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background+program

  • 61 punto flaco

    m.
    weak point, heel of Achilles, weak spot, foible.
    * * *
    weak point
    * * *
    (n.) = foible, weak point, blind spot, weak link
    Ex. For instance, if a person is working on building a radio program, the librarian should provide her with background information that helps to set the tone of the program, with facts and foibles of celebrities, with case histories of successful campaigns, with analogies, quotations, and anecdotes, and so on.
    Ex. Both earch engines has their own strong and weak points.
    Ex. Contemporary library and information science discourse is plagued with tunnel vision and blind spots that seriously affect the profession's efforts to plan the library's future.
    Ex. They are the weak link in the playoffs, but they are good enough to beat any of their competitors on any given Sunday.
    * * *
    el punto flaco
    = chink in the armour, the

    Ex: The cyber criminals are persistent -- if they can't get through one opening, they will keep trying until they find the chink in the armour.

    (n.) = foible, weak point, blind spot, weak link

    Ex: For instance, if a person is working on building a radio program, the librarian should provide her with background information that helps to set the tone of the program, with facts and foibles of celebrities, with case histories of successful campaigns, with analogies, quotations, and anecdotes, and so on.

    Ex: Both earch engines has their own strong and weak points.
    Ex: Contemporary library and information science discourse is plagued with tunnel vision and blind spots that seriously affect the profession's efforts to plan the library's future.
    Ex: They are the weak link in the playoffs, but they are good enough to beat any of their competitors on any given Sunday.

    * * *
    weak point

    Spanish-English dictionary > punto flaco

  • 62 sentar las bases

    (v.) = lay + foundation, set + the scene, set + the wheels in motion, set + the tone, set + the framework, set + the pattern, provide + the basis, lay + the basis for, provide + the material for
    Ex. Central practices are highlighted and should lay a firm foundation for more advanced studies.
    Ex. Before we look at how libraries in Great Britain have responded to community information, first it is important to set the scene by examining in more detail some of these other information and advice services.
    Ex. Steinhagen conducted database searching demonstrations for information professionals and set the wheels in motion for the establishment of the country's first demonstration center of compact disc databases.
    Ex. For instance, if a person is working on building a radio program, the librarian should provide her with background information that helps to set the tone of the program, with facts and foibles of celebrities, with case histories of successful campaigns, with analogies, quotations, and anecdotes, and so on.
    Ex. According to Freud, the oral stage set the framework for the adult's capacity to cooperate and share.
    Ex. According to Freud, the successful resolution of the Oedipus conflict sets the pattern for healthy sexual identity.
    Ex. At the University of Guelph, Ontario, innovative and far-sighted decisions made in its early years provided the basis for continuing development of the collections and services.
    Ex. The library can lay the basis for lifelong independent learning through library use instruction.
    Ex. He believed that Jewish mysticism and Zionism could provide the material for the historical redemption of the Jews.
    * * *
    (v.) = lay + foundation, set + the scene, set + the wheels in motion, set + the tone, set + the framework, set + the pattern, provide + the basis, lay + the basis for, provide + the material for

    Ex: Central practices are highlighted and should lay a firm foundation for more advanced studies.

    Ex: Before we look at how libraries in Great Britain have responded to community information, first it is important to set the scene by examining in more detail some of these other information and advice services.
    Ex: Steinhagen conducted database searching demonstrations for information professionals and set the wheels in motion for the establishment of the country's first demonstration center of compact disc databases.
    Ex: For instance, if a person is working on building a radio program, the librarian should provide her with background information that helps to set the tone of the program, with facts and foibles of celebrities, with case histories of successful campaigns, with analogies, quotations, and anecdotes, and so on.
    Ex: According to Freud, the oral stage set the framework for the adult's capacity to cooperate and share.
    Ex: According to Freud, the successful resolution of the Oedipus conflict sets the pattern for healthy sexual identity.
    Ex: At the University of Guelph, Ontario, innovative and far-sighted decisions made in its early years provided the basis for continuing development of the collections and services.
    Ex: The library can lay the basis for lifelong independent learning through library use instruction.
    Ex: He believed that Jewish mysticism and Zionism could provide the material for the historical redemption of the Jews.

    Spanish-English dictionary > sentar las bases

  • 63 música

    adj. femeninine of músico
    musical, harmonious, relating to music.
    f.
    1 music.
    2 female musician, one skilled in harmony, harmonist; one who performs upon instruments of music.
    * * *
    1 music
    \
    música de fondo background music
    música clásica classical music
    música de cámara chamber music
    música ligera easy listening
    * * *
    1. noun f. 2. f., (m. - músico)
    * * *
    SF

    ¡vete con la música a otra parte! — clear off! *

    música ambiental, música ambiente — background music

    sus ideas me suenan a música celestial — iró his ideas sound like hot air to me

    música de las esferas, música de los planetas — music of the spheres

    música enlatada — canned music, piped music

    música sacra, música sagrada — sacred music

    2) (=banda) band
    3) pl músicas * (=tonterías) drivel sing
    4) Esp † (=cartera) wallet, billfold (EEUU); (=dinero) bread **, money
    músico
    * * *
    I
    adjetivo (Méx fam)
    a) [SER] ( antipático) mean (colloq)
    b) [SER] ( negado)
    II
    1) (Mús) music

    música en directo or en vivo — live music

    la música amansa las fieras — (fr hecha) music has a great calming effect

    sonar a/ser música celestial — (fam) to be music to one's ears

    2) (Chi fam) ( armónica) mouth organ, harmonica
    * * *
    = music.
    Nota: Uno de los varios tipos de materiales bibliográficos que describen las Reglas de Catalogación y que se usa para referirse a aquellas publicaciones que tratan de la composición musical.
    Ex. Music can include a variety of forms, such as works about musicians and music, music scores and recordings.
    ----
    * adaptar a la música = set to + music.
    * banda de música = band, musical band, marching band, brass band.
    * biblioteca de música = music library.
    * biblioteca especializada en música = music library.
    * cadena de música = sound system, hi-fi system.
    * CD de música = music CD.
    * colección de música = music collection.
    * colección de música popular = popular music collection.
    * comercio de la música = music trade.
    * compañía de música rock = rock company.
    * concierto de música = musical concert, music concert.
    * concurso de música = music competition.
    * conjunto de música = musical band.
    * conservatorio de música = music academy, conservatoire, music conservatory, music conservatoire.
    * crítica de música = music review.
    * crítico de música = music critic.
    * descarga de música = music download.
    * desde el punto de vista de la música = musically.
    * equipo de música = home stereo system, stereo system.
    * estrella de la música pop = pop star.
    * estudio de música = music studio.
    * festival de música = music festival.
    * festival de música pop = pop festival.
    * grabación de banda de música = band recording.
    * grabaciones de música = music recordings.
    * instrumento o intérprete de la música = executant.
    * interpretar música = perform + music.
    * letra de la música = music lyrics.
    * mención específica del formato de música impresa = musical presentation statement.
    * mundo de la música, el = music world, the.
    * mundo de la música popular, el = Tin Pan Alley.
    * música ambiental = ambient music.
    * música blue = blues music.
    * música celestial = music to + Posesivo + ears.
    * música contemporánea = contemporary music.
    * música coral = choral music.
    * música country = country music.
    * música de acompañamiento = backing track.
    * música de alta fidelidad = hi-fi music.
    * música de baile = dance music.
    * música de cámara = chamber music.
    * música de circo = circus music.
    * música de cowboys = western dance.
    * música de discoteca = disco.
    * música del oeste = western dance.
    * música de los Beatles = Beatlemusik.
    * música de obra de teatro = stage music.
    * música de orquesta = orchestral music.
    * música de rhythm and blues = rhythm and blues music.
    * música de teclado = keyboard music.
    * música digital = digital music.
    * música disco = disco.
    * música dramática = dramatic music.
    * música en directo = live band, live music.
    * música en vivo = live music.
    * música espiritual negra = gospel music.
    * música étnica = ethnic music.
    * música grabada = recorded music.
    * música incidental = incidental music.
    * música instrumental = instrumental music.
    * música litúrgica = liturgical music.
    * música militar = martial music.
    * música moderna = beat music.
    * música para laúd = lute-playing.
    * música pop = pop music.
    * música popular = popular music.
    * música rap = rap music.
    * música reggae = reggae music.
    * música religiosa = religious music.
    * música rock = rock music.
    * música sacra = passion music.
    * música skiffle = skiffle.
    * música vocal = vocal music.
    * práctica de música = music-making.
    * relacionado con la música = music related [music-related].
    * teoría de la música = theory of music.
    * tienda de música = music store.
    * tocar música = play + music.
    * vídeo de música rock = rock video.
    * * *
    I
    adjetivo (Méx fam)
    a) [SER] ( antipático) mean (colloq)
    b) [SER] ( negado)
    II
    1) (Mús) music

    música en directo or en vivo — live music

    la música amansa las fieras — (fr hecha) music has a great calming effect

    sonar a/ser música celestial — (fam) to be music to one's ears

    2) (Chi fam) ( armónica) mouth organ, harmonica
    * * *
    Nota: Uno de los varios tipos de materiales bibliográficos que describen las Reglas de Catalogación y que se usa para referirse a aquellas publicaciones que tratan de la composición musical.

    Ex: Music can include a variety of forms, such as works about musicians and music, music scores and recordings.

    * adaptar a la música = set to + music.
    * banda de música = band, musical band, marching band, brass band.
    * biblioteca de música = music library.
    * biblioteca especializada en música = music library.
    * cadena de música = sound system, hi-fi system.
    * CD de música = music CD.
    * colección de música = music collection.
    * colección de música popular = popular music collection.
    * comercio de la música = music trade.
    * compañía de música rock = rock company.
    * concierto de música = musical concert, music concert.
    * concurso de música = music competition.
    * conjunto de música = musical band.
    * conservatorio de música = music academy, conservatoire, music conservatory, music conservatoire.
    * crítica de música = music review.
    * crítico de música = music critic.
    * descarga de música = music download.
    * desde el punto de vista de la música = musically.
    * equipo de música = home stereo system, stereo system.
    * estrella de la música pop = pop star.
    * estudio de música = music studio.
    * festival de música = music festival.
    * festival de música pop = pop festival.
    * grabación de banda de música = band recording.
    * grabaciones de música = music recordings.
    * instrumento o intérprete de la música = executant.
    * interpretar música = perform + music.
    * letra de la música = music lyrics.
    * mención específica del formato de música impresa = musical presentation statement.
    * mundo de la música, el = music world, the.
    * mundo de la música popular, el = Tin Pan Alley.
    * música ambiental = ambient music.
    * música blue = blues music.
    * música celestial = music to + Posesivo + ears.
    * música contemporánea = contemporary music.
    * música coral = choral music.
    * música country = country music.
    * música de acompañamiento = backing track.
    * música de alta fidelidad = hi-fi music.
    * música de baile = dance music.
    * música de cámara = chamber music.
    * música de circo = circus music.
    * música de cowboys = western dance.
    * música de discoteca = disco.
    * música del oeste = western dance.
    * música de los Beatles = Beatlemusik.
    * música de obra de teatro = stage music.
    * música de orquesta = orchestral music.
    * música de rhythm and blues = rhythm and blues music.
    * música de teclado = keyboard music.
    * música digital = digital music.
    * música disco = disco.
    * música dramática = dramatic music.
    * música en directo = live band, live music.
    * música en vivo = live music.
    * música espiritual negra = gospel music.
    * música étnica = ethnic music.
    * música grabada = recorded music.
    * música incidental = incidental music.
    * música instrumental = instrumental music.
    * música litúrgica = liturgical music.
    * música militar = martial music.
    * música moderna = beat music.
    * música para laúd = lute-playing.
    * música pop = pop music.
    * música popular = popular music.
    * música rap = rap music.
    * música reggae = reggae music.
    * música religiosa = religious music.
    * música rock = rock music.
    * música sacra = passion music.
    * música skiffle = skiffle.
    * música vocal = vocal music.
    * práctica de música = music-making.
    * relacionado con la música = music related [music-related].
    * teoría de la música = theory of music.
    * tienda de música = music store.
    * tocar música = play + music.
    * vídeo de música rock = rock video.

    * * *
    1 [ SER] (antipático) mean ( colloq)
    no seas música, préstame tus apuntes don't be mean, lend me your notes
    2 [ SER] (negado) música PARA algo hopeless AT sth ( colloq)
    de veras que eres música para bailar you really are hopeless at dancing o a hopeless dancer
    A ( Mús) music
    pon algo de música put some music on
    música en directo or en vivo live music
    una música muy pegadiza a very catchy piece of music
    a los 20 años se dedicó a hacer música she took up music when she was 20
    no sabe leer música she can't read music
    letra y música de una canción lyrics and music of a song
    puso música a los versos de Machado he set Machado's poetry to music
    la música amansa las fieras ( fr hecha); music has a great calming effect, music calms the nerves
    irse con la música a otra parte ( fam): vámonos con la música a otra parte let's go somewhere else o get out of here ( colloq)
    sonar a/ser música celestial ( fam); to be music to one's ears
    Compuestos:
    background music; (en un supermercado, una fábrica) piped o canned music
    atonal music
    classical music
    choral music
    classical music
    incidental music
    chamber music
    title music
    background music
    program* music
    twelve-tone music
    folk music
    ( RPl) piped o canned music
    incidental music
    instrumental music
    light music, easy listening
    modern music
    sacred music
    serial music
    tonal music
    B ( Chi fam) (armónica) mouth organ, harmonica
    * * *

     

    Del verbo musicar: ( conjugate musicar)

    musica es:

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) presente indicativo

    2ª persona singular (tú) imperativo

    música sustantivo femenino
    music;

    música ambiental background music;

    (en tienda, fábrica) piped o canned music
    músico,-a
    I adjetivo musical
    II sustantivo masculino y femenino musician
    música sustantivo femenino music: eso que dices me suena a música celestial, (agradable) what you are saying is music to my ears
    (vacuidades) that sounds like a lot of mumbo jumbo to me
    ' música' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    aceptación
    - aficionada
    - aficionado
    - agrado
    - alegre
    - ambiental
    - amuermar
    - baja
    - bajo
    - cadena
    - cámara
    - casco
    - chiflar
    - compacta
    - compacto
    - conjunta
    - conjunto
    - determinada
    - determinado
    - embriagar
    - enlatada
    - enlatado
    - entender
    - equipo
    - folclórica
    - folclórico
    - fondo
    - gustar
    - ídolo
    - iniciación
    - instrumental
    - ligera
    - ligero
    - marchosa
    - marchoso
    - martirizar
    - musiquilla
    - negra
    - negro
    - paroxismo
    - pirata
    - resurgimiento
    - saber
    - sala
    - suave
    - suavidad
    - templete
    - afición
    - alternativo
    - apasionar
    English:
    alive
    - background
    - band
    - bandstand
    - blare out I
    - blast out
    - blood
    - boom box
    - box
    - brass band
    - bring back
    - busk
    - canned
    - catchy
    - chamber music
    - country music
    - dance music
    - deck
    - disco music
    - festival
    - fiddler
    - folk music
    - freak
    - full
    - gospel
    - hi-fi
    - jaunty
    - loud
    - make
    - music
    - music box
    - number
    - part-payment
    - passion
    - piped music
    - play
    - playback
    - pop
    - rave
    - score
    - set
    - snatch
    - soft
    - somber
    - sombre
    - soul
    - sound
    - stand
    - talent
    - appreciation
    * * *
    música1 adj
    Méx Fam
    1.
    ser música [inútil] to be useless o hopeless;
    soy muy música para los idiomas I'm useless o hopeless at languages
    2.
    ser música [egoísta] to be mean;
    no seas música, déjame dar una vuelta en la moto don't be so mean, let me have a go on the motorbike
    música2 nf
    1. [arte] music;
    pon un poco de música put some music on;
    estudia música en el conservatorio she is studying music at the conservatoire;
    es el autor de la música y la letra he wrote the music and the lyrics;
    la música amansa a las fieras music has a really calming effect;
    Fam
    irse con la música a otra parte: nos fuimos con la música a otra parte we made ourselves scarce;
    ¡vete con la música a otra parte! clear off!, US take a hike!
    música de acompañamiento incidental music;
    música ambiental piped music;
    música antigua early music;
    música de baile dance music;
    música de cámara chamber music;
    música celestial: [m5] eso me suena a música celestial [a falsa promesa] that sounds like a lot of hot air;
    [maravillosamente] that's music to my ears;
    música clásica classical music;
    música en directo live music;
    música disco disco music;
    música electrónica electronic music;
    música enlatada canned music;
    música étnica world music;
    música folk folk music;
    música de fondo background music;
    RP música funcional piped music;
    música heavy heavy metal;
    música instrumental instrumental music;
    música ligera light music;
    música militar military music;
    música pop pop music;
    música popular folk music;
    música rock rock music;
    música sinfónica orchestral music;
    música tecno techno (music);
    música tradicional traditional music;
    música vocal vocal music
    * * *
    f
    I music;
    leer música read music;
    poner algo en música, poner música a algo set sth to music;
    hacer música make music;
    ir con la música a otra parte fig go somewhere else
    II adj Méx fam
    :
    ser música be mean;
    ser música para algo be useless at sth
    I adj musical
    II m, música f musician
    * * *
    : music
    * * *
    música n music

    Spanish-English dictionary > música

  • 64 plan

    m (G planu) 1. (program działania) plan, scheme; (rozkład zajęć) schedule; (godzinowy) timetable
    - plan działania/kampanii a plan of action/of campaign
    - plan dyżurów a duty roster
    - plan lekcji Szkol. a (school) timetable
    - plan zajęć Uniw. a timetable, a class schedule
    - plan ucieczki an escape plan
    - plan wycieczki an itinerary, a travel plan
    - plan wydawniczy a planned publishing list, planned publications
    - narodowy plan gospodarczy a national economic plan
    - plan krótkoterminowy/długoterminowy a short-term/a long-term plan
    - plan pięcioletni a five-year plan
    - plan sześciopunktowy a six-point plan
    - sporządzić plan to draw up a. work out a plan
    - trzymać się planu to keep to a. stick to a plan
    - wszystko odbyło się zgodnie z planem everything went according to plan a. as planned
    - zatwierdzić/wykonać plan to approve/carry out a. implement a plan
    2. zw. pl (zamiar) plan
    - zmiana planów a change of plans
    - zmienić plany to change one’s plans
    - jakie masz plany na ten weekend? what are your plans for the weekend?
    - mieć plany co do swoich dzieci/co do przyszłości dzieci to have plans for one’s children/for one’s children’s future
    - mam co do Anny poważne plany, chciałbym się z nią ożenić I’m serious about Anna, I’d like to marry her
    - snuć plany to devise a. make plans
    - robić plany na przyszłość to plan ahead, to make plans for the future
    - zwierzyć się komuś ze swych planów to let sb in on one’s plans
    - mieć coś w planie to be planning sth
    - mieć w planie wyjazd za granicę to be planning to go abroad
    - w planie jest budowa nowej autostrady there are plans to build a new highway
    - plan się udał a. powiódł the plan worked
    - plan się nie udał a. nie powiódł the plan fell through a. didn’t work a. failed
    - pokrzyżować komuś plany to cross a. foil a. thwart sb’s plans
    - zniweczyć czyjeś plany to ruin sb’s plans
    - wprowadzić plan w życie to put a plan into operation a. to work
    3. (konspekt) plan
    - plan wypracowania/opowiadania an essay/a story outline
    - plan lekcji a lesson plan
    4. (miasta, marszruty) plan, map; (pomieszczeń, ogrodu) layout
    - plan Warszawy (mapa) a street plan of Warsaw; (booklet) a street guide to Warsaw
    - plan pokoju the layout of a room
    5. Archit., Budow. (projekt) plan, design; (światłokopia) blueprint
    - plan parteru/piętra a ground/a floor plan
    - narysować plan pawilonu/maszyny to draw up a plan of a pavilion/a machine
    6. Archit. (podstawa) plan
    - budowla na planie krzyża/koła a building on a cruciform/circular plan
    7. Szt., Kino, Teatr pierwszy/drugi plan the foreground/the background także przen.
    - na pierwszym/drugim planie in the foreground/background
    - być na pierwszym planie przen. to be of prime importance
    - w naszym domu muzyka była zawsze na pierwszym planie in our home music was always the first a. top priority
    - wysunąć się na pierwszy plan, znaleźć się na pierwszym planie przen. to come to the fore
    - zejść na dalszy a. drugi plan przen. to recede into the background
    - odsunąć a. zepchnąć coś na dalszy plan przen. to push sth into the background a. to the back
    8. Kino (miejsce kręcenia filmu) (film) set; (plener) location
    - plan ogólny a long shot
    - na planie on set
    - na planie „Batmana” on the set of ‘Batman’
    - wyjść na plan/zejść z planu to go on/walk off set
    9 przen. level, plane
    - akcja powieści rozgrywa się w dwóch planach czasowych the action of the novel takes place on two different time planes
    - plan realistyczny/symboliczny a realistic/a symbolic level a. plane
    □ plan awaryjny contingency plan
    - plan ewakuacyjny emergency evacuation plan
    - plan generalny master plan
    - plan kasowy Fin. fiscal a. financial plan
    - plan operacyjny a. strategiczny operational a. strategic plan, plan of operations
    - plan perspektywiczny long-term plan
    - plan regulacyjny Archit. regulating plan
    - plan sytuacyjny Archit. site plan
    - plan zbawienia a. Boży Relig. God’s plan (of salvation)
    - plan zagospodarowania przestrzennego Archit. development plan
    * * *
    -nu, -ny; loc sg - nie; m
    ( zamiar) plan; ( urlopów) schedule; ( działania) scheme; (wypracowania, wykładu) outline; ( mapa) street map; FILM set; ( plener) location

    pokrzyżować ( perf) czyjeś plany — to thwart sb's plans

    plan zajęć — ( godzinowy) timetable; ( tematyczny) syllabus

    według planu lub zgodnie z planem — according to plan

    drugi lub dalszy plan — background

    zejść ( perf) na drugi lub dalszy plan — to recede into the background

    * * *
    mi
    1. (= zamiar) intention; ( działania) scheme; pokrzyżować czyjeś plany upset the l. sb's applecart, thwart sb's plans; mieć w planie plan; według planu l. zgodnie z planem according to the plan, as planned.
    2. (= rozkład zajęć, czynności) schedule, timetable; plan podróży itinerary; plan działania action plan; plan inwestycyjny investment plan; plan perspektywiczny long-term plan.
    3. (= zarys) blueprint, design; (wypracowania, wykładu) outline.
    4. (= rysunek) plan, map; plan miasta street map; na planie prostokąta of rectangular plan; plan badań naukowych research project; plan sytuacyjny l. działki site plan.
    5. film, telew. (= odległość od kamery, oka widza) ground; drugi plan background; pierwszy plan foreground; być na pierwszym planie be in the foreground l. forefront; wysuwać się na pierwszy plan come to the fore; zejść na drugi l. dalszy plan recede l. fade into the background l. distance.
    6. film ( poza studiem) location; ( w studiu) set; na planie filmowym on location.

    The New English-Polish, Polish-English Kościuszko foundation dictionary > plan

  • 65 estudio2

    2 = review, scholarship, study [studies, -pl.], work, calibration, surveying, analysis [analyses, -pl.].
    Nota: Proceso de estudio de un todo para encontrar sus partes esenciales y las relaciones existentes entre ellas.
    Ex. The review is supported by a complete list of LIPs completed or in progess at Aug 88, followed by references to their reports.
    Ex. The most important of the functions of librarians is the collection, preservation and affording access to the materials of scholarship.
    Ex. A study of the major general schemes reveals a wide gulf between theory, as outlined in the previous chapter, and practice, as reflected in the major schemes.
    Ex. The Classification Research Group (CRG) has been a major force in the development of classification theory, and has made a major contribution towards work on a new general classification scheme.
    Ex. This requires careful calibration of reader response and the use of as many quantitative indices as possible.
    Ex. The author describes one effort made to counter this trend, through the surveying of the records of a library and the identification of materials to be preserved.
    Ex. The operation of investigating a whole with the aim of finding out its essential parts and their relationship to each other is known as analysis.
    ----
    * abandonar los estudios = drop out (from school), drop out of + school.
    * ámbito de estudio = scope.
    * área de estudio = study area, study area.
    * asignatura de estudios = curriculum subject.
    * beca de estudio(s) = study grant, education grant.
    * bolsa de estudios = bursary.
    * campo de estudio = field of study.
    * centro de apoyo a los programas de estudios = curriculum material center.
    * centro de estudios = study centre.
    * comisionar un estudio = commission + study.
    * compañero de estudios = co-student.
    * con estudios = schooled, educated, educated.
    * con estudios superiores = highly educated.
    * con un nivel de estudios alto = well educated [well-educated].
    * dejar los estudios = drop out (from school), drop out of + school.
    * desarrollo del plan de estudios = curriculum development.
    * disciplina de estudio = field of study.
    * diseñado para el estudio = curriculum-oriented.
    * diseño de planes de estudios = curriculum design.
    * edad de finalización de los estudios = terminal education age.
    * encargar un estudio = commission + study.
    * en el estudio = at study.
    * enseñanza a través del estudio de casos = case-teaching.
    * espacio reservado para el estudio = study space.
    * estudiante de bachiller que abandona los estudios = high-school dropout.
    * estudiante que ha completado los estudios secundarios = high school graduate, high school leaver.
    * estudiante universitario que abandona los estudios = college dropout.
    * estudio académico = academic study.
    * estudio basado en un cuestionario = questionnaire survey.
    * estudio bibliométrico = bibliometric analysis.
    * estudio cartográfico = ordnance survey.
    * estudio cinematográfico = film location, film studio.
    * estudio clásico = classic study.
    * estudio comparativo = correlation study.
    * estudio crítico del estado de la cuestión = review.
    * estudio cualitativo = qualitative study.
    * estudio cuantitativo = quantitative study.
    * estudio de alcance = scoping study.
    * estudio de arquitectos = architecture firm, architectural firm.
    * estudio de caso = case study.
    * estudio de impacto = impact study.
    * estudio de impacto en el medio ambiente = environmental impact study.
    * estudio de la productividad = time-and-motion study, time study, motion study.
    * estudio del estado de la cuestión = survey.
    * estudio de los himnos = hymnology.
    * estudio Delphi = Delphi study.
    * estudio de mercado = market survey, market research, marketing audit, consumer research.
    * estudio de seguimiento = follow-up study.
    * estudio de usabilidad = usability study.
    * estudio de uso = use study.
    * estudio de usuario = reader survey, consumer survey, customer survey.
    * estudio de usuarios = user study, marketing audit, user survey.
    * estudio de usuarios de la biblioteca = library user study.
    * estudio de viabilidad = demonstration project, feasibility study.
    * estudio epidemiológico = epidemiological study.
    * estudio geológico = geological survey.
    * estudio local = area study.
    * estudio longitudinal = longitudinal study.
    * estudio piloto = pilot study, pilot test.
    * estudio por simulación = simulation study.
    * estudio regional = area study.
    * estudios = academic background, course of study, educational career.
    * estudios africanos = African studies.
    * estudios afroamericanos = black studies.
    * estudios culturales = cultural studies.
    * estudios de administración = management studies.
    * estudios de auxiliar administrativo = information administration.
    * estudios de gestión = management science.
    * estudios de la mujer = women's studies, gender studies.
    * estudios de la paz y los conflictos = peace and conflict studies.
    * estudios de licenciatura = graduate work, graduate education.
    * estudios de literatura clásica = classical studies.
    * estudios del medio ambiente = environmental studies.
    * estudios de secretariado = secretarial studies.
    * estudios de tipografía = typographical studies.
    * estudios empresariales = business studies.
    * estudios en el extranjero = study abroad.
    * estudios europeos = European studies.
    * estudio sicométrico = psychometric study.
    * estudios literarios = literary studies.
    * estudios relacionados con las misiones religiosas = missiology.
    * estudios sobre la mujer = women's studies, gender studies.
    * estudios sobre paz y conflictos = peace and conflict studies.
    * estudios sociales = cultural studies.
    * estudios socioculturales = cultural studies.
    * estudio topográfico = surveying.
    * estudio universitario = academic study.
    * finalización de los estudios = graduation.
    * finalizar los estudios de BUP = complete + high school.
    * grupo de estudio = study circle.
    * habitación de estudio = private study, study facilities.
    * institución para el estudio y la conservación del patrimonio cult = heritage organisation.
    * libro de estudio = study book.
    * materia de estudio = subject of study.
    * material de estudio = study material, course material, curriculum material, curriculum resource, study package.
    * mesa de estudio = carrel, study table.
    * mesa individual de estudio = study carrel.
    * metodología de estudio = study skills.
    * nivel de estudios = educational background, level of education.
    * objeto de estudio = subject, object of study, under study.
    * partitura de estudio = miniature score.
    * permiso de estudios = study leave.
    * persona que elabora el plan de estudios = syllabus maker.
    * plan de estudios = curriculum [curricula, -pl.], syllabus [syllabi/syllabuses, -pl.], school curriculum, study plan.
    * planes de estudios = syllabi.
    * primer año de estudios superiores = freshman year.
    * programa de estudio = programme of study.
    * programa de estudios = course brochure, educational program(me), school program(me), study program(me), syllabus [syllabi/syllabuses, -pl.], education programme.
    * programa de estudios común = common core syllabus.
    * programas de estudios = syllabi.
    * realización de los estudios escolares en casa = homeschooling [home schooling].
    * realizar estudios = do + study.
    * realizar un estudio = carry out + survey, conduct + survey, undertake + study, undertake + survey, conduct + study.
    * realizar un estudio evaluativo = conduct + review.
    * reforma del plan de estudios = curriculum development.
    * relacionado con los estudios = course-related.
    * relativo a los estudios de diplomatura = undergrad (undergraduate).
    * relativo a los estudios de licenciatura = grad (graduate), postgraduate [post-graduate].
    * sala de estudio = study facilities, study room.
    * sin estudios = ill-educated.
    * técnicas de estudio = study skills.
    * tema de estudio = study area, under study.
    * terminar los estudios = graduate.
    * tiempo de estudio = study time.
    * unidad de estudio = unit of study, study unit.
    * viaje de estudio = study trip.
    * zona de estudio = study area, study facilities.

    Spanish-English dictionary > estudio2

  • 66 estudio

    m.
    1 study.
    ha dedicado muchos años al estudio del tema she has studied the subject for many years
    estar en estudio to be under consideration
    estudio de campo field study
    estudio de viabilidad feasibility study
    2 study (oficina).
    3 studio (Cine, Rad & TV).
    los estudios de la Metro the Metro studios
    estudio de grabación recording studio
    pres.indicat.
    1st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: estudiar.
    * * *
    1 (gen) study
    2 (encuesta) survey, study; (investigación) research
    3 (apartamento) studio flat (US apartment), bedsit
    4 (sala) studio
    1 (conocimientos) studies, education sing
    \
    cursar estudios to study
    dar estudios a alguien to pay for somebody's education
    dedicarse al estudio de algo to study something
    estar algo en estudio to be under consideration
    hacer estudios to study
    tener estudios to be well-educated
    estudio de grabación recording studio
    estudio de mercado market research
    estudio de televisión television studio
    * * *
    noun m.
    3) den
    * * *
    SM
    1) (=investigación) study

    estudio de desplazamientos y tiempos — (Com) time and motion study

    bolsa 9), plan 2)
    2) (=actividad investigadora) study
    3) (=análisis) [de intención de voto, edificio] survey

    • estar en estudio — to be under consideration

    4) pl estudios (=educación) education sing

    • cursar estudios de algo — to study sth

    • dejar los estudios — (Escol) to drop out of school; (Univ) to drop out of university

    • tener estudios — to have an education, be educated

    5) (=erudición) learning
    6) (Arte, Mús) study

    un estudio de piano — a study o étude for piano

    7) (=lugar de trabajo)
    a) [en una casa] study
    b) [profesional] [de artista, arquitecto] studio; Cono Sur [de abogado] office
    c) (Cine, Radio, TV) studio

    estudio cinematográfico, estudio de cine — film studio

    estudio de fotografía — photographer's studio, photographic studio

    8) (=apartamento) studio, studio flat
    * * *
    1)
    a) (Educ) ( actividad)

    primero está el estudio — your studies o work must come first

    b) (investigación, análisis) study
    c) (de asunto, caso) consideration

    está en o (RPl) a estudio en el Parlamento — it is being considered in parliament

    2) ( lugar)
    a) ( de artista) studio; ( de arquitecto) office, studio; ( de abogado) (CS) office
    b) (Cin, Rad, TV) studio
    c) ( en casa) study; ( apartamento) studio apartment
    3) (Mús, Art) study
    4) estudios masculino plural (Educ) education

    estudios primarios/superiores — primary/higher education

    * * *
    1)
    a) (Educ) ( actividad)

    primero está el estudio — your studies o work must come first

    b) (investigación, análisis) study
    c) (de asunto, caso) consideration

    está en o (RPl) a estudio en el Parlamento — it is being considered in parliament

    2) ( lugar)
    a) ( de artista) studio; ( de arquitecto) office, studio; ( de abogado) (CS) office
    b) (Cin, Rad, TV) studio
    c) ( en casa) study; ( apartamento) studio apartment
    3) (Mús, Art) study
    4) estudios masculino plural (Educ) education

    estudios primarios/superiores — primary/higher education

    * * *
    estudio1
    1 = studio.

    Ex: The author describes the design of the new studios which aim to be as flexible as possible.

    * estudio de cine = film location, film studio.
    * estudio de grabación = recording studio, sound recording studio.
    * estudio de música = music studio.
    * estudio de radio = radio studio.
    * estudio de televisión = television studio.
    * estudio discográfico = record studio.
    * filmar en el estudio = film in + the studio.
    * grabar en el estudio = film in + the studio.
    * rodar en el estudio = film in + the studio.

    estudio2
    2 = review, scholarship, study [studies, -pl.], work, calibration, surveying, analysis [analyses, -pl.].
    Nota: Proceso de estudio de un todo para encontrar sus partes esenciales y las relaciones existentes entre ellas.

    Ex: The review is supported by a complete list of LIPs completed or in progess at Aug 88, followed by references to their reports.

    Ex: The most important of the functions of librarians is the collection, preservation and affording access to the materials of scholarship.
    Ex: A study of the major general schemes reveals a wide gulf between theory, as outlined in the previous chapter, and practice, as reflected in the major schemes.
    Ex: The Classification Research Group (CRG) has been a major force in the development of classification theory, and has made a major contribution towards work on a new general classification scheme.
    Ex: This requires careful calibration of reader response and the use of as many quantitative indices as possible.
    Ex: The author describes one effort made to counter this trend, through the surveying of the records of a library and the identification of materials to be preserved.
    Ex: The operation of investigating a whole with the aim of finding out its essential parts and their relationship to each other is known as analysis.
    * abandonar los estudios = drop out (from school), drop out of + school.
    * ámbito de estudio = scope.
    * área de estudio = study area, study area.
    * asignatura de estudios = curriculum subject.
    * beca de estudio(s) = study grant, education grant.
    * bolsa de estudios = bursary.
    * campo de estudio = field of study.
    * centro de apoyo a los programas de estudios = curriculum material center.
    * centro de estudios = study centre.
    * comisionar un estudio = commission + study.
    * compañero de estudios = co-student.
    * con estudios = schooled, educated, educated.
    * con estudios superiores = highly educated.
    * con un nivel de estudios alto = well educated [well-educated].
    * dejar los estudios = drop out (from school), drop out of + school.
    * desarrollo del plan de estudios = curriculum development.
    * disciplina de estudio = field of study.
    * diseñado para el estudio = curriculum-oriented.
    * diseño de planes de estudios = curriculum design.
    * edad de finalización de los estudios = terminal education age.
    * encargar un estudio = commission + study.
    * en el estudio = at study.
    * enseñanza a través del estudio de casos = case-teaching.
    * espacio reservado para el estudio = study space.
    * estudiante de bachiller que abandona los estudios = high-school dropout.
    * estudiante que ha completado los estudios secundarios = high school graduate, high school leaver.
    * estudiante universitario que abandona los estudios = college dropout.
    * estudio académico = academic study.
    * estudio basado en un cuestionario = questionnaire survey.
    * estudio bibliométrico = bibliometric analysis.
    * estudio cartográfico = ordnance survey.
    * estudio cinematográfico = film location, film studio.
    * estudio clásico = classic study.
    * estudio comparativo = correlation study.
    * estudio crítico del estado de la cuestión = review.
    * estudio cualitativo = qualitative study.
    * estudio cuantitativo = quantitative study.
    * estudio de alcance = scoping study.
    * estudio de arquitectos = architecture firm, architectural firm.
    * estudio de caso = case study.
    * estudio de impacto = impact study.
    * estudio de impacto en el medio ambiente = environmental impact study.
    * estudio de la productividad = time-and-motion study, time study, motion study.
    * estudio del estado de la cuestión = survey.
    * estudio de los himnos = hymnology.
    * estudio Delphi = Delphi study.
    * estudio de mercado = market survey, market research, marketing audit, consumer research.
    * estudio de seguimiento = follow-up study.
    * estudio de usabilidad = usability study.
    * estudio de uso = use study.
    * estudio de usuario = reader survey, consumer survey, customer survey.
    * estudio de usuarios = user study, marketing audit, user survey.
    * estudio de usuarios de la biblioteca = library user study.
    * estudio de viabilidad = demonstration project, feasibility study.
    * estudio epidemiológico = epidemiological study.
    * estudio geológico = geological survey.
    * estudio local = area study.
    * estudio longitudinal = longitudinal study.
    * estudio piloto = pilot study, pilot test.
    * estudio por simulación = simulation study.
    * estudio regional = area study.
    * estudios = academic background, course of study, educational career.
    * estudios africanos = African studies.
    * estudios afroamericanos = black studies.
    * estudios culturales = cultural studies.
    * estudios de administración = management studies.
    * estudios de auxiliar administrativo = information administration.
    * estudios de gestión = management science.
    * estudios de la mujer = women's studies, gender studies.
    * estudios de la paz y los conflictos = peace and conflict studies.
    * estudios de licenciatura = graduate work, graduate education.
    * estudios de literatura clásica = classical studies.
    * estudios del medio ambiente = environmental studies.
    * estudios de secretariado = secretarial studies.
    * estudios de tipografía = typographical studies.
    * estudios empresariales = business studies.
    * estudios en el extranjero = study abroad.
    * estudios europeos = European studies.
    * estudio sicométrico = psychometric study.
    * estudios literarios = literary studies.
    * estudios relacionados con las misiones religiosas = missiology.
    * estudios sobre la mujer = women's studies, gender studies.
    * estudios sobre paz y conflictos = peace and conflict studies.
    * estudios sociales = cultural studies.
    * estudios socioculturales = cultural studies.
    * estudio topográfico = surveying.
    * estudio universitario = academic study.
    * finalización de los estudios = graduation.
    * finalizar los estudios de BUP = complete + high school.
    * grupo de estudio = study circle.
    * habitación de estudio = private study, study facilities.
    * institución para el estudio y la conservación del patrimonio cult = heritage organisation.
    * libro de estudio = study book.
    * materia de estudio = subject of study.
    * material de estudio = study material, course material, curriculum material, curriculum resource, study package.
    * mesa de estudio = carrel, study table.
    * mesa individual de estudio = study carrel.
    * metodología de estudio = study skills.
    * nivel de estudios = educational background, level of education.
    * objeto de estudio = subject, object of study, under study.
    * partitura de estudio = miniature score.
    * permiso de estudios = study leave.
    * persona que elabora el plan de estudios = syllabus maker.
    * plan de estudios = curriculum [curricula, -pl.], syllabus [syllabi/syllabuses, -pl.], school curriculum, study plan.
    * planes de estudios = syllabi.
    * primer año de estudios superiores = freshman year.
    * programa de estudio = programme of study.
    * programa de estudios = course brochure, educational program(me), school program(me), study program(me), syllabus [syllabi/syllabuses, -pl.], education programme.
    * programa de estudios común = common core syllabus.
    * programas de estudios = syllabi.
    * realización de los estudios escolares en casa = homeschooling [home schooling].
    * realizar estudios = do + study.
    * realizar un estudio = carry out + survey, conduct + survey, undertake + study, undertake + survey, conduct + study.
    * realizar un estudio evaluativo = conduct + review.
    * reforma del plan de estudios = curriculum development.
    * relacionado con los estudios = course-related.
    * relativo a los estudios de diplomatura = undergrad (undergraduate).
    * relativo a los estudios de licenciatura = grad (graduate), postgraduate [post-graduate].
    * sala de estudio = study facilities, study room.
    * sin estudios = ill-educated.
    * técnicas de estudio = study skills.
    * tema de estudio = study area, under study.
    * terminar los estudios = graduate.
    * tiempo de estudio = study time.
    * unidad de estudio = unit of study, study unit.
    * viaje de estudio = study trip.
    * zona de estudio = study area, study facilities.

    * * *
    A
    1 ( Educ)
    (actividad): primero está el estudio y después la diversión your studies o work o studying must come first, then you can enjoy yourself
    2
    (investigación, análisis): el estudio de la fauna de la zona the study of the area's fauna
    realizó un estudio sobre la mortalidad infantil she carried out a survey o study on infant mortality
    le hicieron un estudio hormonal she had a series of hormone tests done
    3 (de un asunto, caso) consideration
    le presentaron un nuevo proyecto para su estudio they put forward a new plan for his consideration
    está en o ( RPl) a estudio en el Parlamento it is being considered in parliament
    Compuestos:
    field study
    market research
    1 (de un artista) studio; (de un arquitecto) office, studio; (de un abogado) (CS) office
    2 ( Cin, Rad, TV) studio
    la película se realizará íntegramente en estudios the movie will be made entirely in the studio
    4 (apartamento) studio apartment o ( BrE) flat
    Compuestos:
    recording studio
    photographic studio
    ( RPl) (oficina) lawyer's office; (grupo) legal practise*
    C
    1 ( Mús) study, étude
    2 ( Art) study
    D estudios mpl ( Educ) education
    estudios primarios/superiores primary/higher education
    está cursando estudios de especialización she is doing her specialization
    se sacrificó para darle estudios a su hijo she made a lot of sacrifices to give her son an education o to put her son through school
    para ese trabajo no hace falta tener estudios you don't need a degree for that job
    ¿por qué dejaste los estudios? why did you give up your studies?, why did you quit school? ( AmE)
    * * *

     

    Del verbo estudiar: ( conjugate estudiar)

    estudio es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo

    estudió es:

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo

    Multiple Entries:
    estudiar    
    estudio
    estudiar ( conjugate estudiar) verbo transitivo
    1
    a) ‹ asignatura› to study;

    ( en la universidad) to study, read (frml);
    ◊ ¿qué carrera estudió? what subject did he do at college/university?


    c) ‹lección/tablas› to learn

    2 ( observar) ‹rostro/comportamiento› to study
    3 (considerar, analizar) ‹mercado/situación/proyecto› to study;
    ‹ propuesta› to study, consider;
    ‹ causas› to look into, investigate
    verbo intransitivo
    to study;

    debes estudio más you must work harder;
    dejó de estudio a los 15 años she left school at 15;
    estudio para algo to study to be sth
    estudiarse verbo pronominal ( enf) ‹ lección› to study;

    ‹ papel› to learn
    estudio sustantivo masculino
    1
    a) (Educ) ( actividad):

    ◊ primero está el estudio studying o your studies o work must come first

    b) (investigación, análisis) study;


    c) (de asunto, caso) consideration;


    2 ( lugar)

    ( de arquitecto) office, studio
    b) (Cin, Rad, TV) studio

    c) ( en casa) study;

    ( apartamento) studio apartment
    3
    ◊ estudios sustantivo masculino plural (Educ) education;

    estudios superiores higher education;
    quiso darle estudios a su hijo she wanted to give her son an education;
    tener estudios superiores to have a degree;
    dejar los estudios to give up one's studies
    estudiar verbo transitivo & verbo intransitivo to study: estudia para abogado, she's studying to become a lawyer ➣ Ver nota en study
    estudio sustantivo masculino
    1 study: todas las tardes dedico tres horas al estudio, I spend three hours studying every afternoon
    2 (investigación) research
    estudio de mercado, market research
    3 (sala) studio
    estudio fotográfico, photographic studio
    4 (apartamento) studio (flat)
    5 Educ estudios, studies
    (educación) education
    tener estudios, to have an education
    ' estudio' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    geológica
    - geológico
    - grafológica
    - grafológico
    - interdisciplinaria
    - interdisciplinario
    - investigación
    - robar
    - sanctasanctórum
    - cabina
    - concienzudo
    - despacho
    - detallado
    - detenido
    - ecológico
    - elaborar
    - especialidad
    - estadística
    - estudiar
    - examen
    - fondo
    - hispanismo
    - laguna
    - objeto
    - terminar
    English:
    bedsit
    - bedsitter
    - breakdown
    - case study
    - comprehensive
    - consideration
    - den
    - economics
    - ESL
    - ESP
    - horticulture
    - invalid
    - market research
    - pilot study
    - province
    - review
    - rocketry
    - studio
    - studio flat
    - study
    - wide-ranging
    - case
    - curriculum
    - feasibility
    - field
    - investigation
    - market
    - survey
    * * *
    1. [actividad] study;
    ha dedicado muchos años al estudio del tema she has studied the subject for many years;
    estar en estudio to be under consideration
    estudio de mercado [técnica] market research; [investigación] market survey
    2. [investigación] study;
    ha publicado un estudio sobre el tema she's published a study on the subject;
    hacer un estudio de algo to survey sth;
    le hicieron un estudio de la flora intestinal they investigated the composition of her intestinal flora
    estudio de campo field study;
    estudio geológico geological survey;
    estudio de impacto ambiental environmental impact study;
    estudio de viabilidad feasibility study
    3.
    estudios [educación] studies;
    el niño va muy bien en los estudios the boy is doing very well at school;
    al terminar sus estudios en Viena, viajó a París on completing his studies in Vienna he travelled to Paris;
    dar estudios a alguien to pay for o finance sb's education;
    dejó los estudios a los quince años he left school at fifteen;
    tener estudios to be educated
    estudios de posgrado postgraduate studies o education;
    estudios primarios primary education;
    estudios secundarios secondary education;
    estudios superiores higher education
    4. [despacho] study;
    [de fotógrafo, pintor, arquitecto] studio; RP [de abogado] practice
    5. [apartamento] studio Br flat o US apartment
    6. Cine, Rad & TV studio;
    los estudios de la Metro the Metro studios
    estudio de grabación recording studio
    7. Arte study
    8. Mús étude, study;
    estudio para piano piano study
    * * *
    m
    1 disciplina study
    2 apartamento studio, Br
    studio flat
    3 de cine, música studio
    4
    :
    estudios (universitarios) pl university education sg ;
    tener estudios have a degree;
    una persona sin estudios a person with no formal education
    * * *
    1) : study
    2) : studio
    3) estudios nmpl
    : studies, education
    * * *
    1. (en general) study [pl. studies]
    2. (apartamento) studio flat
    3. (de televisión, cine) studio

    Spanish-English dictionary > estudio

  • 67 Artificial Intelligence

       In my opinion, none of [these programs] does even remote justice to the complexity of human mental processes. Unlike men, "artificially intelligent" programs tend to be single minded, undistractable, and unemotional. (Neisser, 1967, p. 9)
       Future progress in [artificial intelligence] will depend on the development of both practical and theoretical knowledge.... As regards theoretical knowledge, some have sought a unified theory of artificial intelligence. My view is that artificial intelligence is (or soon will be) an engineering discipline since its primary goal is to build things. (Nilsson, 1971, pp. vii-viii)
       Most workers in AI [artificial intelligence] research and in related fields confess to a pronounced feeling of disappointment in what has been achieved in the last 25 years. Workers entered the field around 1950, and even around 1960, with high hopes that are very far from being realized in 1972. In no part of the field have the discoveries made so far produced the major impact that was then promised.... In the meantime, claims and predictions regarding the potential results of AI research had been publicized which went even farther than the expectations of the majority of workers in the field, whose embarrassments have been added to by the lamentable failure of such inflated predictions....
       When able and respected scientists write in letters to the present author that AI, the major goal of computing science, represents "another step in the general process of evolution"; that possibilities in the 1980s include an all-purpose intelligence on a human-scale knowledge base; that awe-inspiring possibilities suggest themselves based on machine intelligence exceeding human intelligence by the year 2000 [one has the right to be skeptical]. (Lighthill, 1972, p. 17)
       4) Just as Astronomy Succeeded Astrology, the Discovery of Intellectual Processes in Machines Should Lead to a Science, Eventually
       Just as astronomy succeeded astrology, following Kepler's discovery of planetary regularities, the discoveries of these many principles in empirical explorations on intellectual processes in machines should lead to a science, eventually. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)
       Many problems arise in experiments on machine intelligence because things obvious to any person are not represented in any program. One can pull with a string, but one cannot push with one.... Simple facts like these caused serious problems when Charniak attempted to extend Bobrow's "Student" program to more realistic applications, and they have not been faced up to until now. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 77)
       What do we mean by [a symbolic] "description"? We do not mean to suggest that our descriptions must be made of strings of ordinary language words (although they might be). The simplest kind of description is a structure in which some features of a situation are represented by single ("primitive") symbols, and relations between those features are represented by other symbols-or by other features of the way the description is put together. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)
       [AI is] the use of computer programs and programming techniques to cast light on the principles of intelligence in general and human thought in particular. (Boden, 1977, p. 5)
       The word you look for and hardly ever see in the early AI literature is the word knowledge. They didn't believe you have to know anything, you could always rework it all.... In fact 1967 is the turning point in my mind when there was enough feeling that the old ideas of general principles had to go.... I came up with an argument for what I called the primacy of expertise, and at the time I called the other guys the generalists. (Moses, quoted in McCorduck, 1979, pp. 228-229)
       9) Artificial Intelligence Is Psychology in a Particularly Pure and Abstract Form
       The basic idea of cognitive science is that intelligent beings are semantic engines-in other words, automatic formal systems with interpretations under which they consistently make sense. We can now see why this includes psychology and artificial intelligence on a more or less equal footing: people and intelligent computers (if and when there are any) turn out to be merely different manifestations of the same underlying phenomenon. Moreover, with universal hardware, any semantic engine can in principle be formally imitated by a computer if only the right program can be found. And that will guarantee semantic imitation as well, since (given the appropriate formal behavior) the semantics is "taking care of itself" anyway. Thus we also see why, from this perspective, artificial intelligence can be regarded as psychology in a particularly pure and abstract form. The same fundamental structures are under investigation, but in AI, all the relevant parameters are under direct experimental control (in the programming), without any messy physiology or ethics to get in the way. (Haugeland, 1981b, p. 31)
       There are many different kinds of reasoning one might imagine:
        Formal reasoning involves the syntactic manipulation of data structures to deduce new ones following prespecified rules of inference. Mathematical logic is the archetypical formal representation. Procedural reasoning uses simulation to answer questions and solve problems. When we use a program to answer What is the sum of 3 and 4? it uses, or "runs," a procedural model of arithmetic. Reasoning by analogy seems to be a very natural mode of thought for humans but, so far, difficult to accomplish in AI programs. The idea is that when you ask the question Can robins fly? the system might reason that "robins are like sparrows, and I know that sparrows can fly, so robins probably can fly."
        Generalization and abstraction are also natural reasoning process for humans that are difficult to pin down well enough to implement in a program. If one knows that Robins have wings, that Sparrows have wings, and that Blue jays have wings, eventually one will believe that All birds have wings. This capability may be at the core of most human learning, but it has not yet become a useful technique in AI.... Meta- level reasoning is demonstrated by the way one answers the question What is Paul Newman's telephone number? You might reason that "if I knew Paul Newman's number, I would know that I knew it, because it is a notable fact." This involves using "knowledge about what you know," in particular, about the extent of your knowledge and about the importance of certain facts. Recent research in psychology and AI indicates that meta-level reasoning may play a central role in human cognitive processing. (Barr & Feigenbaum, 1981, pp. 146-147)
       Suffice it to say that programs already exist that can do things-or, at the very least, appear to be beginning to do things-which ill-informed critics have asserted a priori to be impossible. Examples include: perceiving in a holistic as opposed to an atomistic way; using language creatively; translating sensibly from one language to another by way of a language-neutral semantic representation; planning acts in a broad and sketchy fashion, the details being decided only in execution; distinguishing between different species of emotional reaction according to the psychological context of the subject. (Boden, 1981, p. 33)
       Can the synthesis of Man and Machine ever be stable, or will the purely organic component become such a hindrance that it has to be discarded? If this eventually happens-and I have... good reasons for thinking that it must-we have nothing to regret and certainly nothing to fear. (Clarke, 1984, p. 243)
       The thesis of GOFAI... is not that the processes underlying intelligence can be described symbolically... but that they are symbolic. (Haugeland, 1985, p. 113)
        14) Artificial Intelligence Provides a Useful Approach to Psychological and Psychiatric Theory Formation
       It is all very well formulating psychological and psychiatric theories verbally but, when using natural language (even technical jargon), it is difficult to recognise when a theory is complete; oversights are all too easily made, gaps too readily left. This is a point which is generally recognised to be true and it is for precisely this reason that the behavioural sciences attempt to follow the natural sciences in using "classical" mathematics as a more rigorous descriptive language. However, it is an unfortunate fact that, with a few notable exceptions, there has been a marked lack of success in this application. It is my belief that a different approach-a different mathematics-is needed, and that AI provides just this approach. (Hand, quoted in Hand, 1985, pp. 6-7)
       We might distinguish among four kinds of AI.
       Research of this kind involves building and programming computers to perform tasks which, to paraphrase Marvin Minsky, would require intelligence if they were done by us. Researchers in nonpsychological AI make no claims whatsoever about the psychological realism of their programs or the devices they build, that is, about whether or not computers perform tasks as humans do.
       Research here is guided by the view that the computer is a useful tool in the study of mind. In particular, we can write computer programs or build devices that simulate alleged psychological processes in humans and then test our predictions about how the alleged processes work. We can weave these programs and devices together with other programs and devices that simulate different alleged mental processes and thereby test the degree to which the AI system as a whole simulates human mentality. According to weak psychological AI, working with computer models is a way of refining and testing hypotheses about processes that are allegedly realized in human minds.
    ... According to this view, our minds are computers and therefore can be duplicated by other computers. Sherry Turkle writes that the "real ambition is of mythic proportions, making a general purpose intelligence, a mind." (Turkle, 1984, p. 240) The authors of a major text announce that "the ultimate goal of AI research is to build a person or, more humbly, an animal." (Charniak & McDermott, 1985, p. 7)
       Research in this field, like strong psychological AI, takes seriously the functionalist view that mentality can be realized in many different types of physical devices. Suprapsychological AI, however, accuses strong psychological AI of being chauvinisticof being only interested in human intelligence! Suprapsychological AI claims to be interested in all the conceivable ways intelligence can be realized. (Flanagan, 1991, pp. 241-242)
        16) Determination of Relevance of Rules in Particular Contexts
       Even if the [rules] were stored in a context-free form the computer still couldn't use them. To do that the computer requires rules enabling it to draw on just those [ rules] which are relevant in each particular context. Determination of relevance will have to be based on further facts and rules, but the question will again arise as to which facts and rules are relevant for making each particular determination. One could always invoke further facts and rules to answer this question, but of course these must be only the relevant ones. And so it goes. It seems that AI workers will never be able to get started here unless they can settle the problem of relevance beforehand by cataloguing types of context and listing just those facts which are relevant in each. (Dreyfus & Dreyfus, 1986, p. 80)
       Perhaps the single most important idea to artificial intelligence is that there is no fundamental difference between form and content, that meaning can be captured in a set of symbols such as a semantic net. (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)
        18) The Assumption That the Mind Is a Formal System
       Artificial intelligence is based on the assumption that the mind can be described as some kind of formal system manipulating symbols that stand for things in the world. Thus it doesn't matter what the brain is made of, or what it uses for tokens in the great game of thinking. Using an equivalent set of tokens and rules, we can do thinking with a digital computer, just as we can play chess using cups, salt and pepper shakers, knives, forks, and spoons. Using the right software, one system (the mind) can be mapped into the other (the computer). (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)
        19) A Statement of the Primary and Secondary Purposes of Artificial Intelligence
       The primary goal of Artificial Intelligence is to make machines smarter.
       The secondary goals of Artificial Intelligence are to understand what intelligence is (the Nobel laureate purpose) and to make machines more useful (the entrepreneurial purpose). (Winston, 1987, p. 1)
       The theoretical ideas of older branches of engineering are captured in the language of mathematics. We contend that mathematical logic provides the basis for theory in AI. Although many computer scientists already count logic as fundamental to computer science in general, we put forward an even stronger form of the logic-is-important argument....
       AI deals mainly with the problem of representing and using declarative (as opposed to procedural) knowledge. Declarative knowledge is the kind that is expressed as sentences, and AI needs a language in which to state these sentences. Because the languages in which this knowledge usually is originally captured (natural languages such as English) are not suitable for computer representations, some other language with the appropriate properties must be used. It turns out, we think, that the appropriate properties include at least those that have been uppermost in the minds of logicians in their development of logical languages such as the predicate calculus. Thus, we think that any language for expressing knowledge in AI systems must be at least as expressive as the first-order predicate calculus. (Genesereth & Nilsson, 1987, p. viii)
        21) Perceptual Structures Can Be Represented as Lists of Elementary Propositions
       In artificial intelligence studies, perceptual structures are represented as assemblages of description lists, the elementary components of which are propositions asserting that certain relations hold among elements. (Chase & Simon, 1988, p. 490)
       Artificial intelligence (AI) is sometimes defined as the study of how to build and/or program computers to enable them to do the sorts of things that minds can do. Some of these things are commonly regarded as requiring intelligence: offering a medical diagnosis and/or prescription, giving legal or scientific advice, proving theorems in logic or mathematics. Others are not, because they can be done by all normal adults irrespective of educational background (and sometimes by non-human animals too), and typically involve no conscious control: seeing things in sunlight and shadows, finding a path through cluttered terrain, fitting pegs into holes, speaking one's own native tongue, and using one's common sense. Because it covers AI research dealing with both these classes of mental capacity, this definition is preferable to one describing AI as making computers do "things that would require intelligence if done by people." However, it presupposes that computers could do what minds can do, that they might really diagnose, advise, infer, and understand. One could avoid this problematic assumption (and also side-step questions about whether computers do things in the same way as we do) by defining AI instead as "the development of computers whose observable performance has features which in humans we would attribute to mental processes." This bland characterization would be acceptable to some AI workers, especially amongst those focusing on the production of technological tools for commercial purposes. But many others would favour a more controversial definition, seeing AI as the science of intelligence in general-or, more accurately, as the intellectual core of cognitive science. As such, its goal is to provide a systematic theory that can explain (and perhaps enable us to replicate) both the general categories of intentionality and the diverse psychological capacities grounded in them. (Boden, 1990b, pp. 1-2)
       Because the ability to store data somewhat corresponds to what we call memory in human beings, and because the ability to follow logical procedures somewhat corresponds to what we call reasoning in human beings, many members of the cult have concluded that what computers do somewhat corresponds to what we call thinking. It is no great difficulty to persuade the general public of that conclusion since computers process data very fast in small spaces well below the level of visibility; they do not look like other machines when they are at work. They seem to be running along as smoothly and silently as the brain does when it remembers and reasons and thinks. On the other hand, those who design and build computers know exactly how the machines are working down in the hidden depths of their semiconductors. Computers can be taken apart, scrutinized, and put back together. Their activities can be tracked, analyzed, measured, and thus clearly understood-which is far from possible with the brain. This gives rise to the tempting assumption on the part of the builders and designers that computers can tell us something about brains, indeed, that the computer can serve as a model of the mind, which then comes to be seen as some manner of information processing machine, and possibly not as good at the job as the machine. (Roszak, 1994, pp. xiv-xv)
       The inner workings of the human mind are far more intricate than the most complicated systems of modern technology. Researchers in the field of artificial intelligence have been attempting to develop programs that will enable computers to display intelligent behavior. Although this field has been an active one for more than thirty-five years and has had many notable successes, AI researchers still do not know how to create a program that matches human intelligence. No existing program can recall facts, solve problems, reason, learn, and process language with human facility. This lack of success has occurred not because computers are inferior to human brains but rather because we do not yet know in sufficient detail how intelligence is organized in the brain. (Anderson, 1995, p. 2)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Artificial Intelligence

  • 68 disco

    adj.
    disco.
    f.
    m.
    1 disk (anatomy, Astron & Geom).
    disco solar the sun
    2 record.
    disco compacto compact disk
    disco de éxito hit (record)
    disco de larga duración LP, long-playing record
    3 (traffic) light.
    4 discus (sport).
    5 disk (computing).
    disco de arranque/del sistema startup/system disk
    disco duro/flexible hard/floppy disk
    disco magnético magnetic disk
    disco óptico optical disk
    disco removible/rígido removable/hard disk
    disco virtual virtual disk
    6 dial.
    7 disco music, disco.
    8 hard disk, harddisk, disc, disk.
    9 dish.
    * * *
    1 disc
    2 DEPORTE discus
    3 (de música) record
    \
    disco duro hard disk
    * * *
    noun m.
    1) disc, disk
    •
    - disco sencillo
    * * *
    I
    SM
    1) (Mús) record

    siempre está con el mismo disco, no cambia de disco — * he's like a cracked record *

    2) (Inform) disk

    disco de arranque — startup disk, boot disk

    disco flexible, disco floppy — floppy disk

    3) (Dep) discus
    4) (=señal) (Ferro) signal
    5)

    disco de freno — (Aut) brake disc

    6) (Telec) dial
    7)
    II
    * SF (=discoteca) disco
    * * *
    I
    1)
    a) (Audio) record, disc (colloq)

    parecer un disco rayado — (fam) to be like a worn-out gramophone record (colloq)

    b) (Inf) disk
    2)
    a) (Dep) discus
    b) (Med) disk*
    c) (Auto, Mec)

    frenos de disco — disk* brakes

    d) ( del teléfono) dial
    3)
    a) ( señal de tráfico) (road) sign
    b) ( semáforo) (Ferr) signal; (Auto) traffic light
    II
    femenino (fam) ( discoteca) disco
    * * *
    = disc [disk], diskette, gramophone record, record, sound disc, phonodisc, puck, platter.
    Ex. Chapter 6 covers discs, tapes, piano rolls and sound recordings on film.
    Ex. The message asks you to confirm that you want to delete the 'current record' from the diskette.
    Ex. The majority of this schedule is devoted to various 'physical forms': globes and relief maps, gramophone records, tapes, etc.
    Ex. For example, the child doing a project about birds will require books to give him background information, a record or cassette to let him hear a bird-song, and a film to help him to appreciate bird flight.
    Ex. The library may have music scores, books on music, sound discs and sound tapes, to mention but a few of the possible media.
    Ex. For instance, a change has been introduced from phonodisc and phonotape to sound recording, a term more easily understood by the public.
    Ex. But goal-scorers don't give up the puck that easily -- especially in the offensive zone.
    Ex. Hard drives typically have several platters which are mounted on the same spindle.
    ----
    * basado en discos ópticos = optical disc based.
    * base de datos en disco óptico = optical disc database.
    * cabeza lectora de disco = disc reading head.
    * cola de discos = disc queue.
    * colección de discos = record collection.
    * coleccionista de discos = discologist.
    * controladora de disco duro = hard disc controller board.
    * deterioro de los discos = disc rot.
    * directorio del disco = diskette directory.
    * disco actualizado = current disc.
    * disco analógico = analog disc.
    * disco CD-ROM = CD-ROM disc.
    * disco compacto (CD) = compact disc (CD).
    * disco con información = data diskette, data disk.
    * disco de almacenamiento óptico = optical storage disc.
    * disco de archivo = archival disc.
    * disco de cera = wax disc.
    * disco de demostración = demonstration disc.
    * disco de larga duración = long-play record.
    * disco de larga duración (LP) = LP (long play record).
    * disco de ordenador = computer disc.
    * disco de salida = output diskette.
    * disco de sectores blandos = soft sectored disc.
    * disco de stop = stop sign.
    * disco de vinilo = vinyl record.
    * disco digital = digital disc.
    * disco duro = hard disc, hard drive.
    * disco fijo = fixed disc.
    * disco flexible = diskette, floppy disc, floppy diskette.
    * disco floppy = floppy diskette, floppy disc.
    * disco índice = index disc.
    * disco láser = laser disc.
    * disco magnético = magnetic disc.
    * disco óptico = optical disc [optical disk], videodisc [video disc].
    * disco óptico de ordenador = computer optical disc.
    * disco óptico digital = optical digital disc.
    * disco óptico WORM = WORM optical disk.
    * disco sencillo = single.
    * disco sonoro = phonograph record, phonographic record, audio disc.
    * disco Winchester = Winchester disc.
    * edición en disco compacto = cd edition, compact disc edition.
    * en disco = ondisc.
    * espacio de almacenamiento en disco = drive storage space.
    * espacio en disco = disc space.
    * fichero en disco = disc file.
    * freno de disco = disc brake.
    * funda de disco = record sleeve.
    * funda de un disco = record cover.
    * guardar una búsqueda en disco = save + Posesivo + search + to disc.
    * hernia de disco = spinal disc herniation, slipped disc, disc herniation.
    * insertar disco en disquetera = load + disc into drive.
    * lector de disco óptico WORM = WORM optical disc drive.
    * lector de discos ópticos = optical disc drive.
    * lista de discos más vendidos, la = charts, the.
    * máquina de discos = jukebox.
    * memoria en disco = disc memory.
    * orden de funcionamiento del disco = disc operating command.
    * paquete de discos = disc pack.
    * pasar registros a disco = transfer + records + to disc.
    * Programa Piloto sobre Discos Opticos = Optical Disc Pilot Program.
    * sistema de discos ópticos = optical disc system.
    * sistema operativo de disco = Disc Operating System (DOS).
    * sobre disco = ondisc.
    * tecnología de discos ópticos = optical disc technology.
    * tienda de discos = record shop, record store.
    * unidad de disco = disc drive [disk drive], record deck.
    * videodisco = videodisc [video disc].
    * * *
    I
    1)
    a) (Audio) record, disc (colloq)

    parecer un disco rayado — (fam) to be like a worn-out gramophone record (colloq)

    b) (Inf) disk
    2)
    a) (Dep) discus
    b) (Med) disk*
    c) (Auto, Mec)

    frenos de disco — disk* brakes

    d) ( del teléfono) dial
    3)
    a) ( señal de tráfico) (road) sign
    b) ( semáforo) (Ferr) signal; (Auto) traffic light
    II
    femenino (fam) ( discoteca) disco
    * * *
    = disc [disk], diskette, gramophone record, record, sound disc, phonodisc, puck, platter.

    Ex: Chapter 6 covers discs, tapes, piano rolls and sound recordings on film.

    Ex: The message asks you to confirm that you want to delete the 'current record' from the diskette.
    Ex: The majority of this schedule is devoted to various 'physical forms': globes and relief maps, gramophone records, tapes, etc.
    Ex: For example, the child doing a project about birds will require books to give him background information, a record or cassette to let him hear a bird-song, and a film to help him to appreciate bird flight.
    Ex: The library may have music scores, books on music, sound discs and sound tapes, to mention but a few of the possible media.
    Ex: For instance, a change has been introduced from phonodisc and phonotape to sound recording, a term more easily understood by the public.
    Ex: But goal-scorers don't give up the puck that easily -- especially in the offensive zone.
    Ex: Hard drives typically have several platters which are mounted on the same spindle.
    * basado en discos ópticos = optical disc based.
    * base de datos en disco óptico = optical disc database.
    * cabeza lectora de disco = disc reading head.
    * cola de discos = disc queue.
    * colección de discos = record collection.
    * coleccionista de discos = discologist.
    * controladora de disco duro = hard disc controller board.
    * deterioro de los discos = disc rot.
    * directorio del disco = diskette directory.
    * disco actualizado = current disc.
    * disco analógico = analog disc.
    * disco CD-ROM = CD-ROM disc.
    * disco compacto (CD) = compact disc (CD).
    * disco con información = data diskette, data disk.
    * disco de almacenamiento óptico = optical storage disc.
    * disco de archivo = archival disc.
    * disco de cera = wax disc.
    * disco de demostración = demonstration disc.
    * disco de larga duración = long-play record.
    * disco de larga duración (LP) = LP (long play record).
    * disco de ordenador = computer disc.
    * disco de salida = output diskette.
    * disco de sectores blandos = soft sectored disc.
    * disco de stop = stop sign.
    * disco de vinilo = vinyl record.
    * disco digital = digital disc.
    * disco duro = hard disc, hard drive.
    * disco fijo = fixed disc.
    * disco flexible = diskette, floppy disc, floppy diskette.
    * disco floppy = floppy diskette, floppy disc.
    * disco índice = index disc.
    * disco láser = laser disc.
    * disco magnético = magnetic disc.
    * disco óptico = optical disc [optical disk], videodisc [video disc].
    * disco óptico de ordenador = computer optical disc.
    * disco óptico digital = optical digital disc.
    * disco óptico WORM = WORM optical disk.
    * disco sencillo = single.
    * disco sonoro = phonograph record, phonographic record, audio disc.
    * disco Winchester = Winchester disc.
    * edición en disco compacto = cd edition, compact disc edition.
    * en disco = ondisc.
    * espacio de almacenamiento en disco = drive storage space.
    * espacio en disco = disc space.
    * fichero en disco = disc file.
    * freno de disco = disc brake.
    * funda de disco = record sleeve.
    * funda de un disco = record cover.
    * guardar una búsqueda en disco = save + Posesivo + search + to disc.
    * hernia de disco = spinal disc herniation, slipped disc, disc herniation.
    * insertar disco en disquetera = load + disc into drive.
    * lector de disco óptico WORM = WORM optical disc drive.
    * lector de discos ópticos = optical disc drive.
    * lista de discos más vendidos, la = charts, the.
    * máquina de discos = jukebox.
    * memoria en disco = disc memory.
    * orden de funcionamiento del disco = disc operating command.
    * paquete de discos = disc pack.
    * pasar registros a disco = transfer + records + to disc.
    * Programa Piloto sobre Discos Opticos = Optical Disc Pilot Program.
    * sistema de discos ópticos = optical disc system.
    * sistema operativo de disco = Disc Operating System (DOS).
    * sobre disco = ondisc.
    * tecnología de discos ópticos = optical disc technology.
    * tienda de discos = record shop, record store.
    * unidad de disco = disc drive [disk drive], record deck.
    * videodisco = videodisc [video disc].

    * * *
    A
    1 ( Audio) record, disk, disc ( esp BrE colloq)
    grabar un disco to make o cut a record o disk
    poner un disco to put on a record
    cambiar de or el disco ( fam); to change the subject
    parecer un disco rayado ( fam); to be like a worn-out gramophone record ( colloq)
    2 ( Inf) disk
    Compuestos:
    bar (with music, where one can dance)
    (disco) CD, compact disc; (aparato) compact disc player
    compact disc interactive
    boot disk
    album, LP
    ● disco de oro/platino
    gold/platinum disc
    ● disco de video or ( Esp) vídeo digital
    digital versatile disc, DVD
    hard disk
    fixed disk
    ● disco flexible or floppy
    floppy disk
    laser disc
    master disc
    video disk
    hard disk
    single
    digital versatile disc, DVD
    (CS) flying saucer
    B
    1 ( Dep) discus
    lanzamiento de disco the discus, throwing the discus
    2 ( Med) disk*
    3 ( Auto, Mec):
    frenos de disco disk* brakes
    C
    1 (señal de tráfico) sign, road sign
    2 (semáforo) ( Ferr) signal; ( Auto) traffic light
    * * *

    Del verbo discar: ( conjugate discar)

    disco es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo

    discó es:

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo

    Multiple Entries:
    discar    
    disco
    discar ( conjugate discar) verbo transitivo/intransitivo (AmL) to dial
    disco sustantivo masculino
    1
    a) (Audio) record;


    poner un disco to put on a record;
    disco compacto CD, compact disc;
    disco de larga duración album, LP;
    disco volador (CS) flying saucer
    b) (Inf) disk;


    disco flexible or floppy floppy disk
    2
    a) (Dep) discus

    b) (Anat) disk( conjugate disk);

    (Auto, Mec) disk

    3 ( señal de tráfico) (road) sign
    disco sustantivo masculino
    1 disc, US disk
    2 Mús record
    disco compacto, compact disc
    3 Inform disk
    disco duro, hard disk
    disco óptico, optical disk
    4 Anat disc
    5 Dep discus
    6 familiar traffic light
    ' disco' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    boîte
    - cara
    - carátula
    - cariño
    - compacta
    - compacto
    - digitalmente
    - discotequera
    - discotequero
    - editar
    - ficha
    - forzuda
    - forzudo
    - hernia
    - lanzamiento
    - portada
    - producción
    - rayar
    - resurgimiento
    - salir
    - sencilla
    - sencillo
    - surco
    - vuelta
    - álbum
    - año
    - combarse
    - compact disc
    - duración
    - enrollar
    - funda
    - girar
    - lanzador
    - poner
    - presentar
    - que
    - repetido
    - sacar
    - stop
    - tapa
    - tejo
    - unidad
    - voltear
    English:
    badge
    - CD
    - compact disc
    - cut
    - dial
    - disc
    - disc brakes
    - disco
    - disco music
    - discus
    - disk
    - DOS
    - flip side
    - gold disc
    - groove
    - hard disk
    - make
    - making
    - play
    - plug
    - puck
    - record
    - release
    - side
    - single
    - sleeve
    - title track
    - track
    - warehouse
    - compact
    - discotheque
    - hard
    - long
    - out
    - slipped disc
    * * *
    ♦ nm
    1. [de música] record;
    un disco de boleros/de música de cámara an album of boleros/chamber music;
    van a grabar otro disco they're going to record another album;
    pasamos la tarde poniendo discos we spent the afternoon listening to records;
    Fam
    ser como o [m5] parecer un disco rayado to go on like a broken o cracked record;
    Fam
    ¡cambia de disco, que ya aburres! give it a rest for heaven's sake, you're going on like a cracked record!
    disco compacto compact disc;
    disco de larga duración LP, long-playing record;
    disco de oro gold disc;
    disco de platino platinum disc;
    disco recopilatorio compilation album;
    2. Informát disk
    disco de alta densidad high-density disk;
    disco de arranque start-up disk;
    disco compacto compact disc;
    disco compacto interactivo interactive compact disc;
    disco de destino destination disk;
    disco de doble densidad double-density disk;
    disco duro hard disk;
    disco duro externo external hard disk;
    disco duro extraíble removable hard disk;
    disco flexible floppy disk;
    disco maestro master disk;
    disco magnético magnetic disk;
    disco óptico optical disk;
    disco RAM RAM disk;
    disco removible removable disk;
    disco rígido hard disk;
    disco del sistema system disk;
    disco virtual virtual disk
    3. [semáforo] (traffic) light;
    el disco se puso en rojo/verde the lights turned to red/green;
    saltarse un disco en rojo to jump a red light
    4. [de teléfono] dial
    5. [prueba atlética, objeto que se lanza] discus;
    lanzamiento de disco (throwing) the discus;
    6. [en hockey sobre hielo] puck
    7. Anat disc;
    una hernia de disco a slipped disc, Espec a herniated disc
    8. Astron disc;
    el disco solar/lunar solar/lunar disc
    9. Geom disc
    ♦ nf
    Fam [discoteca] club
    disco2 adj inv
    Fam Mús [de discoteca] disco;
    la música disco disco (music);
    el sonido disco de los setenta the seventies disco sound
    * * *
    m
    1 disk, Br
    disc
    2 DEP discus
    3 MÚS record;
    cambiar de disco fig fam change the record
    4 ( discoteca) disco
    * * *
    disco nm
    1) : phonograph record
    2) : disc, disk
    disco compacto: compact disc
    3) : discus
    * * *
    1. (de música) record
    3. (en deporte) discus
    disco compacto compact disc / CD

    Spanish-English dictionary > disco

  • 69 eliminación

    f.
    1 elimination, removal, discard, disposal.
    2 put-out.
    3 elimination.
    * * *
    1 elimination
    * * *
    noun f.
    * * *
    SF
    1) (=de posibilidades) elimination
    2) [de concursante, deportista] elimination
    3) (=desaparición) [de mancha, obstáculo] removal; [de residuos] disposal
    4) [de incógnita] elimination
    5) (Fisiol) elimination
    * * *
    femenino elimination
    * * *
    = clearance, cutoff, deletion, elimination, erasure, removal, removing, suppression, withdrawal, disposal, disbandment, eradication, excision, axing, disbanding, overturning, clearing, wiping out.
    Ex. Most of the larger cities have set up wholesale slum clearance programmes and rehousing in council housing and high-rise flats.
    Ex. This is very important to remember in assessing the true significance of the potential of the LC catalog cutoff, to which Mr. Welsh refers.
    Ex. The query number Q0001 is needed for deletion at a later date.
    Ex. Left hand truncation, which involves the neglect of prefixes or the elimination of characters from the beginning of a word, is also possible in many systems.
    Ex. This method has the advantage of simplicity and ease of erasure.
    Ex. Other references follow, with the progressive removal of terms.
    Ex. The activities assigned were the following: unpacking and drying wet books; cleaning and removing mould; and dry cleaning techniques for papers and books.
    Ex. The practice of modifying the citation order prescribed by chain procedure can be extended beyond the suppression of time and form concepts.
    Ex. This situation has been severely aggravated by the sudden withdrawal of nearly a decade of federal largesse toward education and education-related activities.
    Ex. The current agricultural research programme includes scientific and technical research to improve land use and effluent disposal.
    Ex. The methods employed and labour costs associated with the disbandment are detailed.
    Ex. The background papers on education prepared for the conference did not include the role of libraries in the eradication of illiterary.
    Ex. In the light of unpopular decisions about the financing of local government, public libraries have been prime candidates for excision.
    Ex. This article reports briefly on the axing of the Wilson Library Bulletin.
    Ex. Disbanding of serials departments may result from the integration into automated systems of serials processing.
    Ex. This fight has caused the overturning of the tradition ofprivate ownership of presidential records.
    Ex. This clearing of the terminological undergrowth is only half the battle.
    Ex. He promoted a program of racial persecution and racism involving the wiping out of the Jews.
    ----
    * eliminación de ambigüedades = disambiguation.
    * eliminación de basura = waste disposal.
    * eliminación de la cafeina = decaffeination.
    * eliminación del intermediario = disintermediation.
    * eliminación de los duplicados = deduplication.
    * eliminación del sarro = descaling.
    * eliminación de registros duplicados = duplicate elimination.
    * eliminación de virus = virus elimination.
    * * *
    femenino elimination
    * * *
    = clearance, cutoff, deletion, elimination, erasure, removal, removing, suppression, withdrawal, disposal, disbandment, eradication, excision, axing, disbanding, overturning, clearing, wiping out.

    Ex: Most of the larger cities have set up wholesale slum clearance programmes and rehousing in council housing and high-rise flats.

    Ex: This is very important to remember in assessing the true significance of the potential of the LC catalog cutoff, to which Mr. Welsh refers.
    Ex: The query number Q0001 is needed for deletion at a later date.
    Ex: Left hand truncation, which involves the neglect of prefixes or the elimination of characters from the beginning of a word, is also possible in many systems.
    Ex: This method has the advantage of simplicity and ease of erasure.
    Ex: Other references follow, with the progressive removal of terms.
    Ex: The activities assigned were the following: unpacking and drying wet books; cleaning and removing mould; and dry cleaning techniques for papers and books.
    Ex: The practice of modifying the citation order prescribed by chain procedure can be extended beyond the suppression of time and form concepts.
    Ex: This situation has been severely aggravated by the sudden withdrawal of nearly a decade of federal largesse toward education and education-related activities.
    Ex: The current agricultural research programme includes scientific and technical research to improve land use and effluent disposal.
    Ex: The methods employed and labour costs associated with the disbandment are detailed.
    Ex: The background papers on education prepared for the conference did not include the role of libraries in the eradication of illiterary.
    Ex: In the light of unpopular decisions about the financing of local government, public libraries have been prime candidates for excision.
    Ex: This article reports briefly on the axing of the Wilson Library Bulletin.
    Ex: Disbanding of serials departments may result from the integration into automated systems of serials processing.
    Ex: This fight has caused the overturning of the tradition ofprivate ownership of presidential records.
    Ex: This clearing of the terminological undergrowth is only half the battle.
    Ex: He promoted a program of racial persecution and racism involving the wiping out of the Jews.
    * eliminación de ambigüedades = disambiguation.
    * eliminación de basura = waste disposal.
    * eliminación de la cafeina = decaffeination.
    * eliminación del intermediario = disintermediation.
    * eliminación de los duplicados = deduplication.
    * eliminación del sarro = descaling.
    * eliminación de registros duplicados = duplicate elimination.
    * eliminación de virus = virus elimination.

    * * *
    1 (de posibilidades) elimination
    solucionaron el problema por eliminación they solved the problem by (a) process of elimination
    2 (de una competición) elimination
    3 (de grasas, toxinas) elimination
    4 (de una incógnita) elimination
    5 (de residuos) disposal
    la eliminación de los residuos the disposal of the waste products
    * * *

    eliminación sustantivo femenino
    elimination;
    ( de residuos) disposal
    eliminación sustantivo femenino elimination
    ' eliminación' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    residuo
    English:
    disposal
    - elimination
    - removal
    * * *
    1. [en juego, deporte, concurso] elimination
    2. [de contaminación, grasas, toxinas] elimination;
    [de residuos] disposal; [de fronteras, obstáculos] removal, elimination eliminación de residuos waste o garbage disposal
    3. Mat [de incógnita] elimination;
    Fig
    hallar algo por eliminación to work sth out by a process of elimination
    4. Euf [de persona] elimination
    * * *
    f
    1 elimination
    2 de desperdicios disposal
    3 INFOR deletion
    * * *
    eliminación nf, pl - ciones : elimination, removal
    * * *
    1. (en general) elimination
    2. (de una mancha) removal

    Spanish-English dictionary > eliminación

  • 70 erradicación

    f.
    eradication, elimination, destruction, extermination.
    * * *
    1 eradication
    2 (de enfermedad) stamping out
    * * *
    * * *
    femenino (frml) eradication (frml)
    * * *
    = eradication, wiping out, annihilation.
    Ex. The background papers on education prepared for the conference did not include the role of libraries in the eradication of illiterary.
    Ex. He promoted a program of racial persecution and racism involving the wiping out of the Jews.
    Ex. As in creation the whole being is produced from nothing, so in annihilation the whole being is reduced to nothing.
    * * *
    femenino (frml) eradication (frml)
    * * *
    = eradication, wiping out, annihilation.

    Ex: The background papers on education prepared for the conference did not include the role of libraries in the eradication of illiterary.

    Ex: He promoted a program of racial persecution and racism involving the wiping out of the Jews.
    Ex: As in creation the whole being is produced from nothing, so in annihilation the whole being is reduced to nothing.

    * * *
    ( frml)
    eradication ( frml), wiping out, stamping out
    * * *

    erradicación sustantivo femenino eradication, removal: ¿la erradicación de los poblados marginales conseguirá parar la venta de droga?, will eradicating shantytowns stop drug trafficking?
    * * *
    eradication
    * * *
    f eradication

    Spanish-English dictionary > erradicación

  • 71 experiencia profesional

    f.
    vocational experience.
    * * *
    (n.) = career experience, expertise, staff expertise, professional skills, professional expertise, professional experience
    Ex. The program's purpose is to enable U.S. librarians and publishers to enrich and broaden their career experience through a short period of overseas service.
    Ex. Its primary function is to provide a centre for software and hardware expertise for its members.
    Ex. By centralizing stock and staff it is possible for everyone to have access to a wider range of staff expertise.
    Ex. Chapter 1 provides an overview of today's reference services, suggesting the rich possibilities for applying basic professional skills.
    Ex. This article points the way to success through marketing, professional expertise and the personal touch.
    Ex. Data on doctoral graduates are discussed in terms of socioeconomic factors, educational background, position held, prior professional experience, salaries, professional membership, and publications.
    * * *
    (n.) = career experience, expertise, staff expertise, professional skills, professional expertise, professional experience

    Ex: The program's purpose is to enable U.S. librarians and publishers to enrich and broaden their career experience through a short period of overseas service.

    Ex: Its primary function is to provide a centre for software and hardware expertise for its members.
    Ex: By centralizing stock and staff it is possible for everyone to have access to a wider range of staff expertise.
    Ex: Chapter 1 provides an overview of today's reference services, suggesting the rich possibilities for applying basic professional skills.
    Ex: This article points the way to success through marketing, professional expertise and the personal touch.
    Ex: Data on doctoral graduates are discussed in terms of socioeconomic factors, educational background, position held, prior professional experience, salaries, professional membership, and publications.

    Spanish-English dictionary > experiencia profesional

  • 72 nuevo

    adj.
    new, modern, recent, novel.
    * * *
    1 new
    2 (adicional) further
    ► nombre masculino,nombre femenino
    1 newcomer (principiante) beginner; (universidad) fresher (US freshman)
    \
    de nuevo again
    coger a alguien de nuevas to take somebody by surprise
    estar (como) nuevo,-a (objeto) to be as good as new 2 (persona) to feel like new, feel as good as new
    hacerse de nuevas to pretend not to know
    ¿qué hay de nuevo? familiar what's new?
    * * *
    (f. - nueva)
    adj.
    * * *
    ADJ
    1) (=no usado) new

    como nuevo: estos pantalones están como nuevos — these trousers are just like new

    2) (=recién llegado) new
    3)

    de nuevo — (=otra vez) again

    * * *
    - va adjetivo
    1)
    a) [ser] <coche/casa/trabajo> new
    b) (delante del n) <intento/cambio> further

    ha surgido un nuevo problema — another o a further problem has arisen

    c) [ser] <estilo/enfoque> new

    ¿qué hay de nuevo? — (fam) what's new? (colloq)

    todavía lo tengo nuevecito or (CS) nuevito — it's still as good as new

    2)
    * * *
    = emerging, fresh, new [newer -comp., newest -sup.], renewed, rising, unfamiliar, unworn, emergent, fledging, fledgling [fledgeling], uncharted, unchartered, brand new, ever-new, up-and-coming, new found [new-found/newfound], evolving, changing.
    Ex. We have too much invested for us to assume any longer that we can, by sheer force of will, temper their influence on emerging standards.
    Ex. This is a fresh avenue of approach to classification, and shows some promise.
    Ex. The label contains information about the record, indicating, for instance, its length, status, for example, new, amended, type and class.
    Ex. This article calls on libraries to forge a renewed national commitment to cooperate in the building of a national information network for scholarly communications.
    Ex. It is not enough to train the rising generation to meet their new responsibilities, for irreversible decisions must be made before they come to maturity.
    Ex. We are used to background noise in air conditioned buildings but the introduction of additional and unfamiliar sounds from AV equipment may be disturbing.
    Ex. A printer who wanted to achieve a sharp impression from unworn type of even height to paper would put hard rather than soft packing in the tympan.
    Ex. Books for emergent readers should facilitate the acquisition of these concepts.
    Ex. Venture capitalists funded fledging companies in the early days of information technology some of which went on to dominate the market.
    Ex. This article describes the experiences of a fledgling information system in dealing with a hurricane which wreaked devastation on some of the most remote areas of Hawaii = Este artículo describe las experiencias de un sistema de información nuevo al verse afectado por un huracán que devastó algunas de las zonas más remotas de Hawaii.
    Ex. News of boundless timber reserves spread, and before long lumberjacks from the thinning hardwood forests of New England swarmed into the uncharted area with no other possessions than their axes and brawn and the clothing they wore.
    Ex. This author agrees that the facts listed above are unchartered.
    Ex. Information on small, sometimes brand new, companies in the chemical and biotechnology industries is often difficult to find.
    Ex. He was then able to compare sources that made correlations possible and raised ever-new questions.
    Ex. The journal kept me in touch with the established authors in the field but also the new, up-and-coming writers.
    Ex. This could help readers gain a newfound appreciation of each others' childhood through books.
    Ex. One of the objectives is to produce a statement of the role of the Library in the evolving national information program over the next five to seven years.
    Ex. These are the kinds of problems that characteristically arise in the complex and continually changing milieu of libraries and media and information centers.
    ----
    * abrir nuevas fronteras = forge + new frontiers.
    * abrir nuevas posibilidades = open up + new territory, open up + possibilities, open + possibilities.
    * abrir nuevos caminos = break + new ground, push + Nombre + into new latitudes, break + ground, blaze + trail.
    * abrir nuevos horizontes = open + new realms, forge + new frontiers.
    * abrir nuevos mercados = branch into.
    * activo de nuevo = up and about.
    * adquirir una nueva dimensión = take on + new dimension.
    * adquirir un nuevo significado = take on + new dimension.
    * alfombrar de nuevo = recarpet [re-carpet].
    * analizar de nuevo = reexamine [re-examine].
    * añadir una nueva dimensión = add + new dimension.
    * Año Nuevo = New Year.
    * apoyar de nuevo = reendorse.
    * aprender de nuevo = relearn.
    * asumir una nueva faceta = take on + new dimension.
    * Bolsa de Valores de Nueva York = New York Stock Exchange (NYSE).
    * borrón y cuenta nueva = a fresh start, clean slate, new leaf.
    * búsqueda de nuevos genes = gene-harvesting.
    * cobrar nuevo entusiasmo = develop + renewed enthusiasm.
    * colocar de nuevo en los estantes = reshelve [re-shelve].
    * comenzar de nuevo = start + all over again, recommence, make + a new start, start over, make + a fresh start.
    * comenzar una nueva vida = make + a new life for + Reflexivo.
    * como nuevo = in mint condition, in tip-top condition, in tip-top form.
    * compañía de nueva creación = startup [start-up].
    * concebirse desde una nueva perspectiva = stand in + a new light.
    * convocar de nuevo = reconvene.
    * crear de nuevo = recreate [re-create].
    * dar a Algo una nueva dimensión = take + Nombre + into a new dimension.
    * dar a Algo una nueva perspectiva = give + Nombre + a new twist.
    * dar nueva forma = reformat [re-format].
    * dar nueva vida = give + Nombre + new life, give + a second life.
    * dar un nuevo acabado = refinish.
    * dar un nuevo impulso = pep up.
    * dar un nuevo nombre = rename.
    * de aspecto nuevo = new-looking.
    * de nueva ola = new-wave.
    * de nuevas formas = in new ways.
    * de nuevas maneras = in new ways.
    * de nuevo = again, once again, yet again, afresh, anew, all over again, redux, over again.
    * de nuevo en este caso = here again.
    * de nuevo en pie = up and about.
    * de nuevos modos = in new ways.
    * desarrollo de nuevos productos = product development.
    * de una nueva forma = in a new way.
    * de una nueva manera = in a new way.
    * de un nuevo modo = in a new way.
    * el nuevo aspecto de = the changing face of, the changing nature of.
    * empezar de nuevo = a fresh start, start over, make + a fresh start.
    * empezar una nueva etapa en la vida = turn over + a new page, turn over + a new leaf.
    * empresa de nueva creación = this sort of thing, startup [start-up].
    * enseñar de nuevo = retrain [re-train].
    * entrada de nuevo = re-entry [reentry].
    * enviar de nuevo = resend [re-send].
    * explorar nuevos horizontes = move on to + pastures new.
    * hacer borrón y cuenta nueva = start with + a clean slate, turn over + a new leaf.
    * hacerlo de nuevo = go and do it again.
    * hasta nuevo aviso = until further notice.
    * idea nueva = fresh idea.
    * infundir nueva vida a = breathe + (new) life into.
    * inscribir de nuevo = reregister.
    * intentar de nuevo = retry [re-try].
    * introducir de nuevo = re-enter [reenter].
    * ir con la nueva ola = ride + wave.
    * lista de nuevas adquisiciones = acquisitions list.
    * llevar a Algo a una nueva dimensión = take + Nombre + into a new dimension.
    * luna nueva = new moon.
    * mencionar de nuevo = restate [re-state].
    * mencionar de nuevo innecesariamente = belabour [belabor, -USA].
    * mostrar de nuevo = redisplay.
    * nacido de nuevo = born again.
    * Nueva Brunswick = New Brunswick.
    * nueva edición = new edition.
    * nueva era = new age.
    * Nueva Escocia = Nova Scotia.
    * nueva evaluación = reappraisal.
    * Nueva Gales del Sur = New South Wales.
    * Nueva Guinea = New Guinea.
    * nueva idea = reform idea.
    * Nueva Inglaterra = New England.
    * nueva lectura = rereading [re-reading].
    * nueva línea = linefeed.
    * Nueva Ola, la = New Wave, the.
    * Nueva Orleans = New Orleans.
    * nueva perspectiva = new light.
    * nueva promesa = rising star.
    * nueva redacción = redraft, rewrite [re-write].
    * nuevas fronteras = new horizons.
    * nueva tirada = rerun.
    * nueva versión = upgrade, remake.
    * nueva vida = greener pastures, pastures new.
    * nueva visita = return visit.
    * Nueva York = New York (NY).
    * Nueva Zelanda = New Zealand (NZ).
    * nuevo análisis = reanalysis [reanalyses, -pl.].
    * nuevo comienzo = new beginning, clean slate, new leaf.
    * Nuevo Méjico = New Mexico.
    * nuevo miembro = entrant.
    * Nuevo Mundo, el = New World, the.
    * nuevo nombramiento = reappointment.
    * nuevo resurgir = second wind.
    * nuevos avances = future development(s).
    * nuevos conversos, los = recently converted, the.
    * nuevos horizontes = greener pastures, pastures new.
    * nuevos retos = new horizons.
    * nuevos tiempos, los = wind(s) of change, the.
    * Nuevo Testamento = New Testament (N.T.).
    * nuevo valor = newcomer.
    * nuevo vecino del barrio = new kid on the block.
    * NYPL (Biblioteca Pública de Nueva York) = NYPL (New York Public Library).
    * pintar de nuevo = repaint [re-paint].
    * prensentar Algo desde una nueva perspectiva = present + Nombre + in a new light.
    * presentar Algo desde una nueva óptica = throw + new light on.
    * presentar Algo desde una nueva perspectiva = throw + Nombre + in a new light.
    * presentar Algo desde un nuevo ángulo = throw + new light on.
    * presentar Algo desde una nueva perspectiva = shed + new light on, throw + new light on.
    * presentarse desde una nueva perspectiva = stand in + a new light.
    * reunirse de nuevo = reconvene.
    * salir de nuevo = come back out.
    * sangre nueva = new blood.
    * sentirse como nuevo = be right as rain.
    * surgiendo de nuevas = on the rebound.
    * un nuevo comienzo = a fresh start.
    * un nuevo impulso = a new lease of life.
    * ver Algo desde una nueva perspectiva = view + Nombre + in a new light, see + Nombre + in a new light.
    * ver desde una nueva perspectiva = shed + new light on.
    * ver + Nombre + con nuevos ojos = view + Nombre + through fresh eyes.
    * vino nuevo en pellejos viejos = new wine in old wineskins.
    * víspera de Año Nuevo = New Year's Eve.
    * vivir de nuevo = relive.
    * volver de nuevo = come back out.
    * * *
    - va adjetivo
    1)
    a) [ser] <coche/casa/trabajo> new
    b) (delante del n) <intento/cambio> further

    ha surgido un nuevo problema — another o a further problem has arisen

    c) [ser] <estilo/enfoque> new

    ¿qué hay de nuevo? — (fam) what's new? (colloq)

    todavía lo tengo nuevecito or (CS) nuevito — it's still as good as new

    2)
    * * *
    = emerging, fresh, new [newer -comp., newest -sup.], renewed, rising, unfamiliar, unworn, emergent, fledging, fledgling [fledgeling], uncharted, unchartered, brand new, ever-new, up-and-coming, new found [new-found/newfound], evolving, changing.

    Ex: We have too much invested for us to assume any longer that we can, by sheer force of will, temper their influence on emerging standards.

    Ex: This is a fresh avenue of approach to classification, and shows some promise.
    Ex: The label contains information about the record, indicating, for instance, its length, status, for example, new, amended, type and class.
    Ex: This article calls on libraries to forge a renewed national commitment to cooperate in the building of a national information network for scholarly communications.
    Ex: It is not enough to train the rising generation to meet their new responsibilities, for irreversible decisions must be made before they come to maturity.
    Ex: We are used to background noise in air conditioned buildings but the introduction of additional and unfamiliar sounds from AV equipment may be disturbing.
    Ex: A printer who wanted to achieve a sharp impression from unworn type of even height to paper would put hard rather than soft packing in the tympan.
    Ex: Books for emergent readers should facilitate the acquisition of these concepts.
    Ex: Venture capitalists funded fledging companies in the early days of information technology some of which went on to dominate the market.
    Ex: This article describes the experiences of a fledgling information system in dealing with a hurricane which wreaked devastation on some of the most remote areas of Hawaii = Este artículo describe las experiencias de un sistema de información nuevo al verse afectado por un huracán que devastó algunas de las zonas más remotas de Hawaii.
    Ex: News of boundless timber reserves spread, and before long lumberjacks from the thinning hardwood forests of New England swarmed into the uncharted area with no other possessions than their axes and brawn and the clothing they wore.
    Ex: This author agrees that the facts listed above are unchartered.
    Ex: Information on small, sometimes brand new, companies in the chemical and biotechnology industries is often difficult to find.
    Ex: He was then able to compare sources that made correlations possible and raised ever-new questions.
    Ex: The journal kept me in touch with the established authors in the field but also the new, up-and-coming writers.
    Ex: This could help readers gain a newfound appreciation of each others' childhood through books.
    Ex: One of the objectives is to produce a statement of the role of the Library in the evolving national information program over the next five to seven years.
    Ex: These are the kinds of problems that characteristically arise in the complex and continually changing milieu of libraries and media and information centers.
    * abrir nuevas fronteras = forge + new frontiers.
    * abrir nuevas posibilidades = open up + new territory, open up + possibilities, open + possibilities.
    * abrir nuevos caminos = break + new ground, push + Nombre + into new latitudes, break + ground, blaze + trail.
    * abrir nuevos horizontes = open + new realms, forge + new frontiers.
    * abrir nuevos mercados = branch into.
    * activo de nuevo = up and about.
    * adquirir una nueva dimensión = take on + new dimension.
    * adquirir un nuevo significado = take on + new dimension.
    * alfombrar de nuevo = recarpet [re-carpet].
    * analizar de nuevo = reexamine [re-examine].
    * añadir una nueva dimensión = add + new dimension.
    * Año Nuevo = New Year.
    * apoyar de nuevo = reendorse.
    * aprender de nuevo = relearn.
    * asumir una nueva faceta = take on + new dimension.
    * Bolsa de Valores de Nueva York = New York Stock Exchange (NYSE).
    * borrón y cuenta nueva = a fresh start, clean slate, new leaf.
    * búsqueda de nuevos genes = gene-harvesting.
    * cobrar nuevo entusiasmo = develop + renewed enthusiasm.
    * colocar de nuevo en los estantes = reshelve [re-shelve].
    * comenzar de nuevo = start + all over again, recommence, make + a new start, start over, make + a fresh start.
    * comenzar una nueva vida = make + a new life for + Reflexivo.
    * como nuevo = in mint condition, in tip-top condition, in tip-top form.
    * compañía de nueva creación = startup [start-up].
    * concebirse desde una nueva perspectiva = stand in + a new light.
    * convocar de nuevo = reconvene.
    * crear de nuevo = recreate [re-create].
    * dar a Algo una nueva dimensión = take + Nombre + into a new dimension.
    * dar a Algo una nueva perspectiva = give + Nombre + a new twist.
    * dar nueva forma = reformat [re-format].
    * dar nueva vida = give + Nombre + new life, give + a second life.
    * dar un nuevo acabado = refinish.
    * dar un nuevo impulso = pep up.
    * dar un nuevo nombre = rename.
    * de aspecto nuevo = new-looking.
    * de nueva ola = new-wave.
    * de nuevas formas = in new ways.
    * de nuevas maneras = in new ways.
    * de nuevo = again, once again, yet again, afresh, anew, all over again, redux, over again.
    * de nuevo en este caso = here again.
    * de nuevo en pie = up and about.
    * de nuevos modos = in new ways.
    * desarrollo de nuevos productos = product development.
    * de una nueva forma = in a new way.
    * de una nueva manera = in a new way.
    * de un nuevo modo = in a new way.
    * el nuevo aspecto de = the changing face of, the changing nature of.
    * empezar de nuevo = a fresh start, start over, make + a fresh start.
    * empezar una nueva etapa en la vida = turn over + a new page, turn over + a new leaf.
    * empresa de nueva creación = this sort of thing, startup [start-up].
    * enseñar de nuevo = retrain [re-train].
    * entrada de nuevo = re-entry [reentry].
    * enviar de nuevo = resend [re-send].
    * explorar nuevos horizontes = move on to + pastures new.
    * hacer borrón y cuenta nueva = start with + a clean slate, turn over + a new leaf.
    * hacerlo de nuevo = go and do it again.
    * hasta nuevo aviso = until further notice.
    * idea nueva = fresh idea.
    * infundir nueva vida a = breathe + (new) life into.
    * inscribir de nuevo = reregister.
    * intentar de nuevo = retry [re-try].
    * introducir de nuevo = re-enter [reenter].
    * ir con la nueva ola = ride + wave.
    * lista de nuevas adquisiciones = acquisitions list.
    * llevar a Algo a una nueva dimensión = take + Nombre + into a new dimension.
    * luna nueva = new moon.
    * mencionar de nuevo = restate [re-state].
    * mencionar de nuevo innecesariamente = belabour [belabor, -USA].
    * mostrar de nuevo = redisplay.
    * nacido de nuevo = born again.
    * Nueva Brunswick = New Brunswick.
    * nueva edición = new edition.
    * nueva era = new age.
    * Nueva Escocia = Nova Scotia.
    * nueva evaluación = reappraisal.
    * Nueva Gales del Sur = New South Wales.
    * Nueva Guinea = New Guinea.
    * nueva idea = reform idea.
    * Nueva Inglaterra = New England.
    * nueva lectura = rereading [re-reading].
    * nueva línea = linefeed.
    * Nueva Ola, la = New Wave, the.
    * Nueva Orleans = New Orleans.
    * nueva perspectiva = new light.
    * nueva promesa = rising star.
    * nueva redacción = redraft, rewrite [re-write].
    * nuevas fronteras = new horizons.
    * nueva tirada = rerun.
    * nueva versión = upgrade, remake.
    * nueva vida = greener pastures, pastures new.
    * nueva visita = return visit.
    * Nueva York = New York (NY).
    * Nueva Zelanda = New Zealand (NZ).
    * nuevo análisis = reanalysis [reanalyses, -pl.].
    * nuevo comienzo = new beginning, clean slate, new leaf.
    * Nuevo Méjico = New Mexico.
    * nuevo miembro = entrant.
    * Nuevo Mundo, el = New World, the.
    * nuevo nombramiento = reappointment.
    * nuevo resurgir = second wind.
    * nuevos avances = future development(s).
    * nuevos conversos, los = recently converted, the.
    * nuevos horizontes = greener pastures, pastures new.
    * nuevos retos = new horizons.
    * nuevos tiempos, los = wind(s) of change, the.
    * Nuevo Testamento = New Testament (N.T.).
    * nuevo valor = newcomer.
    * nuevo vecino del barrio = new kid on the block.
    * NYPL (Biblioteca Pública de Nueva York) = NYPL (New York Public Library).
    * pintar de nuevo = repaint [re-paint].
    * prensentar Algo desde una nueva perspectiva = present + Nombre + in a new light.
    * presentar Algo desde una nueva óptica = throw + new light on.
    * presentar Algo desde una nueva perspectiva = throw + Nombre + in a new light.
    * presentar Algo desde un nuevo ángulo = throw + new light on.
    * presentar Algo desde una nueva perspectiva = shed + new light on, throw + new light on.
    * presentarse desde una nueva perspectiva = stand in + a new light.
    * reunirse de nuevo = reconvene.
    * salir de nuevo = come back out.
    * sangre nueva = new blood.
    * sentirse como nuevo = be right as rain.
    * surgiendo de nuevas = on the rebound.
    * un nuevo comienzo = a fresh start.
    * un nuevo impulso = a new lease of life.
    * ver Algo desde una nueva perspectiva = view + Nombre + in a new light, see + Nombre + in a new light.
    * ver desde una nueva perspectiva = shed + new light on.
    * ver + Nombre + con nuevos ojos = view + Nombre + through fresh eyes.
    * vino nuevo en pellejos viejos = new wine in old wineskins.
    * víspera de Año Nuevo = New Year's Eve.
    * vivir de nuevo = relive.
    * volver de nuevo = come back out.

    * * *
    nuevo -va
    A
    1 [ SER] (de poco tiempo) ‹coche/juguete/ropa› new
    me lo dejaron como nuevo it was as good as new when I got it back
    soy nuevo en la oficina I'm new in the office
    2 [ SER] (que sustituye a otro) ‹casa/novio/trabajo› new
    3 ( delante del n) (otro) ‹intento/cambio› further
    ha surgido un nuevo problema another o a further problem has arisen
    decidieron darle una nueva oportunidad they decided to give him another chance
    4 [ SER] (original, distinto) ‹estilo/enfoque› new
    no dijo nada nuevo she didn't say anything new
    ¿que hay de nuevo? ( fam); what's new? ( colloq)
    5 [ ESTAR] (no desgastado) as good as new
    todavía lo tengo nuevo or (CS) nuevito it's still as good as new
    Compuestos:
    feminine new wave
    fpl new technology
    ● nuevo rico, nueva rica
    masculine, feminine nouveau riche
    masculine New Testament
    B
    de nuevo again
    de nuevo tengo el honor de … again o once again o once more I have the privilege of …
    * * *

     

    nuevo
    ◊ -va adjetivo

    a) [ser] ‹estilo/coche/novio› new;


    de nuevo again;
    ¿qué hay de nuevo what's new? (colloq);
    nuevo rico nouveau riche
    b) ( delante del n) ‹intento/cambio› further;

    ◊ ha surgido un nuevo problema another o a further problem has arisen;

    Nnuevo Testamento New Testament
    c) [estar] ( no desgastado) as good as new

    nuevo,-a
    I adjetivo
    1 new: tengo un coche nuevo, I've got a new car
    2 (añadido) further: hay nuevas averías, there are further faults
    II sustantivo masculino y femenino newcomer
    (novato) beginner
    ♦ Locuciones: de nuevo, again
    ' nuevo' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    adicta
    - adicto
    - ambicionar
    - ambientarse
    - año
    - astronómica
    - astronómico
    - aterrizar
    - aviso
    - cara
    - cercado
    - continente
    - decir
    - desarrollar
    - editar
    - emocionada
    - emocionado
    - emplazar
    - entusiasmada
    - entusiasmado
    - escorrentía
    - estallido
    - excavar
    - flotación
    - ir
    - generar
    - hablar
    - impresión
    - incorporarse
    - mirlo
    - N. T.
    - nada
    - nueva
    - replantar
    - rumbo
    - sacar
    - salida
    - sanear
    - tener
    - testamento
    - vaya
    - contar
    - cuño
    - día
    - entrada
    - entrante
    - feliz
    - flamante
    - haber
    - inédito
    English:
    advertise
    - afford
    - afresh
    - again
    - agony
    - ambivalent
    - amorphous
    - analyst
    - anew
    - anticipate
    - arrest
    - assignment
    - austerity
    - authenticity
    - back
    - bash out
    - beating
    - bomb
    - book
    - brag
    - brand-new
    - bring up
    - brink
    - call back
    - chapter
    - clean
    - come out
    - comedown
    - commit
    - crisp
    - daunt
    - delay
    - design
    - dissuade
    - do
    - donation
    - drastic
    - drum up
    - exploit
    - fail
    - find
    - format
    - forthcoming
    - founder
    - fresh
    - fund
    - further
    - game
    - get
    - go up
    * * *
    nuevo, -a
    ♦ adj
    1. [reciente] new;
    tengo una casa nueva I've got a new house;
    es el nuevo director he's the new manager
    Nueva Caledonia New Caledonia;
    el nuevo continente [América] the New World;
    Nueva Delhi New Delhi;
    nuevo economía new economy;
    Hist Nueva España New Spain [Spanish colonial viceroyalty that included Mexico, the southern part of the US and parts of Central America]; Hist Nueva Granada New Granada [Spanish colonial viceroyalty that included the central and northwestern parts of South America];
    Nueva Guinea New Guinea;
    Nueva Inglaterra New England;
    Nueva Jersey New Jersey;
    Nuevo México New Mexico;
    el Nuevo Mundo the New World;
    la nueva ola the New Wave;
    el nuevo orden mundial the new world order;
    Nueva Orleans New Orleans;
    nuevo rico nouveau riche;
    nuevo sol [moneda] new sol;
    nuevas tecnologías new technology;
    el Nuevo Testamento the New Testament;
    Nueva York New York;
    Nueva Zelanda New Zealand
    2. [poco usado] new;
    este abrigo está nuevo this coat is new;
    un poco de betún y quedarán como nuevos with a bit of polish they'll be as good as new;
    después del baño me quedé como nuevo I felt like a new person after my bath
    3. [inédito] new;
    esto es nuevo para mí, no lo sabía that's news to me, I didn't know it
    4. [sin experiencia] new;
    soy nuevo en esta clase I'm new in this class;
    es nuevo en la profesión he's new to the profession
    5. [hortaliza] new, fresh;
    [vino] young
    6. [repetido] renewed,
    de nuevo again;
    se han producido nuevos enfrentamientos there have been renewed clashes
    ♦ nm,f
    newcomer
    * * *
    adj
    1 new;
    sentirse como nuevo feel like new;
    ¿qué hay de nuevo? what’s new?
    2 ( otro) another;
    de nuevo again
    * * *
    nuevo, -va adj
    1) : new
    una casa nueva: a new house
    ¿qué hay de nuevo?: what's new?
    2)
    de nuevo : again, once more
    * * *
    nuevo adj new
    ¿qué hay de nuevo? what's new?

    Spanish-English dictionary > nuevo

  • 73 programa de actuación

    (n.) = programme of action, action programme, action plan, operating programme
    Ex. In this laboratory situation, students' analyses and programs of action may undergo some modification as collectively the class debates alternatives.
    Ex. In the consumer protection field, Community action programmes were agreed in 1975 and 1981 and legislation has been adopted within this framework.
    Ex. This article outlines the background to an EC library action plan over 5 years supported by some 5 million Ecu.
    Ex. A close knowledge of the institution is also needed to distinguish between professed objectives, the official and manifest ones which appear in organizational preambles, and the practiced ones which are often latent in the operating program.
    * * *
    (n.) = programme of action, action programme, action plan, operating programme

    Ex: In this laboratory situation, students' analyses and programs of action may undergo some modification as collectively the class debates alternatives.

    Ex: In the consumer protection field, Community action programmes were agreed in 1975 and 1981 and legislation has been adopted within this framework.
    Ex: This article outlines the background to an EC library action plan over 5 years supported by some 5 million Ecu.
    Ex: A close knowledge of the institution is also needed to distinguish between professed objectives, the official and manifest ones which appear in organizational preambles, and the practiced ones which are often latent in the operating program.

    Spanish-English dictionary > programa de actuación

  • 74 piano

    1. adj flat
    2. adv ( adagio) slowly
    ( a voce bassa) quietly, in a low voice
    3. m plan
    ( pianura) plane
    music piano
    piano rialzato mezzanine (floor)
    primo piano foreground
    photography close-up
    * * *
    piano1 agg.
    1 flat, level, even: paese piano, flat country; strada piana, level road; superficie piana, level (o even) surface; terreno piano, level ground // mettere in piano, to lay flat // corsa piana, flat race; correre i 400 metri piani, to run the 400 metres flat race
    2 ( liscio) smooth: pietra piana, smooth stone
    3 ( chiaro, intelligibile) clear, plain: scrittura piana, clear handwriting
    4 ( semplice) simple: parole umili e piane, simple and humble words // messa piana, low mass
    5 (mat.) plane: geometria piana, plane geometry; curva piana, plane curve
    6 (gramm.) paroxytone
    7 (mus.) piano.
    piano2 avv.
    1 ( sommessamente) softly, quietly: puoi suonare un po' più piano, per favore?, could you play more quietly please?; fa' piano, altrimenti lo svegli, don't make a noise or you'll wake him up; parla così piano che non lo sento, he speaks in such a low voice (o so low) that I can't hear him
    2 (mus.) piano
    3 ( lentamente) slowly, slow: va' piano, go slowly; camminare piano, to walk slowly; la nebbia si diradò pian piano, the fog gradually dispersed; sto cominciando pian piano a capire, I'm just beginning to understand; pian piano ci riuscirò, little by little I shall succeed in it // chi va piano va sano e va lontano, (prov.) slow and steady wins the race
    4 ( con cautela) gently, carefully: fa' piano, ché lo strappi, be careful or you'll tear it; sollevalo piano perché si rompe facilmente, lift it up gently because it breaks easily; piano con le spese!, go easy on spending!; vacci piano con quel vino: è forte, go easy with that wine, it's very strong.
    piano3 s.m.
    1 ( terreno pianeggiante) plain; flat land, level land: dopo qualche chilometro di piano, comincia la salita, after some miles on the level, the ground begins to rise; scendere dalla montagna al piano, to go down the mountain to the plain
    2 ( superficie piana) plane (anche fis.); surface; top: il piano della tavola, the top of the table; piano di lavoro, work top (o work surface); (amer.) ( in cucina) counter; piano di marmo, marble top; il piano della seggiola, the seat of the chair // piano cottura, hob // piano stradale, road surface // (fis.): piano orizzontale, inclinato, horizontal, inclined plane; piano principale, principal plane; piano di simmetria, plane of symmetry; piano equatoriale, equatorial plane; piano di polarizzazione, plane of polarization // (aer.): piano alare, wing plane; piani di coda, tail unit // (mar.) piano di galleggiamento, water plane // (mecc.) piano di riscontro, surface plate // (ferr.) piano di caricamento, loading platform // (geol.): piano stratigrafico, stage; piano di stratificazione, bedding plane; piano di faglia, fault plane
    3 ( di casa) floor, storey; (di nave, autobus) deck: il piano superiore di un edificio, the top storey (o floor) of a building; piano terreno, piano terra, ground floor (o amer. first floor); primo piano, first floor (o amer. second floor); abito al terzo piano, I live on the third floor; a due piani, two-storied; autobus a due piani, double-decker; una casa di quindici piani, a fifteen-storied building (o a building of fifteen storeys) // una torta a tre piani, a three-tier (ed) cake
    4 ( livello) plane, level: siamo sullo stesso piano, we are on the same plane (o level); mettere due cose sullo stesso piano, to put two things on the same level // un artista di primo piano, an artist of the first rank (o a first-rate artist); una persona di primo piano, a prominent person (o a person in the limelight o in the public eye) // un particolare di secondo piano, a detail of secondary importance // passare in secondo piano, to be overshadowed (o superseded)
    5 (arte, fot., cinem.) primo piano, (arte) foreground, (fot., cinem.) close-up
    6 (inform.) desk; scheme.
    piano4 s.m.
    1 plan; scheme, project, programme: piano di studi, plan (o programme) of studies; piano di lavoro, schedule (o work programme); piano d'azione, policy; piano operativo, operations plan; fare piani, to plan (o to make plans); avere dei piani per il futuro, to have plans for the future; rovinare, far saltare i piani a qlcu., to wreck s.o.'s plans; la polizia è riuscita a sventare il piano dei rapinatori, the police managed to foil the robbers' plan // (amm.): piano dei conti, chart of accounts (o account classification); piano regolatore, town-planning scheme (o spec. amer. zoning regulations); piano di pensionamento, pension scheme; piano di prepensionamento, job release scheme (o project) // (econ.): piano economico, economic plan; piano quinquennale dell'agricoltura, five-year agricultural plan; piano di investimento, investment plan; piano di riparto degli utili, profit appropriation account; piano di pubblicità, advertising plan; piano delle vendite, sales plan; piano di sviluppo, development plan; piano di sviluppo delle vendite, sales promotion plan; piano di compartecipazione agli utili, profit-sharing scheme; piano di finanziamento, credit scheme; piano di pagamento rateale, time-payment plan; piano verde, Agricultural Development Scheme; piano per la Ricostruzione Economica, piano Marshall, Marshall Plan // ( assicurazioni) piano assicurativo, insurance scheme
    2 ( planimetria) plan: il piano di una casa, the plan of a house.
    * * *
    ['pjano] I piano (-a)
    1. agg
    1) (piatto) flat, level, (senza asperità) smooth, Mat plane attr
    2) (facile) straightforward, simple, (chiaro) clear, plain
    2. avv
    (lentamente) slowly, (con cautela) carefully, slowly, (a basso volume o voce) softly, quietly

    vai piano! — (in macchina) drive slowly!

    vacci piano! — (fig : non esagerare: nel bere) take it easy with that!, (nelle minacce) calm down!, (nel lodarsi) come off it!

    attento, fai piano! — (fa' meno rumore) don't make so much noise!, (sta' attento) watch out!, be careful!

    parla più piano — (lentamente) speak more slowly, (a bassa voce) lower your voice, keep your voice down

    pian piano — (lentamente) very slowly, (poco a poco) little by little

    pian pianino o pian piano siamo arrivati — slowly but surely we got there

    pian pianino o pian piano ha acquistato una certa esperienza — he gradually acquired experience

    3. sm
    Geom plane, (superficie) top, surface, (fig : livello) level, plane, (Geog : pianura) plain

    mettere tutto sullo stesso piano — to lump everything together, give equal importance to everything

    II ['pjano]
    1. sm
    (progetto: anche) Mil plan, (industriale) design, (programma) work plan

    non era nei nostri piani — we hadn't intended to do it, we hadn't planned on doing so

    2.
    III ['pjano] sm
    Mus piano
    * * *
    I 1. ['pjano]
    1) (piatto) [ superficie] flat, level, even
    2) mat. [geometria, figura] plane
    3) (semplice) [spiegazione, discorso] plain, clear, simple
    4) ling.

    parola -a — = word having an accent on the penultimate syllable

    posare qcs. in piano — to lay sth. (down) flat

    2.
    1) (con delicatezza) [partire, frenare] slowly, gently
    2) (a bassa voce) [ parlare] softly, gently, quietly
    3) (lentamente) [avvicinarsi, camminare] slowly
    4) pian(o) piano little by little
    ••

    chi va piano va sano e va lontano — prov. slow and steady wins the race

    ••
    Note:
    Quando ci si riferisce al piano di un edificio, bisogna ricordare che in inglese britannico piano terra si dice ground floor mentre primo / secondo... piano si traducono first / second... floor. In inglese americano, piano terra si dice invece first floor, cosicché il primo piano sarà second floor ecc. Si ricordi anche che si usa floor per indicare il singolo piano ( abito al quinto piano = I live on the fifth floor) ma storey per indicare il numero dei piani di un edificio ( un grattacielo di 55 piani = a 55-storey skyscraper)
    II ['pjano]
    sostantivo maschile
    1) (superficie piana) flat surface; (di tavolo, mobile) top
    2) (terreno pianeggiante) plain, flat land
    3) (livello) level

    balzare in primo piano — [notizia, problema] to come to the fore

    passare in secondo piano — [persona, problema] to be pushed (in)to the background, to take second place

    di primo piano — [personaggio, ruolo] leading; [opera, evento] major

    di secondo piano — [personaggio, ruolo, evento] minor

    4) cinem. fot. (inquadratura)

    in primo piano — in close-up, in the foreground

    5) (di edificio) floor, storey BE, story AE; (di autobus, aereo) deck

    primo piano — first BE o second AE floor

    al piano superiore o di sopra upstairs, on the next floor; al piano inferiore o di sotto — downstairs, on the floor below

    •

    piano americano — cinem. thigh shot

    piano sequenza — cinem. sequence shot

    piano stradale — roadway, road surface

    III ['pjano]
    sostantivo maschile
    1) (programma) plan, scheme, programme BE, program AE
    2) (progetto) plan, layout
    •

    piano di battaglia — mil. battle map; fig. plan of action

    piano pensionistico o di pensionamento pension plan; piano regolatore = urban planning regulations; piano di studi — univ. = list of courses that a university student plans to take in a term

    IV ['pjano]
    * * *
    piano1
    /'pjano/
     1 (piatto) [ superficie] flat, level, even; piatto piano dinner plate
     2 mat. [geometria, figura] plane
     3 (semplice) [spiegazione, discorso] plain, clear, simple
     4 ling. parola -a = word having an accent on the penultimate syllable
     5 sport cento metri -i hundred metres sprint
     6 in piano (orizzontalmente) posare qcs. in piano to lay sth. (down) flat
     1 (con delicatezza) [partire, frenare] slowly, gently; piano! piano! easy (does it)! steady! vacci piano con il gin! go easy on the gin!
     2 (a bassa voce) [ parlare] softly, gently, quietly; parla più piano lower your voice
     3 (lentamente) [avvicinarsi, camminare] slowly; vai più piano! slow down!
     4 pian(o) piano little by little
    chi va piano va sano e va lontano prov. slow and steady wins the race.
    ————————
    piano2
    /'pjano/
    Quando ci si riferisce al piano di un edificio, bisogna ricordare che in inglese britannico piano terra si dice ground floor mentre primo / secondo... piano si traducono first / second... floor. In inglese americano, piano terra si dice invece first floor, cosicché il primo piano sarà second floor ecc. Si ricordi anche che si usa floor per indicare il singolo piano ( abito al quinto piano = I live on the fifth floor) ma storey per indicare il numero dei piani di un edificio ( un grattacielo di 55 piani = a 55-storey skyscraper).
    sostantivo m.
     1 (superficie piana) flat surface; (di tavolo, mobile) top
     2 (terreno pianeggiante) plain, flat land
     3 (livello) level; mettere due persone sullo stesso piano to put two people on the same level; balzare in primo piano [notizia, problema] to come to the fore; passare in secondo piano [persona, problema] to be pushed (in)to the background, to take second place; di primo piano [personaggio, ruolo] leading; [opera, evento] major; di secondo piano [personaggio, ruolo, evento] minor
     4 cinem. fot. (inquadratura) primo piano close-up; in primo piano in close-up, in the foreground; secondo piano middle distance
     5 (di edificio) floor, storey BE, story AE; (di autobus, aereo) deck; primo piano first BE o second AE floor; al piano superiore o di sopra upstairs, on the next floor; al piano inferiore o di sotto downstairs, on the floor below
    piano americano cinem. thigh shot; piano ammezzato mezzanine; piano di cottura hob; piano interrato basement; piano di lavoro worktop; piano sequenza cinem. sequence shot; piano stradale roadway, road surface.
    ————————
    piano3
    /'pjano/
    sostantivo m.
     1 (programma) plan, scheme, programme BE, program AE; piano quinquennale five-year plan; fare -i to make plans; tutto è andato secondo i -i everything went according to plan
     2 (progetto) plan, layout
    piano d'azione plan of action; piano di battaglia mil. battle map; fig. plan of action; piano pensionistico o di pensionamento pension plan; piano regolatore = urban planning regulations; piano di studi univ. = list of courses that a university student plans to take in a term.
    ————————
    piano4
    /'pjano/ ⇒ 34
    →  pianoforte.

    Dizionario Italiano-Inglese > piano

  • 75 plan

    I.
    plan1 [plɑ̃]
    1. masculine noun
       a. [de maison, machine, dissertation] plan ; [de ville, région] map
       b. ( = surface) plane
       c. (Cinema, photography) shot
       d. ( = niveau) level
    • au plan national/international at the national/international level
       e. ( = projet) plan
    • plan de relance or de redressement de l'économie economic recovery plan
    • laisser en plan (inf) [+ personne] to leave in the lurch ; [+ affaires, projet, travail] to abandon
       f. ( = idée) (inf) idea
    • c'est un super plan ! it's a great idea!
    ► plan d'eau ( = lac) lake
    II.
    plan2, e [plɑ̃, plan]
    adjective
       a. ( = plat) flat
    * * *

    1.
    plane plɑ̃, plan adjectif
    1) gén flat, even
    2) Mathématique, Physique plane

    2.
    nom masculin
    1) ( carte) (de ville, métro) map; ( dans un bâtiment) plan, map
    2) Architecture, Construction, Bâtiment plan
    4) Mathématique, Physique plane
    5) ( de dissertation) plan
    6) Cinéma, Photographie ( image) shot

    second plan — middle-distance; gros

    7) ( niveau) level

    être relégué au second plan — [personne, problème] to be relegated to the background

    de (tout) premier plan — [personnalité] leading (épith); [œuvre] key, major

    8) ( projet) plan, programme [BrE]

    j'ai un bon plan (colloq) pour voyager pas cher — I know a good way of travelling [BrE] cheaply

    c'est (pas) le bon plan — (colloq) it's (not) a good idea

    •
    Phrasal Verbs:
    ••

    laisser quelqu'un en plan — (colloq) to leave somebody in the lurch, to leave somebody high and dry

    laisser quelque chose en plan — (colloq) to leave something unfinished

    * * *
    plɑ̃, plan plan, -e
    1. adj
    (surface) flat
    2. nm
    1) (= carte) map
    3) (= schéma directeur) plan
    4) (= projet personnel) plan
    5) * (= idée) idea
    6) (= point de vue)

    Sur le plan de l'équipement, cela laisse encore beaucoup à désirer. — As far as equipment is concerned, it still leaves a lot to be desired.

    sur le plan sexuel — sexually, as far as sex is concerned

    7) MATHÉMATIQUE plane
    8) CINÉMA shot
    9)
    * * *
    A adj
    1 gén [surface] flat, even;
    2 Math, Phys plane.
    B nm
    1 ( carte) (de région, ville, métro) map; (dans bâtiment, domaine, paquebot) plan, map; je te fais un plan pour que tu ne te perdes pas I'll draw you a map so you won't get lost;
    2 Archit, Constr plan; tirer des plans to draw up plans; c'est lui qui a fait les plans de sa maison he drew up the plans for his house himself; acheter/vendre une maison sur plan to buy/sell a house on architect's plans;
    3 Ind, Tech (de machine, d'appareil) ( schéma directeur) blueprint; ( après construction) plan; les plans du nouvel avion de chasse the blueprint for the new fighter plane;
    4 Math, Phys plane;
    5 ( canevas) outline, framework, plan; fais un plan au lieu de rédiger directement draw up a plan before you start writing; plan détaillé detailed plan;
    6 Cin, Phot ( image) shot; montage plan par plan shot-to-shot editing; premier plan foreground; second plan middle-distance; au premier plan in the foreground; au second plan in the middle distance; ⇒ gros;
    7 ( niveau) level; mettre deux personnes sur le même plan fig to put two people at the same level; cette question vient au premier plan de sa campagne électorale this issue is at the forefront of his electoral campaign; ce dossier est au premier plan de l'actualité this issue is front- page news ou is at the forefront of the news; être relégué au second plan [personne, problème] to be relegated to the background, to take a back seat; de (tout) premier plan [personnalité] leading ( épith); [œuvre] key, major; de second plan second-rate; sur le plan politique/économique/personnel from a political/an economic/a personal point of view, in political/economic/personal terms; sur le plan de l'efficacité from the point of view of efficiency, in terms of efficiency; au plan régional/national at regional/national level;
    8 ( projet) plan, programmeGB; un plan pour l'emploi a plan for employment, an employment programmeGB; un plan anti-inflation an anti-inflation plan ou programmeGB; le gouvernement a présenté son plan de relance économique the government has presented its plan to boost the economy; j'ai un plan, voilà ce qu'on va faire I have a plan, here's what we'll do; j'ai un bon plan○ pour voyager pas cher/entrer gratuitement I know a good way of travellingGB cheaply/getting in free; on se fait un plan restaurant○? shall we go out for a meal?; ⇒ comète.
    plan d'action plan of action; plan américain Cin thigh shot; plan d'amortissement repayment schedule ou plan; plan de campagne plan of campaign; plan de carrière career plan; plan comptable code of legal requirements in accounting practice; plan directeur Mil battle map; Écon master plan; plan d'eau man-made lake; plan d'ensemble Cin long shot; plan d'épargne savings plan; plan épargne entreprise, PEE company savings plan; plan d'épargne logement, PEL savings scheme entitling depositor to cheap mortgage; plan d'épargne retraite top-up pension scheme; plan de faille fault plane; plan fixe Cin static shot; plan incliné inclined plane; en plan incliné sloping; plan de masse overall building plan; plan de métro map of the underground GB ou subway US; plan moyen Cin medium close-up; plan d'occupation des sols, POS land use plan; plan quinquennal five-year plan; plan rapproché Cin waist shot; plan social Écon, Entr planned redundancy scheme GB, scheduled lay-off program US; plan de travail ( pour projet) working schedule; ( surface) worktop; plan d'urbanisme urban planning policy; plan de vol flight plan.
    laisser qn en plan○ to leave sb in the lurch, to leave sb high and dry; laisser qch en plan○ to leave sth unfinished; il a tout laissé en plan pour la rejoindre à Rome he dropped everything to go and join her in Rome; rester en plan○ [personne] to be left stranded ou high and dry; [projets] to be left unfinished.
    I
    ( féminin plane) [plɑ̃, plan] adjectif
    1. [miroir] plane
    [surface] flat
    II
    [plɑ̃] nom masculin
    A.
    1. [surface plane] plane
    2. CONSTRUCTION [surface] surface
    plan de travail [d'une cuisine] worktop, working surface
    3. ART & PHOTOGRAPHIE plane
    gros plan, plan serré close-up
    plan général/moyen/rapproché long/medium/close shot
    plan horizontal/incliné/médian/tangent level/inclined/median/tangent plane
    B.
    1. [projet] plan, project
    ne vous inquiétez pas, j'ai un plan (familier) don't worry, I've got a plan
    2. [structure] plan, framework, outline
    plan comptable FINANCE ≃ Statement of Standard Accounting Practices
    plan de licenciement, plan social planned redundancy scheme
    C.
    1. [carte] map, plan
    2. ARCHITECTURE [dessin] plan, blueprint (US)
    plan d'une machine/voiture blueprint of a machine/car
    ————————
    de second plan locution adjectivale
    [artiste, personnalité] second-rate
    ————————
    en plan locution adverbiale
    ————————
    sur le plan de locution prépositionnelle
    as regards, as far as... is concerned
    ————————
    plan d'eau nom masculin
    [artificiel] reservoir
    [ornemental] (ornamental) lake
    ————————
    premier plan nom masculin
    de (tout) premier plan [personnage] leading, prominent
    Plan VIGIPIRATE is a series of measures to fight against terrorist attacks. There are two levels: simple and renforcé. Vigipirate includes monitoring public buildings, public transportation system. Other measures such as no parking near school buildings can also be applied.

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > plan

  • 76 руководство по предотвращению теневого маркетинга и обеспечению легитимности объектов на Олимпийских играх

    1. Olympic Marketing Ambush Prevention & Clean Venues Guidelines

     

    руководство по предотвращению теневого маркетинга и обеспечению легитимности объектов на Олимпийских играх
    В руководстве представлены требования и правила, которыми следует руководствоваться при реализации программы предотвращения теневого маркетинга в крайне сложных условиях, которыми характеризуются этапы подготовки и проведения Игр. Руководство призвано стать подробным справочным пособием для сотрудников ОКОИ по вопросам обеспечения легитимности объектов в соответствии с установленными принципами и правилами. В нем изложены конкретные задачи работы в различных областях, приведена общая информация о наиболее актуальных проблемах, сформулированы практические шаги по реализации каждой программы и рассмотрен целый ряд вопросов, имеющих отношение к законодательному регулированию, применению положений Олимпийской хартии и Контракта о Городе-организаторе.
    [Департамент лингвистических услуг Оргкомитета «Сочи 2014». Глоссарий терминов]

    EN

    Olympic Marketing Ambush Prevention & Clean Venues Guidelines
    This manual presents requirements and guidelines for managing an ambush marketing prevention program in a highly sensitive environment before and during the Olympic Games. This manual provides the OCOG with a comprehensive source of Olympic clean venue regulations and guidelines. Included are statements of program objectives, background information on various issues, steps for program implementation, and discussions of issues that are pertinent to the law, to the Olympic Charter, and to the Host City Contract.
    [Департамент лингвистических услуг Оргкомитета «Сочи 2014». Глоссарий терминов]

    Тематики

    EN

    • Olympic Marketing Ambush Prevention & Clean Venues Guidelines

    Русско-английский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > руководство по предотвращению теневого маркетинга и обеспечению легитимности объектов на Олимпийских играх

  • 77 план

    ч
    1) plan; draft; plane; target; (намір, проект) scheme; ( художнього твору) design; ( мапа) map

    план електрифікації — plan ( scheme) for electrification, electrification program

    зустрічний план — counter-plan, supplementary plan

    календарний план — calendar plan; п'ятирічний

    навчальний план — curriculum, school plan

    будувати плани — to plan, to make plans

    складати план — to plan, to design; to map out

    розладнати чиїсь плани — to upset ( to frustrate) one's plans; to spike a person's guns

    3)

    висуватися на перший план — to to come to the fore, to advance to the forefront

    Українсько-англійський словник > план

  • 78 иметь целью

    •

    The program is aimed (or directed) at increasing the worldwide consumption of...

    •

    The book is designed to aid all levels of management.

    •

    The method of characteristics seeks to replace the original system.

    •

    Several of these methods are intended to replace hydrogen with some less expensive substance.

    * * *
    Иметь целью -- to be aimed at, to be intended to, to have as its objective, to seek to provide; to purport (претендовать)
     In this paper, experiments are described which are aimed at illuminating the heat transfer processes.
     A vast majority of research in enclosures has been aimed at high aspect ratio.
     The test program had as its objective the confirmation of Solar's lean premixed combustor background with a full-size annular combustor.
     Results reported below had as its objective to discover what factors influenced the reducing zones.
     A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract.

    Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > иметь целью

  • 79 модульный центр обработки данных (ЦОД)

    1. modular data center

     

    модульный центр обработки данных (ЦОД)
    -
    [Интент]

    Параллельные тексты EN-RU

    [ http://loosebolts.wordpress.com/2008/12/02/our-vision-for-generation-4-modular-data-centers-one-way-of-getting-it-just-right/]

    [ http://dcnt.ru/?p=9299#more-9299]

    Data Centers are a hot topic these days. No matter where you look, this once obscure aspect of infrastructure is getting a lot of attention. For years, there have been cost pressures on IT operations and this, when the need for modern capacity is greater than ever, has thrust data centers into the spotlight. Server and rack density continues to rise, placing DC professionals and businesses in tighter and tougher situations while they struggle to manage their IT environments. And now hyper-scale cloud infrastructure is taking traditional technologies to limits never explored before and focusing the imagination of the IT industry on new possibilities.

    В настоящее время центры обработки данных являются широко обсуждаемой темой. Куда ни посмотришь, этот некогда малоизвестный аспект инфраструктуры привлекает все больше внимания. Годами ИТ-отделы испытывали нехватку средств и это выдвинуло ЦОДы в центр внимания, в то время, когда необходимость в современных ЦОДах стала как никогда высокой. Плотность серверов и стоек продолжают расти, все больше усложняя ситуацию для специалистов в области охлаждения и организаций в их попытках управлять своими ИТ-средами. И теперь гипермасштабируемая облачная инфраструктура подвергает традиционные технологии невиданным ранее нагрузкам, и заставляет ИТ-индустрию искать новые возможности.

    At Microsoft, we have focused a lot of thought and research around how to best operate and maintain our global infrastructure and we want to share those learnings. While obviously there are some aspects that we keep to ourselves, we have shared how we operate facilities daily, our technologies and methodologies, and, most importantly, how we monitor and manage our facilities. Whether it’s speaking at industry events, inviting customers to our “Microsoft data center conferences” held in our data centers, or through other media like blogging and white papers, we believe sharing best practices is paramount and will drive the industry forward. So in that vein, we have some interesting news to share.

    В компании MicroSoft уделяют большое внимание изучению наилучших методов эксплуатации и технического обслуживания своей глобальной инфраструктуры и делятся результатами своих исследований. И хотя мы, конечно, не раскрываем некоторые аспекты своих исследований, мы делимся повседневным опытом эксплуатации дата-центров, своими технологиями и методологиями и, что важнее всего, методами контроля и управления своими объектами. Будь то доклады на отраслевых событиях, приглашение клиентов на наши конференции, которые посвящены центрам обработки данных MicroSoft, и проводятся в этих самых дата-центрах, или использование других средств, например, блоги и спецификации, мы уверены, что обмен передовым опытом имеет первостепенное значение и будет продвигать отрасль вперед.

    Today we are sharing our Generation 4 Modular Data Center plan. This is our vision and will be the foundation of our cloud data center infrastructure in the next five years. We believe it is one of the most revolutionary changes to happen to data centers in the last 30 years. Joining me, in writing this blog are Daniel Costello, my director of Data Center Research and Engineering and Christian Belady, principal power and cooling architect. I feel their voices will add significant value to driving understanding around the many benefits included in this new design paradigm.

    Сейчас мы хотим поделиться своим планом модульного дата-центра четвертого поколения. Это наше видение и оно будет основанием для инфраструктуры наших облачных дата-центров в ближайшие пять лет. Мы считаем, что это одно из самых революционных изменений в дата-центрах за последние 30 лет. Вместе со мной в написании этого блога участвовали Дэниел Костелло, директор по исследованиям и инжинирингу дата-центров, и Кристиан Белади, главный архитектор систем энергоснабжения и охлаждения. Мне кажется, что их авторитет придаст больше веса большому количеству преимуществ, включенных в эту новую парадигму проектирования.

    Our “Gen 4” modular data centers will take the flexibility of containerized servers—like those in our Chicago data center—and apply it across the entire facility. So what do we mean by modular? Think of it like “building blocks”, where the data center will be composed of modular units of prefabricated mechanical, electrical, security components, etc., in addition to containerized servers.

    Was there a key driver for the Generation 4 Data Center?

    Наши модульные дата-центры “Gen 4” будут гибкими с контейнерами серверов – как серверы в нашем чикагском дата-центре. И гибкость будет применяться ко всему ЦОД. Итак, что мы подразумеваем под модульностью? Мы думаем о ней как о “строительных блоках”, где дата-центр будет состоять из модульных блоков изготовленных в заводских условиях электрических систем и систем охлаждения, а также систем безопасности и т.п., в дополнение к контейнеризованным серверам.
    Был ли ключевой стимул для разработки дата-центра четвертого поколения?


    If we were to summarize the promise of our Gen 4 design into a single sentence it would be something like this: “A highly modular, scalable, efficient, just-in-time data center capacity program that can be delivered anywhere in the world very quickly and cheaply, while allowing for continued growth as required.” Sounds too good to be true, doesn’t it? Well, keep in mind that these concepts have been in initial development and prototyping for over a year and are based on cumulative knowledge of previous facility generations and the advances we have made since we began our investments in earnest on this new design.

    Если бы нам нужно было обобщить достоинства нашего проекта Gen 4 в одном предложении, это выглядело бы следующим образом: “Центр обработки данных с высоким уровнем модульности, расширяемости, и энергетической эффективности, а также возможностью постоянного расширения, в случае необходимости, который можно очень быстро и дешево развертывать в любом месте мира”. Звучит слишком хорошо для того чтобы быть правдой, не так ли? Ну, не забывайте, что эти концепции находились в процессе начальной разработки и создания опытного образца в течение более одного года и основываются на опыте, накопленном в ходе развития предыдущих поколений ЦОД, а также успехах, сделанных нами со времени, когда мы начали вкладывать серьезные средства в этот новый проект.

    One of the biggest challenges we’ve had at Microsoft is something Mike likes to call the ‘Goldilock’s Problem’. In a nutshell, the problem can be stated as:

    The worst thing we can do in delivering facilities for the business is not have enough capacity online, thus limiting the growth of our products and services.

    Одну из самых больших проблем, с которыми приходилось сталкиваться Майкрософт, Майк любит называть ‘Проблемой Лютика’. Вкратце, эту проблему можно выразить следующим образом:

    Самое худшее, что может быть при строительстве ЦОД для бизнеса, это не располагать достаточными производственными мощностями, и тем самым ограничивать рост наших продуктов и сервисов.

    The second worst thing we can do in delivering facilities for the business is to have too much capacity online.

    А вторым самым худшим моментом в этой сфере может слишком большое количество производственных мощностей.

    This has led to a focus on smart, intelligent growth for the business — refining our overall demand picture. It can’t be too hot. It can’t be too cold. It has to be ‘Just Right!’ The capital dollars of investment are too large to make without long term planning. As we struggled to master these interesting challenges, we had to ensure that our technological plan also included solutions for the business and operational challenges we faced as well.
    So let’s take a high level look at our Generation 4 design

    Это заставило нас сосредоточиваться на интеллектуальном росте для бизнеса — refining our overall demand picture. Это не должно быть слишком горячим. И это не должно быть слишком холодным. Это должно быть ‘как раз, таким как надо!’ Нельзя делать такие большие капиталовложения без долгосрочного планирования. Пока мы старались решить эти интересные проблемы, мы должны были гарантировать, что наш технологический план будет также включать решения для коммерческих и эксплуатационных проблем, с которыми нам также приходилось сталкиваться.
    Давайте рассмотрим наш проект дата-центра четвертого поколения

    Are you ready for some great visuals? Check out this video at Soapbox. Click here for the Microsoft 4th Gen Video.

    It’s a concept video that came out of my Data Center Research and Engineering team, under Daniel Costello, that will give you a view into what we think is the future.

    From a configuration, construct-ability and time to market perspective, our primary goals and objectives are to modularize the whole data center. Not just the server side (like the Chicago facility), but the mechanical and electrical space as well. This means using the same kind of parts in pre-manufactured modules, the ability to use containers, skids, or rack-based deployments and the ability to tailor the Redundancy and Reliability requirements to the application at a very specific level.


    Посмотрите это видео, перейдите по ссылке для просмотра видео о Microsoft 4th Gen:

    Это концептуальное видео, созданное командой отдела Data Center Research and Engineering, возглавляемого Дэниелом Костелло, которое даст вам наше представление о будущем.

    С точки зрения конфигурации, строительной технологичности и времени вывода на рынок, нашими главными целями и задачами агрегатирование всего дата-центра. Не только серверную часть, как дата-центр в Чикаго, но также системы охлаждения и электрические системы. Это означает применение деталей одного типа в сборных модулях, возможность использования контейнеров, салазок, или стоечных систем, а также возможность подстраивать требования избыточности и надежности для данного приложения на очень специфичном уровне.

    Our goals from a cost perspective were simple in concept but tough to deliver. First and foremost, we had to reduce the capital cost per critical Mega Watt by the class of use. Some applications can run with N-level redundancy in the infrastructure, others require a little more infrastructure for support. These different classes of infrastructure requirements meant that optimizing for all cost classes was paramount. At Microsoft, we are not a one trick pony and have many Online products and services (240+) that require different levels of operational support. We understand that and ensured that we addressed it in our design which will allow us to reduce capital costs by 20%-40% or greater depending upon class.


    Нашими целями в области затрат были концептуально простыми, но трудно реализуемыми. В первую очередь мы должны были снизить капитальные затраты в пересчете на один мегаватт, в зависимости от класса резервирования. Некоторые приложения могут вполне работать на базе инфраструктуры с резервированием на уровне N, то есть без резервирования, а для работы других приложений требуется больше инфраструктуры. Эти разные классы требований инфраструктуры подразумевали, что оптимизация всех классов затрат имеет преобладающее значение. В Майкрософт мы не ограничиваемся одним решением и располагаем большим количеством интерактивных продуктов и сервисов (240+), которым требуются разные уровни эксплуатационной поддержки. Мы понимаем это, и учитываем это в своем проекте, который позволит нам сокращать капитальные затраты на 20%-40% или более в зависимости от класса.

    For example, non-critical or geo redundant applications have low hardware reliability requirements on a location basis. As a result, Gen 4 can be configured to provide stripped down, low-cost infrastructure with little or no redundancy and/or temperature control. Let’s say an Online service team decides that due to the dramatically lower cost, they will simply use uncontrolled outside air with temperatures ranging 10-35 C and 20-80% RH. The reality is we are already spec-ing this for all of our servers today and working with server vendors to broaden that range even further as Gen 4 becomes a reality. For this class of infrastructure, we eliminate generators, chillers, UPSs, and possibly lower costs relative to traditional infrastructure.

    Например, некритичные или гео-избыточные системы имеют низкие требования к аппаратной надежности на основе местоположения. В результате этого, Gen 4 можно конфигурировать для упрощенной, недорогой инфраструктуры с низким уровнем (или вообще без резервирования) резервирования и / или температурного контроля. Скажем, команда интерактивного сервиса решает, что, в связи с намного меньшими затратами, они будут просто использовать некондиционированный наружный воздух с температурой 10-35°C и влажностью 20-80% RH. В реальности мы уже сегодня предъявляем эти требования к своим серверам и работаем с поставщиками серверов над еще большим расширением диапазона температур, так как наш модуль и подход Gen 4 становится реальностью. Для подобного класса инфраструктуры мы удаляем генераторы, чиллеры, ИБП, и, возможно, будем предлагать более низкие затраты, по сравнению с традиционной инфраструктурой.

    Applications that demand higher level of redundancy or temperature control will use configurations of Gen 4 to meet those needs, however, they will also cost more (but still less than traditional data centers). We see this cost difference driving engineering behavioral change in that we predict more applications will drive towards Geo redundancy to lower costs.

    Системы, которым требуется более высокий уровень резервирования или температурного контроля, будут использовать конфигурации Gen 4, отвечающие этим требованиям, однако, они будут также стоить больше. Но все равно они будут стоить меньше, чем традиционные дата-центры. Мы предвидим, что эти различия в затратах будут вызывать изменения в методах инжиниринга, и по нашим прогнозам, это будет выражаться в переходе все большего числа систем на гео-избыточность и меньшие затраты.

    Another cool thing about Gen 4 is that it allows us to deploy capacity when our demand dictates it. Once finalized, we will no longer need to make large upfront investments. Imagine driving capital costs more closely in-line with actual demand, thus greatly reducing time-to-market and adding the capacity Online inherent in the design. Also reduced is the amount of construction labor required to put these “building blocks” together. Since the entire platform requires pre-manufacture of its core components, on-site construction costs are lowered. This allows us to maximize our return on invested capital.

    Еще одно достоинство Gen 4 состоит в том, что он позволяет нам разворачивать дополнительные мощности, когда нам это необходимо. Как только мы закончим проект, нам больше не нужно будет делать большие начальные капиталовложения. Представьте себе возможность более точного согласования капитальных затрат с реальными требованиями, и тем самым значительного снижения времени вывода на рынок и интерактивного добавления мощностей, предусматриваемого проектом. Также снижен объем строительных работ, требуемых для сборки этих “строительных блоков”. Поскольку вся платформа требует предварительного изготовления ее базовых компонентов, затраты на сборку также снижены. Это позволит нам увеличить до максимума окупаемость своих капиталовложений.
    Мы все подвергаем сомнению

    In our design process, we questioned everything. You may notice there is no roof and some might be uncomfortable with this. We explored the need of one and throughout our research we got some surprising (positive) results that showed one wasn’t needed.

    В своем процессе проектирования мы все подвергаем сомнению. Вы, наверное, обратили внимание на отсутствие крыши, и некоторым специалистам это могло не понравиться. Мы изучили необходимость в крыше и в ходе своих исследований получили удивительные результаты, которые показали, что крыша не нужна.
    Серийное производство дата центров


    In short, we are striving to bring Henry Ford’s Model T factory to the data center. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Ford#Model_T. Gen 4 will move data centers from a custom design and build model to a commoditized manufacturing approach. We intend to have our components built in factories and then assemble them in one location (the data center site) very quickly. Think about how a computer, car or plane is built today. Components are manufactured by different companies all over the world to a predefined spec and then integrated in one location based on demands and feature requirements. And just like Henry Ford’s assembly line drove the cost of building and the time-to-market down dramatically for the automobile industry, we expect Gen 4 to do the same for data centers. Everything will be pre-manufactured and assembled on the pad.

    Мы хотим применить модель автомобильной фабрики Генри Форда к дата-центру. Проект Gen 4 будет способствовать переходу от модели специализированного проектирования и строительства к товарно-производственному, серийному подходу. Мы намерены изготавливать свои компоненты на заводах, а затем очень быстро собирать их в одном месте, в месте строительства дата-центра. Подумайте о том, как сегодня изготавливается компьютер, автомобиль или самолет. Компоненты изготавливаются по заранее определенным спецификациям разными компаниями во всем мире, затем собираются в одном месте на основе спроса и требуемых характеристик. И точно так же как сборочный конвейер Генри Форда привел к значительному уменьшению затрат на производство и времени вывода на рынок в автомобильной промышленности, мы надеемся, что Gen 4 сделает то же самое для дата-центров. Все будет предварительно изготавливаться и собираться на месте.
    Невероятно энергоэффективный ЦОД


    And did we mention that this platform will be, overall, incredibly energy efficient? From a total energy perspective not only will we have remarkable PUE values, but the total cost of energy going into the facility will be greatly reduced as well. How much energy goes into making concrete? Will we need as much of it? How much energy goes into the fuel of the construction vehicles? This will also be greatly reduced! A key driver is our goal to achieve an average PUE at or below 1.125 by 2012 across our data centers. More than that, we are on a mission to reduce the overall amount of copper and water used in these facilities. We believe these will be the next areas of industry attention when and if the energy problem is solved. So we are asking today…“how can we build a data center with less building”?

    А мы упоминали, что эта платформа будет, в общем, невероятно энергоэффективной? С точки зрения общей энергии, мы получим не только поразительные значения PUE, но общая стоимость энергии, затраченной на объект будет также значительно снижена. Сколько энергии идет на производство бетона? Нам нужно будет столько энергии? Сколько энергии идет на питание инженерных строительных машин? Это тоже будет значительно снижено! Главным стимулом является достижение среднего PUE не больше 1.125 для всех наших дата-центров к 2012 году. Более того, у нас есть задача сокращения общего количества меди и воды в дата-центрах. Мы думаем, что эти задачи станут следующей заботой отрасли после того как будет решена энергетическая проблема. Итак, сегодня мы спрашиваем себя…“как можно построить дата-центр с меньшим объемом строительных работ”?
    Строительство дата центров без чиллеров

    We have talked openly and publicly about building chiller-less data centers and running our facilities using aggressive outside economization. Our sincerest hope is that Gen 4 will completely eliminate the use of water. Today’s data centers use massive amounts of water and we see water as the next scarce resource and have decided to take a proactive stance on making water conservation part of our plan.

    Мы открыто и публично говорили о строительстве дата-центров без чиллеров и активном использовании в наших центрах обработки данных технологий свободного охлаждения или фрикулинга. Мы искренне надеемся, что Gen 4 позволит полностью отказаться от использования воды. Современные дата-центры расходуют большие объемы воды и так как мы считаем воду следующим редким ресурсом, мы решили принять упреждающие меры и включить экономию воды в свой план.

    By sharing this with the industry, we believe everyone can benefit from our methodology. While this concept and approach may be intimidating (or downright frightening) to some in the industry, disclosure ultimately is better for all of us.

    Делясь этим опытом с отраслью, мы считаем, что каждый сможет извлечь выгоду из нашей методологией. Хотя эта концепция и подход могут показаться пугающими (или откровенно страшными) для некоторых отраслевых специалистов, раскрывая свои планы мы, в конечном счете, делаем лучше для всех нас.

    Gen 4 design (even more than just containers), could reduce the ‘religious’ debates in our industry. With the central spine infrastructure in place, containers or pre-manufactured server halls can be either AC or DC, air-side economized or water-side economized, or not economized at all (though the sanity of that might be questioned). Gen 4 will allow us to decommission, repair and upgrade quickly because everything is modular. No longer will we be governed by the initial decisions made when constructing the facility. We will have almost unlimited use and re-use of the facility and site. We will also be able to use power in an ultra-fluid fashion moving load from critical to non-critical as use and capacity requirements dictate.

    Проект Gen 4 позволит уменьшить ‘религиозные’ споры в нашей отрасли. Располагая базовой инфраструктурой, контейнеры или сборные серверные могут оборудоваться системами переменного или постоянного тока, воздушными или водяными экономайзерами, или вообще не использовать экономайзеры. Хотя можно подвергать сомнению разумность такого решения. Gen 4 позволит нам быстро выполнять работы по выводу из эксплуатации, ремонту и модернизации, поскольку все будет модульным. Мы больше не будем руководствоваться начальными решениями, принятыми во время строительства дата-центра. Мы сможем использовать этот дата-центр и инфраструктуру в течение почти неограниченного периода времени. Мы также сможем применять сверхгибкие методы использования электрической энергии, переводя оборудование в режимы критической или некритической нагрузки в соответствии с требуемой мощностью.
    Gen 4 – это стандартная платформа

    Finally, we believe this is a big game changer. Gen 4 will provide a standard platform that our industry can innovate around. For example, all modules in our Gen 4 will have common interfaces clearly defined by our specs and any vendor that meets these specifications will be able to plug into our infrastructure. Whether you are a computer vendor, UPS vendor, generator vendor, etc., you will be able to plug and play into our infrastructure. This means we can also source anyone, anywhere on the globe to minimize costs and maximize performance. We want to help motivate the industry to further innovate—with innovations from which everyone can reap the benefits.

    Наконец, мы уверены, что это будет фактором, который значительно изменит ситуацию. Gen 4 будет представлять собой стандартную платформу, которую отрасль сможет обновлять. Например, все модули в нашем Gen 4 будут иметь общепринятые интерфейсы, четко определяемые нашими спецификациями, и оборудование любого поставщика, которое отвечает этим спецификациям можно будет включать в нашу инфраструктуру. Независимо от того производите вы компьютеры, ИБП, генераторы и т.п., вы сможете включать свое оборудование нашу инфраструктуру. Это означает, что мы также сможем обеспечивать всех, в любом месте земного шара, тем самым сводя до минимума затраты и максимальной увеличивая производительность. Мы хотим создать в отрасли мотивацию для дальнейших инноваций – инноваций, от которых каждый сможет получать выгоду.
    Главные характеристики дата-центров четвертого поколения Gen4

    To summarize, the key characteristics of our Generation 4 data centers are:

    Scalable
    Plug-and-play spine infrastructure
    Factory pre-assembled: Pre-Assembled Containers (PACs) & Pre-Manufactured Buildings (PMBs)
    Rapid deployment
    De-mountable
    Reduce TTM
    Reduced construction
    Sustainable measures

    Ниже приведены главные характеристики дата-центров четвертого поколения Gen 4:

    Расширяемость;
    Готовая к использованию базовая инфраструктура;
    Изготовление в заводских условиях: сборные контейнеры (PAC) и сборные здания (PMB);
    Быстрота развертывания;
    Возможность демонтажа;
    Снижение времени вывода на рынок (TTM);
    Сокращение сроков строительства;
    Экологичность;

    Map applications to DC Class

    We hope you join us on this incredible journey of change and innovation!

    Long hours of research and engineering time are invested into this process. There are still some long days and nights ahead, but the vision is clear. Rest assured however, that we as refine Generation 4, the team will soon be looking to Generation 5 (even if it is a bit farther out). There is always room to get better.


    Использование систем электропитания постоянного тока.

    Мы надеемся, что вы присоединитесь к нам в этом невероятном путешествии по миру изменений и инноваций!

    На этот проект уже потрачены долгие часы исследований и проектирования. И еще предстоит потратить много дней и ночей, но мы имеем четкое представление о конечной цели. Однако будьте уверены, что как только мы доведем до конца проект модульного дата-центра четвертого поколения, мы вскоре начнем думать о проекте дата-центра пятого поколения. Всегда есть возможность для улучшений.

    So if you happen to come across Goldilocks in the forest, and you are curious as to why she is smiling you will know that she feels very good about getting very close to ‘JUST RIGHT’.

    Generations of Evolution – some background on our data center designs

    Так что, если вы встретите в лесу девочку по имени Лютик, и вам станет любопытно, почему она улыбается, вы будете знать, что она очень довольна тем, что очень близко подошла к ‘ОПИМАЛЬНОМУ РЕШЕНИЮ’.
    Поколения эволюции – история развития наших дата-центров

    We thought you might be interested in understanding what happened in the first three generations of our data center designs. When Ray Ozzie wrote his Software plus Services memo it posed a very interesting challenge to us. The winds of change were at ‘tornado’ proportions. That “plus Services” tag had some significant (and unstated) challenges inherent to it. The first was that Microsoft was going to evolve even further into an operations company. While we had been running large scale Internet services since 1995, this development lead us to an entirely new level. Additionally, these “services” would span across both Internet and Enterprise businesses. To those of you who have to operate “stuff”, you know that these are two very different worlds in operational models and challenges. It also meant that, to achieve the same level of reliability and performance required our infrastructure was going to have to scale globally and in a significant way.

    Мы подумали, что может быть вам будет интересно узнать историю первых трех поколений наших центров обработки данных. Когда Рэй Оззи написал свою памятную записку Software plus Services, он поставил перед нами очень интересную задачу. Ветра перемен двигались с ураганной скоростью. Это окончание “plus Services” скрывало в себе какие-то значительные и неопределенные задачи. Первая заключалась в том, что Майкрософт собиралась в еще большей степени стать операционной компанией. Несмотря на то, что мы управляли большими интернет-сервисами, начиная с 1995 г., эта разработка подняла нас на абсолютно новый уровень. Кроме того, эти “сервисы” охватывали интернет-компании и корпорации. Тем, кому приходится всем этим управлять, известно, что есть два очень разных мира в области операционных моделей и задач. Это также означало, что для достижения такого же уровня надежности и производительности требовалось, чтобы наша инфраструктура располагала значительными возможностями расширения в глобальных масштабах.

    It was that intense atmosphere of change that we first started re-evaluating data center technology and processes in general and our ideas began to reach farther than what was accepted by the industry at large. This was the era of Generation 1. As we look at where most of the world’s data centers are today (and where our facilities were), it represented all the known learning and design requirements that had been in place since IBM built the first purpose-built computer room. These facilities focused more around uptime, reliability and redundancy. Big infrastructure was held accountable to solve all potential environmental shortfalls. This is where the majority of infrastructure in the industry still is today.

    Именно в этой атмосфере серьезных изменений мы впервые начали переоценку ЦОД-технологий и технологий вообще, и наши идеи начали выходить за пределы общепринятых в отрасли представлений. Это была эпоха ЦОД первого поколения. Когда мы узнали, где сегодня располагается большинство мировых дата-центров и где находятся наши предприятия, это представляло весь опыт и навыки проектирования, накопленные со времени, когда IBM построила первую серверную. В этих ЦОД больше внимания уделялось бесперебойной работе, надежности и резервированию. Большая инфраструктура была призвана решать все потенциальные экологические проблемы. Сегодня большая часть инфраструктуры все еще находится на этом этапе своего развития.

    We soon realized that traditional data centers were quickly becoming outdated. They were not keeping up with the demands of what was happening technologically and environmentally. That’s when we kicked off our Generation 2 design. Gen 2 facilities started taking into account sustainability, energy efficiency, and really looking at the total cost of energy and operations.

    Очень быстро мы поняли, что стандартные дата-центры очень быстро становятся устаревшими. Они не поспевали за темпами изменений технологических и экологических требований. Именно тогда мы стали разрабатывать ЦОД второго поколения. В этих дата-центрах Gen 2 стали принимать во внимание такие факторы как устойчивое развитие, энергетическая эффективность, а также общие энергетические и эксплуатационные.

    No longer did we view data centers just for the upfront capital costs, but we took a hard look at the facility over the course of its life. Our Quincy, Washington and San Antonio, Texas facilities are examples of our Gen 2 data centers where we explored and implemented new ways to lessen the impact on the environment. These facilities are considered two leading industry examples, based on their energy efficiency and ability to run and operate at new levels of scale and performance by leveraging clean hydro power (Quincy) and recycled waste water (San Antonio) to cool the facility during peak cooling months.

    Мы больше не рассматривали дата-центры только с точки зрения начальных капитальных затрат, а внимательно следили за работой ЦОД на протяжении его срока службы. Наши объекты в Куинси, Вашингтоне, и Сан-Антонио, Техас, являются образцами наших ЦОД второго поколения, в которых мы изучали и применяли на практике новые способы снижения воздействия на окружающую среду. Эти объекты считаются двумя ведущими отраслевыми примерами, исходя из их энергетической эффективности и способности работать на новых уровнях производительности, основанных на использовании чистой энергии воды (Куинси) и рециклирования отработанной воды (Сан-Антонио) для охлаждения объекта в самых жарких месяцах.

    As we were delivering our Gen 2 facilities into steel and concrete, our Generation 3 facilities were rapidly driving the evolution of the program. The key concepts for our Gen 3 design are increased modularity and greater concentration around energy efficiency and scale. The Gen 3 facility will be best represented by the Chicago, Illinois facility currently under construction. This facility will seem very foreign compared to the traditional data center concepts most of the industry is comfortable with. In fact, if you ever sit around in our container hanger in Chicago it will look incredibly different from a traditional raised-floor data center. We anticipate this modularization will drive huge efficiencies in terms of cost and operations for our business. We will also introduce significant changes in the environmental systems used to run our facilities. These concepts and processes (where applicable) will help us gain even greater efficiencies in our existing footprint, allowing us to further maximize infrastructure investments.

    Так как наши ЦОД второго поколения строились из стали и бетона, наши центры обработки данных третьего поколения начали их быстро вытеснять. Главными концептуальными особенностями ЦОД третьего поколения Gen 3 являются повышенная модульность и большее внимание к энергетической эффективности и масштабированию. Дата-центры третьего поколения лучше всего представлены объектом, который в настоящее время строится в Чикаго, Иллинойс. Этот ЦОД будет выглядеть очень необычно, по сравнению с общепринятыми в отрасли представлениями о дата-центре. Действительно, если вам когда-либо удастся побывать в нашем контейнерном ангаре в Чикаго, он покажется вам совершенно непохожим на обычный дата-центр с фальшполом. Мы предполагаем, что этот модульный подход будет способствовать значительному повышению эффективности нашего бизнеса в отношении затрат и операций. Мы также внесем существенные изменения в климатические системы, используемые в наших ЦОД. Эти концепции и технологии, если применимо, позволят нам добиться еще большей эффективности наших существующих дата-центров, и тем самым еще больше увеличивать капиталовложения в инфраструктуру.

    This is definitely a journey, not a destination industry. In fact, our Generation 4 design has been under heavy engineering for viability and cost for over a year. While the demand of our commercial growth required us to make investments as we grew, we treated each step in the learning as a process for further innovation in data centers. The design for our future Gen 4 facilities enabled us to make visionary advances that addressed the challenges of building, running, and operating facilities all in one concerted effort.

    Это определенно путешествие, а не конечный пункт назначения. На самом деле, наш проект ЦОД четвертого поколения подвергался серьезным испытаниям на жизнеспособность и затраты на протяжении целого года. Хотя необходимость в коммерческом росте требовала от нас постоянных капиталовложений, мы рассматривали каждый этап своего развития как шаг к будущим инновациям в области дата-центров. Проект наших будущих ЦОД четвертого поколения Gen 4 позволил нам делать фантастические предположения, которые касались задач строительства, управления и эксплуатации объектов как единого упорядоченного процесса.

    Тематики

    Синонимы

    EN

    Русско-английский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > модульный центр обработки данных (ЦОД)

  • 80 программа измерения фона Земли

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > программа измерения фона Земли

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