качеству
Русско-английский словарь по экономии > требовательный к качеству
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10 nøyeregnende
adj. particular (about) -
11 genau
I Adj.2. (ins Einzelne gehend) detailed; genauer Bericht detailed account, full report; etwas Genaues something definite; Genaueres further details Pl.; weißt du Genaueres? do you know any more about it?3. (sorgfältig, gründlich) careful, thorough; stärker: meticulous; Person: (streng) strict; (eigen) particular; peinlich genau scrupulously exact, absolutely meticulous; bei genauerer Betrachtung on closer inspection; in Gelddingen ist sie sehr genau she’s very particular ( oder scrupulous) in money mattersII Adv. exactly etc.; siehe I; genau! exactly, that’s it; genau dasselbe (exactly) the same thing; genau das wollte ich auch sagen that’s exactly ( oder just) what I was going to say; genau der Mann, den wir brauchen just the man we want; genau in der Mitte right in the middle; genau in diesem Augenblick at that very moment; genau nach Norden etc. fahren travel due north etc.; genau um 4 Uhr at exactly 4 o’clock, at 4 o’clock on the dot; aufs genaueste oder Genaueste to a T; genau aufpassen pay close attention; (zusehen) auch watch closely ( oder carefully); genau hinhören listen closely ( oder carefully); Vorschriften genau befolgen follow closely; genau beschreiben describe exactly; (ins Einzelne gehend) describe in detail; genau gehen Uhr: keep good time; genau genommen strictly speaking; (eigentlich) actually; genau kennen know inside out; sich (Dat) etw. genau merken (einprägen) note s.th. precisely, make a careful note of s.th.; (nachtragend sein) not forget s.th.; merk dir das genau make sure you don’t forget it; etw. genau nehmen (wörtlich) take s.th. literally; es genau nehmen be very particular oder strict ( mit about); es mit der Disziplin / Wahrheit etc. genau nehmen be a stickler for discipline / the truth etc.; es mit der Etikette genau nehmen stand on etiquette; du darfst es nicht so genau nehmen (ist nicht so schlimm) you mustn’t take it so seriously; (du bist zu pedantisch) you’ve got to stretch a point here and there; genau passen be a perfect fit; jemandem genau passen fit s.o. perfectly; das reicht genau that’s just enough; nicht genau stimmen Angabe, Ergebnis, Zeit etc. not be spot on; auch Uhr, Waage etc.: not be quite right, be a bit out; stimmt genau! (you’re) absolutely right; genau überlegt carefully considered; ich weiß es noch nicht genau I’m not sure yet; ich weiß es genau I know (for sure); so genau wollte ich es gar nicht wissen iro. I didn’t really want ( oder you etc. could have spared me) all the gory details; Minute* * *right (Adv.); accurate (Adj.); faithful (Adj.); to the minute (Adv.); precise (Adj.); fine (Adj.); exact (Adj.); just (Adv.); strict (Adj.); scrupulous (Adj.); exactly (Adv.); thorough (Adj.); severe (Adj.); particular (Adj.); punctual (Adj.); specific (Adj.)* * *ge|nau [gə'nau]1. adjexact; (= richtig auch) accurate; (= präzis auch) precise; (= sorgfältig auch) meticulous; (= förmlich genau auch) punctilioushaben Sie die genáúe Zeit? — have you got (esp Brit) or do you have the right or exact time?
Genaueres — further details pl or particulars pl
Genaueres weiß ich nicht — I don't know any more than that
2. advgenáú! (inf) — exactly!, precisely!, quite!
genáú dasselbe — just or exactly the same
genáú das Gegenteil — just or exactly the opposite
genáú in der Mitte — right in the middle
genáú das wollte ich sagen — that's just or exactly what I wanted to say
ich kenne ihn genáú — I know just or exactly what he's like
etw genáú wissen — to know sth for certain or for sure
etw genáú nehmen — to take sth seriously
genáú genommen — strictly speaking
er nimmt es sehr/nicht sehr genáú — he's very/not very particular (mit etw about sth)
einen Entschluss genáú überlegen — to think a decision over very carefully
meine Uhr geht genáú — my watch keeps accurate time
es stimmt auf den Millimeter genáú — it's right to the millimetre (Brit) or millimeter (US)
die Schuhe passten mir genáú — the shoes fitted me perfectly
das reicht genáú — that's just enough
genáúestens, aufs genáúeste or Genaueste — (right) down to the last (little) detail
genáú entgegengesetzt — diametrically opposed
genáú auf die Minute — dead (inf) or exactly on time
so genáú wollte ich es (nun auch wieder) nicht wissen! (iro) — you can spare me the details
See:→ Wahrheit* * *1) accurately2) (exactly right: an accurate drawing.) accurate3) (making no mistakes: an accurate memory.) accurate5) (careful; detailed: Fine workmanship is required for such delicate embroidery.) fine6) (giving many details with nothing left out: His instructions were very detailed.) detailed7) (directly South: sailing due east.) due8) ((especially with on) to discuss details: She elaborated on the next day's menu.) elaborate9) (absolutely accurate or correct in every detail; the same in every detail; precise: What are the exact measurements of the room?; For this recipe the quantities must be absolutely exact; an exact copy; What is the exact time?; He walked in at that exact moment.) exact10) exact11) (just; quite; absolutely: He's exactly the right man for the job.) exactly12) (in accurate detail; precisely: Work out the prices exactly; What exactly did you say?) exactly13) (used as a reply meaning `I quite agree'.) exactly14) (exactly; directly: She hit him full in the face.) full15) ((often with as) exactly or precisely: This penknife is just what I needed; He was behaving just as if nothing had happened; The house was just as I'd remembered it.) just16) ((with as) quite: This dress is just as nice as that one.) just17) (exact; precise: a nice sense of timing.) nice18) (exactly: at midday precisely; Precisely what do you mean?; He spoke very precisely.) precisely19) (used to express complete agreement: `So you think we should wait until tomorrow?' `Precisely.') precisely20) (exact: Give me his precise words; precise instructions; a precise translation.) precise21) (careful to be accurate and exact in manner, speech etc: He is always very precise.) precise22) (complete or thorough: Have you made a proper search?) proper23) (punctually: Come at six (o'clock) sharp.) sharp24) (tightly and neatly: The gun fitted snugly into my pocket.) snugly25) (exact or precise: If the strict truth were known, he was drunk, not ill.) strict26) (thoroughly: Examine the car well before you buy it.) well27) (exactly or precisely the thing, person etc mentioned: You're the very man I want to see; At that very minute the door opened.) very* * *ge·nau[gəˈnau]I. adj1. (exakt) exacthaben Sie die \genaue Uhrzeit? have you got the right [or exact] time?man weiß noch nichts G\genaues nobody knows any details as yet2. (gewissenhaft) meticulousII. adv1. (exakt) exactly, precisely\genau! (fam) exactly!, precisely!, quite!\genau in der Mitte right in the middle\genau genommen strictly speakingetw \genauer betrachten to take a closer look at sth\genau das Gegenteil trifft zu just [or exactly] the opposite is true\genauestens, aufs \genaueste [o G\genaueste] [right] down to the last detailetw [nicht] \genau wissen to [not] know sth for certain [or sure]so \genau wollte ich es [nun auch wieder] nicht wissen! (iron) [you can] spare me the details!auf die Minute \genau exactly [or dead] on timesie ist \genau die richtige Frau für diesen Job she's just the right woman for the job3.▶ wenn man es \genau nimmt strictly speaking* * *1.Genaues/Genaueres wissen — know the/more exact or precise details
ich weiß nichts Genaues/Genaueres — I don't know anything definite/more definite
2) (sorgfältig, gründlich) meticulous, painstaking < person>; careful < study>; precise < use of language>; detailed, thorough < knowledge>2.1) exactly; preciselygenau um 8[su]00[/su] — at 8 o'clock precisely; at exactly 8 o'clock
die Uhr geht [auf die Minute] genau — the watch/clock keeps perfect time
3) (als Verstärkung) just; exactly; precisely4) (als Zustimmung) exactly; precisely; quite [so]5) (sorgfältig)etwas genau durchdenken — think something out carefully or meticulously
etwas genau beachten — observe something meticulously or painstakingly
es mit etwas [nicht so] genau nehmen — be [not too] particular about something
* * *A. adjdie genaue Zeit the exact time2. (ins Einzelne gehend) detailed;genauer Bericht detailed account, full report;etwas Genaues something definite;Genaueres further details pl;weißt du Genaueres? do you know any more about it?3. (sorgfältig, gründlich) careful, thorough; stärker: meticulous; Person: (streng) strict; (eigen) particular;peinlich genau scrupulously exact, absolutely meticulous;bei genauerer Betrachtung on closer inspection;in Gelddingen ist sie sehr genau she’s very particular ( oder scrupulous) in money mattersB. adv exactly etc; → A;genau! exactly, that’s it;genau dasselbe (exactly) the same thing;genau das wollte ich auch sagen that’s exactly ( oder just) what I was going to say;genau der Mann, den wir brauchen just the man we want;genau in der Mitte right in the middle;genau in diesem Augenblick at that very moment;fahren travel due north etc;genau um 4 Uhr at exactly 4 o’clock, at 4 o’clock on the dot;Genaueste to a T;genau hinhören listen closely ( oder carefully);genau befolgen follow closely;genau beschreiben describe exactly; (ins Einzelne gehend) describe in detail;genau gehen Uhr: keep good time;genau genommen strictly speaking; (eigentlich) actually;genau kennen know inside out;sich (dat)etwas genau merken (einprägen) note sth precisely, make a careful note of sth; (nachtragend sein) not forget sth;merk dir das genau make sure you don’t forget it;etwas genau nehmen (wörtlich) take sth literally;es genau nehmen be very particular oder strict (mit about);es mit der Disziplin/Wahrheit etcgenau nehmen be a stickler for discipline/the truth etc;es mit der Etikette genau nehmen stand on etiquette;du darfst es nicht so genau nehmen (ist nicht so schlimm) you mustn’t take it so seriously; (du bist zu pedantisch) you’ve got to stretch a point here and there;genau passen be a perfect fit;jemandem genau passen fit sb perfectly;das reicht genau that’s just enough;nicht genau stimmen Angabe, Ergebnis, Zeit etc not be spot on; auch Uhr, Waage etc: not be quite right, be a bit out;stimmt genau! (you’re) absolutely right;genau überlegt carefully considered;ich weiß es noch nicht genau I’m not sure yet;ich weiß es genau I know (for sure);so genau wollte ich es gar nicht wissen iron I didn’t really want ( oder you etc could have spared me) all the gory details; → Minute* * *1.Genaues/Genaueres wissen — know the/more exact or precise details
ich weiß nichts Genaues/Genaueres — I don't know anything definite/more definite
2) (sorgfältig, gründlich) meticulous, painstaking < person>; careful < study>; precise < use of language>; detailed, thorough < knowledge>2.1) exactly; preciselygenau um 8[su]00[/su] — at 8 o'clock precisely; at exactly 8 o'clock
die Uhr geht [auf die Minute] genau — the watch/clock keeps perfect time
2) (gerade, eben) just3) (als Verstärkung) just; exactly; precisely4) (als Zustimmung) exactly; precisely; quite [so]5) (sorgfältig)etwas genau durchdenken — think something out carefully or meticulously
etwas genau beachten — observe something meticulously or painstakingly
es mit etwas [nicht so] genau nehmen — be [not too] particular about something
* * *adj.accurate adj.exact adj.exacting adj.just adj.pedantic adj.precise adj.right adj.strict adj. adv.accurately adv.correctly adv.exactly adv.minutely adv.precisely adv.properly adv.right adv. -
12 eigen
Adj.1. nur attr.; one’s own, of one’s own; eigene Ansichten personal views; darüber habe ich meine eigenen Ansichten I have my own (personal) opinion about that; ein eigenes Zimmer a room of one’s own; er braucht ein eigenes Zimmer auch he needs a room to himself ( oder his own room); Zimmer mit eigenem Bad room with a private bath ( oder an en suite bathroom); mit eigenem Eingang with a separate entrance; für den eigenen Bedarf for personal ( oder private) use; auf eigene Gefahr at one’s own risk; Antrieb 1, Faust, Fleisch, Herr 22. nur attr.; (unabhängig) Gemeinde, Staat: independent3. nur attr.; (besonder...) special (+ Dat to), typical (+ Dat of); (charakteristisch) auch particular (to), characteristic (of), specific (to); (innewohnend) inherent (in); mit dem ihm eigenen Sarkasmus with his characteristic sarcasm; mit einem ganz eigenen Reiz with a charm of ( oder all) its own5. (seltsam) strange, odd, peculiar; mir ist so eigen zumute I have the strangest feeling, I feel really peculiar* * *particular; personal; own; distinct; peculiar* * *ei|gen ['aign]adj1) own; (= selbstständig) separateseine éígene Wohnung/Meinung haben — to have a flat/an opinion of one's own, to have one's own flat/opinion
er ist stolz, zwölf Kinder sein Eigen nennen zu können — he is proud of having been blessed with twelve children
meiner Mutter zu éígen (liter) — for or (dedicated) to my mother
éígener Bericht (Press) — from or by our (own) correspondent
Zimmer mit éígenem Eingang — room with its own or a separate entrance
San Marino ist ein éígener Staat — San Marino is an independent or a separate state
etw zu éígen machen — to adopt sth
übergeben Sie diesen Brief dem Anwalt zu éígenen Händen (form) — give this letter to the lawyer in person
ich habe das Papier auf éígene Rechnung gekauft — I paid for the paper myself
ich möchte kurz in éígener Sache sprechen — I would like to say something on my own account
See:2) (= typisch, kennzeichnend) typicaldas ist ihm éígen — that is typical of him
er antwortete mit dem ihm éígenen Zynismus — he answered with (his) characteristic cynicism
ein Menschenschlag von ganz éígener Prägung — a race apart
3) (= seltsam) strange, peculiares ist eine Landschaft von ganz éígenem Reiz — the country is strangely attractive in its own way or has its own strange attraction
4) (= ordentlich) particular; (= übergenau) fussyin Gelddingen or was Geld anbetrifft ist er sehr éígen — he is very particular about money matters
* * *2) (belonging to one person, place or thing in particular and to no other: customs peculiar to France.) peculiar* * *ei·gen[ˈaign̩]1. (jdm gehörig) ownseine \eigene Meinung/Wohnung haben to have one's own opinion/flat [or an opinion/a flat of one's own]etw sein E\eigen nennen (geh) to own sth2. (separat) separatemit \eigenem Eingang with a separate entrance3. (typisch, kennzeichnend)▪ [etw ist] jdm \eigen [sth is] characteristic of sbmit dem ihr \eigenen Optimismus... with her characteristic optimism [or the optimism which is characteristic of her]...4. (eigenartig) peculiarer ist ein ganz \eigener Mensch he's a rather peculiar chap5. (penibel)* * *in* * *eigen adj1. nur attr; one’s own, of one’s own;eigene Ansichten personal views;darüber habe ich meine eigenen Ansichten I have my own (personal) opinion about that;ein eigenes Zimmer a room of one’s own;Zimmer mit eigenem Bad room with a private bath ( oder an en suite bathroom);mit eigenem Eingang with a separate entrance;für den eigenen Bedarf for personal ( oder private) use;auf eigene Gefahr at one’s own risk;sich (dat)jemandem etwas zu eigen geben give sb sth; als Widmung:meiner lieben Frau zu eigen (dedicated) to my dear ( oder beloved) wife; → Antrieb 1, Faust, Fleisch, Herr 23. nur attr; (besonder…) special (+dat to), typical (+dat of); (charakteristisch) auch particular (to), characteristic (of), specific (to); (innewohnend) inherent (in);mit dem ihm eigenen Sarkasmus with his characteristic sarcasm;mit einem ganz eigenen Reiz with a charm of ( oder all) its own4. (genau, wählerisch) particular (5. (seltsam) strange, odd, peculiar;mir ist so eigen zumute I have the strangest feeling, I feel really peculiar…eigen im adj …-owned;betriebseigen company-owned;staatseigen state-owned* * *insich (Dat.) etwas zu Eigen machen — adopt something
* * *adj.appropriate (to) adj.inherent (in) adj.own adj.peculiar adj.proper adj.several adj. adv.peculiarly adv. v.to own v. -
13 wählerisch
Adj. choosy, fussy, picky umg. (in + Dat about, when it comes to); nicht ( gerade) wählerisch in seinem Umgang / in seiner Ausdrucksweise sein umg. not be (exactly) fussy about the company he keeps / the way he expresses himself* * *finicky; choosy; selective; delicate; dainty* * *wäh|le|risch ['vɛːlərɪʃ]adjparticular; Geschmack, Kunde discriminatingsei nicht so wä́hlerisch! — don't be so choosy (inf) or fussy
* * *1) fastidiously2) (very critical and difficult to please: She is so fastidious about her food that she will not eat in a restaurant.) fastidious3) (difficult to please: He is very particular about his food.) particular4) (having the power of choice and using it, especially carefully: She is very selective about clothes.) selective5) sellectively* * *wäh·le·risch[ˈvɛ:lərɪʃ]* * *Adjektiv choosy; particular (in + Dat. about)* * *in +dat about, when it comes to);nicht (gerade) wählerisch in seinem Umgang/in seiner Ausdrucksweise sein umg not be (exactly) fussy about the company he keeps/the way he expresses himself* * *Adjektiv choosy; particular (in + Dat. about)* * *adj.choosy adj.delicate adj. -
14 Artificial Intelligence
In my opinion, none of [these programs] does even remote justice to the complexity of human mental processes. Unlike men, "artificially intelligent" programs tend to be single minded, undistractable, and unemotional. (Neisser, 1967, p. 9)Future progress in [artificial intelligence] will depend on the development of both practical and theoretical knowledge.... As regards theoretical knowledge, some have sought a unified theory of artificial intelligence. My view is that artificial intelligence is (or soon will be) an engineering discipline since its primary goal is to build things. (Nilsson, 1971, pp. vii-viii)Most workers in AI [artificial intelligence] research and in related fields confess to a pronounced feeling of disappointment in what has been achieved in the last 25 years. Workers entered the field around 1950, and even around 1960, with high hopes that are very far from being realized in 1972. In no part of the field have the discoveries made so far produced the major impact that was then promised.... In the meantime, claims and predictions regarding the potential results of AI research had been publicized which went even farther than the expectations of the majority of workers in the field, whose embarrassments have been added to by the lamentable failure of such inflated predictions....When able and respected scientists write in letters to the present author that AI, the major goal of computing science, represents "another step in the general process of evolution"; that possibilities in the 1980s include an all-purpose intelligence on a human-scale knowledge base; that awe-inspiring possibilities suggest themselves based on machine intelligence exceeding human intelligence by the year 2000 [one has the right to be skeptical]. (Lighthill, 1972, p. 17)4) Just as Astronomy Succeeded Astrology, the Discovery of Intellectual Processes in Machines Should Lead to a Science, EventuallyJust as astronomy succeeded astrology, following Kepler's discovery of planetary regularities, the discoveries of these many principles in empirical explorations on intellectual processes in machines should lead to a science, eventually. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)5) Problems in Machine Intelligence Arise Because Things Obvious to Any Person Are Not Represented in the ProgramMany problems arise in experiments on machine intelligence because things obvious to any person are not represented in any program. One can pull with a string, but one cannot push with one.... Simple facts like these caused serious problems when Charniak attempted to extend Bobrow's "Student" program to more realistic applications, and they have not been faced up to until now. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 77)What do we mean by [a symbolic] "description"? We do not mean to suggest that our descriptions must be made of strings of ordinary language words (although they might be). The simplest kind of description is a structure in which some features of a situation are represented by single ("primitive") symbols, and relations between those features are represented by other symbols-or by other features of the way the description is put together. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)[AI is] the use of computer programs and programming techniques to cast light on the principles of intelligence in general and human thought in particular. (Boden, 1977, p. 5)The word you look for and hardly ever see in the early AI literature is the word knowledge. They didn't believe you have to know anything, you could always rework it all.... In fact 1967 is the turning point in my mind when there was enough feeling that the old ideas of general principles had to go.... I came up with an argument for what I called the primacy of expertise, and at the time I called the other guys the generalists. (Moses, quoted in McCorduck, 1979, pp. 228-229)9) Artificial Intelligence Is Psychology in a Particularly Pure and Abstract FormThe basic idea of cognitive science is that intelligent beings are semantic engines-in other words, automatic formal systems with interpretations under which they consistently make sense. We can now see why this includes psychology and artificial intelligence on a more or less equal footing: people and intelligent computers (if and when there are any) turn out to be merely different manifestations of the same underlying phenomenon. Moreover, with universal hardware, any semantic engine can in principle be formally imitated by a computer if only the right program can be found. And that will guarantee semantic imitation as well, since (given the appropriate formal behavior) the semantics is "taking care of itself" anyway. Thus we also see why, from this perspective, artificial intelligence can be regarded as psychology in a particularly pure and abstract form. The same fundamental structures are under investigation, but in AI, all the relevant parameters are under direct experimental control (in the programming), without any messy physiology or ethics to get in the way. (Haugeland, 1981b, p. 31)There are many different kinds of reasoning one might imagine:Formal reasoning involves the syntactic manipulation of data structures to deduce new ones following prespecified rules of inference. Mathematical logic is the archetypical formal representation. Procedural reasoning uses simulation to answer questions and solve problems. When we use a program to answer What is the sum of 3 and 4? it uses, or "runs," a procedural model of arithmetic. Reasoning by analogy seems to be a very natural mode of thought for humans but, so far, difficult to accomplish in AI programs. The idea is that when you ask the question Can robins fly? the system might reason that "robins are like sparrows, and I know that sparrows can fly, so robins probably can fly."Generalization and abstraction are also natural reasoning process for humans that are difficult to pin down well enough to implement in a program. If one knows that Robins have wings, that Sparrows have wings, and that Blue jays have wings, eventually one will believe that All birds have wings. This capability may be at the core of most human learning, but it has not yet become a useful technique in AI.... Meta- level reasoning is demonstrated by the way one answers the question What is Paul Newman's telephone number? You might reason that "if I knew Paul Newman's number, I would know that I knew it, because it is a notable fact." This involves using "knowledge about what you know," in particular, about the extent of your knowledge and about the importance of certain facts. Recent research in psychology and AI indicates that meta-level reasoning may play a central role in human cognitive processing. (Barr & Feigenbaum, 1981, pp. 146-147)Suffice it to say that programs already exist that can do things-or, at the very least, appear to be beginning to do things-which ill-informed critics have asserted a priori to be impossible. Examples include: perceiving in a holistic as opposed to an atomistic way; using language creatively; translating sensibly from one language to another by way of a language-neutral semantic representation; planning acts in a broad and sketchy fashion, the details being decided only in execution; distinguishing between different species of emotional reaction according to the psychological context of the subject. (Boden, 1981, p. 33)Can the synthesis of Man and Machine ever be stable, or will the purely organic component become such a hindrance that it has to be discarded? If this eventually happens-and I have... good reasons for thinking that it must-we have nothing to regret and certainly nothing to fear. (Clarke, 1984, p. 243)The thesis of GOFAI... is not that the processes underlying intelligence can be described symbolically... but that they are symbolic. (Haugeland, 1985, p. 113)14) Artificial Intelligence Provides a Useful Approach to Psychological and Psychiatric Theory FormationIt is all very well formulating psychological and psychiatric theories verbally but, when using natural language (even technical jargon), it is difficult to recognise when a theory is complete; oversights are all too easily made, gaps too readily left. This is a point which is generally recognised to be true and it is for precisely this reason that the behavioural sciences attempt to follow the natural sciences in using "classical" mathematics as a more rigorous descriptive language. However, it is an unfortunate fact that, with a few notable exceptions, there has been a marked lack of success in this application. It is my belief that a different approach-a different mathematics-is needed, and that AI provides just this approach. (Hand, quoted in Hand, 1985, pp. 6-7)We might distinguish among four kinds of AI.Research of this kind involves building and programming computers to perform tasks which, to paraphrase Marvin Minsky, would require intelligence if they were done by us. Researchers in nonpsychological AI make no claims whatsoever about the psychological realism of their programs or the devices they build, that is, about whether or not computers perform tasks as humans do.Research here is guided by the view that the computer is a useful tool in the study of mind. In particular, we can write computer programs or build devices that simulate alleged psychological processes in humans and then test our predictions about how the alleged processes work. We can weave these programs and devices together with other programs and devices that simulate different alleged mental processes and thereby test the degree to which the AI system as a whole simulates human mentality. According to weak psychological AI, working with computer models is a way of refining and testing hypotheses about processes that are allegedly realized in human minds.... According to this view, our minds are computers and therefore can be duplicated by other computers. Sherry Turkle writes that the "real ambition is of mythic proportions, making a general purpose intelligence, a mind." (Turkle, 1984, p. 240) The authors of a major text announce that "the ultimate goal of AI research is to build a person or, more humbly, an animal." (Charniak & McDermott, 1985, p. 7)Research in this field, like strong psychological AI, takes seriously the functionalist view that mentality can be realized in many different types of physical devices. Suprapsychological AI, however, accuses strong psychological AI of being chauvinisticof being only interested in human intelligence! Suprapsychological AI claims to be interested in all the conceivable ways intelligence can be realized. (Flanagan, 1991, pp. 241-242)16) Determination of Relevance of Rules in Particular ContextsEven if the [rules] were stored in a context-free form the computer still couldn't use them. To do that the computer requires rules enabling it to draw on just those [ rules] which are relevant in each particular context. Determination of relevance will have to be based on further facts and rules, but the question will again arise as to which facts and rules are relevant for making each particular determination. One could always invoke further facts and rules to answer this question, but of course these must be only the relevant ones. And so it goes. It seems that AI workers will never be able to get started here unless they can settle the problem of relevance beforehand by cataloguing types of context and listing just those facts which are relevant in each. (Dreyfus & Dreyfus, 1986, p. 80)Perhaps the single most important idea to artificial intelligence is that there is no fundamental difference between form and content, that meaning can be captured in a set of symbols such as a semantic net. (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)Artificial intelligence is based on the assumption that the mind can be described as some kind of formal system manipulating symbols that stand for things in the world. Thus it doesn't matter what the brain is made of, or what it uses for tokens in the great game of thinking. Using an equivalent set of tokens and rules, we can do thinking with a digital computer, just as we can play chess using cups, salt and pepper shakers, knives, forks, and spoons. Using the right software, one system (the mind) can be mapped into the other (the computer). (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)19) A Statement of the Primary and Secondary Purposes of Artificial IntelligenceThe primary goal of Artificial Intelligence is to make machines smarter.The secondary goals of Artificial Intelligence are to understand what intelligence is (the Nobel laureate purpose) and to make machines more useful (the entrepreneurial purpose). (Winston, 1987, p. 1)The theoretical ideas of older branches of engineering are captured in the language of mathematics. We contend that mathematical logic provides the basis for theory in AI. Although many computer scientists already count logic as fundamental to computer science in general, we put forward an even stronger form of the logic-is-important argument....AI deals mainly with the problem of representing and using declarative (as opposed to procedural) knowledge. Declarative knowledge is the kind that is expressed as sentences, and AI needs a language in which to state these sentences. Because the languages in which this knowledge usually is originally captured (natural languages such as English) are not suitable for computer representations, some other language with the appropriate properties must be used. It turns out, we think, that the appropriate properties include at least those that have been uppermost in the minds of logicians in their development of logical languages such as the predicate calculus. Thus, we think that any language for expressing knowledge in AI systems must be at least as expressive as the first-order predicate calculus. (Genesereth & Nilsson, 1987, p. viii)21) Perceptual Structures Can Be Represented as Lists of Elementary PropositionsIn artificial intelligence studies, perceptual structures are represented as assemblages of description lists, the elementary components of which are propositions asserting that certain relations hold among elements. (Chase & Simon, 1988, p. 490)Artificial intelligence (AI) is sometimes defined as the study of how to build and/or program computers to enable them to do the sorts of things that minds can do. Some of these things are commonly regarded as requiring intelligence: offering a medical diagnosis and/or prescription, giving legal or scientific advice, proving theorems in logic or mathematics. Others are not, because they can be done by all normal adults irrespective of educational background (and sometimes by non-human animals too), and typically involve no conscious control: seeing things in sunlight and shadows, finding a path through cluttered terrain, fitting pegs into holes, speaking one's own native tongue, and using one's common sense. Because it covers AI research dealing with both these classes of mental capacity, this definition is preferable to one describing AI as making computers do "things that would require intelligence if done by people." However, it presupposes that computers could do what minds can do, that they might really diagnose, advise, infer, and understand. One could avoid this problematic assumption (and also side-step questions about whether computers do things in the same way as we do) by defining AI instead as "the development of computers whose observable performance has features which in humans we would attribute to mental processes." This bland characterization would be acceptable to some AI workers, especially amongst those focusing on the production of technological tools for commercial purposes. But many others would favour a more controversial definition, seeing AI as the science of intelligence in general-or, more accurately, as the intellectual core of cognitive science. As such, its goal is to provide a systematic theory that can explain (and perhaps enable us to replicate) both the general categories of intentionality and the diverse psychological capacities grounded in them. (Boden, 1990b, pp. 1-2)Because the ability to store data somewhat corresponds to what we call memory in human beings, and because the ability to follow logical procedures somewhat corresponds to what we call reasoning in human beings, many members of the cult have concluded that what computers do somewhat corresponds to what we call thinking. It is no great difficulty to persuade the general public of that conclusion since computers process data very fast in small spaces well below the level of visibility; they do not look like other machines when they are at work. They seem to be running along as smoothly and silently as the brain does when it remembers and reasons and thinks. On the other hand, those who design and build computers know exactly how the machines are working down in the hidden depths of their semiconductors. Computers can be taken apart, scrutinized, and put back together. Their activities can be tracked, analyzed, measured, and thus clearly understood-which is far from possible with the brain. This gives rise to the tempting assumption on the part of the builders and designers that computers can tell us something about brains, indeed, that the computer can serve as a model of the mind, which then comes to be seen as some manner of information processing machine, and possibly not as good at the job as the machine. (Roszak, 1994, pp. xiv-xv)The inner workings of the human mind are far more intricate than the most complicated systems of modern technology. Researchers in the field of artificial intelligence have been attempting to develop programs that will enable computers to display intelligent behavior. Although this field has been an active one for more than thirty-five years and has had many notable successes, AI researchers still do not know how to create a program that matches human intelligence. No existing program can recall facts, solve problems, reason, learn, and process language with human facility. This lack of success has occurred not because computers are inferior to human brains but rather because we do not yet know in sufficient detail how intelligence is organized in the brain. (Anderson, 1995, p. 2)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Artificial Intelligence
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15 Eigen
Adj.1. nur attr.; one’s own, of one’s own; eigene Ansichten personal views; darüber habe ich meine eigenen Ansichten I have my own (personal) opinion about that; ein eigenes Zimmer a room of one’s own; er braucht ein eigenes Zimmer auch he needs a room to himself ( oder his own room); Zimmer mit eigenem Bad room with a private bath ( oder an en suite bathroom); mit eigenem Eingang with a separate entrance; für den eigenen Bedarf for personal ( oder private) use; auf eigene Gefahr at one’s own risk; Antrieb 1, Faust, Fleisch, Herr 22. nur attr.; (unabhängig) Gemeinde, Staat: independent3. nur attr.; (besonder...) special (+ Dat to), typical (+ Dat of); (charakteristisch) auch particular (to), characteristic (of), specific (to); (innewohnend) inherent (in); mit dem ihm eigenen Sarkasmus with his characteristic sarcasm; mit einem ganz eigenen Reiz with a charm of ( oder all) its own5. (seltsam) strange, odd, peculiar; mir ist so eigen zumute I have the strangest feeling, I feel really peculiar* * *particular; personal; own; distinct; peculiar* * *ei|gen ['aign]adj1) own; (= selbstständig) separateseine éígene Wohnung/Meinung haben — to have a flat/an opinion of one's own, to have one's own flat/opinion
er ist stolz, zwölf Kinder sein Eigen nennen zu können — he is proud of having been blessed with twelve children
meiner Mutter zu éígen (liter) — for or (dedicated) to my mother
éígener Bericht (Press) — from or by our (own) correspondent
Zimmer mit éígenem Eingang — room with its own or a separate entrance
San Marino ist ein éígener Staat — San Marino is an independent or a separate state
etw zu éígen machen — to adopt sth
übergeben Sie diesen Brief dem Anwalt zu éígenen Händen (form) — give this letter to the lawyer in person
ich habe das Papier auf éígene Rechnung gekauft — I paid for the paper myself
ich möchte kurz in éígener Sache sprechen — I would like to say something on my own account
See:2) (= typisch, kennzeichnend) typicaldas ist ihm éígen — that is typical of him
er antwortete mit dem ihm éígenen Zynismus — he answered with (his) characteristic cynicism
ein Menschenschlag von ganz éígener Prägung — a race apart
3) (= seltsam) strange, peculiares ist eine Landschaft von ganz éígenem Reiz — the country is strangely attractive in its own way or has its own strange attraction
4) (= ordentlich) particular; (= übergenau) fussyin Gelddingen or was Geld anbetrifft ist er sehr éígen — he is very particular about money matters
* * *2) (belonging to one person, place or thing in particular and to no other: customs peculiar to France.) peculiar* * *ei·gen[ˈaign̩]1. (jdm gehörig) ownseine \eigene Meinung/Wohnung haben to have one's own opinion/flat [or an opinion/a flat of one's own]etw sein E\eigen nennen (geh) to own sth2. (separat) separatemit \eigenem Eingang with a separate entrance3. (typisch, kennzeichnend)▪ [etw ist] jdm \eigen [sth is] characteristic of sbmit dem ihr \eigenen Optimismus... with her characteristic optimism [or the optimism which is characteristic of her]...4. (eigenartig) peculiarer ist ein ganz \eigener Mensch he's a rather peculiar chap5. (penibel)* * *in* * *etwas sein Eigen nennen call sth one’s own* * *insich (Dat.) etwas zu Eigen machen — adopt something
* * *adj.appropriate (to) adj.inherent (in) adj.own adj.peculiar adj.proper adj.several adj. adv.peculiarly adv. v.to own v. -
16 קפד
קְפַדch. sam( Hif. הִקְפִּיד (cmp. קָצַף) to be angry, lose temper), to be angry, sensitive; to be particular, care for, mind. Snh.113b, v. קַפְדָּן. Ḥull.107a קַפְדִּיתוּ אמנא are you particular about the condition of the vessel (used for ablution)? Ib. אמנא ואחזותא קַפְדִּינָן we are particular about the vessel and about the color (of the water), אשיעורא לא קַפְדִּינָן we are not so about the quantity. Sabb.147a והוא דקָפֵיד עלייהו provided a person is particular about his garments being shaken before he puts them on; אנן לא קפדינן we do not care about it. Pes.110b כל דקפיד קָפְדֵּי בהדיהוכ׳ he that minds (such practices) is strictly dealt with (suffers for disregarding them); he that does not care Snh.67b דקפיד אמנא שד a magician that is particular about the vessel he uses is a conjurer of demons; a. fr. Pa. קַפֵּיד same. Y.Sabb.I, 4a top מְקַפְּדִין, v. קוּרְיָיאָה. Ithpe. אִתְקְפַד, אִיקְּפַד 1) to be contracted, shortened. Targ. Is. 38:12 (ed. Lag. איתקפלו). Ib. 50:2. Targ. Mic. 2:7. 2) to be angry, excited. Y.Ber.II, 5b top שמע … וא׳ עילוי Samuel heard of it and was angry with him. Kidd.33a; a. fr. Af. אַקְפַּד to provoke, insult. Y.B. Kam.VIII, end, 6c חד בר נש א׳ לר׳וכ׳ (not איק׳) a man insulted R. Ḥ. -
17 קְפַד
קְפַדch. sam( Hif. הִקְפִּיד (cmp. קָצַף) to be angry, lose temper), to be angry, sensitive; to be particular, care for, mind. Snh.113b, v. קַפְדָּן. Ḥull.107a קַפְדִּיתוּ אמנא are you particular about the condition of the vessel (used for ablution)? Ib. אמנא ואחזותא קַפְדִּינָן we are particular about the vessel and about the color (of the water), אשיעורא לא קַפְדִּינָן we are not so about the quantity. Sabb.147a והוא דקָפֵיד עלייהו provided a person is particular about his garments being shaken before he puts them on; אנן לא קפדינן we do not care about it. Pes.110b כל דקפיד קָפְדֵּי בהדיהוכ׳ he that minds (such practices) is strictly dealt with (suffers for disregarding them); he that does not care Snh.67b דקפיד אמנא שד a magician that is particular about the vessel he uses is a conjurer of demons; a. fr. Pa. קַפֵּיד same. Y.Sabb.I, 4a top מְקַפְּדִין, v. קוּרְיָיאָה. Ithpe. אִתְקְפַד, אִיקְּפַד 1) to be contracted, shortened. Targ. Is. 38:12 (ed. Lag. איתקפלו). Ib. 50:2. Targ. Mic. 2:7. 2) to be angry, excited. Y.Ber.II, 5b top שמע … וא׳ עילוי Samuel heard of it and was angry with him. Kidd.33a; a. fr. Af. אַקְפַּד to provoke, insult. Y.B. Kam.VIII, end, 6c חד בר נש א׳ לר׳וכ׳ (not איק׳) a man insulted R. Ḥ. -
18 regardant
regardant, e [ʀ(ə)gaʀdɑ̃, ɑ̃t]adjective* * *regardante ʀəgaʀdɑ̃, ɑ̃t adjectifne pas être très regardant — ( exigeant) not to be very particular ou fussy ( sur about); ( économe) not to care about what things cost
* * *ʀ(ə)ɡaʀdɑ̃, ɑ̃t adj regardant, -e(= exigeant)pas très regardant sur; peu regardant sur [les horaires, les principes] — very free about, [qualité] not very concerned about
* * *regardant, regardante adj ne pas être très regardant ( exigeant) not to be very particular ou fussy (sur about); ( économe) not to care about what things cost; être regardant avec son argent to be careful with one's money.( féminin regardante) [rəgardɑ̃, ɑ̃t] adjectif2. [pointilleux] demanding -
19 обръщам
1. turn, turn round/about, ( и надолу) reverseобръщам нагоре upturnобръщам надолу turn upside down, upturn(наопаки. надолу) invert(камък) turn over(кола) turn, swing roundобръщам кон turn o.'s horse's head (to)(кормило) shift, give a twist to( прекатурвам) turn over, overturn, upsetобръщам наопаки turn inside outобръщам главата си turn o.'s headобръщам-очи настрана avert o.'s eyesобръщам гръб на прен. turn o.'s back on, cold-shoulder, give s.o. the cold shoulderобръщам платно на плавателен съд jibобръщам страниците на turn over the leaves ofобръщам бързо страниците на ruffleобръщам на страница... turn over to page...обръщам на другата страница turn over to the next pageобръщам нова страница прен. turn over a new leafобръщамрадиото tune in (to a broadcast), retune to another frequencyобръщам палачинка toss a pancakeобръщам почвата turn the soil overобръщам стърнища plough in the stubble(преминавам) switch over (to)обръщам в своя полза turn to o.'s own advantage/accountобръщам го на молба resort to pleadingобръщам го на търговия make a trade ofобръщам на шега turn into a joke, make a jest ofобръщам на смях laugh (s.th.) offобръщам разговоря change the topic of the conversationобръщам на друга тема change the subjectобръщам в пари realize, convert into moneyобръщам имотите си в пари convert o.'s property into moneyще го обърне на дъжд it will turn to rainобърна го на сняг it turned to snowобръщам в християнство convert to Christianity3. (предумвам, спечелвам на своя страна) bring round4. (претърсвам, преравям) ransack, scour, comb (for); search high and low(преброждам) rangeобръщам библиотека ransack a libraryобръщам литературата (по даден въпрос) comb the literatureобръщам цяла София да намеря (и пр.) search all over Sofia to find (etc.)обръщам внимание на pay attention to, take notice of, ( забелязвам) noticeобръщам голямо внимание на облеклото си be particular about o.'s dressобръщам внимание на някого на call (s.o.'s) attention toобръщам вниманието на някого върху call/draw/direct s.o.'s attention to, bring to s.o.'s noticeне му обръщай внимание! never mind him! обръщам в ума си ponder, turn over in o.'s mindобръщам с главата надолу upset, turn upside down, set topsy-turvy, play havoc/hell withобръщам колата/политиката turn/swing/veer round, go into reverse, change o.'s policy, reverse o.'s lineобръщам дебелия край вж. крайнакъдето и да се обърнеш at every turnнакъдето и да обърнеш поглед wherever you look, in whatever direction you turn your eyesне мога да си обърна езика be unable to put two words togetherобръщам ce5. turn round(за сърце) turn overобръщам се надясно/наляво turn to the right/leftобръщам се с лице към turn to face (s.th.)обръщам се с гръб към turn o.'s back toобръщам се назад, за да погледна turn to look back, turn o.'s head to look back (at), turn round to look (at)обръщам се на гърба си turn on to/over on o.'s backобръщам се по корем turn over on o.'s stomachобръщам се на една страна turn over on one sideобръщам се на другата страна turn on the other sideобръщам се кръгом turn aboutобръщам се против някого turn on s.o.обръщам се към (заговарям) address (o.s. to), accost, ( отнасям се до) apply/refer to (за for), ( моля) appeal to (for)* * *обръ̀щам,гл.1. turn, turn round/about; (и надолу) reverse; \обръщам бързо страниците на ruffle; \обръщам гръб на прен. turn o.’s back on, cold-shoulder, give s.o. the cold shoulder; \обръщам на другата страница turn over to the next page; \обръщам на страница … turn over to page …; \обръщам нагоре upturn; \обръщам надолу turn upside down, upturn; ( наопаки, надолу) invert; ( камък) turn over; ( кола) turn, swing round; ( кормило) shift, give a twist to; ( прекатурвам) turn over, overturn, upset; \обръщам наопаки turn inside out; \обръщам нова страница прен. turn over a new leaf; \обръщам ноти(те) turn over (the) music; turn the page; \обръщам очи настрана avert o.’s eyes; \обръщам палачинка toss a pancake; \обръщам платно на плавателен съд jib; \обръщам поглед turn o.’s gaze ( към on); \обръщам почвата turn the soil over; \обръщам стърнище ( разоравам) plough in the stubble; \обръщам чаша turn a glass (upside) down/bottom upward, ( изпивам) down, knock back;2. ( превръщам, променям) turn, change, convert (into), ( свеждам) reduce (to); ( преминавам) switch over (to); \обръщам в пари convert o.’s property into money; \обръщам в своя полза turn to o.’s own advantage/account; \обръщам в християнска вяра convert to Christianity; \обръщам го на молба resort to pleading; \обръщам го на търговия make a trade of; \обръщам на английски drop/slip into English, switch (over) to English; \обръщам на смях laugh (s.th.) off; \обръщам на шега turn into a joke, make a jest of; \обръщам разговора change the topic of the conversation;4. ( претърсвам, преравям) ransack, scour, comb (for); search high and low; ( преброждам) range; \обръщам библиотека ransack a library; \обръщам литературата (по даден въпрос) comb the literature; • накъдето и да се обърнеш at every turn; не мога да си обърна езика be unable to put two words together; не му обръщай внимание! never mind him! не \обръщам сериозно внимание на make light of; \обръщам в ума си ponder, turn over in o.’s mind; \обръщам внимание на pay attention to, take notice of, ( забелязвам) notice; \обръщам вниманието на някого върху call/draw/direct s.o.’s attention to, bring to s.o.’s notice; \обръщам голямо внимание на облеклото си be particular about o.’s dress; \обръщам дебелия край shake the big stick, show the strong hand; \обръщам колата/политиката turn/swing/veer round, go into reverse, change o.’s policy, reverse o.’s line; \обръщам с главата надолу upset, turn upside down, set topsy-turvy, play havoc/hell with;\обръщам се 1. turn round; (за сърце) turn over; \обръщам се за помощ към call in, call on s.o. to help; appeal to s.o. for aid/help; \обръщам се кръгом turn about; \обръщам се към ( заговарям) address (o.s. to), accost; ( отнасям се до) apply/refer to (за for), approach (s.o.); ( моля) appeal to (for); \обръщам се към някого по име address s.o. by name; \обръщам се направо към appeal directly to, make direct approaches to; \обръщам се отново към make a new appeal to; \обръщам се против някого turn on s.o.; \обръщам се с гръб към turn o.’s back to; \обръщам се с лице към turn to face (s.th.); \обръщам се с молба към address a request to;2. ( променям се за вятър) shift, work round, change its quarter, change (from north to east, to south etc.); (за време) break; ( оправя се) turn out fine; ( възприемам нова линия на поведение) veer (round), change sides; \обръщам се на 180 градуса прен. veer round, backpedal;3. ( преобръщам се, прекатурвам се) overturn, turn over, tip over/up, (за плавателен съд, кола) capsize, be capsized; когато се обърне колата, пътища много if ifs and ans were pots and pans, there would be no trade for tinkers; if things were to be done twice, all would be wise;4. ( превръщам се) turn (to, into), be transformed (into), be converted (to, into), be reduced (to); • докато се обърнеш before you can say Jack Robinson/knife; нещата се обърнаха the shoe/boot is on the other foot now; няма къде да се обърнеш there is no room to turn round/to swing a cat in; be cramped for room; обърна ми се сърцето my heart leapt into my mouth/sank into my boots; стомахът ми се обръща ( повдига ми се) my stomach/I heave(s); my stomach churns.* * *turn: обръщам a new page - обръщам нова страница, обръщам inside out - обръщам наопаки, обръщам upside down - обръщам надолу с главата; convert (преобразувам): обръщам ice to water - обръщам лед във вода; invert; notice (внимание); reverse{ri`vx;s}: обръщам the direction - обръщам посоката; tip; turn down (на долу); turn round (завъртам); turn up (нагоре); veer (кораб, мор.); change: обръщам the topic - обръщам разговора* * *1. ( прекатурвам) turn over, overturn, upset 2. (за сърце) turn over 3. (камък) turn over 4. (кола) turn, swing round 5. (кормило) shift, give a twist to 6. (наопаки. надолу) invert 7. (преброждам) range 8. (превръщам, променям) turn, change, convert (into), (свеждам) reduce (to) 9. (предумвам, спечелвам на своя страна) bring round 10. (преминавам) switch over (to) 11. (претърсвам, преравям) ransack, scour, comb (for);search high and low 12. - внимание на някого на call (s.o.'s) attention to 13. turn round 14. turn, turn round/about, (и надолу) reverse 15. ОБРЪЩАМ ce 16. ОБРЪЩАМ библиотека ransack a library 17. ОБРЪЩАМ бързо страниците на ruffle 18. ОБРЪЩАМ в пари realize, convert into money 19. ОБРЪЩАМ в своя полза turn to o.'s own advantage/ account 20. ОБРЪЩАМ в християнство convert to Christianity 21. ОБРЪЩАМ внимание на pay attention to, take notice of, (забелязвам) notice 22. ОБРЪЩАМ вниманието на някого върху call/draw/direct s.o.'s attention to, bring to s.o.'s notice 23. ОБРЪЩАМ главата си turn o.'s head 24. ОБРЪЩАМ го на молба resort to pleading 25. ОБРЪЩАМ го на търговия make a trade of 26. ОБРЪЩАМ голямо внимание на облеклото си be particular about o.'s dress 27. ОБРЪЩАМ гръб на прен. turn o.'s back on, cold-shoulder, give s.o. the cold shoulder 28. ОБРЪЩАМ дебелия край вж. край 29. ОБРЪЩАМ джобовете си turn o.'s pockets (inside) out 30. ОБРЪЩАМ имотите си в пари convert o.'s property into money 31. ОБРЪЩАМ колата/политиката turn/swing/veer round, go into reverse, change o.'s policy, reverse o.'s line 32. ОБРЪЩАМ кон turn o.'s horse's head (to) 33. ОБРЪЩАМ литературата (по даден въпрос) comb the literature 34. ОБРЪЩАМ на английски drop/slip into English, switch (over) to English 35. ОБРЪЩАМ на друга тема change the subject 36. ОБРЪЩАМ на другата страница turn over to the next page: ОБРЪЩАМ нова страница прен. turn over a new leaf: ОБРЪЩАМ ноти(те) turn over (the) music;turn the page 37. ОБРЪЩАМ на смях laugh (s.th.) off 38. ОБРЪЩАМ на страница... turn over to page... 39. ОБРЪЩАМ на шега turn into a joke, make a jest of 40. ОБРЪЩАМ нагоре upturn 41. ОБРЪЩАМ надолу turn upside down, upturn 42. ОБРЪЩАМ наопаки turn inside out 43. ОБРЪЩАМ очи turn o.'s eyes (към to) 44. ОБРЪЩАМ палачинка toss a pancake 45. ОБРЪЩАМ платно на плавателен съд jib 46. ОБРЪЩАМ поглед turn o.'s gaze (към on) 47. ОБРЪЩАМ почвата turn the soil over 48. ОБРЪЩАМ разговоря change the topic of the conversation 49. ОБРЪЩАМ с главата надолу upset, turn upside down, set topsy-turvy, play havoc/hell with 50. ОБРЪЩАМ се кръгом turn about 51. ОБРЪЩАМ се към (заговарям) address (o.s. to), accost, (отнасям се до) apply/refer to (за for), (моля) appeal to (for); 52. ОБРЪЩАМ се на гърба си turn on to/over on o.'s back 53. ОБРЪЩАМ се на другата страна turn on the other side 54. ОБРЪЩАМ се на една страна turn over on one side 55. ОБРЪЩАМ се надясно/наляво turn to the right/left 56. ОБРЪЩАМ се назад, за да погледна turn to look back, turn o.'s head to look back (at), turn round to look (at) 57. ОБРЪЩАМ се по корем turn over on o.'s stomach 58. ОБРЪЩАМ се против някого turn on s.o. 59. ОБРЪЩАМ се с гръб към turn o.'s back to 60. ОБРЪЩАМ се с лице към turn to face (s.th.) 61. ОБРЪЩАМ страниците на turn over the leaves of 62. ОБРЪЩАМ стърнища plough in the stubble 63. ОБРЪЩАМ цяла София да намеря (и пр.) search all over Sofia to find (etc.) 64. ОБРЪЩАМ чаша turn a glass (upside) down/bottom upward, (изпивам) down 65. ОБРЪЩАМ- очи настрана avert o.'s eyes 66. ОБРЪЩАМрадиото tune in (to a broadcast), retune to another frequency 67. накъдето и да обърнеш поглед wherever you look, in whatever direction you turn your eyes 68. накъдето и да се обърнеш at every turn 69. не ОБРЪЩАМ сериозно внимание на make light of 70. не мога да си обърна езика be unable to put two words together 71. не му обръщай внимание! never mind him! ОБРЪЩАМ в ума си ponder, turn over in o.'s mind 72. обърна го на сняг it turned to snow 73. ще го обърне на дъжд it will turn to rain -
20 halten
n; -s, kein Pl.: zum Halten bringen stop, bring to a halt ( oder stop); Halten verboten! no stopping; da gab es kein Halten mehr there was no holding them etc. (back)* * *das Halten(Besitzen) keeping;(Festhalten) holding* * *hạl|ten ['haltn] pret hielt [hiːlt] ptp geha\#lten [gə'haltn]1. TRANSITIVES VERB1) = festhalten to holdjdm etw halten — to hold sth for sb
jdm den Mantel halten — to hold sb's coat (for him/her)
den Kopf/Bauch halten — to hold one's head/stomach
2)= in eine bestimmte Position bringen
etw gegen das Licht halten — to hold sth up to the light3)= tragen
die drei Pfeiler halten die Brücke — the three piers support the bridgemeinst du, der kleine Nagel hält das schwere Ölbild? — do you think this small nail will take the weight of the heavy oil painting?
nur zwei morsche Bretter hielten den Balkon noch — there were only two rotten boards holding the balcony up
zwei Schlaufen halten den Vorhang an der Seite — two loops hold back the curtain
4) = zurückhalten, aufhalten to hold; (SPORT) to savedie Wärme/Feuchtigkeit halten — to retain heat/moisture
das ist ein toller Torwart, der hält jeden Ball! — he's a great goalkeeper, he makes great saves!
ich konnte ihn/es gerade noch halten — I just managed to grab hold of him/it
haltet den Dieb! — stop thief!
sie ist nicht zu halten (fig) — there's no holding her back
den Schnabel or Mund halten (inf) — to keep one's mouth shut (inf)
eine Perserkatze/einen Hausfreund halten — to have a Persian cat/a live-in lover
wir können uns kein Auto halten —
(
sich dat) eine Zeitung/Zeitschrift halten — to get a paper/magazine7) = einhalten, erfüllen to keepman muss halten, was man verspricht — a promise is a promise
der Film hält nicht, was er/der Titel verspricht — the film doesn't live up to expectations/its title
8) = beibehalten, aufrechterhalten Niveau to keep up, to maintain; Tempo, Disziplin, Temperatur to maintain; Kurs to keep to, to holddie These lässt sich nicht länger halten or ist nicht länger zu halten — this hypothesis is no longer tenable
(mit jdm) Verbindung halten — to keep in touch( with sb)
viel Sport hält jung/schlank — doing a lot of sport keeps you young/slim
wenn es neblig ist, sollten Sie den Abstand immer so groß wie möglich halten — if it's foggy you should always stay as far as possible from the car in front
9) = behandeln to treatdie Gefangenen werden in diesen Gefängnissen wie Tiere gehalten — the prisoners are treated like animals in these prisons
10)= handhaben, verfahren mit
das kannst du (so) halten, wie du willst — that's entirely up to youwie halten Sie es mit Ihrer Steuererklärung? — how do you deal with your tax return?
er hält es nicht so sehr mit der Sauberkeit — he's not over-concerned about cleanliness
es mehr or lieber mit jdm/etw halten — to prefer sb/sth
11)= gestalten
ein in Brauntönen gehaltener Raum — a room done in different shades of browndas Kleid ist in dunklen Tönen gehalten — it is a dark-coloured (Brit) or dark-colored (US) dress
das Mobiliar ist in einem hellen Holz gehalten — the furniture is made of a light wood
12) = veranstalten, abhalten Fest, Pressekonferenz to give; Rede to make; Gottesdienst, Zwiesprache to hold; Wache to keepSelbstgespräche halten — to talk to oneself
Mittagsschlaf halten — to have an afternoon nap
13) = einschätzen, denkendiams; jdn/etw für etw halten to think sb/sth sthetw für angebracht/schön halten — to think or consider sth appropriate/beautiful
jdn für ehrlich halten — to think or consider sb honest
ich habe ihn ( irrtümlich) für seinen Bruder gehalten — I (mis)took him for his brother
ich halte es für Unsinn, alles noch einmal abzuschreiben — I think it's silly to copy everything out againdiams; etw von jdm/etw halten to think sth of sb/sth
nicht viel von jdm/etw halten — not to think much of sb/sth
nicht viel vom Beten/Sparen halten — not to be a great one for praying/saving (inf)
ich halte nichts davon, das zu tun — I'm not in favour (Brit) or favor (US) of (doing) thatdiams; etwas/viel auf etw (acc) halten to consider sth important/very important
der Chef hält viel auf Pünktlichkeit — the boss attaches a lot of importance to punctuality
14)See:→ gehalten2. INTRANSITIVES VERBkann der denn ( gut) halten? — is he a good goalkeeper?
2) = bestehen bleiben, haltbar sein to last; (Konserven) to keep; (Wetter) to last, to hold; (Frisur, COMM Preise) to hold; (Stoff) to be hard-wearingder Waffenstillstand hält nun schon drei Wochen — the truce has now held for three weeks
Rosen halten länger, wenn man ein Aspirin ins Wasser tut — roses last longer if you put an aspirin in the water
dieser Stoff hält lange — this material is hard-wearing
3) = stehen bleiben, anhalten to stophalten lassen (Mil) — to call a halt
halt mal, stop! (hum) — hang on (inf) or hold on a minute!
4) andere Redewendungendiams; auf etw (acc) halten (= zielen) to aim at sth; (= steuern) to head for sth; (= Wert legen auf) to attach importance to sthich musste an mich halten, um nicht in schallendes Gelächter auszubrechen — I had to control myself so as not to burst into fits of laughter
3. REFLEXIVES VERB1) diams; sich halten= sich festhalten to hold on (an +dat to)er konnte sich gerade noch an dem Griff halten, als der Zug mit einem scharfen Ruck anfuhr — he just managed to grab hold of the strap when the train suddenly jolted forward
sie konnte sich auf dem glatten Abhang nicht halten — she couldn't keep her footing on the slippery slope
er konnte sich auf dem wilden Mustang nur drei Sekunden halten — he could only stay on the wild mustang three seconds
2) = eine bestimmte Körperhaltung haben to carry or hold oneselfsich an die Tatsachen/den Text halten — to keep or stick to the facts/text
3) = sich nicht verändern Lebensmittel, Blumen to keep; (Wetter) to last, to hold; (Geruch, Rauch) to linger; (Preise) to hold; (Brauch, Sitte) to continue4) = seine Position behaupten to hold on; (in Kampf) to hold outer hat sich im erbarmungslosen Wettbewerb prächtig gehalten — he held on amazingly in the cut-throat competition
das Geschäft kann sich in dieser Straße nicht halten — the shop can't continue to stay open in this streetdiams; sich gut halten (in Prüfung, Spiel etc) to do well
sie hat sich in der schweren Prüfung unerwartet gut gehalten — she did unexpectedly well in the difficult exam
5) = sich beherrschen to control oneself6)andere Wendungendiams; sich halten an (+acc)
ich halte mich lieber an den Wein — I'd rather keep or stick to wineer hält sich für einen Spezialisten/für besonders klug — he thinks he's a specialist/very clever
* * *1) (to (cause to) stop walking, marching, running etc: The driver halted the train; The train halted at the signals.) halt2) (to give: He delivered a long speech.) deliver3) ((of a car etc) to stop: We drew up outside their house.) draw up4) (to have in one's hand(s) or between one's hands: He was holding a knife; Hold that dish with both hands; He held the little boy's hand; He held the mouse by its tail.) hold5) (to have in a part, or between parts, of the body, or between parts of a tool etc: He held the pencil in his teeth; She was holding a pile of books in her arms; Hold the stamp with tweezers.) hold6) (to support or keep from moving, running away, falling etc: What holds that shelf up?; He held the door closed by leaning against it; Hold your hands above your head; Hold his arms so that he can't struggle.) hold7) (to remain in position, fixed etc when under strain: I've tied the two pieces of string together, but I'm not sure the knot will hold; Will the anchor hold in a storm?) hold8) (to keep (oneself), or to be, in a particular state or condition: We'll hold ourselves in readiness in case you send for us; She holds herself very erect.) hold9) (to look after or care for: She keeps the garden beautifully; I think they keep hens.) keep10) (to act in the way demanded by: She kept her promise.) keep11) (to stand up to use: This material doesn't wear very well.) wear12) (having the body in a state of tension and readiness to act: The animal was poised ready to leap.) poised13) (to suppose or think (that something is the case): Do you take me for an idiot?) take* * *hal·ten[ˈhaltn̩]1.<hielt, gehalten>▪ [jdm] jdn/etw \halten to hold sb/sth [for sb]du musst das Seil ganz fest \halten you must keep a tight grip on the ropehältst du bitte kurz meine Tasche? would you please hold my bag for a moment?jdn/etw im Arm \halten to hold sb/sth in one's armsjdm den Mantel \halten to hold sb's coat [for him/her]2.<hielt, gehalten>▪ jdn \halten to stop sbhaltet den Dieb! stop the thief!es hält dich niemand nobody's stopping youwenn sie etwas von Sahnetorte hört, ist sie nicht mehr zu \halten if she hears cream gateau mentioned there's no holding her!3.<hielt, gehalten>▪ jdn \halten to keep sbwarum bleibst du noch bei dieser Firma, was hält dich noch da? why do you stay with the firm, what's keeping you there?mich hält hier nichts [mehr] there's nothing to keep me here [any more]4.<hielt, gehalten>(in eine bestimmte Position bringen)▪ etw irgendwohin/irgendwie \halten to put sth somewhere/in a certain positioner hielt die Hand in die Höhe he put his hand updie Hand vor den Mund \halten to put one's hand in front of one's mouthetw gegen das Licht \halten to hold sth up to the lightdie Hand ins Wasser \halten to put one's hand into the water5.<hielt, gehalten>▪ etw \halten to hold sthnur wenige Pfeiler \halten die alte Brücke just a few pillars support the old bridgeihre Haare wurden von einer Schleife nach hinten ge\halten her hair was held back by a ribbondas Regal wird von zwei Haken ge\halten the shelf is held up by two hooks6.<hielt, gehalten>▪ etw \halten to hold sthich konnte die Tränen nicht \halten I couldn't hold back my tearsdas Ventil konnte den Überdruck nicht mehr \halten the valve could no longer contain the excess pressureer konnte das Wasser nicht mehr \halten he couldn't hold his waterWärme/Feuchtigkeit \halten to retain heat/moisture7.<hielt, gehalten>einen Ball \halten to stop a ballder Tormann konnte den Ball nicht \halten the goalkeeper couldn't stop the balleinen Elfmeter \halten to save a penalty8.<hielt, gehalten>sie hält sich einen Chauffeur she employs a chauffeur; (fig)er hält sich eine Geliebte he has a mistress9.<hielt, gehalten>er hält sich ein Privatflugzeug, eine Segeljacht und ein Rennpferd he keeps a private aircraft, a yacht and a racehorseein Auto \halten to run a carwir können uns kein Auto \halten we can't afford a carHühner/einen Hund \halten to keep chickens/a dog10.<hielt, gehalten>eine Zeitung \halten to take a paper form11.<hielt, gehalten>▪ jdn irgendwie \halten to treat sb in a certain wayer hält seine Kinder sehr streng he is very strict with his children12.<hielt, gehalten>(beibehalten, aufrechterhalten)▪ etw \halten to keep sthdie Balance [o das Gleichgewicht] \halten to keep one's balanceFrieden \halten to keep the peacedie Geschwindigkeit \halten to keep up speedmit jdm Kontakt \halten to keep in touch [or contact] with sbden Kurs \halten to stay on courseOrdnung \halten to keep ordereine Position nicht \halten können to not be able to hold a positioneinen Rekord \halten to hold a recordRuhe \halten to keep quietden Takt \halten to keep timedie Temperatur \halten to maintain the temperatureden Ton \halten to stay in tunezu jdm die Verbindung \halten to keep in touch [or contact] with sbdiese Behauptung lässt sich nicht \halten this statement is not tenablehoffentlich kann ich den Weltrekord noch \halten hopefully I can still hold on to the world record13.<hielt, gehalten>MIL (erfolgreich verteidigen)▪ etw \halten to hold sthdie Verteidiger hielten ihre Stellungen weiterhin the defenders continued to hold their positionseine Festung \halten to hold a fortress14.<hielt, gehalten>(nicht aufgeben)ein Geschäft \halten to keep a business going15.<hielt, gehalten>(in einem Zustand erhalten)▪ etw irgendwie \halten to keep sth in a certain conditiondie Fußböden hält sie immer peinlich sauber she always keeps the floors scrupulously cleanden Abstand gleich \halten to keep the distance the samejdn in Atem/in Bewegung/bei Laune \halten to keep sb in suspense/on the go/happyfür jdn das Essen warm \halten to keep sb's meal hotdie Getränke kalt \halten to keep the drinks chilledjdn jung/fit \halten to keep sb young/fit16.<hielt, gehalten>das Haus war innen und außen ganz in Weiß ge\halten the house was completely white inside and outdas Wohnzimmer ist in Blau ge\halten the living room is decorated in blueihr Schlafzimmer ist in ganz in Kirschbaum ge\halten her bedroom is furnished entirely in cherrywooddie Rede war sehr allgemein ge\halten the speech was very generaleinen Brief kurz \halten to keep a letter shortetw schlicht \halten to keep sth simple17.<hielt, gehalten>(abhalten)▪ etw \halten to give sther hielt eine kurze Rede he made a short speechDiät \halten to keep to a dieteinen Gottesdienst \halten to hold a serviceseinen Mittagsschlaf \halten to have an afternoon napeine Rede \halten to give [or make] a speechein Referat \halten to give [or present] a paperSelbstgespräche \halten to talk to oneselfeine Unterrichtsstunde \halten to give a lessonUnterricht \halten to teacheinen Vortrag \halten to give a talkseinen Winterschlaf \halten to hibernate18.<hielt, gehalten>(einhalten, erfüllen)▪ etw \halten to keep sthder Film hält nicht, was der Titel verspricht the film doesn't live up to its titleman muss \halten, was man verspricht a promise is a promisesein Wort/Versprechen \halten to keep one's word/a promise19.<hielt, gehalten>▪ jdn/etw für jdn/etw \halten to take sb/sth for [or to be] sb/sthich habe ihn für seinen Bruder ge\halten I mistook him for his brotherdas halte ich nicht für möglich I don't think that is possiblewofür \halten Sie mich? what do you take me for?jdn für ehrlich/reich \halten to think sb is [or consider sb to be] honest/rich20.<hielt, gehalten>(denken über)▪ etw von jdm/etw \halten to think sth of sb/sthich halte nichts davon, das zu tun I don't think much of doing thater hält nichts vom Beten/Sparen he's not a great one for praying/saving famich halte es für das beste/möglich/meine Pflicht I think it best/possible/my dutynichts/viel/wenig von jdm/etw \halten to think nothing/a lot/not think much of sb/sth21.<hielt, gehalten>etwas/viel auf jdn \halten to think quite a bit/a lot of sbwenn man etwas auf sich hält... if you think you're somebody...; s.a. Stück22.1. (festhalten) to holdkannst du mal einen Moment \halten? can you hold that for a second?2.<hielt, gehalten>(haltbar sein) to keepwie lange hält der Fisch noch? how much longer will the fish keep?die Schuhe sollten noch bis nächstes Jahr \halten these shoes should last till next year3.<hielt, gehalten>(dauerhaft sein) to holdder das Seil hält nicht mehr länger the rope won't hold much longerdie Tapete hält nicht the wallpaper won't stay ondiese Freundschaft hält schon lange this friendship has been lasting longdie Tür wird jetzt \halten now the door will holddas Regal hält nicht an der Wand the shelf keeps falling off the wall4.<hielt, gehalten>(stehen bleiben, anhalten) to stop\halten Sie bitte an der Ecke! stop at the corner, pleaseetw zum H\halten bringen to bring sth to a stop [or standstill]ein \haltendes Fahrzeug a stationary vehicle5.<hielt, gehalten>SPORT to make a saveunser Tormann hat heute wieder großartig ge\halten our goalkeeper made some great saves todaykann Peters denn gut \halten? is Peters a good goalkeeper?6.<hielt, gehalten>du musst mehr nach rechts \halten you must aim more to the right7.<hielt, gehalten>(sich beherrschen)ich musste an mich \halten, um nicht zu lachen I had to force myself not to laugh8.<hielt, gehalten>(Wert legen auf)[sehr] auf Ordnung \halten to attach [a lot of] importance to tidiness9.<hielt, gehalten>(jdm beistehen)▪ zu jdm \halten to stand [or stick] by sbich werde immer zu dir \halten I will always stand by youich halte zu Manchester United, und du? I support Manchester United, what about you?10.<hielt, gehalten>Sport hält jung sport keeps you youngAlufolie hält frisch aluminium foil keeps things fresh11.<hielt, gehalten>halte mehr nach links keep more to the leftnach Norden \halten to head north12.▶ halt mal,... hang [or hold] on,...du solltest ein bisschen mehr auf dich \halten (auf das Aussehen achten) you should take more [a] pride in yourself; (selbstbewusst sein) you should be more self-confidentIII. REFLEXIVES VERB1.<hielt, gehalten>der Kletterer rutschte aus und konnte sich nicht mehr \halten the climber slipped and lost his grip2.<hielt, gehalten>(nicht verderben)im Kühlschrank hält sich Milch gut drei Tage milk keeps for a good three days in the fridge3.<hielt, gehalten>für seine 50 Jahre hat er sich gut ge\halten he has worn well for a 50-year-old4.<hielt, gehalten>halte dich tapfer be brave5.<hielt, gehalten>(nicht verschwinden)manchmal kann der Nebel sich bis in die späten Vormittagsstunden \halten sometimes the fog can last until the late morning6.<hielt, gehalten>ich halte mich an die alte Methode I'll stick to [or stay with] the old methodich halte mich lieber an Mineralwasser I prefer to stay with mineral water7.<hielt, gehalten>(irgendwo bleiben)8.<hielt, gehalten>(eine Richtung beibehalten)\halten Sie sich immer in Richtung Stadtmitte keep going towards the centreder Autofahrer hielt sich ganz rechts the driver kept to the right9.<hielt, gehalten>er hält sich immer an die Vorschriften he always sticks to the rulesder Film hat sich nicht an die Romanvorlage gehalten the film didn't keep [or stick] to the book10.<hielt, gehalten>(sich behaupten)trotz der hauchdünnen Mehrheit hielt sich die Regierung noch über ein Jahr despite its wafer-thin majority the government lasted [or kept going for] over a year11.<hielt, gehalten>(bestehen)die Firma wird sich nicht \halten können the company won't keep going [for long]12.<hielt, gehalten>(eine bestimmte Körperhaltung haben)es ist nicht leicht, sich im Gleichgewicht zu \halten it's not easy to keep one's balance13.<hielt, gehalten>er hält sich für besonders klug/einen Fachmann he thinks he's very clever/a specialist14.<hielt, gehalten>ich konnte mich nicht \halten vor Lachen bei dem Anblick I couldn't help laughing at this sight15.▶ sich akk an jdn \halten (sich an jdn wenden) to refer to sb, to ask sb; (jds Nähe suchen) to stick with sb1.<hielt, gehalten>wir \halten es ähnlich we do things in a similar wayes mit einer Sache so/anders \halten to handle [or deal with] sth like this/differentlywie hältst du es in diesem Jahr mit Weihnachten? what are you doing about Christmas this year?wie hältst du's mit der Kirche? what's your attitude towards the church?das kannst du \halten wie du willst that's completely up to you2.<hielt, gehalten>(Neigung haben für)es [mehr [o lieber]] mit jdm/etw halten to prefer sb/sthsie hält es mehr mit ihrer Mutter she gets on better with her motherer hält es nicht so mit der Sauberkeit he's not a great one for cleanliness* * *1.unregelmäßiges transitives Verb1) (auch Milit.) holdjemanden an od. bei der Hand halten — hold somebody's hand; hold somebody by the hand
die Hand vor den Mund halten — put one's hand in front of one's mouth
etwas ins Licht/gegen das Licht halten — hold something to/up to the light
2) (Ballspiele) save <shot, penalty, etc.>3) (bewahren) keep; (beibehalten, aufrechterhalten) keep up < speed etc.>; maintain <temperature, equilibrium>einen Ton halten — stay in tune; (lange anhalten) sustain a note
Ordnung/Frieden halten — keep order/the peace
4) (erfüllen) keepsein Wort/ein Versprechen halten — keep one's word/a promise
5) (besitzen, beschäftigen, beziehen) keep <chickens etc.>; take <newspaper, magazine, etc.>jemanden für reich/ehrlich halten — think somebody is or consider somebody to be rich/honest
ich halte es für das beste/möglich/meine Pflicht — I think it best/possible/my duty
viel/nichts/wenig von jemandem/etwas halten — think a lot/nothing/not think much of somebody/something
Unterricht halten — give lessons; teach
seinen Mittagsschlaf halten — have one's or an afternoon nap
8) (Halt geben) hold up, support < bridge etc.>; hold back <curtain, hair>; fasten < dress>9) (zurückhalten) keep11) (nicht aufgeben)ein Geschäft usw. halten — keep a business etc. going
12) (behandeln) treat13) (vorziehen)es mehr od. lieber mit jemandem/etwas halten — prefer somebody/something
14) (verfahren)es mit einer Sache so/anders halten — deal with or handle something like this/differently
15) (gestalten)2.unregelmäßiges intransitives Verb1) (stehen bleiben) stop2) (unverändert, an seinem Platz bleiben) lastder Nagel/das Seil hält nicht mehr länger — the nail/rope won't hold much longer
diese Freundschaft hält nicht [lange] — (fig.) this friendship won't last [long]
3) (Sport) save4) (beistehen)zu jemandem halten — stand or stick by somebody
5) (zielen) aim (auf + Akk. at)6) (Seemannsspr.) headauf etwas (Akk.) halten — head for or towards something
an sich (Akk.) halten — control oneself
8) (achten)3.1) (sich durchsetzen, behaupten)das Geschäft wird sich nicht halten können — the shop won't keep going [for long]
sich gut halten — do well; make a good showing
sich schlecht/gerade/aufrecht halten — hold or carry oneself badly/straight/erect
5) (bleiben)sich auf den Beinen/im Sattel halten — stay on one's feet/in the saddle
sich links/rechts halten — keep [to the] left/right
sich an jemandes Seite (Dat.) /hinter jemandem halten — stay or keep next to/behind somebody
7) (befolgen)sich an etwas (Akk.) halten — keep to or follow something
9) (ugs.): (jung, gesund bleiben)* * *halten; hält, hielt, gehaltenA. v/t1. (festhalten) hold;bei der Hand halten hold sb’s hand;in der Hand/im Arm halten hold in one’s hand/in one’s arms;jemandem den Mantel halten (damit er die Hände frei hat) hold sb’s coat; (ihm hineinhelfen) hold sb’s coat, help sb on with their coat;2. (stützen) hold (up), support;das Bild wird von zwei Nägeln gehalten the picture is held up by two nails;das Seil hat nicht viel zu halten (wird wenig belastet) there isn’t very much weight on the rope3. in einer Lage: hold;ans Licht halten hold to the light;die Hand ins/unters Wasser halten put one’s hand in the water/hold one’s hand under the tap (US auch faucet);sich (dat)beim Gähnen die Hand vor den Mund halten put one’s hand in front of one’s mouth when yawning;er hielt sich das Buch dicht vors Gesicht he was holding the book right in front of his face4. in einem Zustand: keep;frisch/warm halten keep fresh/warm;besetzt/verschlossen halten keep occupied/locked;in Gang halten keep sth going;in Ordnung halten keep in order;das Fass hält 20 Liter the barrel holds 20 litres (US -ers)6. (zurückhalten, behalten) keep, hold; (Festung, Stellung, Rekord, Titel) hold; (aufhalten) stop; SPORT (Schuss) hold, stop, save;das Haus hält die Wärme gut/schlecht the house retains the heat/lets the heat out;das Wasser nicht halten können be incontinent, not be able to hold one’s water ( oder control one’s bladder);den Ball in den eigenen Reihen halten hold onto the ball, keep possession (of the ball);seinen Vorsprung halten können retain one’s lead;er war nicht zu halten there was no stopping ( oder holding) him, you couldn’t hold him back;was hält mich hier noch? what is there to keep me here?;7. (Geschwindigkeit, Kurs, Niveau, Preise etc) hold, maintain; (Richtung) continue in, keep going in; MUS (Ton) lange: hold; (nicht abweichen) keep to;Ordnung halten keep order;Kontakt halten keep in contact (zu with);haltet jetzt bitte Ruhe/Frieden umg keep quiet now, please/no more arguing, please;diese Theorie lässt sich nicht halten this theory is untenable8. (Versprechen, sein Wort etc) keep;was ich verspreche, halte ich auch my word is my bond;das Buch hält (nicht), was es verspricht the book doesn’t live up to its promises9. (sie hält sich einen Chauffeur/Liebhaber she keeps a chauffeur/loverdie Kinder knapp/streng halten not give the children much money/be strict with the children11. (Sitzung, Versammlung etc) hold; (Hochzeit, Messe) auch celebrate; (Mahlzeit, Schläfchen etc) have, take; (Rede, Vortrag etc) give;Winterschlaf halten hibernate12.sie hält ihn für den Besitzer meist she thinks he’s the owner;ich halte es für richtig, dass er absagt I think he’s right to refuse, I think it’s right that he should refuse;tu, was du für richtig hältst do what you think is right;ich hielte es für gut, wenn wir gingen I think we should go, I think it would be a good idea if we went;für wie alt hältst du ihn? how old do ( oder would) you think he is?;wofür halten Sie mich/sich (eigentlich)? who do you think I am/you are?13.halten von think of;viel/wenig halten von think highly ( stärker: the world)/not think much of;was hältst du von …? what do you think of …?; auffordernd: how about …?;was hältst du davon? what do you think (of it)?;ich halte nicht viel davon I don’t think much of it; von Idee, Gemälde etc: auch I’m not keen on it;sie hält nichts vom Sparen she doesn’t believe in saving14. unpers:wie hältst du es mit …? what do you usually do about …?; (was denkst du über …?) what do you think of ( oder about) …?;so haben wir es immer gehalten we’ve always done it that way;das kannst du halten, wie du willst please (besonders US suit) yourself;ich halte es mit meinem Lehrer, der immer sagte … I go by what my teacher always used to say …; → gehaltenB. v/i1. (fest sein) Knoten, Schnur, Schraube etc: hold; Eis: be (frozen) solid enough to walk on; Brücke: stand the weight of sth/sb; (kleben bleiben) stickder Zug hält hier zehn Minuten the train stops here for ten minutes;hält der Bus am Schlossplatz? does the bus stop at the Schlossplatz?;4. SPORT, Torwart etc: save;sie hält gut she’s good in goal, she’s a good goalkeeper5. in Zustand:das hält gesund/jung! it keeps you healthy/young6. Richtung, mit Waffe: aim (nach for;7.an sich (akk)halten control o.s.;ich musste an mich halten, um nicht zu (+inf) it took great self-control not to (+inf), I could hardly stop ( oder keep) myself (from) (+ger)8.zu jemandem halten stand by sb; Partei nehmend: side with sbC. v/t & v/i1.(viel/wenig) halten auf (+akk) (achten auf) pay (a lot of/little) attention to; (Wert legen auf) set (great/little) store by;wir halten nicht sehr auf Formen we don’t stand on ceremony2.etwas/viel auf sich (akk)halten take pride/a lot of pride in o.s.; äußerlich: be particular/very particular about one’s appearance; gesundheitlich: look after/take great care of one’s health;jeder/kein Handwerker, der (etwas) auf sich hält any/no self-respecting craftsmanD. v/r1. Lebensmittel etc: keep; Schuhe etc: last; Wetter: hold; Preis, Kurs etc: hold; Geschäft, Mode, Restaurant etc: last;sich gut halten Lebensmittel etc: keep well;sie hat sich gut gehalten (ist wenig gealtert) she looks good for her age, she’s well preservedsich in Form halten keep in form; körperlich: auch keep fit;versteckt halten remain hidden ( oder in hiding)3. (standhalten) hold out;wacker halten hold one’s own (gegen against), do well;sich halten als maintain one’s position as;4.sich an das Gesetz halten comply with ( oder abide by) the law;der Film hält sich eng an die Vorlage the film keeps very close to the original; möchten Sie einen Sherry? - nein,ich halte mich lieber an alkoholfreie Getränke I’d rather stick to ( oder with) something non-alcoholic;heute werde ich mich mal an den Tee halten I’m going to stick to tea today5. Haltung, Lage, Richtung:sich links/rechts halten keep to the left/right;sich südlich halten keep on south, keep going in a southerly direction;aufrecht halten hold o.s. very straight ( oder erect);sich kaum noch auf den Beinen halten können hardly be able to stand;sich oft abseits halten often keep (o.s.) to o.s.;halt dich immer dicht hinter mir keep very close behind me6. (beherrschen):kaum mehr halten können not be able to contain o.s.;kaum mehr halten können vor Freude/Zorn etc be so happy/angry etc that one can no longer contain o.s.;sich (vor Lachen) nicht mehr halten können umg not be able to keep a straight face, not be able to stop o.s. ( oder keep from) laughing7.sie hält sich mal wieder für besonders schlau she thinks she’s been terribly clever again; → auch A 12, bereithalten* * *1.unregelmäßiges transitives Verb1) (auch Milit.) holdsich (Dat.) den Kopf/den Bauch halten — hold one's head/stomach
jemanden an od. bei der Hand halten — hold somebody's hand; hold somebody by the hand
etwas ins Licht/gegen das Licht halten — hold something to/up to the light
2) (Ballspiele) save <shot, penalty, etc.>3) (bewahren) keep; (beibehalten, aufrechterhalten) keep up <speed etc.>; maintain <temperature, equilibrium>einen Ton halten — stay in tune; (lange anhalten) sustain a note
Ordnung/Frieden halten — keep order/the peace
4) (erfüllen) keepsein Wort/ein Versprechen halten — keep one's word/a promise
5) (besitzen, beschäftigen, beziehen) keep <chickens etc.>; take <newspaper, magazine, etc.>jemanden für reich/ehrlich halten — think somebody is or consider somebody to be rich/honest
ich halte es für das beste/möglich/meine Pflicht — I think it best/possible/my duty
viel/nichts/wenig von jemandem/etwas halten — think a lot/nothing/not think much of somebody/something
Unterricht halten — give lessons; teach
seinen Mittagsschlaf halten — have one's or an afternoon nap
8) (Halt geben) hold up, support <bridge etc.>; hold back <curtain, hair>; fasten < dress>9) (zurückhalten) keep11) (nicht aufgeben)ein Geschäft usw. halten — keep a business etc. going
12) (behandeln) treat13) (vorziehen)es mehr od. lieber mit jemandem/etwas halten — prefer somebody/something
14) (verfahren)es mit einer Sache so/anders halten — deal with or handle something like this/differently
15) (gestalten)2.unregelmäßiges intransitives Verb1) (stehen bleiben) stop2) (unverändert, an seinem Platz bleiben) lastder Nagel/das Seil hält nicht mehr länger — the nail/rope won't hold much longer
diese Freundschaft hält nicht [lange] — (fig.) this friendship won't last [long]
3) (Sport) save4) (beistehen)zu jemandem halten — stand or stick by somebody
5) (zielen) aim (auf + Akk. at)6) (Seemannsspr.) headauf etwas (Akk.) halten — head for or towards something
an sich (Akk.) halten — control oneself
8) (achten)3.1) (sich durchsetzen, behaupten)das Geschäft wird sich nicht halten können — the shop won't keep going [for long]
sich gut halten — do well; make a good showing
sich schlecht/gerade/aufrecht halten — hold or carry oneself badly/straight/erect
5) (bleiben)sich auf den Beinen/im Sattel halten — stay on one's feet/in the saddle
6) (gehen, bleiben)sich links/rechts halten — keep [to the] left/right
sich an jemandes Seite (Dat.) /hinter jemandem halten — stay or keep next to/behind somebody
7) (befolgen)sich an etwas (Akk.) halten — keep to or follow something
9) (ugs.): (jung, gesund bleiben)* * *v.(§ p.,pp.: hielt, gehalten)= to bear v.(§ p.,p.p.: bore, borne)to clamp v.to halt v.to hold v.(§ p.,p.p.: held)to keep v.(§ p.,p.p.: kept)to retain v.to uphold v.(§ p.,p.p.: upheld)
См. также в других словарях:
particular — par|tic|u|lar1 W1S1 [pəˈtıkjulə US pərˈtıkjulər] adj [Date: 1300 1400; : Old French; Origin: Late Latin particularis, from Latin particula; PARTICLE] 1.) [only before noun] a particular thing or person is the one that you are talking about, and… … Dictionary of contemporary English
particular — par|tic|u|lar1 [ pər tıkjələr ] adjective *** 1. ) only before noun used for emphasizing that you are talking about one specific person or thing and not anyone or anything else: SPECIFIC: Are there any particular topics that you would like me to… … Usage of the words and phrases in modern English
particular — 1 adjective 1 (only before noun) a particular thing or person is the one that you are talking about, and not any other: Fred hasn t seen that particular film. | We expect budget pressures in this particular area. 2 special or important enough to… … Longman dictionary of contemporary English
particular — I UK [pə(r)ˈtɪkjʊlə(r)] / US [pərˈtɪkjələr] adjective *** 1) [only before noun] used for emphasizing that you are talking about one specific person or thing and not anyone or anything else Are there any particular topics that you would like me to … English dictionary
particular — [[t]pə(r)tɪ̱kjʊlə(r)[/t]] ♦♦ 1) ADJ: ADJ n (emphasis) You use particular to emphasize that you are talking about one thing or one kind of thing rather than other similar ones. I remembered a particular story about a postman who was a murderer...… … English dictionary
particular — I adj. particular about (particular about one s appearance) II n. detail 1) in every particular; in all particulars misc. 2) in particular ( especially ) * * * [pə tɪkjʊlə] in all particulars [ detail ] in every particular [ misc. ] in particular … Combinatory dictionary
particular — /peuhr tik yeuh leuhr, peuh tik /, adj. 1. of or pertaining to a single or specific person, thing, group, class, occasion, etc., rather than to others or all; special rather than general: one s particular interests in books. 2. immediately… … Universalium
particular*/*/*/ — [pəˈtɪkjʊlə] adj I 1) used for emphasizing that you are talking about one specific person or thing and not anyone or anything else Syn: specific Are there any particular topics that you would like me to explain further?[/ex] 2) especially great… … Dictionary for writing and speaking English
particular — /pəˈtɪkjələ / (say puh tikyuhluh) adjective 1. relating to some one person, thing, group, class, occasion, etc., rather than to others or all; special, not general: one s particular interests. 2. being a definite one, individual, or single, or… …
particular — 01. Is there any [particular] reason why you have decided to change universities? 02. He looks great on television, but in real life he is not [particularly] handsome. 03. Elaine is very [particular] about her coffee it has to be very strong and… … Grammatical examples in English
particular — par•tic•u•lar [[t]pərˈtɪk yə lər, pəˈtɪk [/t]] adj. 1) pertaining to a single or specific person, thing, group, etc.; not general: one s particular interests[/ex] 2) considered separately from others; specific: a particular item on a list[/ex] 3) … From formal English to slang