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61 unit
1. единица; единое целое2. единица измерения наборных элементов, равная 13. элемент; агрегат; аппарат; установка; секция; узел4. печатная секция; секция печатной машиныunits to the em — количество единиц в эме, величина эма
absolute unit — единица измерения в абсолютной системе, абсолютная единица
adding unit — счётное устройство, счётный аппарат
aerograph unit — аэрограф; краскораспылитель
alcohol damping unit — спиртовой увлажняющий аппарат, увлажняющий аппарат, работающий на водно-спиртовом растворе
5. устройство для предотвращения слипания6. устройство, предотвращающее оседание пылиarch-type unit — секция арочного типа, пятицилиндровая печатная секция
7. воздуходувное устройствоdisplay unit — устройство отображения; дисплей
8. секция нагнетания воздухаbuilt-in corner-cutting unit — встроенное устройство для обрубки углов, встроенная углорубилка
90° bump turn unit — поворотное устройство, устройство для поворота на 90°
casting unit — отливное устройство, отливной аппарат
9. двухкрасочная печатная секция10. секция для двусторонней печатиcolor matching unit — устройство для сравнения колористических характеристик краски со стандартом
color viewing unit — устройство для просмотра цветных оригиналов, многокрасочных и шкальных оттисков; анализатор цвета
11. устройство для контактного копированияsingle family unit — односемейный дом, дом для одной семьи
reader unit — считывающее устройство; устройство считывания
12. контактный узел; устройство, обеспечивающее контактcontrol unit — управляющее устройство; блок управления
convertible printing unit — печатная секция, перестраиваемая с одного способа печатания на другой
corner-cutting unit — устройство для обрубки углов, углорубилка
counting-and-collating unit — счётно-подборочное устройство; счётно-подборочная секция
interrogation unit — опрашивающее устройство; блок запросов
detached unit — отсоединенный блок; открепленное устройство
13. резальная секция14. высекальная секцияdampening unit — увлажняющий аппарат; узел увлажняющего аппарата
developing unit — проявочная установка; проявляющая секция
double-width printing unit — печатная секция двойной ширины, полноформатная печатная секция
dyeline copying unit — аппарат, изготавливающий окрашенные копии
endorser unit — впечатывающее устройство; устройство для впечатывания
15. экспонирующая установка16. копировальная установкаfeeder unit — подающее устройство, самонаклад
floor-fed unit — лентопитающее устройство, установленное на уровне печатной секции
flow turn unit — поворотный стол, поворотный транспортёр
fluid injector unit — набрызгивающая секция; устройство для распыления жидкости
folder unit — фальцсекция, фальцевальная секция
graphoscreen vacuum printing-down unit — вакуумная копировальная рама типа «графоскрин»
17. полусекция; секция односторонней печати18. полусекция для печатания дополнительной краской; впечатывающее устройствоheavy-duty nipping unit — зажимное приспособление, работающее с большим усилием
industrial color matching unit — устройство для сравнения колористических характеристик краски со стандартом
infeed unit — питающая секция, самонаклад
insertion unit — вставной блок; блок для вставки
19. накатная группа красочного аппарата20. краскоподающая группа красочного аппарата21. красочный аппарат22. встроенная секция23. агрегатированные секции, неавтономные узлыmagnetic brush unit — узел проявления «магнитной кистью»
output photo unit — выводная фотонаборная секция, блок экспонирования набора
paper jogging unit — устройство для сталкивания бумажных листов, сталкиватель
construction unit — блок; модуль; узел
dosing unit — дозирующий узел; дозатор
24. секция двусторонней печати25. секция, переключаемая на запечатывание с оборотаmixed bed unit — фильтр смешанного действия; ФСД
26. фотографирующее устройствоunit name — имя устройства; номер устройства
27. блок экспонирования, фотографическая секцияplaten unit — тигельное печатное устройство; тигельный печатный аппарат
portable text entry unit — переносной наборный аппарат, переносной терминал для ввода текста
pressing unit — прессующая секция, прессующее устройство
processing unit — технологическая секция; секция обработки
punched card control unit — управляющее устройство, работающее на перфокартах
remote text entry unit — дистанционный наборный аппарат, дистанционный терминал для ввода текста
roller-type anti-setoff unit — противоотмарочный аппарат цилиндрического типа, параллоид-аппарат
protocol unit — протокольный блок; блок реализации протокола
28. ротационная листоподборочная секция29. вращающийся подборочный стол30. вторая фальцсекция31. кассета второго параллельного сгибаsensing unit — датчик, чувствительный элемент
stacked units — печатные секции, установленные друг над другом
stacking unit — стопоприёмное устройство; листоприёмное устройство
three-roller unit — трёхлучевая рулонная установка; трёхлучевая рулонная звезда
three-up bound unit — блок-тройник, тройной блок
32. слово33. совокупность данных, передаваемых как единое целоеtransmission light unit — источник света для прозрачных оригиналов, источник света для диапозитивов
two-roller unit — двухлучевая рулонная установка; двухлучевая рулонная звезда
two-up bound unit — блок-двойник, двойной блок
underfeed unit — лентопитающее устройство, расположенное в нижнем ярусе машины
34. корректор контрастности35. установка переменной чувствительностиvisual display unit — дисплей, видеотерминальное устройство
wed infeed unit — лентопитающее устройство; рулонная установка
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62 head
3) верхняя часть; верхний элемент (конструкции, аппарата)4) передняя часть ( конструкции)5) головная часть (напр. тоннеля, слитка)6) штрек7) мн. ч. руда, поступающая на обогатительную фабрику8) метал. прибыль9) замочный камень ( свода печи)10) дека ( сотрясательного стола)13) пробка ( разливочного ковша)14) гидр. головное сооружение15) оголовок (напр. контрфорса)16) верхний бьеф17) высота столба ( жидкости); напор18) высота (сооружения, конструкции) в свету19) насадок; патрубок20) насадка; сопло22) дно, днище (бочки, барабана); верхнее днище ( резервуара)23) мн. ч. головная фракция, головной погон24) продвижение25) направление26) интервал ( на транспорте)27) англ. крыша ( автомобиля)29) крышка цилиндра ( поршневого насоса)30) мор. носовая часть, нос31) барабан (напр. якорного шпиля)35) ригель; верхний брус ( рамы)37) вчт. первый элемент списка38) вчт. дескриптор40) рекордер42) кипа (напр. джута, пеньки)43) пищ. сливки45) швейн. верхняя подушка ( гладильного пресса)46) заголовок, "шапка"; рубрика•to barb bolt head — заёршивать головку болта;to expand rivet head — раздавать головку заклёпки;head of culvert — оголовок водопропускной трубыhead of delta — вершина дельты рекиhead of dock — голова докаhead of pile — наголовник сваи-
accumulator-type felling head
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adiabatic head
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adjustable boring head
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air-floating head
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airspeed head
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anamorphic head
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angular head
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antifoam still head
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aquifer pressure head
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aquifer head
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armature head
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arrow head
-
assembling head
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attachment head
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audio head
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auger-drill head
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automatic arc-welding head
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available head
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axe head
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ball-and-socket head
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band head
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banner head
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barrel head
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beetle head
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binding head
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blow head
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blowpipe head
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boiler head
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bolt head
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boom head
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boring head
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boring-and-facing head
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brake head
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breakwater head
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buffer head
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bull head
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bumped head
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buoyancy head
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cable distribution head
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cable head
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camera head
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capstan head
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carding head
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casing head
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cassette head
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casting head
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cementing head
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cementing plug dropping head
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chain saw felling head
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chimney head
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chipping head
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chord head
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circulating head
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cistern head
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closing head
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closure head
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cluster head
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color head
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color-light signal head
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column head
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combination head
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compensation head
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condenser head
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conductor head
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cone head
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confidence head
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connecting rod head
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connection head
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contour-facing head
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conveyor drive head
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core receiver retrieving head
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countersunk head
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coupler head
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coupling head
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cross head
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cross milling and drilling head
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cross-feed head
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cross-flow head
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crusher head
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crystal-oriented HPF video head
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C-type spot-welding head
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cue head
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culvert head
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cup head
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cushion head
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cutter head
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cutting head
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cylinder head
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dado head
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dead head
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deaerator head
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debranching head
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detecting head
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diamond head
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die head
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differential head
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discard head
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discharge head
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dished head
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distributor head
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dividing head
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door head
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double head
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double-gap erase head
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drafting head
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drawing head
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draw head
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drilling head
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drill head
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drilling-boring head
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dual grinding head
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dummy head
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dust head
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dynamic head
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dynamic tracking head
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electrode wheel head
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electrooptic head
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elevation head
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engraving head
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enlarger head
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erase head
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exhaust head
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extruder head
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facing head
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feeder head
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felling head
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ferrite head
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ferrostatic head
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fillister head
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filter head
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fishing head
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fixed head
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flared column head
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flex-hone head
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floating head
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fluid panning head
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flying head
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friction head
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gage head
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gear head
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gear-shaping cutter head
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gipsy head
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graduated head
-
grapple head
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gravity head
-
grinding head
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gross head
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gyroscopic head
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hammer head
-
harvesting head
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hexagon head
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hex head
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hexagon turret head
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homing head
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hopper head
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hose coupling head
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hydraulic pressure head
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hydraulic head
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impact head
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indexing head
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index head
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injection head
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integrated head
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interchangeable head
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interchangeable horizontal spindle head
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ion gage head
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irrigation head
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jet head
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joist head
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kinetic head
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knitting head
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knurling head
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laser head
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latch bumper head
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laying head
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leader head
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leak detector head
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lever gun welding head
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light signal head
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liquid head
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liquid-dividing head
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live head
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loading head
-
lost head
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machining head
-
magnetic head
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main rotor head
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marking head
-
mechanical recording head
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milling head
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modified boring head
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molder head
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movable head
-
moving head
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multidrill head
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multiple drill head
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multiple head
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multiple sensor head
-
multiple-arc head
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multiple-tree accumulating head
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multispindle head
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multistem felling head
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multivertical spindle head
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mushroom head
-
nail head
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NC indexing head
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NC/TP head
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net positive suction head
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nigger head
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nozzle loss head
-
operating head
-
optical scanning head
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pan-and-tilt head
-
panoramic head
-
parallel movement gripper head
-
pelletizing head
-
pickup head
-
picture head
-
pier head
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pilot head
-
pipeline head
-
piston head
-
piston motor head
-
pit head
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Pitot-static head
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Pitot head
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pivoting drafting head
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placement head
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planning head
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playback head
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plotting head
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plunge milling head
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potential head
-
pouring head
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power head
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preread head
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press head
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pressure head
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priming head
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printing head
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probe head
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profiling head
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protractor head
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pulling head
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punch head
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pusher-beam head
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pyranometer head
-
quill-type head
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rail head
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rail-wing head
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rainwater head
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ram head
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randomly selected head
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reactor vessel head
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read head
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read-write head
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record head
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recording head
-
recording/playback head
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refacing head
-
remote head
-
removable cylinder head
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replay head
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reservoir head
-
resurfaced cylinder head
-
RF head
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right-angle head
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river head
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rivet head
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roller head
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rope-type head
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rosser head
-
rotary head
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round head
-
rudder head
-
running head
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safety head
-
scanning head
-
screw-cutting head
-
seal-priming head
-
seam-welding head
-
search head
-
seepage head
-
self-cleaning head
-
self-powered welding head
-
self-powered head
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sensing head
-
set head
-
shake head
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shear mixing head
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shear-and-grapple head
-
shearing head
-
sheeting head
-
sink head
-
sinker head
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sleeve head
-
sleeve milling head
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sliding head
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slipper head
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slotted head
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sluice head
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solid head
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solid-state laser head
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sound head
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spear-point head
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spike head
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spindle head
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spindle-type rotary head
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splash head
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split head
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splitter head
-
static head
-
steering head
-
stem head
-
stitcher head
-
stitching head
-
stock head
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stopper head
-
suction head
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supply head
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surcharge head
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swivel work head
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takeout head
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tank head
-
tapered head
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tappet head
-
tapping head
-
temperature head
-
tension head
-
test head
-
testing machine head
-
thermal head
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thin-film head
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thread-cutting head
-
thread-rolling head
-
tight head
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time-code head
-
tool head
-
torch head
-
tracing head
-
tractor head
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traveling head
-
trigger probe head
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tripod head
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trolley head
-
tubing head
-
turret head
-
U-flow head
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unit-type head
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universal boring head
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universal milling head
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upper head
-
valve head
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valveless distillation column head
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vapor-dividing head
-
velocity head
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video erasing head
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video head
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video rotary heads
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warping head
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water head
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well head
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window head
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write head -
63 настройка
1) adjustment
2) <engin.> readjustment
3) set-up
4) syntonization
5) tumimg
6) tuning
– бесшумная настройка
– емкостная настройка
– настройка валков
– настройка во времени
– настройка калибров
– настройка линии
– настройка на частоту
– настройка по частоте
– настройка стана
– предварительная настройка
автоматическая настройка частоты — automatic frequency control
грубая настройка на частоту — coarse tuning
настройка магнитным сопротивлением — permeability tuning, reluctance tuning
настройка с растяжкой диапазона — band-spread tuning
настройка точки регулирования — control point adjustment
нейтральная настройка реле — unbiased adjustment of relay
острая настройка на частоту — sharp tuning
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64 FAS
1) Общая лексика: Federation for Employee Ownership2) Компьютерная техника: flexible access system3) Морской термин: свободно вдоль борта судна (free alongside ship)4) Медицина: Fat And Stupid (Healthcare coded patient notes acronym.), full analysis set, Feasibility Analysis Study5) Спорт: First And Seconds, Firsts And Seconds6) Военный термин: ( U.S.) Foreign Agriculture Service, Field Ambulance Service, Field Artillery System, Field Assistance And Support, facility activation schedule, facility activity schedule, facility air supply, factor analysis system, field alert status, field artillery school, field artillery section, final asset screen, fire-support aerial system, flight augmentation system, follow-up alarm system, force accounting system, foreign area specialist, forward acquisition system, forward area sector, frequency agile system, frequency assignment subcommittee, fuel augmentation system, fully automatic system7) Техника: fixed-point additions and subtractions, free alongside ship (price), frequency allocation subcommittee8) Шутливое выражение: Funny And Sweet9) Химия: Folic Acid Synthesis10) Юридический термин: free alongside ship, (Federal Antimonopoly Service) ФАС11) Бухгалтерия: Financial Accounting Standard, Financial Accounting Standards, Funds attributable to shareholders (таблица в финансовом отчете)12) Финансы: ФАС13) Телекоммуникации: Frame Alignment Signal, Frame Alignment Sequence (T-1)14) Сокращение: Federal Agricultural Service, Federal Airport Service, Federation of American Scientists, Fellow of the Anthropological Society, Fellow of the Antiquarian Society, Flank Array Sonar (Germany), Flexible Assembly Subsystems, Force Aerienne Strategique (France), Foreign Agricultural Service, Forward Acquisition Sensor, Frequency-Agile Subsystem, fueling-at-sea, Persian (Farsi), Fast Access Storage, fetal alcohol syndrome, Федеральная Антимонопольная Служба, (Federal Antimonopoly Service) ФАС (Федеральная Антимонопольная Служба), final assembly schedule15) Университет: Faculty Of Arts And Sciences16) Вычислительная техника: File and Application Server, Flow Admission Service, frame alignment sequence17) Нефть: "свободно вдоль борта"18) Деловая лексика: франко вдоль борта судна (free alongside ship)19) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: free alongside sheep20) Сетевые технологии: Firewall Administration System21) ЕБРР: свободно вдоль борта судна в (named port of shipment; указать порт отгрузки)22) Автоматика: flexible assembly system23) Сахалин Р: Federal Aviation Service24) Расширение файла: Compiled program (Macsyma)25) Молекулярная биология: fatty acid synthase26) Должность: Field Of Anthropological Study, Final Average Salary27) Международные перевозки: Free alongside ship (Incoterms) -
65 unit
организационная единица; боевая единица (напр. корабль, ЛА танк); подразделение; часть; соединение; расчетно-снабженческая единица; секция; орган; элемент; комплект; агрегат; установка; см. тж. elementbulk petrol (transport) unit — Бр. часть [подразделение] подвоза наливного (бестарного) горючего
counter C3 unit — часть [подразделение] подавления системы оперативного управления и связи
Fleet Marine (Corps) reconnaissance unit — разведывательное подразделение [часть] флотских сил МП
multisensor (AA) firing unit 3PK — с приборным комплексом из нескольких систем обнаружения и сопровождения
photo (graphic) reconnaissance unit — фоторазведывательная часть [подразделение]
surface-launched unit, fuel air explosive — установка дистанционного разминирования объемным взрывом
surface-launched unit, mine — установка дистанционного минирования
tactical (air) control unit — часть [подразделение] управления ТА
war (time) strength (TOE) unit — часть, укомплектованная по штатам военного времени
— air unit— ASA unit— BM unit— border operation unit— car unit— depot support unit— dry unit— EW unit— GM unit— host country unit— HQ unit— logistics support unit— manpack radio unit— marksmanship training unit— mechanized infantry unit— missile-armed unit— nuclear weapon unit— provisional unit— QM unit— Rangers unit— supported unit— TOE unit— transportation unit— truck transport unit— van unit— wet unit* * *1) часть; 2) единица -
66 mine
мина; фугас; подкоп; минировать, подводить мину; подрывать, взрывать; минныйartillery (artillery-delivered, artilleryscatterable) mine — мина, устанавливаемая (дистанционно) с помощью артиллерийской системы
— AA mine— acoustic influence mine— aircraft-droppable mine— AP mine— AT mine— bar mine— booby-trapped mine— box mine— gas mine— hollow-charge effect mine— ice mine— magnetic impulse mine— mobile water mine— pot mine— pressure-action mine— scatterable mine— SP mine -
67 fire
I ['faɪə] n1) огонь, пламя, костёр- hot fire- blow the fire
- build a fire
- sit at the fire
- sit round the fire
- douse out a fire
- light a fire
- be on fire- set fire to smth- poke fire
- bank a fire
- stoke the fire
- lay a fire
- fire went out
- fire burns2) пожар, воспламенение, возгорание, горениеThere were many fires here. — Здесь было много пожаров.
The house was on fire. — Здание полыхало.
The house caught fire. — Дом охватило огнем.
The house caught fire. — Дом охватило огнем.
- forest fire- raging fire
- fight the fire
- contain fire- fire goes out- fire spreads3) огонь, стрельба, обстрел- artillery fire
- automatic fire
- concentrated fire
- cross fire
- harassing fire
- hostile fire
- machine-gun fire
- rifle fire
- attract fire
- be under fire
- call down fire on
- commence fire
- exchange fire with the enemy
- hold one's fire
- open fire on the enemy
- stand fire
- add fuel to the fire
- there is no smoke without fire
- go through fire and water
- play with fire
- between two fires II ['faɪə] vделать залп, делать выстрел, палить, вести огонь, стрелять- fire two shotsGuns were firing on all sides. — Орудия вели огонь со всех сторон
- fire a gun
- fire at the bird twice
- fire at the building
- fire point-blank -
68 design
1. n часто умысел2. n рел. божье провидение, божественный промысл3. n цель, намерениеwith design — с намерением, с целью
by design — намеренно; преднамеренно, предумышленно
design objective — цели проектирования; проектные параметры
4. n замысел; план, проект5. n планирование6. n вчт. проектирование; конструирование7. n чертёж, эскиз; конструкция; проект; расчёт8. n рисунок, узорpoor design — плохо выполненный, бедный, бедного рисунка
9. n модель10. n композиция11. n искусство композиции12. n дизайн; внешний вид, исполнение13. n произведение искусства14. v замышлять; намереваться; планировать15. v предназначать16. v составлять план, схему; планировать, проектировать, конструировать17. v вынашивать замысел; задумать18. v чертить; вычерчивать схему19. v заниматься проектированием, проектировать; быть проектировщиком, конструктором20. v исполнять, выполнять21. v книжн. собираться поехатьСинонимический ряд:1. figure (noun) device; figure; motif; motive; pattern; style2. intent (noun) aim; animus; end; goal; intendment; intent; intention; notion; object; objective; point; purpose; reason; target; thought; view3. makeup (noun) architecture; composition; constitution; construction; formation; makeup4. meaning (noun) drift; meaning; purport5. outline (noun) depiction; draft; illustration; ornament; outline; painting; stamp6. plan (noun) arrangement; blueprint; game plan; idea; lay out; layout; map; plan; plot; project; proposal; proposition; schema; scheme; strategy7. contrive (verb) conceive; contrive; fashion; hatch; model; think8. mean (verb) aim; contemplate; intend; mean; project; propose; purpose9. plan (verb) arrange; blueprint; cast; chart; devise; draw; draw up; frame; lay out; map; map out; plan; project; set out10. sketch (verb) delineate; outline; sketchАнтонимический ряд:accident; accomplish; achieve; artlessness; candour; chance; change; conjecture; construction; execute; execution; fairness; fluke; fortuity; guess -
69 train
1. n поезд; составboat train — поезд, согласованный с расписанием пароходов
slow train — поезд, идущий со всеми остановками
2. n 15 — поезд, отходящий в3. n 15wild train — поезд, идущий не по расписанию
to board the train — сесть в поезд, поехать на поезде
4. n трактор с прицепом5. n процессия, кортеж6. n караван7. n воен. обоз8. n свита, толпа9. n ряд, цепь, вереницаa train of misfortunes — цепь несчастий; полоса неудач
10. n ход, развёртывание, развитиеit was already in fair train to develop party out of faction — всё шло к превращению фракции в партию
11. n шлейф, трен12. n хвост, «шлейф»13. n хвост14. n последствиеin the train of — в результате, вследствие
15. n результаты16. n воен. тылы17. n воен. азимут18. n воен. наводка по азимуту19. n воен. серия20. n воен. последовательный ряд21. n воен. метал. прокатный стан22. n тех. зубчатая передача23. n тех. система рычагов24. n тех. воен. запал25. n тех. охот. приманка26. n тех. уст. аллюр27. v разг. ехать поездом28. v амер. разг. водить компанию; связаться29. v волочить, тащить30. v волочиться, тащиться31. v уст. притягивать, завлекать32. v воспитывать, учить, приучать33. v разг. приучать проситься34. v обучать, готовить35. v учиться, обучаться, готовиться36. v тренироватьpriority train — тренироваться в стиле "прайорити"
37. v тренироваться38. v дрессировать; объезжать39. v сад. формировать; направлятьmade up a train — формировал поезд; формируемый поезд
collected a train — формировал поезд; формируемый поезд
made up the train — формировал поезд; формируемый поезд
collected the train — формировал поезд; формируемый поезд
40. v воен. наводить по азимутуСинонимический ряд:1. caravan (noun) caravan; cortege; procession; promenade2. following (noun) entourage; following; retinue; suite3. railroad (noun) commuter train; freight train; locomotives and wagons; mail train; monorail; rail cars; railroad; subway; transport train4. succession (noun) alternation; arrangement; chain; consecution; course; order; ordered sequence; progression; round; row; run; sequel; sequence; series; string; succession; tail; trail5. direct (verb) address; aim; cast; direct; head; incline; lay; level; point; position; present; set; turn; zero in6. drag (verb) drag; trail7. exercise (verb) drill; exercise; get a workout; get in shape; make ready; practice; prepare; rehearse; work out8. instruct (verb) discipline; educate; enlighten; explain; give lessons; impart; instruct; master; school; teach; tutor9. lure (verb) allure; bait; decoy; entice; entrap; inveigle; lead on; lure; seduce; tempt; toll -
70 Memory
To what extent can we lump together what goes on when you try to recall: (1) your name; (2) how you kick a football; and (3) the present location of your car keys? If we use introspective evidence as a guide, the first seems an immediate automatic response. The second may require constructive internal replay prior to our being able to produce a verbal description. The third... quite likely involves complex operational responses under the control of some general strategy system. Is any unitary search process, with a single set of characteristics and inputoutput relations, likely to cover all these cases? (Reitman, 1970, p. 485)[Semantic memory] Is a mental thesaurus, organized knowledge a person possesses about words and other verbal symbols, their meanings and referents, about relations among them, and about rules, formulas, and algorithms for the manipulation of these symbols, concepts, and relations. Semantic memory does not register perceptible properties of inputs, but rather cognitive referents of input signals. (Tulving, 1972, p. 386)The mnemonic code, far from being fixed and unchangeable, is structured and restructured along with general development. Such a restructuring of the code takes place in close dependence on the schemes of intelligence. The clearest indication of this is the observation of different types of memory organisation in accordance with the age level of a child so that a longer interval of retention without any new presentation, far from causing a deterioration of memory, may actually improve it. (Piaget & Inhelder, 1973, p. 36)4) The Logic of Some Memory Theorization Is of Dubious Worth in the History of PsychologyIf a cue was effective in memory retrieval, then one could infer it was encoded; if a cue was not effective, then it was not encoded. The logic of this theorization is "heads I win, tails you lose" and is of dubious worth in the history of psychology. We might ask how long scientists will puzzle over questions with no answers. (Solso, 1974, p. 28)We have iconic, echoic, active, working, acoustic, articulatory, primary, secondary, episodic, semantic, short-term, intermediate-term, and longterm memories, and these memories contain tags, traces, images, attributes, markers, concepts, cognitive maps, natural-language mediators, kernel sentences, relational rules, nodes, associations, propositions, higher-order memory units, and features. (Eysenck, 1977, p. 4)The problem with the memory metaphor is that storage and retrieval of traces only deals [ sic] with old, previously articulated information. Memory traces can perhaps provide a basis for dealing with the "sameness" of the present experience with previous experiences, but the memory metaphor has no mechanisms for dealing with novel information. (Bransford, McCarrell, Franks & Nitsch, 1977, p. 434)7) The Results of a Hundred Years of the Psychological Study of Memory Are Somewhat DiscouragingThe results of a hundred years of the psychological study of memory are somewhat discouraging. We have established firm empirical generalisations, but most of them are so obvious that every ten-year-old knows them anyway. We have made discoveries, but they are only marginally about memory; in many cases we don't know what to do with them, and wear them out with endless experimental variations. We have an intellectually impressive group of theories, but history offers little confidence that they will provide any meaningful insight into natural behavior. (Neisser, 1978, pp. 12-13)A schema, then is a data structure for representing the generic concepts stored in memory. There are schemata representing our knowledge about all concepts; those underlying objects, situations, events, sequences of events, actions and sequences of actions. A schema contains, as part of its specification, the network of interrelations that is believed to normally hold among the constituents of the concept in question. A schema theory embodies a prototype theory of meaning. That is, inasmuch as a schema underlying a concept stored in memory corresponds to the mean ing of that concept, meanings are encoded in terms of the typical or normal situations or events that instantiate that concept. (Rumelhart, 1980, p. 34)Memory appears to be constrained by a structure, a "syntax," perhaps at quite a low level, but it is free to be variable, deviant, even erratic at a higher level....Like the information system of language, memory can be explained in part by the abstract rules which underlie it, but only in part. The rules provide a basic competence, but they do not fully determine performance. (Campbell, 1982, pp. 228, 229)When people think about the mind, they often liken it to a physical space, with memories and ideas as objects contained within that space. Thus, we speak of ideas being in the dark corners or dim recesses of our minds, and of holding ideas in mind. Ideas may be in the front or back of our minds, or they may be difficult to grasp. With respect to the processes involved in memory, we talk about storing memories, of searching or looking for lost memories, and sometimes of finding them. An examination of common parlance, therefore, suggests that there is general adherence to what might be called the spatial metaphor. The basic assumptions of this metaphor are that memories are treated as objects stored in specific locations within the mind, and the retrieval process involves a search through the mind in order to find specific memories....However, while the spatial metaphor has shown extraordinary longevity, there have been some interesting changes over time in the precise form of analogy used. In particular, technological advances have influenced theoretical conceptualisations.... The original Greek analogies were based on wax tablets and aviaries; these were superseded by analogies involving switchboards, gramophones, tape recorders, libraries, conveyor belts, and underground maps. Most recently, the workings of human memory have been compared to computer functioning... and it has been suggested that the various memory stores found in computers have their counterparts in the human memory system. (Eysenck, 1984, pp. 79-80)Primary memory [as proposed by William James] relates to information that remains in consciousness after it has been perceived, and thus forms part of the psychological present, whereas secondary memory contains information about events that have left consciousness, and are therefore part of the psychological past. (Eysenck, 1984, p. 86)Once psychologists began to study long-term memory per se, they realized it may be divided into two main categories.... Semantic memories have to do with our general knowledge about the working of the world. We know what cars do, what stoves do, what the laws of gravity are, and so on. Episodic memories are largely events that took place at a time and place in our personal history. Remembering specific events about our own actions, about our family, and about our individual past falls into this category. With amnesia or in aging, what dims... is our personal episodic memories, save for those that are especially dear or painful to us. Our knowledge of how the world works remains pretty much intact. (Gazzaniga, 1988, p. 42)The nature of memory... provides a natural starting point for an analysis of thinking. Memory is the repository of many of the beliefs and representations that enter into thinking, and the retrievability of these representations can limit the quality of our thought. (Smith, 1990, p. 1)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Memory
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