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81 impresionante
adj.1 amazing, astonishing (asombroso, extraordinario).2 impressive, awful, affecting, awe-inspiring.* * *► adjetivo1 (admirable) impressive2 (impactante) powerful; (inquietante) disturbing3 (sorprendente) astonishing, amazing* * *adj.* * *ADJ1) (=maravilloso) [edificio, acto] impressive; [espectáculo] striking2) (=conmovedor) moving, affecting3) (=espantoso) shocking* * ** * *= dazzling, formidable, impressive, striking, awe-inspiring, awe-inspiring, imposing, breathtaking, bedazzling, astonishing, spectacular, awesome, towering.Ex. It was a grand day, one of those dazzling spectacular blue and gold days of early fall.Ex. 'It's up to you to see that things are done,' she defended herself, somewhat nervous and abashed by his formidable stare.Ex. Given such an impressive array of advantages it may seem surprising that conventional subject indexes to the literature continue to be produced.Ex. A very striking example of this is the fact that in all our rules there is the provision that anonymous publications should be entered under the author when known.Ex. Some of the books recently published in the field of automotive engineering can perhaps best be described as awe-inspiring.Ex. Some of the books recently published in the field of automotive engineering can perhaps best be described as awe-inspiring.Ex. Today's imposing array of courses is seen as a worthy monument to the efforts of those who have given so much to education for librarianship.Ex. This breathtaking building is 213 meters long and has over 300 windows.Ex. He is a skillful raconteur, his writing is wonderfully entertaining and his message is controversial, bedazzling, savvy, disquieting... yet optimistic.Ex. It asserts that the answer to the problems relating to the astonishing growth of great research libraries lies in large-scale interlibrary cooperation.Ex. There were some quite spectacular success stories reported of SLIS exporting their IT talents to the rest of the institution.Ex. In the sometimes frenetic push towards the somewhat awesome concept of Universal Bibliographic Control (UBC), the library needs of the nonscholar are easily overlooked.Ex. We will stop along the way to visit towering forests, waterfalls and scenic lakes.----* de un modo impresionante = impressively.* paisaje impresionante = breathtaking scenery.* vista impresionante = breathtaking view.* * ** * *= dazzling, formidable, impressive, striking, awe-inspiring, awe-inspiring, imposing, breathtaking, bedazzling, astonishing, spectacular, awesome, towering.Ex: It was a grand day, one of those dazzling spectacular blue and gold days of early fall.
Ex: 'It's up to you to see that things are done,' she defended herself, somewhat nervous and abashed by his formidable stare.Ex: Given such an impressive array of advantages it may seem surprising that conventional subject indexes to the literature continue to be produced.Ex: A very striking example of this is the fact that in all our rules there is the provision that anonymous publications should be entered under the author when known.Ex: Some of the books recently published in the field of automotive engineering can perhaps best be described as awe-inspiring.Ex: Some of the books recently published in the field of automotive engineering can perhaps best be described as awe-inspiring.Ex: Today's imposing array of courses is seen as a worthy monument to the efforts of those who have given so much to education for librarianship.Ex: This breathtaking building is 213 meters long and has over 300 windows.Ex: He is a skillful raconteur, his writing is wonderfully entertaining and his message is controversial, bedazzling, savvy, disquieting... yet optimistic.Ex: It asserts that the answer to the problems relating to the astonishing growth of great research libraries lies in large-scale interlibrary cooperation.Ex: There were some quite spectacular success stories reported of SLIS exporting their IT talents to the rest of the institution.Ex: In the sometimes frenetic push towards the somewhat awesome concept of Universal Bibliographic Control (UBC), the library needs of the nonscholar are easily overlooked.Ex: We will stop along the way to visit towering forests, waterfalls and scenic lakes.* de un modo impresionante = impressively.* paisaje impresionante = breathtaking scenery.* vista impresionante = breathtaking view.* * *‹éxito› amazing, incredible; ‹accidente› horrifichabía una vista impresionante desde el hotel there was a spectacular o an amazing view from the hotelhabía una cantidad impresionante de gente there was an amazing o incredible number of people therela caída del dólar fue impresionante the dollar's fall was dramatic* * *
impresionante adjetivo ‹éxito/cantidad/paisaje› amazing, incredible;
‹ accidente› horrific
impresionante adjetivo
1 (admirable) impressive, striking: contemplamos un paisaje impresionante, we contemplated the astonishing landscape
(sobrecogedor) shocking: sufrió un impresionante accidente, she had a horrific accident
2 (intensificador) fue una metedura de pata impresionante, it was a terrible blunder
tengo unas ganas impresionantes de verte, I can hardly wait to see you
' impresionante' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
ciega
- ciego
- conquistar
- espectáculo
- formidable
- imponente
- cantidad
English:
awe-inspiring
- awesome
- breathtaking
- effective
- imposing
- impressive
- impressively
- mighty
- spectacular
- stunning
- towering
- awe
- breath
- cool
* * *impresionante adj1. [asombroso, extraordinario] amazing, astonishing;tuvo un éxito impresionante it was amazingly successful2. [conmovedor] moving;era impresionante verlos sufrir it was terrible to watch them suffer3. [maravilloso] impressive;una puesta de sol impresionante an impressive o spectacular sunset4. [grande] enormous;hace un frío impresionante it's absolutely freezing* * *adj impressive* * *impresionante adj: impressive, incredible, amazing♦ impresionantemente adv* * *impresionante adj1. (admirable) impressive2. (sorprendente) amazing / incredible3. (muy grande) terrible -
82 imponente
adj.1 imposing, impressive (impresionante).2 sensational, terrific (informal) (estupendo).¡la profesora está imponente! the teacher is a stunner!f. & m.depositor.* * *► adjetivo1 impressive► adverbio1 familiar (buenísimo) terrific* * *adj.* * *1. ADJ1) (=que asusta) [persona, castillo, montaña] imposing2) (=magnífico) [aspecto] stunning; [edificio, fachada] impressive; [paisaje, representación] stunning, impressivevivía en una imponente mansión — she lived in an imposing o impressive mansion
2. SMF1) (Econ) depositor2) Chile Social Security contributor* * *a) < belleza> impressive; <edificio/paisaje> imposing, impressiveestás imponente con ese vestido — (fam) you look terrific in that dress (colloq)
b) ( como intensificador)cayó un aguacero imponente — there was an incredible o a terrific downpour
* * *= awesome, daunting, grandiose, awe-inspiring, awe-inspiring, forbidding, redoubtable, imposing, mighty [mightier -comp., mightiest -sup.], breathtaking, mind-blowing, towering, formidable, face-melting.Ex. In the sometimes frenetic push towards the somewhat awesome concept of Universal Bibliographic Control (UBC), the library needs of the nonscholar are easily overlooked.Ex. One of the most daunting aspect of music cataloguing arises from the fact that music and music recordings have international value.Ex. It was initially intended for use in the classified arrangement of a grandiose index to all recorded human knowledge, a 'universal index'.Ex. Some of the books recently published in the field of automotive engineering can perhaps best be described as awe-inspiring.Ex. Some of the books recently published in the field of automotive engineering can perhaps best be described as awe-inspiring.Ex. All those shelves full of books are forbidding, daunting.Ex. The city has returned a majority for every Democratic presidential candidate since 1916, when Woodrow Wilson took 65% of the city's vote against the redoubtable Charles Evans Hughes.Ex. Today's imposing array of courses is seen as a worthy monument to the efforts of those who have given so much to education for librarianship.Ex. The October 2002 issue of CONVERGE magazine lists their picks for the 'Shapers of the Future 2002' -- 'today's leaders and innovators who have dreamed and accomplished mighty things in technology and education'.Ex. This breathtaking building is 213 meters long and has over 300 windows.Ex. The implications of this are mind-blowing, since oil provides 40 per cent of all energy.Ex. We will stop along the way to visit towering forests, waterfalls and scenic lakes.Ex. 'It's up to you to see that things are done,' she defended herself, somewhat nervous and abashed by his formidable stare.Ex. You can think of Homer as a badass literary ninja who wailed out a lyre solo so face-melting that it was remembered for the rest of history, and then dropped a smoke bomb and back-flipped out of sight forever.----* ser Algo imponente = loom + large.* ser imponente = be awe-inspiring.* * *a) < belleza> impressive; <edificio/paisaje> imposing, impressiveestás imponente con ese vestido — (fam) you look terrific in that dress (colloq)
b) ( como intensificador)cayó un aguacero imponente — there was an incredible o a terrific downpour
* * *= awesome, daunting, grandiose, awe-inspiring, awe-inspiring, forbidding, redoubtable, imposing, mighty [mightier -comp., mightiest -sup.], breathtaking, mind-blowing, towering, formidable, face-melting.Ex: In the sometimes frenetic push towards the somewhat awesome concept of Universal Bibliographic Control (UBC), the library needs of the nonscholar are easily overlooked.
Ex: One of the most daunting aspect of music cataloguing arises from the fact that music and music recordings have international value.Ex: It was initially intended for use in the classified arrangement of a grandiose index to all recorded human knowledge, a 'universal index'.Ex: Some of the books recently published in the field of automotive engineering can perhaps best be described as awe-inspiring.Ex: Some of the books recently published in the field of automotive engineering can perhaps best be described as awe-inspiring.Ex: All those shelves full of books are forbidding, daunting.Ex: The city has returned a majority for every Democratic presidential candidate since 1916, when Woodrow Wilson took 65% of the city's vote against the redoubtable Charles Evans Hughes.Ex: Today's imposing array of courses is seen as a worthy monument to the efforts of those who have given so much to education for librarianship.Ex: The October 2002 issue of CONVERGE magazine lists their picks for the 'Shapers of the Future 2002' -- 'today's leaders and innovators who have dreamed and accomplished mighty things in technology and education'.Ex: This breathtaking building is 213 meters long and has over 300 windows.Ex: The implications of this are mind-blowing, since oil provides 40 per cent of all energy.Ex: We will stop along the way to visit towering forests, waterfalls and scenic lakes.Ex: 'It's up to you to see that things are done,' she defended herself, somewhat nervous and abashed by his formidable stare.Ex: You can think of Homer as a badass literary ninja who wailed out a lyre solo so face-melting that it was remembered for the rest of history, and then dropped a smoke bomb and back-flipped out of sight forever.* ser Algo imponente = loom + large.* ser imponente = be awe-inspiring.* * *1 (grandioso) ‹belleza› impressive; ‹edificio/paisaje› imposing, impressivetiene una casa imponente he has a really grand o impressive housetiene una figura imponente he cuts an imposing figure2 ( como intensificador):cayó un aguacero imponente there was an incredible o a terrific downpourtiene un coche imponente she has an amazing carhacía un frío imponente it was extraordinarily o unbelievably coldB ( Chi) (a la seguridad social) contributor* * *
imponente adjetivo ‹ belleza› impressive;
‹edificio/paisaje› imposing, impressive
imponente adjetivo
1 (impresionante) imposing, impressive: estaba imponente, she looked terrific o great
la imponente presencia de aquel hombre, the imposing presence of that man
2 fam (guapo) terrific, tremendous, smashing
' imponente' also found in these entries:
English:
awe-inspiring
- formidable
- imposing
- awesome
- impressive
- loom
- mighty
* * *♦ adj1. [impresionante] imposing, impressive;un perro imponente guardaba la entrada an imposing-looking o a formidable dog guarded the entranceestaba imponente con esa falda she looked stunning in that skirt;¡la profesora está imponente! the teacher is a stunner!♦ nmfEsp depositor* * *I adj1 impressive, imposing2 famterrificII m/f FIN depositor* * *imponente adj: imposing, impressive -
83 ingeniería
f.engineering.* * *1 engineering* * *noun f.* * *SF engineeringingeniería de sistemas — (Inform) systems engineering
* * *femenino engineering* * *= engineering, engineering science.Ex. For example, a book on Bridges should be entered under Bridges and not under a broader heading such as engineering, nor doubly under both headings.Ex. The primary focus of the journal is on stochastic modelling in the physical and engineering sciences.----* creado por la ingeniería genética = genetically engineered.* industria de la ingeniería eléctrica, la = electrical engineering industry, the.* industria de la ingeniería química, la = chemical engineering industry, the.* ingeniería aeroespacial = aerospace engineering.* ingeniería agrónoma = agricultural engineering.* ingeniería biológica = bioengineering.* ingeniería civil = civil engineering.* ingeniería computacional = computer engineering.* ingeniería de aviación = aviation engineering.* ingeniería de caminos = civil engineering.* ingeniería de canales = canal engineering.* ingeniería de control = control engineering.* ingeniería de la construcción = construction engineering.* ingeniería del automóvil = automotive engineering, car engineering.* ingeniería del conocimiento = knowledge engineering.* ingeniería de minas = mining engineering.* ingeniería de software = software engineering.* ingeniería eléctrica = electrical engineering.* ingeniería electrónica = electronic engineering.* ingeniería forense = forensic engineering.* ingeniería forestal = forestry.* ingeniería genética = genetic engineering.* ingeniería informática = computer engineering.* ingeniería marina = marine engineering.* ingeniería mecánica = mechanical engineering.* ingeniería minera = mining engineering.* ingeniería municipal = municipal engineering.* ingeniería nuclear = nuclear engineering.* ingeniería química = chemical engineering.* ingeniería sanitaria = sanitary engineering.* * *femenino engineering* * *= engineering, engineering science.Ex: For example, a book on Bridges should be entered under Bridges and not under a broader heading such as engineering, nor doubly under both headings.
Ex: The primary focus of the journal is on stochastic modelling in the physical and engineering sciences.* creado por la ingeniería genética = genetically engineered.* industria de la ingeniería eléctrica, la = electrical engineering industry, the.* industria de la ingeniería química, la = chemical engineering industry, the.* ingeniería aeroespacial = aerospace engineering.* ingeniería agrónoma = agricultural engineering.* ingeniería biológica = bioengineering.* ingeniería civil = civil engineering.* ingeniería computacional = computer engineering.* ingeniería de aviación = aviation engineering.* ingeniería de caminos = civil engineering.* ingeniería de canales = canal engineering.* ingeniería de control = control engineering.* ingeniería de la construcción = construction engineering.* ingeniería del automóvil = automotive engineering, car engineering.* ingeniería del conocimiento = knowledge engineering.* ingeniería de minas = mining engineering.* ingeniería de software = software engineering.* ingeniería eléctrica = electrical engineering.* ingeniería electrónica = electronic engineering.* ingeniería forense = forensic engineering.* ingeniería forestal = forestry.* ingeniería genética = genetic engineering.* ingeniería informática = computer engineering.* ingeniería marina = marine engineering.* ingeniería mecánica = mechanical engineering.* ingeniería minera = mining engineering.* ingeniería municipal = municipal engineering.* ingeniería nuclear = nuclear engineering.* ingeniería química = chemical engineering.* ingeniería sanitaria = sanitary engineering.* * *engineeringCompuestos:agricultural engineeringbioengineeringcivil engineeringprecision engineeringsystems engineeringsoftware engineeringelectrical engineeringelectronic engineeringgenetic engineeringindustrial engineeringmechanical engineering* * *
ingeniería sustantivo femenino
engineering;
ingeniería sustantivo femenino engineering
ingeniería genética, genetic engineering
' ingeniería' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
aeronáutica
- aeronáutico
- eminencia
English:
electrical engineering
- engineering
- genetic engineering
* * *ingeniería nfengineering;Figuna obra de ingeniería a major operationingeniería civil civil engineering;ingeniería financiera financial engineering;ingeniería genética genetic engineering;ingeniería industrial industrial engineering;ingeniería naval marine engineering;ingeniería de sistemas system(s) engineering;ingeniería social social engineering* * *f engineering* * *ingeniería nf: engineering* * *ingeniería n engineering -
84 SAE
1) Компьютерная техника: Systems Application Engineering2) Медицина: односторонняя ампутация выше локтя (single above elbow amputation (amputee)), серьезное нежелательное явление (serious adverse event), Serious Adverse Event, тяжелая побочная реакция, человек, подвергшийся такой ампутации3) Военный термин: shop and equipment, site acceptance evaluation, steering angle error, supersonic aircraft engine4) Техника: simple arithmetic expression, site area emergency, spacecraft assembly and encapsulation5) Сельское хозяйство: Supervised Agricultural Experiences6) Автомобильный термин: viscosity grade, Общество автомобильных инженеров7) Грубое выражение: Stupid Annoying And Evil8) Сокращение: Service Acquisition Executive (USA), Service Acquisition Executive, Signal Analysis and Exploitation, Singapore Automotive Engineering Pte Ltd, Same Assholes Everywhere9) Университет: School Of Audio Engineering, Students Acquiring Experience, Students As Entrepreneurs10) Пищевая промышленность: Stop and Eat11) СМИ: Sales Administration Editorial12) Деловая лексика: вложенный в письмо конверт с обратным адресом и маркой (stamped addressed envelope)13) Бурение: Общество инженеров-транспортников (Society of Automotive Engineers)14) Образование: State Administrative Expense, Students Are Exciting, Supervised Agricultural Experience15) Полимеры: Society of Automotive Engineers16) Сахалин Ю: society of American engineers17) NYSE. Super- Sol LTD.18) Единицы измерений: Standard American Equivalent19) Международная торговля: Spain America Enterprises20) Клинические исследования: СНЯ, серьезное нежелательное явление -
85 sae
1) Компьютерная техника: Systems Application Engineering2) Медицина: односторонняя ампутация выше локтя (single above elbow amputation (amputee)), серьезное нежелательное явление (serious adverse event), Serious Adverse Event, тяжелая побочная реакция, человек, подвергшийся такой ампутации3) Военный термин: shop and equipment, site acceptance evaluation, steering angle error, supersonic aircraft engine4) Техника: simple arithmetic expression, site area emergency, spacecraft assembly and encapsulation5) Сельское хозяйство: Supervised Agricultural Experiences6) Автомобильный термин: viscosity grade, Общество автомобильных инженеров7) Грубое выражение: Stupid Annoying And Evil8) Сокращение: Service Acquisition Executive (USA), Service Acquisition Executive, Signal Analysis and Exploitation, Singapore Automotive Engineering Pte Ltd, Same Assholes Everywhere9) Университет: School Of Audio Engineering, Students Acquiring Experience, Students As Entrepreneurs10) Пищевая промышленность: Stop and Eat11) СМИ: Sales Administration Editorial12) Деловая лексика: вложенный в письмо конверт с обратным адресом и маркой (stamped addressed envelope)13) Бурение: Общество инженеров-транспортников (Society of Automotive Engineers)14) Образование: State Administrative Expense, Students Are Exciting, Supervised Agricultural Experience15) Полимеры: Society of Automotive Engineers16) Сахалин Ю: society of American engineers17) NYSE. Super- Sol LTD.18) Единицы измерений: Standard American Equivalent19) Международная торговля: Spain America Enterprises20) Клинические исследования: СНЯ, серьезное нежелательное явление -
86 Kraftfahrzeugbau
m; nur Sg.1. motor manufacturing; Fach: automotive engineering2. motor (Am. automotive) industry* * *2. motor (US automotive) industry -
87 автомобильная техника
1) General subject: automotive vehicles2) Military: automotive equipment3) Automobile industry: automotive engineering4) Logistics: automotive materiel, mechanical transportУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > автомобильная техника
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88 Railton, Reid Anthony
[br]b. 24 June 1895 Alderley Edge, Cheshire, Englandd. 1 September 1977 Berkeley, California, USA.[br]English designer of record-breaking automobiles and motor boats.[br]Railton was educated at Rugby School and Manchester University. From 1915 to 1917 he served an apprenticeship with Leyland Motors, after which he served in the Motor Boat Section of the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve (RNVR). Having obtained his Royal Aeronautical Club (RAeC) pilot's certificate in 1918, he went to the United States to study factory layout. He was Assistant to the Chief Engineer of Leyland Motors from 1921 to 1923, when he became Managing Director of Arab Motors Limited of Letchworth, Hertfordshire.Railton was engineering consultant to Sir Malcolm Campbell, and was responsible for Campbell's Bluebird II boat which set a water speed record of 228.1 km/h (141.7 mph) in 1939. He was the designer of John R.Cobb's Napier Railton car which broke the speed record for automobiles on 16 September 1947 with an average speed of 634.3 km/h (394.2 mph); this record stood until 1964, when it was broken by Sir Malcolm Campbell's son Donald. Railton was also responsible for Cobb's boat, Crusader, which was the first to exceed 200 mph (322 km/h).Railton presented many papers to the Institution of Automobile Engineers, the Institution of Mechanical Engineers and the Society of Automotive Engineers in the United States. In his later years, he lived in Berkeley, California.[br]Further Reading1971–80, Who Was Who, London: A. \& C.Black.IMcN -
89 AED
1) Общая лексика: Association of Engineering Distributors (Ассоциация по сбыту продукции машиностроительной промышленности (Великобритания)), Associated Equipment Distributors (сокр.) (Ассоциация предприятий по производству и сбыту строительных механизмов (США))2) Медицина: Academy for Educational Development, Automatic External Defibrillator, противоэпилептический препарат, допустимая доза облучения при аварии (acceptable emergency dose), допустимая аварийная доза (acceptable emergency dose), antiepileptic drug3) Спорт: Awfully Easy Dive4) Военный термин: Air Equipment Department, Ammunition Engineering Directorate, Architectural Engineering Directorate, active electronic decoy, active expendable decoy, aeronautical engineering duty, alphanumeric entry device6) Шутливое выражение: Angels Eating Dumplings8) Ветеринария: Animal Euthanasia Device9) Сокращение: Active Expendable Decoy (USA)10) Университет: American Educational Diplomats, Automotive Engineering and Design11) Физика: Auger electron diffraction12) Банковское дело: (Arab Emirates Dirham) дирхам Арабских Эмиратов (валюта Объединенных Арабских Эмиратов)13) Деловая лексика: Additional Excise Duty, дирхам - денежная единица Объединённых Арабских Эмиратов (United Arab Emirates dirham), administrative economic department14) Автоматика: automatic error detection15) Медицинская техника: автоматический внешний дефибриллятор (automated external defibrillator)16) Химическое оружие: Atomic Emission Detector17) Электротехника: automatic engineering design18) Правительство: Agricultural Extension Division19) NYSE. Banco de A Edwards20) Программное обеспечение: Application Environment Daemon -
90 AEd
1) Общая лексика: Association of Engineering Distributors (Ассоциация по сбыту продукции машиностроительной промышленности (Великобритания)), Associated Equipment Distributors (сокр.) (Ассоциация предприятий по производству и сбыту строительных механизмов (США))2) Медицина: Academy for Educational Development, Automatic External Defibrillator, противоэпилептический препарат, допустимая доза облучения при аварии (acceptable emergency dose), допустимая аварийная доза (acceptable emergency dose), antiepileptic drug3) Спорт: Awfully Easy Dive4) Военный термин: Air Equipment Department, Ammunition Engineering Directorate, Architectural Engineering Directorate, active electronic decoy, active expendable decoy, aeronautical engineering duty, alphanumeric entry device6) Шутливое выражение: Angels Eating Dumplings8) Ветеринария: Animal Euthanasia Device9) Сокращение: Active Expendable Decoy (USA)10) Университет: American Educational Diplomats, Automotive Engineering and Design11) Физика: Auger electron diffraction12) Банковское дело: (Arab Emirates Dirham) дирхам Арабских Эмиратов (валюта Объединенных Арабских Эмиратов)13) Деловая лексика: Additional Excise Duty, дирхам - денежная единица Объединённых Арабских Эмиратов (United Arab Emirates dirham), administrative economic department14) Автоматика: automatic error detection15) Медицинская техника: автоматический внешний дефибриллятор (automated external defibrillator)16) Химическое оружие: Atomic Emission Detector17) Электротехника: automatic engineering design18) Правительство: Agricultural Extension Division19) NYSE. Banco de A Edwards20) Программное обеспечение: Application Environment Daemon -
91 Johansson, Carl Edvard
[br]b. 15 March 1864 Orebro, Swedend. 30 September 1943 Eskilstuna, Sweden[br]Swedish metrologist and inventor of measuring-gauge blocks.[br]Carl Edvard Johansson was first apprenticed to a shoemaker, but he soon abandoned that career. In 1882 he went to America to join his brother Arvid working at a sawmill in the summer; in winter the brothers obtained further general education at the Gustavus Adolphus College at St Peter, Minnesota. They returned to Sweden in November 1884 and in the following year Carl obtained employment with a small engineering firm which rented a workshop in the government small-arms factory at Eskilstuna. In his spare time he attended the Eskilstuna Technical College and in 1888 he was accepted as an apprentice armourer inspector. After completion of his apprenticeship he was appointed an armourer inspector, and it was in his work of inspection that he realized that the large number of gauges then required could be reduced if several accurate gauges could be used in combination. This was in 1896, and the first set of gauges was made for use in the rifle factory. With these, any dimension between 1 mm and 201 mm could be made up to the nearest 0.01 mm, the gauges having flat polished surfaces that would adhere together by "wringing". Johansson obtained patents for the system from 1901, but it was not until c.1907 that the sets of gauges were marketed generally. Gauges were made in inch units for Britain and America—slightly different as the standards were not then identical. Johansson formed his own company to manufacture the gauges in 1910, but he did not give up his post in the rifle factory until 1914. By the 1920s Johansson gauges were established as the engineering dimensional standards for the whole world; the company also made other precision measuring instruments such as micrometers and extensometers. A new company, C.E.Johansson Inc., was set up in America for manufacture and sales, and the gauges were extensively used in the American automobile industry. Henry Ford took a special interest and Johansson spent several years in a post with the Ford Motor Company in Detroit, Michigan, until he returned to Sweden in 1936.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsHonorary Doctorates, Gustavus Adolphus College, St Peter and Wayne University, Detroit. Swedish Engineering Society John Ericsson Gold Medal. American Society of Mechanical Engineers Gold Medal.Further ReadingK.J.Hume, 1980, A History of Engineering Metrology, London, pp. 54–66 (a short biography).RTS -
92 Moulton, Alexander
[br]b. 9 April 1920 Stratford-on-Avon[br]English inventor of vehicle suspension systems and the Moulton bicycle.[br]He spent his childhood at The Hall in Bradfordon-Avon. He was educated at Marlborough College, and in 1937 was apprenticed to the Sentinel Steam Wagon Company of Shrewsbury. About that same time he went to King's College, Cambridge, where he took the Mechanical Sciences Tripos. It was then wartime, and he did research on aero-engines at the Bristol Aeroplane Company, where he became Personal Assistant to Sir Roy Fedden. He left Bristol's in 1945 to join his family firm, Spencer \& Moulton, of which he eventually became Technical Director and built up the Research Department. In 1948 he invented his first suspension unit, the "Flexitor", in which an inner shaft and an outer shell were separated by an annular rubber body which was bonded to both.In 1848 his great-grandfather had founded the family firm in an old woollen mill, to manufacture vulcanized rubber products under Charles Goodyear's patent. The firm remained a family business with Spencer's, consultants in railway engineering, until 1956 when it was sold to the Avon Rubber Company. He then formed Moulton Developments to continue his work on vehicle suspensions in the stables attached to The Hall. Sponsored by the British Motor Corporation (BMC) and the Dunlop Rubber Company, he invented a rubber cone spring in 1951 which was later used in the BMC Mini (see Issigonis, Sir Alexander Arnold Constantine): by 1994 over 4 million Minis had been fitted with these springs, made by Dunlop. In 1954 he patented the Hydrolastic suspension system, in which all four wheels were independently sprung with combined rubber springs and damper assembly, the weight being supported by fluid under pressure, and the wheels on each side being interconnected, front to rear. In 1962 he formed Moulton Bicycles Ltd, having designed an improved bicycle system for adult use. The conventional bicycle frame was replaced by a flat-sided oval steel tube F-frame on a novel rubber front and rear suspension, with the wheel size reduced to 41 cm (16 in.) with high-pressure tyres. Raleigh Industries Ltd having refused his offer to produce the Moulton Bicycle under licence, he set up his own factory on his estate, producing 25,000 bicycles between 1963 and 1966. In 1967 he sold out to Raleigh and set up as Bicycle Consultants Ltd while continuing the suspension development of Moulton Developments Ltd. In the 1970s the combined firms employed some forty staff, nearly 50 per cent of whom were graduates.He won the Queen's Award for Industry in 1967 for technical innovation in Hydrolastic car suspension and the Moulton Bicycle. Since that time he has continued his innovative work on suspensions and the bicycle. In 1983 he introduced the AM bicycle series of very sophisticated space-frame design with suspension and 43 cm (17 in.) wheels; this machine holds the world speed record fully formed at 82 km/h (51 mph). The current Rover 100 and MGF use his Hydragas interconnected suspension. By 1994 over 7 million cars had been fitted with Moulton suspensions. He has won many design awards and prizes, and has been awarded three honorary doctorates of engineering. He is active in engineering and design education.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsQueen's Award for Industry 1967; CBE; RDI. Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering.Further ReadingP.R.Whitfield, 1975, Creativity in Industry, London: Penguin Books.IMcN -
93 Bosch, Robert August
[br]b. 23 September 1861 Albeck, near Ulm, Germanyd. 9 March 1942 Stuttgart, Germany[br]German engineer, industrialist and pioneer of internal combustion engine electrical systems.[br]Robert was the eighth of twelve children of the landlord of a hotel in the village of Albeck. He wanted to be a botanist and zoologist, but at the age of 18 he was apprenticed as a precision mechanic. He travelled widely in the south of Germany, which is unusual for an apprenticeship. In 1884, he went to the USA, where he found employment with Thomas A. Edison and his colleague, the German electrical engineer Siegmund Bergmann. During this period he became interested and involved in the rights of workers.In 1886 he set up his own workshop in Stuttgart, having spent a short time with Siemens in England. He built up a sound reputation for quality, but the firm outgrew its capital and in 1892 he had to sack nearly all his employees. Fortunately, among the few that he was able to retain were Arnold Zähringer, who later became Manager, and an apprentice, Gottlieb Harold. These two, under Bosch, were responsible for the development of the low-tension (1897) and the high-tension (1902) magneto. They also developed the Bosch sparking plug, again in 1902. The distributor for multi-cylinder engines followed in 1910. These developments, with a strong automotive bias, were stimulated by Bosch's association with Frederick Simms, an Englishman domiciled in Hamburg, who had become a director of Daimler in Canstatt and had secured the UK patent rights of the Daimler engine. Simms went on to invent, in about 1898, a means of varying ignition timing with low-tension magnetos.It must be emphasized, as pointed out above, that the invention of neither type of magneto was due to Bosch. Nikolaus Otto introduced a crude low-tension magneto in 1884, but it was not patented in Germany, while the high-tension magneto was invented by Paul Winand, a nephew of Otto's partner Eugen Langen, in 1887, this patent being allowed to lapse in 1890.Bosch's social views were advanced for his time. He introduced an eight-hour day in 1906 and advocated industrial arbitration and free trade, and in 1932 he wrote a book on the prevention of world economic crises, Die Verhütung künftiger Krisen in der Weltwirtschaft. Other industrialists called him the "Red Bosch" because of his short hours and high wages; he is reputed to have replied, "I do not pay good wages because I have a lot of money, I have a lot of money because I pay good wages." The firm exists to this day as the giant multi-national company Robert Bosch GmbH, with headquarters still in Stuttgart.[br]Further ReadingT.Heuss, 1994, Robert Bosch: His Life and Achievements (trans. S.Gillespie and J. Kapczynski), New York: Henry Holt \& Co.JB -
94 Otto, Nikolaus August
[br]b. 10 June 1832 Holzhausen, Nassau (now in Germany)d. 26 January 1891 Cologne, Germany[br]German engineer, developer of the four-stroke internal combustion engine.[br]Otto's involvement in internal combustion engines was first prompted by his interest in Lenoir's coal-gas engine of 1860. He built his first engine in 1861; in 1864, Otto's engine came to the attention of Eugen Langen, who arranged for the capital to set up the world's first engine company, N.A.Otto and Company, in Cologne. In 1867 the Otto- Langen free-piston internal combustion engine was exhibited at the Paris Exposition, where it won the gold medal. The company continued to expand, and five years after the Paris triumph its name was changed to the Gasmotoren Fabrik; amongst Otto's colleagues at this time were Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach .Otto is most famous for the development of the four-stroke cycle which was to bear his name. He patented his version of this in 1876, although the principle of the four-stroke cycle had been patented by Alphonse Beau de Rochas fourteen years previously; Otto was the first, however, to put the principle into practice with the "Otto Silent Engine". Many thousands of Otto fourstroke engines had already been built by 1886, when a German patent lawyer successfully claimed that Otto had infringed the Beau de Rochas patent, and Otto's patent was declared invalid.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsMédaille d'or, Paris Exposition 1867 (for the Otto-Langen engine).Further Reading1989, History of the Internal Combustion Engine, Detroit: Society of Automotive Engineers.I.McNeil (ed.), 1990, An Encyclopaedia of the History of Technology, London and New York: Routledge, 306–7.IMcN -
95 Automobilbau
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96 Automobiltechnik
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97 Kfz-Technik
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98 Kraftfahrzeugbau
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99 Kraftfahrzeugtechnik
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100 Daimler, Gottlieb
[br]b. 17 March 1834 Schorndorff, near Stuttgart, Germanyd. 6 March 1900 Cannstatt, near Stuttgart, Germany[br]German engineer, pioneer automobile maker.[br]The son of a baker, his youthful interest in technical affairs led to his being apprenticed to a gunsmith with whom he produced his apprenticeship piece: a double-barrelled pistol with a rifled barrel and "nicely chased scrollwork", for which he received high praise. He remained there until 1852 before going to technical school in Stuttgart from 1853 to 1857. He then went to a steam-engineering company in Strasbourg to gain practical experience. He completed his formal education at Stuttgart Polytechnik, and in 1861 he left to tour France and England. There he worked in the engine-shop of Smith, Peacock \& Tanner and then with Roberts \& Co., textile machinery manufacturers of Manchester. He later moved to Coventry to work at Whitworths, and it was in that city that he was later involved with the Daimler Motor Company, who had been granted a licence by his company in Germany. In 1867 he was working at Bruderhaus Engineering Works at Reutlingen and in 1869 went to Maschinenbau Gesellschaft Karlsruhe where he became Manager and later a director. Early in the 1870s, N.A. Otto had reorganized his company into Gasmotorenfabrik Deutz and he appointed Gottlieb Daimler as Factory Manager and Wilhelm Maybach as Chief Designer. Together they developed the Otto engine to its limit, with Otto's co-operation. Daimler and Maybach had met previously when both were working at Bruderhaus. In 1875 Daimler left Deutz, taking Maybach with him to set up a factory in Stuttgart to manufacture light, high-speed internal-combustion engines. Their first patent was granted in 1883. This was for an engine fuelled by petrol and with hot tube ignition which continued to be used until Robert Bosch's low-voltage ignition became available in 1897. Two years later he produced his first vehicle, a motor cycle with outriggers. They showed a motor car at the Paris exhibition in 1889, but French manufacturers were slow to come forward and no French company could be found to undertake manufacture. Eventually Panhard and Levassor established the Daimler engine in France. Daimler Motoren GmbH was started in 1895, but soon after Daimler and Maybach parted, having provided an engine for a boat on the River Neckar in 1887 and that for the Wolfert airship in 1888. Daimler was in sole charge of the company from 1895, but his health began to decline in 1899 and he died in 1900.[br]Further ReadingE.Johnson, 1986, The Dawn of Motoring. P.Siebetz, 1942, Gottlieb Daimler.IMcN
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