basic function

* * *

Grundfunktion f.

учет = management accountant

1. Fin

the practice of combining securities in a single trade.

See also bundling

2. Ops

materials used for containing, protecting, and presenting goods during the delivery process from the producer to the consumer. Packaging has evolved from the basic function of protection to become an important marketing tool for communicating brand values.

(Basic Input/Output System) Базовая система ввода-вывода, БСВВ

1) метод; приём; способ

2) методика

3) технология

4) система

1) Авиация: Borscope Inspection

2) Военный термин: basic shipping instructions, battlefield sensor integration, battlefield system integration, Battlefield Systems Institute (or Integration)

3) Техника: battery status indicator, booster situation indicator, branch and store instruction, bulk silicon chip

4) Бухгалтерия: building societies interest

5) Сокращение: British Standard, British Standards Institution, инфекция кровотока (bloodstream infection.), Battlefield System International (UK; Exhibition)

6) Вычислительная техника: Институт стандартов Великобритании, Bentley Systems, Incorporated (Hersteller), British Standards Institute (organization, UK)

7) Нефть: Британский институт стандартов (British Standards Institute)

8) Иммунология: Body Substance Isolation

9) Фирменный знак: Bentley Systems, Incorporated, Best Solutions Inc, Bob Smith Industries, Brandon Systems Institute, Buck Sales, Inc.

10) Деловая лексика: Британский институт стандартов (British Standards Institution)

11) Образование: Basic Skills Instruction, Basketball School Of Instruction

12) Сахалин Ю: British standards institute (U.K.)

13) Расширение файла: British Standards Institute

14) Нефть и газ: batch status indicator station block, button operation function, lamp indication function, switch status input function

15) Общественная организация: Bible Society of India

16) NYSE. Blue Square - Israel, LTD.

['baios] n. shkurtesë nga b asic i nput o utput s ystem ( BIOS) sistemi themelor për hyrje-dalje ( informatikë)

BIOS is an acronym for Basic Input/Output System. It is the boot firmware program on a PC, and controls the computer from the time you start it up until the operating system takes over. When you turn on a PC, the BIOS first conducts a basic hardware check, called a Power-On Self Test (POST), to determine whether all of the attachments are present and working. Then it loads the operating system into your computer's random access memory, or RAM.

The BIOS also manages data flow between the computer's operating system and attached devices such as the hard disk, video card, keyboard, mouse, and printer.

The BIOS stores the date, the time, and your system configuration information in a battery-powered, non-volatile memory chip, called a CMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor) after its manufacturing process.

Although the BIOS is standardized and should rarely require updating, some older BIOS chips may not accommodate new hardware devices. Before the early 1990s, you couldn't update the BIOS without removing and replacing its ROM chip. Contemporary BIOS resides on memory chips such as flash chips or EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory), so that you can update the BIOS yourself if necessary.

For detailed information about BIOS updates, visit:

Firmware consists of programs installed semi-permanently into memory, using various types of programmable ROM chips, such as PROMS, EPROMs, EEPROMs, and flash chips.

Firmware is non-volatile, and will remain in memory after you turn the system off.

Often, the term firmware is used to refer specifically to boot firmware, which controls a computer from the time that it is turned on until the primary operating system has taken over. Boot firmware's main function is to initialize the hardware and then to boot (load and execute) the primary operating system. On PCs, the boot firmware is usually referred to as the BIOS.

Memory and disk storage both refer to internal storage space in a computer.

The term memory usually means RAM (Random Access Memory). To refer to hard drive storage, the terms disk space or storage are usually used.

Typically, computers have much less memory than disk space, because RAM is much more expensive per megabyte than a hard disk. Today, a typical desktop computer might come with 512MB of RAM, and a 40 gigabyte hard disk.

Virtual memory is disk space that has been designated to act like RAM.

Computers also contain a small amount of ROM, or read-only memory, containing permanent or semi-permanent (firmware) instructions for checking hardware and starting up the computer. On a PC, this is called the BIOS.

RAM stands for Random Access Memory. RAM provides space for your computer to read and write data to be accessed by the CPU (central processing unit). When people refer to a computer's memory, they usually mean its RAM.

New computers typically come with at least 256 megabytes (MB) of RAM installed, and can be upgraded to 512MB or even a gigabyte or more.

If you add more RAM to your computer, you reduce the number of times your CPU must read data from your hard disk. This usually allows your computer to work considerably faster, as RAM is many times faster than a hard disk.

RAM is volatile, so data stored in RAM stays there only as long as your computer is running. As soon as you turn the computer off, the data stored in RAM disappears.

When you turn your computer on again, your computer's boot firmware (called BIOS on a PC) uses instructions stored semi-permanently in ROM chips to read your operating system and related files from the disk and load them back into RAM.

Note: On a PC, different parts of RAM may be more or less easily accessible to programs. For example, cache RAM is made up of very high-speed RAM chips which sit between the CPU and main RAM, storing (i.e., caching) memory accesses by the CPU. Cache RAM helps to alleviate the gap between the speed of a CPU's megahertz rating and the ability of RAM to respond and deliver data. It reduces how often the CPU must wait for data from main memory.

ROM is an acronym for Read-Only Memory. It refers to computer memory chips containing permanent or semi-permanent data. Unlike RAM, ROM is non-volatile; even after you turn off your computer, the contents of ROM will remain.

Almost every computer comes with a small amount of ROM containing the boot firmware. This consists of a few kilobytes of code that tell the computer what to do when it starts up, e.g., running hardware diagnostics and loading the operating system into RAM. On a PC, the boot firmware is called the BIOS.

Originally, ROM was actually read-only. To update the programs in ROM, you had to remove and physically replace your ROM chips. Contemporary versions of ROM allow some limited rewriting, so you can usually upgrade firmware such as the BIOS by using installation software. Rewritable ROM chips include PROMs (programmable read-only memory), EPROMs (erasable read-only memory), EEPROMs (electrically erasable programmable read-only memory), and a common variation of EEPROMs called flash memory.

ACPI is an acronym that stands for Advanced Configuration and Power Interface, a power management specification developed by Intel, Microsoft, and Toshiba. ACPI support is built into Windows 98 and later operating systems. ACPI is designed to allow the operating system to control the amount of power provided to each device or peripheral attached to the computer system. This provides much more stable and efficient power management and makes it possible for the operating system to turn off selected devices, such as a monitor or CD-ROM drive, when they are not in use.

ACPI should help eliminate computer lockup on entering power saving or sleep mode. This will allow for improved power management, especially in portable computer systems where reducing power consumption is critical for extending battery life. ACPI also allows for the computer to be turned on and off by external devices, so that the touch of a mouse or the press of a key will "wake up" the computer. This new feature of ACPI, called OnNow, allows a computer to enter a sleep mode that uses very little power.

In addition to providing power management, ACPI also evolves the existing Plug and Play BIOS (PnP BIOS) to make adding and configuring new hardware devices easier. This includes support for legacy non-PnP devices and improved support for combining older devices with ACPI hardware, allowing both to work in a more efficient manner in the same computer system. The end result of this is to make the BIOS more PnP compatible.

CMOS, short for Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor, is a low-power, low-heat semiconductor technology used in contemporary microchips, especially useful for battery-powered devices. The specific technology is explained in detail at:

http://searchsmb.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid44_gci213860,00.html

Most commonly, though, the term CMOS is used to refer to small battery-powered configuration chips on system boards of personal computers, where the BIOS stores the date, the time, and system configuration details.

Warning: Your BIOS Setup program is very powerful. An incorrect setting could cause your computer not to boot properly. You should make sure you understand what a setting does before you change it.

You can usually run Setup by pressing a special function key or key combination soon after turning on the computer, during its power-on self test (POST), before the operating system loads (or before the operating system's splash screen shows). During POST, the BIOS usually displays a prompt such as:

Press F2 to enter Setup

Many newer computers display a brief screen, usually black and white, with the computer manufacturer's logo during POST.

Entering the designated keystroke will take you into the BIOS Setup. Common keystrokes to enter the BIOS Setup are F1, F2, F10, and Del.

On some computers, such as some Gateway or Compaq computers, graphics appear during the POST, and the BIOS information is hidden. You must press Esc to make these graphics disappear. Your monitor will then display the correct keystroke to enter.

Note: If you press the key too early or too often, the BIOS may display an error message. To avoid this, wait about five seconds after turning the power on, and then press the key once or twice.

Many people use the terms BIOS (basic input/output system) and CMOS (complementary metal oxide semiconductor) to refer to the same thing. Though they are related, they are distinct and separate components of a computer. The BIOS is the program that starts a computer up, and the CMOS is where the BIOS stores the date, time, and system configuration details it needs to start the computer.

The BIOS is a small program that controls the computer from the time it powers on until the time the operating system takes over. The BIOS is firmware, which means it cannot store variable data.

CMOS is a type of memory technology, but most people use the term to refer to the chip that stores variable data for startup. A computer's BIOS will initialize and control components like the floppy and hard drive controllers and the computer's hardware clock, but the specific parameters for startup and initializing components are stored in the CMOS.

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n 1. корисність; користь; вигідність; вигода; практичність; 2. pl комунальні підприємства; комунальні служби; комунальні послуги; a комунальний; загального користування; практичний

1. вигода або задоволення, одержане окремою особою від споживання продукту чи послуги; 2. організації, що належать до міського господарства, та послуги, які вони надають

═════════■═════════

absolute utility абсолютна корисність; acceptable utility прийнятна корисність; aggregate utility сукупна функція корисності; basic utility основна користь; consumer utility корисність для споживача; cumulative utility сукупна корисність; decreasing utility спадна корисність; diminishing utility спадна корисність; diminishing marginal utility спадна гранична корисність • гранична корисність; distribution utilityies підприємства з обслуговування промислових фірм у сфері збуту; effective utility ефективна корисність; electric utilities електроенергетика загального користування; expected utility очікувана користь • можлива користь; form utility корисність, яка виникає внаслідок переробки продукту; gas utilities комунальне газопостачання; household utilities комунальні послуги для побутового сектору; incommensurable utilityies несумірні корисності • непорівнянні корисності; information utilities інформаційні служби загального користування; life utility корисний термін служби виробу; linear utility лінійна корисність; local utilities місцеві комунальні служби; marginal utility гранична корисність; maximum utility максимальна корисність; measurable utility вимірна корисність; minimum utility мінімальна корисність; municipal utilities муніципальні енергопідприємства загального користування; numerical utility кількісна корисність; optimum utility оптимальна корисність; ownership utility корисність, яка виникає внаслідок придбання продукту • корисність, яка виникає внаслідок придбання послуги; perceptible utility помітна користь; place utility корисність, яка виникає внаслідок постачання продукту на місце попиту • вигода від постачання; possession utility корисність, яка виникає внаслідок придбання продукту • корисність, яка виникає внаслідок придбання послуги; producer utility корисність для виробника; product utility споживча цінність товару; public utilities комунальні послуги • комунальні служби • комунальні споруди; publicly-owned electric utilities електростанція загального користування • муніципальні енергопідприємства загального користування; relative utility відносна корисність; sampling utility вибіркова корисність; service utility корисність послуги; social utility суспільна корисність; time utility корисність, породжена своєчасною пропозицією товару • користь своєчасної пропозиції товару; total utility сукупна корисність • сукупна користь; transportation utilityies громадський транспорт • міський громадський транспорт • міський і приміський транспорт • транспортні компанії; water utilities комунальне водопостачання • компанії водопостачання загального користування

═════════□═════════

cardinal utility function кількісна функція корисності • кардиналістська функція корисності (вимірювання в абсолютних величинах); cardinal utility ranking кількісне упорядкування; direct utility function пряма функція корисності; elementary utility function елементарна функція корисності; equal-utility contour математично розрахована крива рівномірної корисності; indirect utility function непряма функція корисності; interpersonal comparison of utilityies міжособове порівняння корисності; law of diminishing marginal utility закон спадної граничної корисності; law of equal marginal utilityies per money unit закон рівної граничної корисності на грошову одиницю; maximization of utility максимізація корисності; ordinal utility function порядкова функція корисності; ordinal utility ranking порядковий ранг корисності; public utility companies підприємства комунального господарства; social utility function функція суспільної корисності; utility bill рахунок за комунальні послуги; utility company підприємство громадського користування; utility function функція корисності; utility maximizing rule правило максимізації корисності; utility possibilities curve крива споживчих можливостей; utility possibilities frontier межа споживчих можливостей; utility ranking упорядкування корисності; utility rate тариф на комунальні послуги; utility stock акції комунальних компаній; utility value вартість користування; weighted-sum-of-utilities зважена сумарна корисність

* * *

1) генератор

2) формирователь

3) датчик, (первичный) измерительный преобразователь

4) порождающая функция

5) генератриса, производящая функция

6) вчт. генерирующая программа, генератор

7) газогенератор

8) парогенератор

9) паровой котел

1) генератор; источник энергии

2) зуборезный станок, работающий методом обката

3) вчт. генерирующая программа, генератор

4) формирователь

5) образующая линия

6) матем. порождающая функция

•

- acetylene generator

1) Prinzip, das

2) (Phys.) Lehrsatz, der

* * *

1) (a general truth, rule or law: the principle of gravity.) das Gesetz

2) (the theory by which a machine etc works: the principle of the jet engine.) die Grundregel

•

- academic.ru/117990/principles">principles

* * *

1. (basic concept) Prinzip nt

basic [or guiding] \principle Grundprinzip nt, Leitsatz m

on Socialist \principles nach sozialistischen Prinzipien

2. (fundamental) Grundlage f

the elementary \principles of physics die Grundgesetze pl der Physik

to function [or operate] on a \principle nach einem Prinzip funktionieren

\principle of conservation of energy Energieerhaltungssatz m

\principle of least restraint Prinzip nt des kleinsten Zwanges

3. ( approv: moral code) Prinzip nt, Grundsatz m

it's the \principle of the thing es geht [dabei] ums Prinzip

cheating is against my \principles Betrug verstößt gegen meine Prinzipien

to be a man of \principle ein Mann mit Prinzipien [o Grundsätzen] sein

to stick to one's \principles an seinen Prinzipien festhalten

4. CHEM Grundbestandteil m

▶ in \principle im Prinzip

▶ on [or as a matter of] \principle aus Prinzip

* * *

1) Prinzip nt

2) (= moral precept) Prinzip nt, Grundsatz m; (no pl = integrity) Prinzipien pl, Grundsätze pl

3) (= basic element) Element nt

* * *

principle [ˈprınsəpl] s

1. Prinzip n, Grundsatz m:

a man of principle ein Mann mit Prinzipien oder Grundsätzen;

principle of efficiency Leistungsprinzip

2. (Grund-)Prinzip n, (-)Regel f, Leitsatz m:

principle of law Rechtsgrundsatz m;

in principle im Prinzip, prinzipiell;

on principle aus Prinzip, prinzipiell, grundsätzlich;

on the principle that … nach dem Grundsatz, dass …

3. Grundwahrheit f, -begriff m, -lehre f, Prinzip n:

4. wissenschaftlich: Prinzip n, (Natur)Gesetz n, Satz m:

principle of averages Mittelwertsatz;

principle of least action Prinzip der geringsten Wirkung;

principle of relativity Relativitätstheorie f, -lehre f (Einsteins);

principle of sums Summensatz; → causality 1

5. Grund(lage) m(f), Quelle f, Ursprung m, treibende Kraft

6. Grundzug m, Charakteristikum n

7. CHEM Grundbestandteil m

prin. abk

1. principal (principally)

2. principle

* * *

1) Prinzip, das

2) (Phys.) Lehrsatz, der

* * *

Grundsatz m.

Prinzip -ien n.

Ursache -n f.

- a priori method

- abbreviated method

- abridged method

- absolute method

- adaptive method

- adaptive smoothing method

- ADI method

- adjoint method

- adobe blasting method

- aero-projection method

- algebraic method

- algorithmic method

- alternating method

- alternating-variable descent method

- analog method

- analytical method

- angular modulation method

- approximate estimation method

- approximation-function method

- approximative method

- area method

- area moment method

- ascent method

- asymptotically efficient method

- averoid method

- axiomatic method

- axonometric method

- backward-sweep method

- balayage method

- Barrelet method of zeroes

- barrier method

- baseband recording method

- block-diagram method

- bordering method

- Borrmann method

- bottle method

- boundary integral method

- building-block method

- caisson method

- cascade method

- case method

- catastrophe method

- category method

- centroid method

- chain method

- chaining method

- chord method

- climb milling method

- clustering method

- cofactor method

- coincidence method

- collocation method

- colorimetric method

- combinatorial method

- comparative method

- comparison method

- complete elimination method

- complexometric method

- composite value method

- computing method

- conditionally stable method

- conductance-measuring method

- cone method

- conformal mapping method

- conjugate-gradient method

- constant-fraction method

- constructive method

- continuation method

- contour integral method

- convergence method

- convergent method

- convex simplex method

- covariant method

- crossed beam method

- crude method

- cut-and-try method

- cutting-plane method

- cyclic method

- data enrichment method

- decomposition method

- deductive method

- delta method

- depth-first method

- describing function method

- diagonalization method

- dichotomy method

- difference factorization method

- differential-equations method

- diffusion method

- digital method

- dilution method

- dimensional method

- direct method of measurement

- direct method

- direct search method

- dispersion method

- distribution-free method

- dot alloying method

- double-description method

- dry method

- dual simplex method

- duality method

- Dumas method

- dye-penetrant method

- efficient method

- efflux method

- electrophoretic method

- elementary method

- elimination method

- embedded method

- empirical method

- energy method

- equal-probability selection method

- equal-strain method

- equation method

- ergodic method

- error method

- error of method

- escalator method

- estimation method

- exact method

- exclusion method

- exhaustion method

- expansion method

- experimental method

- exterior point method

- extrapolation method

- factor comparison method

- factorial method

- factorization method

- falling body method

- fall-of-charge method

- false position method

- finitary method

- finite difference method

- fitting method

- fixed-point method

- floatation method

- floating-zone method

- forecasting method

- formal method

- fractional step method

- freehand method

- functional method

- fundamental method

- game-theoretic method

- general method

- genetic method

- geometrical method

- global balance method

- gradient-search method

- graph method

- graphic method

- grapho-numerical method

- gravimetric method

- gray-wedge method

- grid method

- Griess-Ilovai method

- grouping method

- half-and-half method

- half-deflection method

- half-split method

- heuristic method

- hill-climbing method

- Hopkinson split-bar method

- horn-and-lens method

- hydraulic fill method

- hypothetico-deductive method

- idealized method

- identification method

- immersion method

- inaccurate method

- incremental method

- index method

- indirect method of measurement

- indirect method

- inductive method

- inexact method

- infinitesimal method

- informal method

- integral estimation method

- integral method

- integro-interpolation method

- interior point method

- interpretation method

- inverse matrix method

- inverse-scattering method

- inversion method

- isocline method

- isolation method

- iterated-interpolation method

- iteration method

- jacknife method

- kernel of summation method

- kick-sorting method

- knapsack method

- laboratory method

- laborious method

- Lagrange's method of multipliers

- learning method

- least sample value method

- leveling method

- limited information method

- linking method

- load factor method

- load-factor method

- local method

- logical method

- logical-and-probabilistic method

- logistic method

- lost wax method

- machining method

- magnetic particle method

- manufacturing method

- mapping method

- marginal method

- Markowitz method

- matching method

- mathematically deductive method

- matrix method

- maximum likelihood method

- mean-value method

- measurement method

- method of abstraction

- method of acyclic models

- method of approximation

- method of arithmetic means

- method of arithmetization

- method of averages and ranges

- method of averages

- method of backward induction

- method of balayage

- method of barriers

- method of basic series

- method of bearings

- method of catastrophes

- method of characteristic functions

- method of characteristics

- method of choice

- method of collapsed strata

- method of comparison

- method of complex gradients

- method of continuation

- method of continuity

- method of contrasts

- method of convex ascent

- method of correction

- method of countable coverings

- method of counterexamples

- method of cutting and gluing

- method of determinants

- method of diagrams

- method of direct elimination

- method of estimation

- method of exhaustion

- method of extrapolation

- method of extremal metric

- method of forcing

- method of forecasting

- method of fraction levelling

- method of gisements

- method of golden section

- method of graphs

- method of harmonic balance

- method of homology

- method of incremental rates

- method of indicators

- method of induction

- method of inductive inference

- method of inversion

- method of isoclines

- method of iterations

- method of krakowians

- method of leading variables

- method of lines

- method of loci

- method of martingale

- method of mathematical induction

- method of multipliers

- method of normals

- method of numbering

- method of observation

- method of operators

- method of optimum allocation

- method of ordering

- method of orthogonal contrasts

- method of parabolas

- method of parametrix

- method of partial integration

- method of partition

- method of penultimate remainder

- method of potentials

- method of prediction

- method of principal components

- method of proof

- method of proportional control

- method of quantiles

- method of quickest descent

- method of randomization

- method of raviness

- method of rectangles

- method of reiteration

- method of representative sample

- method of residues

- method of revolution

- method of rotating coordinates