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atlantic+city

  • 81 north

    no:Ɵ
    1. noun
    1) (the direction to the left of a person facing the rising sun, or any part of the earth lying in that direction: He faced towards the north; The wind is blowing from the north; I used to live in the north of England.) norte
    2) ((also N) one of the four main points of the compass.) norte

    2. adjective
    1) (in the north: on the north bank of the river.) norte
    2) (from the direction of the north: a north wind.) del norte

    3. adverb
    (towards the north: The stream flows north.) al norte, hacia el norte
    - northern
    - northerner
    - northernmost
    - northward
    - northwards
    - northward
    - northbound
    - north-east / north-west
    4. adverb
    (towards the north-east or north-west: The building faces north-west.) hacia el nordeste; hacia el noroeste
    - north-eastern / north-western
    - the North Pole
    north n adj adv norte
    we travelled north from Edinburgh to Inverness viajamos hacia el norte, de Edimburgo a Inverness
    tr[nɔːɵ]
    1 del norte
    1 al norte, hacia el norte
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    North Pole Polo Norte
    the North Country SMALLBRITISH ENGLISH/SMALL el norte nombre masculino
    north ['nɔrɵ] adv
    : al norte
    north adj
    : norte, del norte
    the north coast: la costa del norte
    1) : norte m
    2)
    the North : el Norte m
    adj.
    • del norte adj.
    • norte adj.
    • septentrional adj.
    adv.
    • al norte adv.
    • hacia el norte adv.
    n.
    • aquilón s.m.
    • norte s.m.
    • septentrión s.f.

    I nɔːrθ, nɔːθ
    mass noun
    1)
    a) (point of the compass, direction) norte m

    the wind is blowing from o is in the north — el viento sopla or viene del norte or Norte

    b) ( region)

    the north, the North — el norte

    a town in the north of Spain — una ciudad del norte or en el norte de España

    2)

    the North — ( in US history) el Norte, los estados nordistas

    3) North ( in bridge) Norte m

    II
    adjective (before n) <wall/face> norte adj inv, septentrional

    III
    adverb al norte
    [nɔːθ]
    1.
    N norte m

    in the north of the country — al norte or en el norte del país

    the wind is from the or in the north — el viento sopla or viene del norte

    North and South — (Pol) el Norte y el Sur

    2.
    ADJ del norte, norteño, septentrional
    3.
    ADV (=northward) hacia el norte; (=in the north) al norte, en el norte

    this house faces north — esta casa mira al norte or tiene vista hacia el norte

    4.
    CPD

    North Africa N — África f del Norte

    North African

    North America N — Norteamérica f, América f del Norte; North American

    North Atlantic Drift N — Corriente f del Golfo

    North Atlantic route N — ruta f del Atlántico Norte

    North Carolina N — Carolina f del Norte

    North Korea N — Corea f del Norte; North Korean

    North Sea gas N — gas m del mar del Norte

    North Sea oil N — petróleo m del mar del Norte

    north star N — estrella f polar, estrella f del norte

    North Vietnam N — Vietnam m del Norte

    North Vietnamese
    * * *

    I [nɔːrθ, nɔːθ]
    mass noun
    1)
    a) (point of the compass, direction) norte m

    the wind is blowing from o is in the north — el viento sopla or viene del norte or Norte

    b) ( region)

    the north, the North — el norte

    a town in the north of Spain — una ciudad del norte or en el norte de España

    2)

    the North — ( in US history) el Norte, los estados nordistas

    3) North ( in bridge) Norte m

    II
    adjective (before n) <wall/face> norte adj inv, septentrional

    III
    adverb al norte

    English-spanish dictionary > north

  • 82 orilla

    f.
    a orillas del mar by the sea
    2 edge (borde).
    3 pavement (acera).
    4 side, border, edge, rim.
    5 verge, threshold.
    pres.indicat.
    3rd person singular (él/ella/ello) present indicative of spanish verb: orillar.
    imperat.
    2nd person singular (tú) Imperative of Spanish verb: orillar.
    * * *
    1 (borde) edge
    2 (del río) bank; (del mar) shore
    \
    a la orilla del mar by the sea
    * * *
    noun f.
    2) bank
    * * *
    SF
    1) (=borde) [de río] bank; [de lago] shore, edge; [de mesa] edge; [de taza] rim, lip

    vive orilla de mi casa — * he lives next door to me

    2) (Cos) (=orillo) selvage; (=dobladillo) hem
    3) LAm (=acera) pavement, sidewalk (EEUU)
    4)
    5) pl orillas LAm (=arrabales) outlying districts; pey poor quarter sing ; Méx shanty town sing
    * * *
    a) (del mar, de lago) shore; ( de río) bank
    b) (de mesa, plato) edge
    c) ( dobladillo) hem
    * * *
    = shore, waterside, bank.
    Ex. The author chronicles the Russian geographical explorations of the northwestern shores of North Americas which were financed and organized by Count Nikolai Rumiantsev from 1803 to 1825 = El autor narra las expediciones geográficas rusas de la costa del noroeste de Norteamérica que fueron financiadas y organizadas por el Conde Nikolai Rumiantsev de 1803 a 1825.
    Ex. An opening reception will be held in the Grand Promenade of the Sheraton Norfolk Waterside, overlooking the picturesque Norfolk Harbor.
    Ex. This article describes the planning, construction and design of a library on the banks of the Missouri River close to Kansas City.
    ----
    * a ambas orillas del Atlántico = on both sides of the ocean, on both sides of the Atlantic.
    * a orillas del océano = oceanfront.
    * a orillas del río = riverfront.
    * a orillas de un lago = lakeside, lakefront, by the lakeside.
    * ave de orilla = shorebird.
    * buscar en las posas entre las rocas de la orilla = rock-pool.
    * orilla del agua = water's edge.
    * orilla del mar = seashore.
    * orilla del río = river bank [riverbank].
    * posa entre las rocas de la orilla = rock pool.
    * * *
    a) (del mar, de lago) shore; ( de río) bank
    b) (de mesa, plato) edge
    c) ( dobladillo) hem
    * * *
    = shore, waterside, bank.

    Ex: The author chronicles the Russian geographical explorations of the northwestern shores of North Americas which were financed and organized by Count Nikolai Rumiantsev from 1803 to 1825 = El autor narra las expediciones geográficas rusas de la costa del noroeste de Norteamérica que fueron financiadas y organizadas por el Conde Nikolai Rumiantsev de 1803 a 1825.

    Ex: An opening reception will be held in the Grand Promenade of the Sheraton Norfolk Waterside, overlooking the picturesque Norfolk Harbor.
    Ex: This article describes the planning, construction and design of a library on the banks of the Missouri River close to Kansas City.
    * a ambas orillas del Atlántico = on both sides of the ocean, on both sides of the Atlantic.
    * a orillas del océano = oceanfront.
    * a orillas del río = riverfront.
    * a orillas de un lago = lakeside, lakefront, by the lakeside.
    * ave de orilla = shorebird.
    * buscar en las posas entre las rocas de la orilla = rock-pool.
    * orilla del agua = water's edge.
    * orilla del mar = seashore.
    * orilla del río = river bank [riverbank].
    * posa entre las rocas de la orilla = rock pool.

    * * *
    1 (del mar) shore; (de un río) bank; (de un lago) shore
    se bañaban en la orilla they were bathing near the shore
    sentado a la orilla del mar sitting on the seashore
    a orillas del Tajo on the banks of the Tagus
    2 (de una mesa, un plato) edge
    * * *

     

    Del verbo orillar: ( conjugate orillar)

    orilla es:

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) presente indicativo

    2ª persona singular (tú) imperativo

    Multiple Entries:
    orilla    
    orillar
    orilla sustantivo femenino
    a) (del mar, de lago) shore;

    ( de río) bank;

    un paseo a la orilla del mar a walk along the seashore
    b) (de mesa, plato) edge


    orillar ( conjugate orillar) verbo transitivo
    1
    a) ‹muro/costa/zona› to skirt (around)

    b) (Col, Méx, Ven) ( hacer a un lado):


    2 (Méx) ( obligar) orilla a algn A algo to drive sb to sth
    orillarse verbo pronominal (Col, Méx, Ven) to move over
    orilla sustantivo femenino
    1 (de una superficie, de un camino) edge
    2 (de un río) bank
    3 (del mar, de un lago) shore: dimos un paseo por la orilla del río, we walked by the riverside
    ' orilla' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    ganar
    - inmundicia
    - vera
    - arrimar
    - ribera
    English:
    bank
    - edge
    - riverbank
    - sea
    - seashore
    - shore
    - side
    - ashore
    - paddle
    - row
    - wash
    * * *
    orilla nf
    1. [ribera] [de río] bank;
    [de mar, lago] shore;
    a orillas de [río] on the banks of;
    a orillas del mar by the sea;
    Fig
    fue aclamado en las dos orillas del Atlántico he was acclaimed on both sides of the Atlantic
    2. [borde] edge
    3. Méx, RP, Ven [de ciudad]
    orillas outskirts
    * * *
    f shore; de un río bank;
    orillas L.Am.
    pl de ciudad outskirts
    * * *
    orilla nf
    1) borde: border, edge
    2) : bank (of a river)
    3) : shore
    * * *
    1. (de un río) bank
    2. (del mar) shore

    Spanish-English dictionary > orilla

  • 83 front

    1) (the part of anything (intended to be) nearest the person who sees it; usually the most important part of anything: the front of the house; the front of the picture; ( also adjective) the front page.) front; facade; for-
    2) (the foremost part of anything in the direction in which it moves: the front of the ship; ( also adjective) the front seat of the bus.) front; front-; for-
    3) (the part of a city or town that faces the sea: We walked along the (sea) front.) søside; søfront; strandpromenade
    4) ((in war) the line of soliers nearest the enemy: They are sending more soldiers to the front.) front; frontlinie
    5) (a boundary separating two masses of air of different temperatures: A cold front is approaching from the Atlantic.) front
    6) (an outward appearance: He put on a brave front.) facade
    7) (a name sometimes given to a political movement: the Popular Front for Liberation.) front
    •
    - frontal
    - at the front of
    - in front of
    - in front
    * * *
    1) (the part of anything (intended to be) nearest the person who sees it; usually the most important part of anything: the front of the house; the front of the picture; ( also adjective) the front page.) front; facade; for-
    2) (the foremost part of anything in the direction in which it moves: the front of the ship; ( also adjective) the front seat of the bus.) front; front-; for-
    3) (the part of a city or town that faces the sea: We walked along the (sea) front.) søside; søfront; strandpromenade
    4) ((in war) the line of soliers nearest the enemy: They are sending more soldiers to the front.) front; frontlinie
    5) (a boundary separating two masses of air of different temperatures: A cold front is approaching from the Atlantic.) front
    6) (an outward appearance: He put on a brave front.) facade
    7) (a name sometimes given to a political movement: the Popular Front for Liberation.) front
    •
    - frontal
    - at the front of
    - in front of
    - in front

    English-Danish dictionary > front

  • 84 norte

    adj.
    north, northern.
    viento norte north wind
    en la mitad norte del país in the northern half of the country
    partieron con rumbo norte they set off northwards
    m.
    1 north (geography).
    viento del norte north wind
    ir hacia el norte to go north(wards)
    el norte de España northern Spain, the north of Spain
    está al norte de Madrid it's (to the) north of Madrid
    2 goal, objective (objetivo).
    perder el norte to lose one's bearings o way
    3 guide.
    * * *
    1 north
    2 (viento) northerly wind
    3 figurado (dirección, sentido) direction; (objetivo) aim
    \
    perder el norte to lose sight of one's objectives, lose one's way
    sin norte aimless
    norte magnético magnetic North
    * * *
    1. noun m. 2. adj.
    * * *
    1.
    ADJ [región] northern; [dirección] northerly; [viento] north

    la zona norte de la ciudad — the northern part of the city, the north of the city

    2. SM
    1) (=punto cardinal) north
    2) [de región, país] north
    3) (=viento) north wind
    4) (=meta) aim, objective

    perder el norte — to lose one's way, go astray

    5) Caribe (=Estados Unidos) ≈ United States
    6) Caribe (=llovizna) drizzle
    * * *
    I
    adjetivo invariable < región> northern

    en la parte norte del país — in the northern part o the north of the country

    la costa/el ala norte — the north coast/wind

    II
    a) (parte, sector)
    b) ( punto cardinal) north, North
    c) ( rumbo)
    * * *
    I
    adjetivo invariable < región> northern

    en la parte norte del país — in the northern part o the north of the country

    la costa/el ala norte — the north coast/wind

    II
    a) (parte, sector)
    b) ( punto cardinal) north, North
    c) ( rumbo)
    * * *
    norte1
    1 = north.

    Ex: Short-loans could move adjacent to the main issue desk at the south by moving furniture, or at the north by rearranging the catalogue.

    * al extremo norte = northernmost.
    * al norte de = north of.
    * al norte del estado = upstate.
    * Carolina del Norte = North Carolina.
    * Corea del Norte = North Korea.
    * del norte = northern, Hyperborean.
    * derecho hacia al norte = due north.
    * directamente hacia el norte = due north.
    * en dirección norte = northbound.
    * en el norte del estado = upstate.
    * Europa del norte = northern Europe.
    * exactamente al norte = due north.
    * hacia el norte = northbound.
    * Hemisferio Norte, el = Northern Hemisphere, the.
    * Irlanda del Norte = Northern Ireland.
    * Mar del Norte, el = North Sea, the.
    * norte de América = northern America.
    * norte de Europa = northern Europe.
    * norte del Pacífico = North Pacific.
    * OTAN (Organización del Tratado del Atlántico Norte) = NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organisation).
    * Polo Norte, el = North Pole, the.

    norte2
    2 = sense of purpose, goal.
    Nota: Línea fundamental de actuación que un servicio bibliotecario pretende conseguir y que generalmente se descompone en objetivos particulares.

    Ex: This article argues that those in leadership roles bear a special responsibility for creating a sense of purpose in the organisation.

    Ex: Karen set the theme in her keynote address that booksellers, publishers and librarians often have different goals and perceptions.
    * perder el norte = be off course, fly off + course.
    * sin norte = aimless, off course, rudderless.

    * * *
    [ Vocabulary notes (Spanish) ] ‹región› northern
    en la parte norte del país in the northern part of the country, in the north of the country
    iban en dirección norte they were heading north o northward(s), they were heading in a northerly direction
    la costa norte de África the north coast of Africa
    la cara norte de la montaña the north o northern face of the mountain
    el Atlántico norte the North Atlantic
    (parte, sector): el norte the north
    en el norte del país in the north of the country
    viven al norte de Matagalpa they live (to the) north of Matagalpa
    está en el norte de África it is in North Africa
    la aguja señala hacia el/al Norte the needle points north
    vientos flojos del Norte light northerly winds, light winds from the north
    estas avenidas van de Norte a Sur these avenues run north-south
    caminaron hacia el Norte they walked north o northward(s)
    la casa da/está orientada al norte the house faces north
    está más al norte it's further north
    3
    (meta): su único norte es progresar en su carrera his sole aim is to further his career
    el norte que guía nuestros pasos the light which guides our steps ( liter)
    perder el norte de la realidad to lose sight of reality
    4
    Norte ( Pol): el Norte the North
    diálogo Norte-Sur North-South dialogue
    5
    * * *

    Multiple Entries:
    N.    
    norte
    N. (
    ◊ norte) North, N

    norte adjetivo invariable ‹ región› northern;

    ‹costa/ala› north ( before n);
    ◊ iban en dirección norte they were heading north o northward(s)

    ■ sustantivo masculino
    north, North;
    al norte de Matagalpa to the north of Matagalpa;
    vientos del Nnorte northerly winds;
    caminaron hacia el Nnorte they walked north o northward(s);
    la casa da al norte the house faces north
    norte sustantivo masculino
    1 north: está en el norte de España, it is in the north of Spain
    2 (viento) north wind
    3 (meta, aspiración) aim, goal
    ♦ Locuciones: perder el norte, to lose one's bearings o to be at a loss (about what to do): ha perdido el norte, ya no sabe qué hacer, he's lost his bearings, he doesn't know how to go on

    ' norte' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    América
    - barrer
    - Corea del Norte
    - darse
    - estar
    - feudo
    - Irlanda
    - limitar
    - mirar
    - orientar
    - OTAN
    - polo
    - señalar
    - hemisferio
    - ladera
    - moro
    - N.
    - Norteamérica
    - norteamericano
    - por
    - rumbo
    - tomar
    English:
    blow
    - equator
    - extend
    - N
    - NATO
    - north
    - North America
    - North Korea
    - North Pole
    - northern
    - Northern Ireland
    - northward
    - Pole
    - prospect
    - sea
    - tell
    - to
    - up
    - aimless
    - direction
    - due
    - face
    - -facing
    - head
    - northerly
    - pole
    - trouble
    - true
    - uptown
    * * *
    ♦ adj inv
    [posición, parte] north, northern;
    viento norte north wind;
    la cara norte de la montaña the north face of the mountain;
    la costa norte the north coast;
    habrá tiempo soleado en la mitad norte del país it will be sunny in the northern half of the country;
    partieron con rumbo norte they set off northwards;
    un frente frío que se desplaza en dirección norte a cold front moving north o northwards
    ♦ nm
    1. [zona] north;
    está al norte de Santiago it's (to the) north of Santiago;
    la fachada da al norte the front of the building faces north;
    viento del norte north wind;
    habrá lluvias en el norte (del país) there will be rain in the north (of the country);
    ir hacia el norte to go north(wards);
    el Norte de África North Africa
    norte geográfico true north;
    el norte magnético magnetic north
    2. Pol
    el Norte [mundo desarrollado] the North
    3. Am
    el Norte [Estados Unidos] the United States
    4. [punto cardinal] north
    5. [viento] north wind
    6. [objetivo] goal, objective;
    perder el norte to lose one's bearings o way
    7. PRico [llovizna] drizzle
    * * *
    m north;
    al norte de north of;
    perder el norte fig lose one’s way
    * * *
    norte adj
    : north, northern
    norte nm
    1) : north
    2) : north wind
    3) meta: aim, objective
    * * *
    norte n north

    Spanish-English dictionary > norte

  • 85 Lisbon

        Lisboa in Portuguese, is the capital of Portugal and capital of the Lisbon district. The city population is just over half a million; greater Lisbon area contains at least 2.5 million. Located on the north bank of one of the greatest harbors in Europe, formed from the estuary of the Tagus River, which flows into the Atlantic, Lisbon has a long and illustrious history. A site of Phoenician and Greek trading communities, Lisbon became an important Roman city. Its name, Lisboa, in Portuguese and Spanish, is a corruption of its Roman name, Felicitas Julia. The city experienced various waves of invaders. Muslims seized it from the Visigoths in the eighth century, and after a long siege Muslim Lisbon fell to the Portuguese Christian forces of King Afonso Henriques in 1147.
       Lisbon, built on a number of hills, saw most of its major palaces and churches constructed between the 14th and 18th centuries. In the 16th century, the city became the Aviz dynasty's main capital and seat, and a royal palace was built in the lower city along the harbor where ships brought the empire's riches from Africa, Asia, and Brazil. On 1 November 1755, a devastating earthquake wrecked a large part of the main city and destroyed the major buildings, killed or displaced scores of thousands of people, and destroyed important historical records and artifacts. The king's prime minister, the Marquis of Pombal, ordered the city rebuilt. The main lower city center, the baixa ("down town"), was reconstructed according to a master plan that laid out a square grid of streets, spacious squares, and broad avenues, upon which were erected buildings of a uniform height and design. Due to the earthquake's destruction, few buildings, with the exception of the larger cathedrals and palaces, predate 1755. The Baixa Pombalina, as this part of Lisbon is known, was the first planned city in Europe.
       Lisbon is more than the political capital of Portugal, the site of the central government's offices, the legislative, and executive buildings. Lisbon is the economic, social, and cultural capital of the country, as well as the major educational center that contains almost half the country's universities and secondary schools.
       The continuing importance of Lisbon as the country's political heart and mind, despite the justifiable resentment of its northern rival, Oporto, and the university town of Coimbra, was again illustrated in the Revolution of 25 April 1974, which began with a military coup by the Armed Forces Movement there. The Estado Novo was overthrown in a largely bloodless coup organized by career junior military officers whose main strategy was directed toward the conquest and control of the capital. Once the Armed Forces Movement had the city of Lisbon and environs under its control by the afternoon of 25 April 1974, its mastery of the remainder of the country was assured.
       Along with its dominance of the country's economy, politics, and government, Lisbon's cultural offerings remain impressive. The city is a treasure house that contains hundreds of historic houses and squares, churches and cathedrals, ancient palaces, and castles, some reconstructed to appear as they were before the Lisbon earthquake of 1755. There are scores of museums and libraries. Among the more outstanding museums open to the public are the Museu de Arte Antiga and the museums of the Gulbenkian Foundation.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Lisbon

  • 86 alianza

    f.
    1 alliance (pacto, parentesco).
    2 wedding ring (anillo).
    * * *
    1 (pacto) alliance
    2 (anillo) wedding ring
    * * *
    noun f.
    * * *
    SF
    1) (=pacto) alliance

    la Alianza — (Rel) the Covenant

    la Alianza Atlántica — the Atlantic Alliance, NATO

    2) (=anillo) wedding ring
    * * *
    1) (pacto, unión) alliance
    2) ( anillo) wedding ring
    * * *
    1) (pacto, unión) alliance
    2) ( anillo) wedding ring
    * * *
    alianza1
    1 = alliance, coalition, combine, partnership.
    Nota: Véase ship para otras entradas acabadas con este sufijo.

    Ex: This type of alliance is already evident in countries like Thailand, where library science students and educators have been actively involved in writing and illustrating children's books.

    Ex: Kansas City Public Library has been a part of the coalition since its beginning.
    Ex: 158 public organisations with very diverse computer machinery formed a combine to develop an application which would make the database available on the organisations' different computer systems. = 158 instituciones públicas con equipos informáticos muy diversos crearon un grupo para desarrollar una aplicación que hiciera que la base de datos estuviese disponible en sus diferentes sistemas informáticos.
    Ex: The partnership between the CLT and industry is considered in some detail.
    * crear alianzas = form + alliances, make + alliances.
    * crear una alianza = forge + alliance.
    * establecer alianzas = make + alliances.

    alianza2
    2 = wedding ring, wedding band.

    Ex: In out search for Mom's wedding ring, we left no stone unturned.

    Ex: The custom of wearing a wedding band is European and has now spread widely across the world.

    * * *
    A (pacto, unión) alliance
    Compuestos:
    la Alianza Atlántica the Atlantic Alliance, NATO
    ( frml); holy matrimony ( frml)
    B (anillo) wedding ring
    * * *

     

    alianza sustantivo femenino
    a) (pacto, unión) alliance;



    alianza sustantivo femenino
    1 (pacto) alliance
    2 (anillo de boda) wedding ring
    ' alianza' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    arca
    - argolla
    - entrada
    - forjar
    English:
    alliance
    - ark
    - league
    - wedding
    * * *
    1. [pacto, parentesco] alliance;
    una alianza contra natura an unholy alliance
    la Alianza Atlántica NATO;
    alianza matrimonial [vínculo] marriage bond;
    [boda] wedding; Hist Alianza Popular = former name of Partido Popular, Spanish party to the right of the political spectrum
    2. [anillo] wedding ring
    * * *
    f
    1 POL alliance
    2 anillo wedding band, wedding ring
    * * *
    : alliance
    * * *
    1. (unión) alliance
    2. (anillo) wedding ring

    Spanish-English dictionary > alianza

  • 87 Chronology

      15,000-3,000 BCE Paleolithic cultures in western Portugal.
      400-200 BCE Greek and Carthaginian trade settlements on coast.
      202 BCE Roman armies invade ancient Lusitania.
      137 BCE Intensive Romanization of Lusitania begins.
      410 CE Germanic tribes — Suevi and Visigoths—begin conquest of Roman Lusitania and Galicia.
      714—16 Muslims begin conquest of Visigothic Lusitania.
      1034 Christian Reconquest frontier reaches Mondego River.
      1064 Christians conquer Coimbra.
      1139 Burgundian Count Afonso Henriques proclaims himself king of Portugal; birth of Portugal. Battle of Ourique: Afonso Henriques defeats Muslims.
      1147 With English Crusaders' help, Portuguese seize Lisbon from Muslims.
      1179 Papacy formally recognizes Portugal's independence (Pope Alexander III).
      1226 Campaign to reclaim Alentejo from Muslims begins.
      1249 Last Muslim city (Silves) falls to Portuguese Army.
      1381 Beginning of third war between Castile and Portugal.
      1383 Master of Aviz, João, proclaimed regent by Lisbon populace.
      1385 April: Master of Aviz, João I, proclaimed king of Portugal by Cortes of Coimbra. 14 August: Battle of Aljubarrota, Castilians defeated by royal forces, with assistance of English army.
      1394 Birth of "Prince Henry the Navigator," son of King João I.
      1415 Beginning of overseas expansion as Portugal captures Moroccan city of Ceuta.
      1419 Discovery of Madeira Islands.
      1425-28 Prince D. Pedro, older brother of Prince Henry, travels in Europe.
      1427 Discovery (or rediscovery?) of Azores Islands.
      1434 Prince Henry the Navigator's ships pass beyond Cape Bojador, West Africa.
      1437 Disaster at Tangier, Morocco, as Portuguese fail to capture city.
      1441 First African slaves from western Africa reach Portugal.
      1460 Death of Prince Henry. Portuguese reach what is now Senegal, West Africa.
      1470s Portuguese explore West African coast and reach what is now Ghana and Nigeria and begin colonizing islands of São Tomé and Príncipe.
      1479 Treaty of Alcáçovas between kings of Portugal and Spain.
      1482 Portuguese establish post at São Jorge da Mina, Gold Coast (now Ghana).
      1482-83 Portuguese navigator Diogo Cão reaches mouth of Congo River and Angola.
      1488 Navigator Bartolomeu Dias rounds Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, and finds route to Indian Ocean.
      1492-93 Columbus's first voyage to West Indies.
      1493 Columbus visits Azores and Portugal on return from first voyage; tells of discovery of New World. Treaty of Tordesillas signed between kings of Portugal and Spain: delimits spheres of conquest with line 370 leagues west of Cape Verde Islands (claimed by Portugal); Portugal's sphere to east of line includes, in effect, Brazil.
       King Manuel I and Royal Council decide to continue seeking all-water route around Africa to Asia.
       King Manuel I expels unconverted Jews from Portugal.
      1497-99 Epic voyage of Vasco da Gama from Portugal around Africa to west India, successful completion of sea route to Asia project; da Gama returns to Portugal with samples of Asian spices.
      1500 Bound for India, Navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral "discovers" coast of Brazil and claims it for Portugal.
      1506 Anti-Jewish riots in Lisbon.
       Battle of Diu, India; Portugal's command of Indian Ocean assured for some time with Francisco de Almeida's naval victory over Egyptian and Gujerati fleets.
       Afonso de Albuquerque conquers Goa, India; beginning of Portuguese hegemony in south Asia.
       Portuguese conquest of Malacca; commerce in Spice Islands.
      1519 Magellan begins circumnavigation voyage.
      1536 Inquisition begins in Portugal.
      1543 Portuguese merchants reach Japan.
      1557 Portuguese merchants granted Chinese territory of Macau for trading factory.
      1572 Luís de Camões publishes epic poem, Os Lusíadas.
      1578 Battle of Alcácer-Quivir; Moroccan forces defeat army of King Sebastião of Portugal; King Sebastião dies in battle. Portuguese succession crisis.
      1580 King Phillip II of Spain claims and conquers Portugal; Spanish rule of Portugal, 1580-1640.
      1607-24 Dutch conquer sections of Asia and Brazil formerly held by Portugal.
      1640 1 December: Portuguese revolution in Lisbon overthrows Spanish rule, restores independence. Beginning of Portugal's Braganza royal dynasty.
      1654 Following Dutch invasions and conquest of parts of Brazil and Angola, Dutch expelled by force.
      1661 Anglo-Portuguese Alliance treaty signed: England pledges to defend Portugal "as if it were England itself." Queen Catherine of Bra-ganza marries England's Charles II.
      1668 February: In Portuguese-Spanish peace treaty, Spain recognizes independence of Portugal, thus ending 28-year War of Restoration.
      1703 Methuen Treaties signed, key commercial trade agreement and defense treaty between England and Portugal.
      1750 Pombal becomes chief minister of King José I.
      1755 1 November: Massive Lisbon earthquake, tidal wave, and fire.
      1759 Expulsion of Jesuits from Portugal and colonies.
      1761 Slavery abolished in continental Portugal.
      1769 Abandonment of Mazagão, Morocco, last Portuguese outpost.
      1777 Pombal dismissed as chief minister by Queen Maria I, after death of José I.
      1791 Portugal and United States establish full diplomatic relations.
      1807 November: First Napoleonic invasion; French forces under Junot conquer Portugal. Royal family flees to colony of Brazil and remains there until 1821.
      1809 Second French invasion of Portugal under General Soult.
      1811 Third French invasion of Portugal under General Masséna.
      1813 Following British general Wellington's military victories, French forces evacuate Portugal.
      1817 Liberal, constitutional movements against absolutist monarchist rule break out in Brazil (Pernambuco) and Portugal (Lisbon, under General Gomes Freire); crushed by government. British marshal of Portugal's army, Beresford, rules Portugal.
       Liberal insurrection in army officer corps breaks out in Cadiz, Spain, and influences similar movement in Portugal's armed forces first in Oporto.
       King João VI returns from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and early draft of constitution; era of constitutional monarchy begins.
      1822 7 September: João VI's son Pedro proclaims independence of
       Brazil from Portugal and is named emperor. 23 September: Constitution of 1822 ratified.
       Portugal recognizes sovereign independence of Brazil.
       King João VI dies; power struggle for throne ensues between his sons, brothers Pedro and Miguel; Pedro, emperor of Brazil, abdicates Portuguese throne in favor of his daughter, D. Maria II, too young to assume crown. By agreement, Miguel, uncle of D. Maria, is to accept constitution and rule in her stead.
      1828 Miguel takes throne and abolishes constitution. Sections of Portugal rebel against Miguelite rule.
      1831 Emperor Pedro abdicates throne of Brazil and returns to Portugal to expel King Miguel from Portuguese throne.
      1832-34 Civil war between absolutist King Miguel and constitutionalist Pedro, who abandons throne of Brazil to restore his young daughter Maria to throne of Portugal; Miguel's armed forces defeated by those of Pedro. Miguel leaves for exile and constitution (1826 Charter) is restored.
      1834-53 Constitutional monarchy consolidated under rule of Queen Maria II, who dies in 1853.
      1851-71 Regeneration period of economic development and political stability; public works projects sponsored by Minister Fontes Pereira de Melo.
      1871-90 Rotativism period of alternating party governments; achieves political stability and less military intervention in politics and government. Expansion of colonial territory in tropical Africa.
       January: Following territorial dispute in central Africa, Britain delivers "Ultimatum" to Portugal demanding withdrawal of Portugal's forces from what is now Malawi and Zimbabwe. Portugal's government, humiliated in accepting demand under threat of a diplomatic break, falls. Beginning of governmental and political instability; monarchist decline and republicanism's rise.
       Anglo-Portuguese treaties signed relating to delimitation of frontiers in colonial Africa.
      1899 Treaty of Windsor; renewal of Anglo-Portuguese defense and friendship alliance.
      1903 Triumphal visit of King Edward VII to Portugal.
      1906 Politician João Franco supported by King Carlos I in dictatorship to restore order and reform.
      1908 1 February: Murder in Lisbon of King Carlos I and his heir apparent, Prince Dom Luís, by Portuguese anarchists. Eighteen-year-old King Manuel II assumes throne.
      1910 3-5 October: Following republican-led military insurrection in armed forces, monarchy falls and first Portuguese republic is proclaimed. Beginning of unstable, economically troubled, parliamentary republic form of government.
       May: Violent insurrection in Lisbon overturns government of General Pimenta de Castro; nearly a thousand casualties from several days of armed combat in capital.
       March: Following Portugal's honoring ally Britain's request to confiscate German shipping in Portuguese harbors, Germany declares war on Portugal; Portugal enters World War I on Allied side.
       Portugal organizes and dispatches Portuguese Expeditionary Corps to fight on the Western Front. 9 April: Portuguese forces mauled by German offensive in Battle of Lys. Food rationing and riots in Lisbon. Portuguese military operations in Mozambique against German expedition's invasion from German East Africa. 5 December: Authoritarian, presidentialist government under Major Sidónio Pais takes power in Lisbon, following a successful military coup.
      1918 11 November: Armistice brings cessation of hostilities on Western Front in World War I. Portuguese expeditionary forces stationed in Angola, Mozambique, and Flanders begin return trip to Portugal. 14 December: President Sidónio Pais assassinated. Chaotic period of ephemeral civil war ensues.
      1919-21 Excessively unstable political period, including January
      1919 abortive effort of Portuguese monarchists to restore Braganza dynasty to power. Republican forces prevail, but level of public violence, economic distress, and deprivation remains high.
      1921 October: Political violence attains peak with murder of former prime minister and other prominent political figures in Lisbon. Sectors of armed forces and Guarda Nacional Republicana are mutinous. Year of financial and corruption scandals, including Portuguese bank note (fraud) case; military court acquits guilty military insurrectionists, and one military judge declares "the country is sick."
       28 May: Republic overthrown by military coup or pronunciamento and conspiracy among officer corps. Parliament's doors locked and parliament closed for nearly nine years to January 1935. End of parliamentary republic, Western Europe's most unstable political system in this century, beginning of the Portuguese dictatorship, after 1930 known as the Estado Novo. Officer corps assumes reins of government, initiates military censorship of the press, and suppresses opposition.
       February: Military dictatorship under General Óscar Carmona crushes failed republican armed insurrection in Oporto and Lisbon.
       April: Military dictatorship names Professor Antônio de Oliveira Salazar minister of finance, with dictatorial powers over budget, to stabilize finances and rebuild economy. Insurrectionism among military elements continues into 1931.
      1930 Dr. Salazar named minister for colonies and announces balanced budgets. Salazar consolidates support by various means, including creation of official regime "movement," the National Union. Salazar engineers Colonial Act to ensure Lisbon's control of bankrupt African colonies by means of new fiscal controls and centralization of authority. July: Military dictatorship names Salazar prime minister for first time, and cabinet composition undergoes civilianization; academic colleagues and protégés plan conservative reform and rejuvenation of society, polity, and economy. Regime comes to be called the Estado Novo (New State). New State's constitution ratified by new parliament, the National Assembly; Portugal described in document as "unitary, corporative Republic" and governance influenced by Salazar's stern personality and doctrines such as integralism, Catholicism, and fiscal conservatism.
      1936 Violent instability and ensuing civil war in neighboring Spain, soon internationalized by fascist and communist intervention, shake Estado Novo regime. Pseudofascist period of regime features creation of imitation Fascist institutions to defend regime from leftist threats; Portugal institutes "Portuguese Youth" and "Portuguese Legion."
      1939 3 September: Prime Minister Salazar declares Portugal's neutrality in World War II. October: Anglo-Portuguese agreement grants naval and air base facilities to Britain and later to United States for Battle of the Atlantic and Normandy invasion support. Third Reich protests breach of Portugal's neutrality.
       6 June: On day of Allies' Normandy invasion, Portugal suspends mining and export of wolfram ore to both sides in war.
       8 May: Popular celebrations of Allied victory and Fascist defeat in Lisbon and Oporto coincide with Victory in Europe Day. Following managed elections for Estado Novo's National Assembly in November, regime police, renamed PIDE, with increased powers, represses opposition.
      1947 Abortive military coup in central Portugal easily crushed by regime. Independence of India and initiation of Indian protests against Portuguese colonial rule in Goa and other enclaves.
      1949 Portugal becomes founding member of NATO.
      1951 Portugal alters constitution and renames overseas colonies "Overseas Provinces." Portugal and United States sign military base agreements for use of air and naval facilities in Azores Islands and military aid to Lisbon. President Carmona dies in office, succeeded by General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58). July: Indians occupy enclave of Portuguese India (dependency of Damão) by means of passive resistance movement. August: Indian passive resistance movement in Portuguese India repelled by Portuguese forces with loss of life. December: With U.S. backing, Portugal admitted as member of United Nations (along with Spain). Air force general Humberto Delgado, in opposition, challenges Estado Novo's hand-picked successor to Craveiro Lopes, Admiral Américo Tomás. Delgado rallies coalition of democratic, liberal, and communist opposition but loses rigged election and later flees to exile in Brazil. Portugal joins European Free Trade Association (EFTA).
       January and February: Estado Novo rocked by armed African insurrection in northern Angola, crushed by armed forces. Hijacking of Portuguese ocean liner by ally of Delgado, Captain Henrique Galvão. April: Salazar defeats attempted military coup and reshuffles cabinet with group of younger figures who seek to reform colonial rule and strengthen the regime's image abroad. 18 December: Indian army rapidly defeats Portugal's defense force in Goa, Damão, and Diu and incorporates Portugal's Indian possessions into Indian Union. January: Abortive military coup in Beja, Portugal.
      1965 February: General Delgado and his Brazilian secretary murdered and secretly buried near Spanish frontier by political police, PIDE.
      1968 August and September: Prime Minister Salazar, aged 79, suffers crippling stoke. President Tomás names former cabinet officer Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor. Caetano institutes modest reforms in Portugal and overseas.
      1971 Caetano government ratifies amended constitution that allows slight devolution and autonomy to overseas provinces in Africa and Asia. Right-wing loyalists oppose reforms in Portugal. 25 April: Military coup engineered by Armed Forces Movement overthrows Estado Novo and establishes provisional government emphasizing democratization, development, and decolonization. Limited resistance by loyalists. President Tomás and Premier Caetano flown to exile first in Madeira and then in Brazil. General Spínola appointed president. September: Revolution moves to left, as President Spínola, thwarted in his program, resigns.
       March: Military coup by conservative forces fails, and leftist response includes nationalization of major portion of economy. Polarization between forces and parties of left and right. 25 November: Military coup by moderate military elements thwarts leftist forces. Constituent Assembly prepares constitution. Revolution moves from left to center and then right.
       March: Constitution ratified by Assembly of the Republic. 25 April: Second general legislative election gives largest share of seats to Socialist Party (PS). Former oppositionist lawyer, Mário Soares, elected deputy and named prime minister.
      1977-85 Political pendulum of democratic Portugal moves from center-left to center-right, as Social Democratic Party (PSD) increases hold on assembly and take office under Prime Minister Cavaco Silva. July
      1985 elections give edge to PSD who advocate strong free-enterprise measures and revision of leftist-generated 1976 Constitution, amended modestly in 1982.
      1986 January: Portugal joins European Economic Community (EEC).
      1987 July: General, legislative elections for assembly give more than 50 percent to PSD led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva. For first time, since 1974, Portugal has a working majority government.
      1989 June: Following revisions of 1976 Constitution, reprivatization of economy begins, under PS government.
       January: Presidential elections, Mário Soares reelected for second term. July: General, legislative elections for assembly result in new PSD victory and majority government.
       January-July: Portugal holds presidency of the Council of the European Economic Community (EEC). December: Tariff barriers fall as fully integrated Common Market established in the EEC.
       November: Treaty of Maastricht comes into force. The EEC officially becomes the European Union (EU). Portugal is signatory with 11 other member-nations.
       October: General, legislative elections for assembly result in PS victory and naming of Prime Minister Guterres. PS replace PSD as leading political party. November: Excavations for Lisbon bank uncover ancient Phoenician, Roman, and Christian ruins.
       January: General, presidential elections; socialist Jorge Sampaio defeats PSD's Cavaco Silva and assumes presidency from Dr. Mário Soares. July: Community of Portuguese Languages Countries (CPLP) cofounded by Portugal and Brazil.
       May-September: Expo '98 held in Lisbon. Opening of Vasco da Gama Bridge across Tagus River, Europe's longest (17 kilometers/ 11 miles). June: National referendum on abortion law change defeated after low voter turnout. November: National referendum on regionaliza-tion and devolution of power defeated after another low voter turnout.
       October: General, legislative elections: PS victory over PSD lacks clear majority in parliament. Following East Timor referendum, which votes for independence and withdrawal of Indonesia, outburst of popular outrage in streets, media, and communications of Portugal approves armed intervention and administration of United Nations (and withdrawal of Indonesia) in East Timor. Portugal and Indonesia restore diplomatic relations. December: A Special Territory since 1975, Colony of Macau transferred to sovereignty of People's Republic of China.
       January-June: Portugal holds presidency of the Council of the EU; end of Discoveries Historical Commemoration Cycle (1988-2000).
       United Nations forces continue to occupy and administer former colony of East Timor, with Portugal's approval.
       January: General, presidential elections; PS president Sampaio reelected for second term. City of Oporto, "European City of Culture" for the year, hosts arts festival. December: Municipal elections: PSD defeats PS; socialist prime minister Guterres resigns; President Sampaio calls March parliamentary elections.
       1 January: Portugal enters single European Currency system. Euro currency adopted and ceases use of former national currency, the escudo. March: Parliamentary elections; PSD defeats PS and José Durão Barroso becomes prime minister. Military modernization law passed. Portugal holds chairmanship of Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE).
       May: Municipal law passed permitting municipalities to reorganize in new ways.
       June: Prime Minister Durão Barroso, invited to succeed Romano Prodi as president of EU Commission, resigns. Pedro Santana Lopes becomes prime minister. European Parliament elections held. Conscription for national service in army and navy ended. Mass grave uncovered at Academy of Sciences Museum, Lisbon, revealing remains of several thousand victims of Lisbon earthquake, 1755.
       February: Parliamentary elections; PS defeats PSD, socialists win first absolute majority in parliament since 1975. José Sócrates becomes prime minister.
       January: Presidential elections; PSD candidate Aníbal Cavaco Silva elected and assumes presidency from Jorge Sampaio. Portugal's national soccer team ranked 7th out of 205 countries by international soccer association. European Union's Bologna Process in educational reform initiated in Portugal.
       July-December: Portugal holds presidency of the Council of the European Union. For reasons of economy, Portugal announces closure of many consulates, especially in France and the eastern US. Government begins official inspections of private institutions of higher education, following scandals.
      2008 January: Prime Minister Sócrates announces location of new Lisbon area airport as Alcochete, on south bank of Tagus River, site of air force shooting range. February: Portuguese Army begins to receive new modern battle tanks (Leopard 2 A6). March: Mass protest of 85,000 public school (primary and secondary levels) teachers in Lisbon schools dispute recent educational policies of minister of education and prime minister.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Chronology

  • 88 mur

    mur [myʀ]
    masculine noun
    • les murs ont des oreilles ! walls have ears!
    • franchir le mur du son to break the sound barrier ► mur végétal or végétalisé or vivant living wall
    * * *
    myʀ
    1.
    nom masculin wall

    rester or être entre quatre murs — to be cooped up

    c'est à se taper (colloq) or cogner (colloq) la tête contre les murs — you feel like banging your head against the wall (colloq)

    faire du mur — (colloq) ( au tennis) to practise [BrE] hitting a ball against the wall

    faire les pieds au mur — lit to do a handstand against the wall; fig to tie oneself up in knots


    2.
    murs nom masculin pluriel ( local) ( d'entreprise) premises; (d'ambassade, de palais) confines
    Phrasal Verbs:
    ••

    faire le mur — ( s'échapper) to go over the wall; ( au football) to make a wall

    * * *
    myʀ nm
    * * *
    mur
    A nm
    1 gén, Archit, Constr wall; un mur de pierre/de briques a stone/brick wall; il y avait des tableaux aux murs there were pictures (hanging) on the walls; monter or élever un mur to put up a wall; mur mitoyen/de clôture/d'enceinte party/boundary/outer wall; les murs de la ville the city walls; hors des murs (de la ville) lit outside the city walls, fig outside the city limits; coller qn au mur to put sb up against the wall and shoot him/her; être le dos au mur to have one's back to the wall; rester or être entre quatre murs to be cooped up; c'est à se taper or cogner la tête contre les murs you feel like banging your head against the wall○; les murs ont des oreilles walls have ears; faire du mur○ ( au tennis) to practiseGB hitting a ball against the wall; faire les pieds au mur lit to do a handstand against the wall; fig to tie oneself up in knots;
    2 ( obstacle) wall; se heurter à un mur de silence to come up against a wall of silence;
    3 ( personne froide) cold fish; parler à un mur to be talking to a brick wall.
    B murs nmpl ( local) ( d'entreprise) premises; (d'ambassade, de palais) confines; le ministre est dans nos murs aujourd'hui the minister is with us today; être dans ses murs to own one's own house.
    mur d'appui ( de soutènement) retaining wall; ( parapet) parapet; mur de l'Atlantique Atlantic Wall; mur de Berlin Berlin wall; mur portant or porteur load-bearing wall; mur du son sound barrier; franchir le mur du son to break the sound barrier; mur de soutènement retaining wall; Mur des Lamentations Wailing Wall.
    faire le mur ( s'échapper) to go over the wall; ( au football) to make a wall; mettre qn au pied du mur to call sb's bluff; être au pied du mur to be up against the wall; aller dans le mur to be heading for disaster.
    [myr] nom masculin
    1. [construction] wall
    mur aveugle blank ou windowless wall
    mur d'appui CONSTRUCTION parapet, leaning (height) wall
    mur d'enceinte outer ou surrounding wall
    faire le mur (familier) [soldat, interne] to go ou to jump over the wall
    2. [escarpement] steep slope
    mur artificiel rock-climbing ou artificial wall
    5. (figuré) [de flammes, de brouillard, de pluie etc] wall, sheet
    [de silence] wall
    [de haine, d'incompréhension] wall, barrier
    ————————
    murs nom masculin pluriel
    [remparts] (city) walls
    les murs [d'un commerce] the building

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > mur

  • 89 New Jersey

    Штат на востоке США в группе Среднеатлантических штатов [ Middle Atlantic States]. Расположен на полуострове между реками Делавэр [ Delaware River] и Хадсон [ Hudson River]. Граничит со штатом Нью-Йорк [ New York] на севере и востоке, с Пенсильванией [ Pennsylvania] и Делавэром [ Delaware] на западе. Имеет выход к Атлантическому океану. Площадь - 22,5 тыс. кв. км. Население 8,4 млн. человек (2000); является штатом с самой высокой плотностью населения в стране и занимает девятое место среди штатов по численности населения. Столица г. Трентон [ Trenton]. Наиболее крупные города: Ньюарк [ Newark], Джерси-Сити [ Jersey City], Патерсон [ Paterson] и Элизабет [ Elizabeth]. Один из первых 13 штатов [ Thirteen Colonies]. Ландшафт штата при его небольшой территории отличается разнообразием. Южная часть расположена на заболоченной Приатлантической низменности [Atlantic Coastal Plain], на севере предгорья Аппалачей [ Appalachian Mountains; Appalachian Highlands] (горы Киттатинни [Kittatinny Mountains]) и плато Пидмонт [ Piedmont Plateau] высотой 150-250 м, много небольших озер. На северо-востоке примыкает к р. Хадсон. Побережье окаймлено полосой песчаных кос, островов и отмелей. Умеренный морской климат. Первые следы деятельности человека на территории штата относятся к XI в. до н.э. Ко времени прибытия европейцев здесь жили племена делаваров [ Delaware]. После экспедиций Дж. Кабота [ Cabot, John], Г. Хадсона [ Hudson, Henry], Дж. да Верразано [ Verrazano, Giovanni da] и др. этот район объявляли своей территорией англичане, французы, голландцы (1524-1623). Будущий штат входил в состав Новых Нидерландов [ New Netherland] и Новой Швеции [ New Sweden]. В 1660 по приказу П. Стайвесанта [ Stuyvesant, Peter] была построена укрепленная деревня Берген [Bergen] (ныне Джерси-Сити) - первое постоянное поселение. Нью-Джерси перешел в руки англичан и оставался (кроме 1673) их владением вплоть до начала Войны за независимость [ Revolutionary War]. В 1676 колония была разделена между владельцами земель [Proprietors] на две части - Западный Нью-Джерси [West New Jersey] и Восточный Нью-Джерси [East New Jersey]. Западная часть была вскоре куплена группой У. Пенна [ Penn, William, Jr.] и стала прибежищем для преследуемых в Англии квакеров [ Quakers], на востоке поселились многие выходцы из Новой Англии [ New England]. С самого начала Нью-Джерси был весьма пестрым в этническом отношении. В 1702 создана единая королевская колония Нью-Джерси. Раннее промышленное развитие было связано с производством железа и стекла из местного сырья. Важную роль играла коммерция, а дороги считались лучшими в колониях, что во многом связано с местоположением штата между Нью-Йорком и Филадельфией и между северными и южными колониями. Штат серьезно пострадал в период Войны за независимость, будучи местом около 100 сражений, в том числе под Трентоном и Монмутом [ Trenton, Battle of; Monmouth, Battle of] и получил прозвище Арена Революции ["Cockpit of the Revolution"]. В 1783 центром района был объявлен Принстон [ Princeton]. В 1787 Нью-Джерси стал третьим по счету штатом США. Экономика штата получила новый толчок к развитию во время англо-американской войны 1812-14 [ War of 1812]. После войны значительно увеличился поток иммигрантов из Европы. Во время Гражданской войны [ Civil War] политические симпатии жителей штата разделились: избиратели не поддержали переизбрание А. Линкольна [ Lincoln, Abraham] на второй срок (1864). В XIX в. началась бурная индустриализация, усилившаяся в следующем столетии. Штат отличается высокоразвитой диверсифицированной промышленностью, близок к крупным рынкам сбыта и сам является таковым. Налоговая система штата способствует развитию индустрии. Важнейшие виды промышленной продукции: химикаты, электроника, машиностроение, медицинское оборудование и инструменты, пищевые продукты, прокат черных и цветных металлов, нефтепродукты. Важный фактор индустриального развития - научные исследования, прежде всего в области телекоммуникаций и фармацевтики. Штат имеет давние традиции изобретательства - здесь работали Дж. Стивенс [ Stevens, John], Т. Эдисон [ Edison, Thomas Alva], изобретен транзистор (1948) и создан спутник связи (1962). Основные сельскохозяйственные культуры: фрукты, овощи, сеяные травы и соя, развито молочное животноводство, птицеводство, ловля рыбы и добыча продуктов моря. Важную роль играет туризм; курорты - основной источник доходов в Нью-Джерси. Высоко развит и разнообразен транспорт. Одна из наиболее серьезных проблем штата - состояние окружающей среды (в 1988 знаменитые пляжи [ New Jersey shore] были признаны опасными для жизни и на несколько лет закрыты). Ныне здесь введены жесткие нормы ее охраны. Проблемы перенаселенности также занимают политиков и рядовых граждан; штат оказывает финансовую помощь фермерам, пытаясь приостановить расширение жилищного строительства в сельскохозяйственного районах, которые ныне составляют около 2/3 его территории. Ни одна из основных политических партий не имеет в штате заметного преимущества на выборах.

    English-Russian dictionary of regional studies > New Jersey

  • 90 Brest

       Biggest town of the Finistere department, on the Atlantic coast ofBrittany, Brest is a major French naval base and France's most westerly city. The port is home to France's Atlantic fleet, and principal naval academy.

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais. Agriculture Biologique > Brest

  • 91 Loire, La

       the longest river in France, and the longest surviving "natural" river in western Europe. Length 1020 km. Rising at over 1300 metres in the Cévennes mountains in the department of Ardèche, the Loire flows north as far as Orleans, then westwards to its mouth at Saint Nazaire, on the Atlantic coast just south of Brittany. The Loire is considered a "natural" river, on account of the few human-built restrictions to its natural flow, which varies considerably from season to season. For much of its lower reaches, the Loire is bordered by stone and earth levées, built in the 17th century, and imitated later on the other side of the Atlantic in Louisiana, beside the great Mississippi. Salmon once thrived in this river and its tributary the Allier; they are currently being reintroduced. Once a major waterway, the Loire is only properly navigable today as far as the city of Angers. "La Loire" is also the name of a French department, number 42, capital St. Etienne.

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais. Agriculture Biologique > Loire, La

  • 92 Berke, William A.

    1903-1958
       Despues de graduarse en la Escuela Politecnica de Los Angeles, Berke intenta abrirse camino en el cine, en el departamento fotografico. Una lesion ocular orienta su actividad hacia la produccion y la direccion, particularmente de westerns de bajo presupuesto, a partir de mediados de los anos treinta. Es tamos, pues, de nuevo ante un realizador de series y modestas pe liculas de genero. Trabajo, sobre todo, para la estrella de la epoca, Charles Starrett, con Co lumbia. Utiliza, en los comienzos de su carrera como director, los seudonimos de Lester Williams y William Hall.
        The Pecos Kid. 1935. 60 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Commodore. Fred Kohler, Jr., Ruth Findley, Roger Williams.
        Toll of the Desert (Lester Wiliams). 1935. 60 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Commodore. Fred Kohler, Jr., Betty Mack.
        Desert Justice (Lester Williams). 1936. 58 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Atlantic. Jack Perrin, David Sharpe, Maryan Downing.
        Gun Grit (Lester Williams). 1936. 51 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Atlantic. Jack Perrin, Ethel Beck, David Sharpe.
        Lawless Plainsmen. 1942. 59 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Charles Starrett, Russell Hayden, Luana Walters, Cliff Edwards.
        Down Rio Grande Way. 1942. 57 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Charles Starrett, Russell Hayden, Rose Anne Stevens, Britt Wood.
        Riders of the Northland. 1942. 58 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Charles Starrett, Russell Hayden, Shirley Patterson, Cliff Edwards.
        Bad Men of the Hills. 1942. 58 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Charles Starrett, Russell Hayden, Luana Walters, Cliff Edwards.
        Overland to Deadwood. 1942. 59 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Charles Starrett, Russell Hayden, Leslie Brooks, Cliff Edwards.
        Riding Through Nevada. 1942. 58 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Charles Starrett, Shirley Patterson, Arthur Hunnicutt.
        The Lone Prairie. 1942. 58 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Russell Hayden, Dub Taylor, Lucille Lambert.
        Pardon My Gun. 1942. 56 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Charles Starrett, Alma Carroll, Arthur Hunnicutt.
        A Tornado in the Saddle. 1942. 59 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Russell Hayden, Dub Taylor, Alma Carroll.
        The Fighting Buckaroo. 1943. 58 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Charles Starrett, Kay Harris, Arthur Hunnicutt.
        Riders of the Northwest Mounted. 1943. 57 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Russell Hayden, Dub Taylor, Adele Mara.
        Saddles and Sagebrush. 1943. 54 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Russell Hayden, Dub Taylor, Ann Savage.
        Law of the Northwest. 1943. 57 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Charles Starrett, Shirley Patterson, Arthur Hunnicutt.
        Frontier Fury. 1943. 55 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Charles Starrett, Roma Aldrich, Arthur Hunnicutt.
        Robin Hood of the Range. 1943. 57 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Charles Starrett, Kay Harris, Arthur Hunnicutt.
        Hail to the Rangers. 1943. 57 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Charles Starrett, Leota Atcher, Arthur Hunnicutt.
        Silver City Raiders. 1943. 55 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Russell Hayden, Dub Taylor, Alma Carroll.
        The Vigilantes Ride. 1944. 56 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Russell Hayden, Dub Taylor, Shirley Patterson.
        Wyoming Hurricane. 1944. 58 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Russell Hayden, Dub Taylor, Alma Carroll.
        Riding West. 1944. 58 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Charles Starrett, Shirley Patterson, Arthur Hunnicutt.
        The Last Horseman. 1944. 60 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Russell Hayden, Dub Taylor, Ann Savage.
        Sunset Pass. 1946. 59 minutos. Blanco y Negro. RKO. James Warren, Nan Leslie, Jane Greer.
        Renegade Girl. 1946. 65 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Screen Guild. Alan Curtis, Ann Savage.
        Code of the West. 1947. 57 minutos. Blanco y Negro. RKO. James Warren, Steve Brodie, Rita Lynn.
        Deputy Marshal. 1949. 60 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Lippert. Jon Hall, Dick Foran, Frances Langdorf, Julie Bishop.
        I Shot Billy the Kid. 1950. 57 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Donald M. Barry Productions (Lippert). Don Barry, Robert Lowery, Wendy Lee.
        Gunfire. 1950. 62 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Donald M. Barry Productions (Lippert). Don Barry, Robert Lowery, Pamela Blake.
        Train to Tombstone. 1950. 56 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Donald M. Barry Productions (Lippert). Don Barry, Robert Lowery, Judith Allen.
        Border Rangers. 1950. 62 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Donald M. Barry Productions (Lippert). Don Barry, Robert Lowery, Pamela Blake.
        The Bandit Queen. 1950. 70 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Lippert. Barbara Britton, Willard Parker, Jack Perrin.
        The Marshal’s Daughter. 1953. 71 minutos. Blanco y Negro. UA. Hoot Gibson, Laurie Anders, Johnny Mack Brown, Jimmy Wakely.

    English-Spanish dictionary of western films > Berke, William A.

  • 93 Fraser, Harry L.

    1889-1974
       Director de cerca de 70 filmes sonoros, entre 1930 y 1950, ademas de un punado de filmes mudos. Escritor de guiones, mas o menos en el mismo intervalo de tiempo, y ayudante de direccion, tambien en las mismas fechas, con el seudonimo Harry O. Jones, sin duda por pudor profesional. Su mundo es el del western, al que dedico la inmensa mayoria de su produccion, obras cuyo presupuesto y sus inquietudes artisticas eran igualmente reducidos.
        The Montana Kid. 1931. 64 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Monogram. Bill Cody, Andy Shuford, Doris Hill.
        Oklahoma Jim (El terror de Oklahoma). 1931. 61 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Monogram. Bill Cody, Andy Shuford, Marion Burns.
        Land of Wanted Men. 1931. 60 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Monogram. Bill Cody, Andy Shuford, Sheila Mannors.
        Ghost City (Oro en el monte). 1932. 60 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Monogram. Bill Cody, Andy Shuford, Helen Forrest.
        Vanishing Men. 1932. 62 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Monogram. Tom Tyler, Raymond Keane, Adele Lacy.
        Mason of the Mounted. 1932. 58 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Monogram. Bill Cody, Andy Shuford, Nancy Drexel.
        Law of the North (La ley del Norte). 1932. 55 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Monogram. Bill Cody, Andy Shuford, Nadine Dore.
        Texas Pioneers (Praderas sangrientas). 1932. 58 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Monogram. Bill Cody, Andy Shuford, Sheila Mannors.
        Honor of the Mounted (El honor del batallon). 1932. 62 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Monogram. Tom Tyler, Francis McDonald.
        From Broadway to Cheyenne (Los gangsters del Oeste). 1932. 62 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Monogram. Rex Bell, Marceline Day.
        The Man from Arizona (El hombre de Arizona). 1932. 58 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Monogram. Rex Bell, Naomi Judge.
        The Diamond Trail (La senda del diamante). 1932. 60 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Monogram. Rex Bell, Frances Rich.
        Rainbow Ranch (La bala acusadora). 1933. 55 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Monogram. Rex Bell, Cecilia Parker.
        The Fighting Parson. 1933. 70 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Allied Artists. Hoot Gibson, Marceline Day.
        The Fugitive (El fugitivo del Oeste). 1933. 56 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Monogram. Rex Bell, Cecilia Parker.
        Randy Rides Alone. 1934. 53 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Monogram/Lone Star. John Wayne, Alberta Vaughn.
        Fighting Through. 1934. 55 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Willis Kent. Reb Russell, Lucille Lund.
        Gunfire. 1934. 56 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Resolute. Rex Bell, Ruth Mix, Buzz Barton.
        Neath the Arizona Skies. 1934. 52 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Monogram/Lone Star. John Wayne, Sheila Terry.
        The Tonto Kid. 1935. 61 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Resolute. Rex Bell, Ruth Mix, Buzz Barton.
        The Reckless Buckaroo. 1935. 57 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Crescent. Bill Cody, Bill Cody, Jr., Betty Mack.
        Wagon Trail. 1935. 55 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Ajax. Harry Carey, Gertrude Messinger.
        Rustler’s Paradise. 1935. 61 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Ajax. Harry Carey, Gertrude Messinger.
        Fighting Pioneers. 1935. 60 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Resolute. Rex Bell, Ruth Mix, Buzz Barton.
        Saddle Aces. 1935. 56 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Resolute. Rex Bell, Ruth Mix, Buzz Barton.
        Wild Mustang. 1935. 62 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Ajax. Harry Carey, Barbara Fritchie.
        The Last of the Clintons. 1935. 60 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Ajax. Harry Carey, Betty Mack.
        Ace’s Wild. 1936. 57 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Commodore. Harry Carey, Gertrude Messinger.
        Ghost Town. 1936. 60 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Commodore. Harry Carey, Ruth Findlay.
        Hair-Trigger Casey. 1936. 59 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Atlantic. Jack Perrin, Betty Mack.
        Wildcat Saunders. 1936. 60 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Atlantic. Jack Perrin, Blanche Mehaffey.
        Feud of the West. 1936. 62 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Diversion. Hoot Gibson, Joan Barclay.
        The Riding Avenger. 1936. 58 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Diversion. Hoot Gibson, Ruth Mix.
        Romance Rides the Range. 1936. 59 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Spectrum. Fred Scott, Marion Shilling.
        Cavalcade of the West. 1936. 59 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Diversion. Hoot Gibson, Marion Shilling, Rex Lease.
        Galloping Dynamite. 1937. 57 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Ambassador. Kermit Maynard, Ariane Allen, John Merton.
        Heroes of the Alamo. 1937. 75 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Sunset (Columbia). Rex Lease, Lane Chandler.
        Six Shootin’ Sheriff. 1938. 59 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Grand National. Ken Maynard, Marjorie Reynolds.
        Songs and Saddles. 1938. 65 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Colony. Gene Austin, Lynne Berkeley.
        Lure of the Wasteland. 1939. 55 minutos. Blanco y Negro/Teleco-color. Al Lane Pictures (Monogram). Grant Withers, LeRoy Mason, Marion Arnold.
        Phantom Rancher. 1940. 61 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Colony. Ken Maynard, Dorothy Short.
        Lightning Strikes West. 1940. 56 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Colony. Ken Maynard, Claire Rochelle.
        Gunsmoke Mesa. 1944. 59 minutos. Blanco y Negro. PRC. Dave O’Brien, Jim Newill, Patti McCarty.
        Outlaw Roundup. 1944. 55 minutos. Blanco y Negro. PRC. Dave O’Brien, Jim Newill, Helen Chapman.
        Brand of the Devil. 1944. 57 minutos. Blanco y Negro. PRC. Dave O’Brien, Jim Newill, Ellen Hall.
        Enemy of the Law. 1945. 59 minutos. Blanco y Negro. PRC. Tex Ritter, Dave O’Brien, Kay Hugues.
        Three in the Saddle. 1945. 61 minutos. Blanco y Negro. PRC. Tex Ritter, Dave O’Brien, Lorraine Miller.
        Frontier Fugitives. 1945. 53 minutos. Blanco y Negro. PRC. Tex Ritter, Dave O’Brien, Lorraine Miller.
        Flaming Bullets. 1945. 55 minutos. Blanco y Negro. PRC. Tex Ritter, Dave O’Brien, Patricia Knox.
        The Navajo Kid. 1945. 59 minutos. Blanco y Negro. PRC. Bob Steele, Syd Saylor, Caren Marsh.
        Six Gun Man. 1946. 57 minutos. Blanco y Negro. PRC. Bob Steele, Syd Saylor, Jean Carlin.
        Ambush Trail. 1946. 60 minutos. Blanco y Negro. PRC. Bob Steele, Syd Saylor, Lorraine Miller.
        Thunder Town. 1946. 57 minutos. Blanco y Negro. PRC. Bob Steele, Syd Saylor, Ellen Hall.
        Stallion Canyon. 1949. 72 minutos. Trucolor. Kanab/Astor. Ken Curtis, Carolina Cotton.

    English-Spanish dictionary of western films > Fraser, Harry L.

  • 94 Field, Cyrus West

    SUBJECT AREA: Telecommunications
    [br]
    b. 30 November 1819 Stockbridge, Massachusetts, USA
    d. 12 July 1892 New York City, New York, USA
    [br]
    American financier and entrepreneur noted for his successful promotion of the first transatlantic telegraph cable.
    [br]
    At the age of 15 Field left home to seek his fortune in New York, starting work on Broadway as an errand boy for $1 per week. Returning to Massachusetts, in 1838 he became an assistant to his brother Matthew, a paper-maker, leaving to set up his own business two years later. By the age of 21 he was also a partner in a New York firm of paper wholesalers, but this firm collapsed because of large debts. Out of the wreckage he set up Cyrus W.Field \& Co., and by 1852 he had paid off all the debts. With $250,000 in the bank he therefore retired and travelled in South America. Returning to the USA, he then became involved with the construction of a telegraph line in Newfoundland by an English engineer, F.N. Osborne. Although the company collapsed, he had been fired by the dream of a transatlantic cable and in 1854 was one of the founders of the New York, Newfoundland and London Telegraph Company. He began to promote surveys and hold discussions with British telegraph pioneers and with Isambard Brunel, who was then building the Great Eastern steamship. In 1856 he helped to set up the Atlantic Telegraph Company in Britain and, as a result of his efforts and those of the British physicist and inventor Sir William Thomson (Lord Kelvin), work began in 1857 on the laying of the first transatlantic cable from Newfoundland to Ireland. After many tribulations the cable was completed on 5 August 1857, but it failed after barely a month. Following several unsuccessful attempts to repair and replace it, the cable was finally completed on 27 July 1866. Building upon his success, Field expanded his business interests. In 1877 he bought a controlling interest in and was President of the New York Elevated Railroad Company. He also helped develop the Wabash Railroad and became owner of the New York Mail and Express newspaper; however, he subsequently suffered large financial losses.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Congressional Gold Medal.
    Further Reading
    A.C.Clarke, 1958, Voice Across the Sea, London: Frederick Muller (describes the development of the transatlantic telegraph).
    H.M.Field, 1893, Story of the Atlantic Telegraph (also describes the transatlantic telegraph development).
    L.J.Judson (ed.), 1893, Cyrus W.Field: His Life and Work (a complete biography).
    KF

    Biographical history of technology > Field, Cyrus West

  • 95 mûr

    mur [myʀ]
    masculine noun
    • les murs ont des oreilles ! walls have ears!
    • franchir le mur du son to break the sound barrier ► mur végétal or végétalisé or vivant living wall
    * * *
    myʀ
    1.
    nom masculin wall

    rester or être entre quatre murs — to be cooped up

    c'est à se taper (colloq) or cogner (colloq) la tête contre les murs — you feel like banging your head against the wall (colloq)

    faire du mur — (colloq) ( au tennis) to practise [BrE] hitting a ball against the wall

    faire les pieds au mur — lit to do a handstand against the wall; fig to tie oneself up in knots


    2.
    murs nom masculin pluriel ( local) ( d'entreprise) premises; (d'ambassade, de palais) confines
    Phrasal Verbs:
    ••

    faire le mur — ( s'échapper) to go over the wall; ( au football) to make a wall

    * * *
    myʀ nm
    * * *
    mur
    A nm
    1 gén, Archit, Constr wall; un mur de pierre/de briques a stone/brick wall; il y avait des tableaux aux murs there were pictures (hanging) on the walls; monter or élever un mur to put up a wall; mur mitoyen/de clôture/d'enceinte party/boundary/outer wall; les murs de la ville the city walls; hors des murs (de la ville) lit outside the city walls, fig outside the city limits; coller qn au mur to put sb up against the wall and shoot him/her; être le dos au mur to have one's back to the wall; rester or être entre quatre murs to be cooped up; c'est à se taper or cogner la tête contre les murs you feel like banging your head against the wall○; les murs ont des oreilles walls have ears; faire du mur○ ( au tennis) to practiseGB hitting a ball against the wall; faire les pieds au mur lit to do a handstand against the wall; fig to tie oneself up in knots;
    2 ( obstacle) wall; se heurter à un mur de silence to come up against a wall of silence;
    3 ( personne froide) cold fish; parler à un mur to be talking to a brick wall.
    B murs nmpl ( local) ( d'entreprise) premises; (d'ambassade, de palais) confines; le ministre est dans nos murs aujourd'hui the minister is with us today; être dans ses murs to own one's own house.
    mur d'appui ( de soutènement) retaining wall; ( parapet) parapet; mur de l'Atlantique Atlantic Wall; mur de Berlin Berlin wall; mur portant or porteur load-bearing wall; mur du son sound barrier; franchir le mur du son to break the sound barrier; mur de soutènement retaining wall; Mur des Lamentations Wailing Wall.
    faire le mur ( s'échapper) to go over the wall; ( au football) to make a wall; mettre qn au pied du mur to call sb's bluff; être au pied du mur to be up against the wall; aller dans le mur to be heading for disaster.
    ( féminin mûre) [myr] adjectif
    1. [fruit, graine, abcès etc] ripe
    trop mûr overripe, too ripe
    pas mûr unripe, not ripe
    2. [personne] mature
    3. [prêt - révolte, plan] ripe, ready
    5. (familier) [tissu] worn

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > mûr

  • 96 south

    1. noun
    1) (the direction to the right of a person facing the rising sun, or any part of the earth lying in that direction: He stood facing towards the south; She lives in the south of France.) sur
    2) (one of the four main points of the compass.) sur

    2. adjective
    1) (in the south: She works on the south coast.) sur, meridional
    2) (from the direction of the south: a south wind.) del sur

    3. adverb
    (towards the south: This window faces south.) hacia el sur
    - southern
    - southerner
    - southernmost
    - southward
    - southwards
    - southward
    - southbound
    - south-east / south-west
    4. adjective
    1) (in the south-east or south-west: the south-east coast.) sudeste; sudoeste
    2) (from the direction of the south-east or south-west: a south-east wind.) sudeste; sudoeste

    5. adverb
    (towards the south-east or south-west: The gateway faces south-west.) hacia el sudeste; hacia el sudoeste
    - south-eastern / south-western
    - the South Pole
    south n adj adv sur
    tr[saʊɵ]
    1 sur, del sur, meridional
    1 (direction) hacia el sur; (location) al sur
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    down south (location) al sur 2 (direction) hacia el sur
    South American sudamericano,-a
    the South Pacific el Pacífico Sur
    the South Pole el Polo Sur
    the South Seas los mares del Sur
    South Wales Gales del Sur
    south ['saʊɵ] adv
    : al sur, hacia el sur
    the window looks south: la ventana mira al sur
    she continued south: continuó hacia el sur
    south adj
    : sur, del sur
    the south entrance: la entrada sur
    South America: Sudamérica, América del Sur
    : sur m
    adj.
    • del sur adj.
    • meridional adj.
    • sur adj.
    adv.
    • al sur adv.
    • hacia el sur adv.
    n.
    • mediodía s.m.
    • sud s.m.
    • sur s.m.

    I saʊθ
    mass noun
    1)
    a) (point of the compass, direction) sur m

    the south, the South — el sur, el Sur

    b) ( region)

    the south, the South — el sur

    2)

    the South — ( in US history) el Sur, los estados sudistas

    3)

    South — ( in bridge) Sur m


    II
    adjective (before n) <wall/face> sur adj inv, meridional; < wind> del sur

    III
    adverb al sur

    the house faces south — la casa da or mira al sur

    down south: they live down south viven en el sur; let's go down south — vayamos al sur

    [saʊθ]
    1.
    N (=direction) sur m ; (=region) sur m, mediodía m

    the South of France — el sur de Francia, el mediodía francés, la Francia meridional

    in the south of England — al sur or en el sur de Inglaterra

    the wind is from the or in the south — el viento sopla or viene del sur

    in the south of the country — al sur or en el sur del país

    2.
    ADJ del sur, sureño, meridional
    3.
    ADV (=southward) hacia el sur; (=in the south) al sur, en el sur

    this house faces south — esta casa mira al sur or tiene vista hacia el sur

    to sail due south — (Naut) ir proa al sur, navegar rumbo al sur

    4.
    CPD

    South Africa N — Suráfrica f, Sudáfrica f

    South African

    South America N — América f del Sur, Sudamérica f ; South American

    South Australia N — Australia f del Sur

    South Carolina N — Carolina f del Sur

    South Dakota N — Dakota f del Sur

    South Georgia N — Georgia f del Sur

    South Korea N — Corea f del Sur; South Korean

    the South Seas NPL — los mares del Sur, el mar austral

    South Vietnam N — Vietnam m del Sur

    South Vietnamese

    South Wales N — Gales m del Sur

    South West Africa N — África f del Suroeste

    * * *

    I [saʊθ]
    mass noun
    1)
    a) (point of the compass, direction) sur m

    the south, the South — el sur, el Sur

    b) ( region)

    the south, the South — el sur

    2)

    the South — ( in US history) el Sur, los estados sudistas

    3)

    South — ( in bridge) Sur m


    II
    adjective (before n) <wall/face> sur adj inv, meridional; < wind> del sur

    III
    adverb al sur

    the house faces south — la casa da or mira al sur

    down south: they live down south viven en el sur; let's go down south — vayamos al sur

    English-spanish dictionary > south

  • 97 New York

    I
    Штат на северо-востоке США, крупнейший в группе Средне-Атлантических штатов [ Middle Atlantic States]. Граничит на востоке со штатами Вермонт, Массачусетс и Коннектикут, на юго-востоке имеет выход к Атлантическому океану, на юге граничит со штатами Пенсильвания [ Pennsylvania] и Нью-Джерси [ New Jersey], на западе имеет выход к озерам Эри [ Erie, Lake] и Онтарио [ Ontario, Lake] и граничит с канадской провинцией Онтарио, на севере с провинцией Квебек. В пределах штата находится крупнейший город, экономический и политический центр страны - Нью-Йорк [ New York City]. В состав штата входит также крупный о. Лонг-Айленд [ Long Island]. Площадь штата 141 тыс. кв. км, из них более 18 тыс. кв. км заняты внутренними водами. Население 18,9 млн. человек (третье место после Калифорнии и Техаса) (2000). Столица г. Олбани [ Albany]. Более 85 процентов населения штата горожане, более 60 процентов живут в г. Нью-Йорке. Другие крупные города: Буффало [ Buffalo], Рочестер [ Rochester], Сиракьюс [ Syracuse], Ниагара-Фоллс [ Niagara Falls], Ютика [ Utica], Скенектади [ Schenectady], Бингемтон [Binghamton], Трой [ Troy]. Большую часть территории штата занимают Аппалачское плато и пологие хребты Аппалачей [ Appalachian Mountains] - горы Адирондак [ Adirondack Mountains] и Кэтскилл [ Catskill Mountains]. Эту часть штата окаймляют широкие долины р. Хадсон [ Hudson River], Мохок [ Mohawk River], Саскуэханна [ Susquehanna River], Св. Лаврентия [ Saint Lawrence River] и др. Около 13 процентов площади занимают реки и озера [ Champlain, Lake; Finger Lakes]. На юго-западе расположены Аллеганские горы [ Allegheny Mountains]. На северо-западе, у берегов Онтарио, а также на Лонг-Айленде - низменности. Климатические условия отличаются разнообразием: на юго-востоке более мягкий и влажный климат, в горах - континентальный. Ко времени появления европейцев в этих местах жили племена ирокезской лиги [ Iroquois] и алгонкины [ Algonquian]. Освоение региона началось с исследования р. Хадсон. В Нью-Йоркской бухте [ New York Bay] в 1524 побывал Дж. да Верразано [ Verrazano, Giovanni da]. В 1609 Г. Хадсон [ Hudson, Henry], служивший у голландцев, дошел по реке до района, где ныне находится г. Олбани. Здесь в 1614-18 было основано и просуществовало первое поселение форт Нассау [Fort Nassau]. В 1621 Голландская Вест-Индская компания [ Dutch West India Co.] получила разрешение на создание Новых Нидерландов [ New Netherland], которые просуществовали до 1664, когда голландский губернатор П. Стайвесант [ Stuyvesant, Peter] под давлением британского флота сдал колонию англичанам. В 1664 из колонии была выделена территория, ныне известная как штат Нью-Джерси, через год была установлена граница между Нью-Йорком и Коннектикутом, которая в дальнейшем не изменялась. В 1688 Нью-Йорк вместе с другими колониями вошел в состав доминиона Новая Англия [ Dominion of New England]. После восстания под предводительством Я. Лизлера [ Leisler's Rebellion] власть в колонии в течение двух лет была в руках мятежников (1689-91). В 1691 после восстановления власти английской короны было принято решение о создании законодательного собрания. Нью-Йорк был центром событий в ходе войн с французами и индейцами [ French and Indian wars] и много раз, вплоть до разгрома французов в 1761, подвергался опустошительным рейдам. В период Войны за независимость [ Revolutionary War] будущий штат также занимал стратегическое положение в планах сторон. В 1776-77 на его территории происходил ряд крупных столкновений. В апреле 1777 Нью-Йорк ратифицировал Конституцию США [ Constitution, U.S.] и в июле 1778 стал 11-м по счету штатом с временной столицей в г. Кингстоне [ Kingston] (в 1797 столица перенесена в Олбани). К концу первой четверти XIX в. штат имел высокоразвитое сельское хозяйство и мануфактурную промышленность с центром в г. Нью-Йорке. Быстро развивалась транспортная сеть, чему способствовало как наличие естественных водных путей, так и само местоположение штата. В 1825 завершилось строительство канала Эри [ Erie Canal], в 1831 построена первая железная дорога, соединившая Олбани и Скенектади, а еще через 25 лет весь штат был покрыт сетью железных дорог. В 1830-40-е в обществе происходили значительные перемены: развивался процесс демократизации, активно действовали организации фермеров, женщин, аболиционистов [ abolition]. Были сильны реформаторские тенденции, породившие плеяду видных нью-йоркских политических деятелей, в том числе М. Ван Бюрена [ Van Buren, Martin], У. Сьюарда [ Seward, William Henry], Х. Грили [ Greeley, Horace]. Уже к 1820 Нью-Йорк занимал первое место среди штатов по численности населения, перед Гражданской войной [ Civil War] он стал ведущим промышленным штатом страны. Более 500 тыс. жителей штата приняли участие в войне, 50 тыс. человек погибли. После войны экономическое развитие штата продолжалось в прежнем темпе; для второй половины XIX в. характерны рост корпораций и образование гигантских трестов, наплыв иммигрантов из Европы. Происходило резкое расслоение общества, усугубились тяжелые условия труда, в политической жизни процветала коррупция. Господству Таммани-холла [ Tammany Hall] удалось положить конец только в 1930-е усилиями многих видных политиков, в том числе мэра г. Нью-Йорка Ф. Лагуардиа [ La Guardia, Fiorello Henry] (1934-45). Ведущая роль в жизни штата, да и всей страны, традиционно закрепилась за городом Нью-Йорком. Ежегодный валовый продукт только этого города превосходит ВНП большинства стран мира. Одна из наиболее серьезных проблем штата - загрязнение окружающей среды, борьба с ними ознаменована принятием действенных законодательных актов в 1960-е. Нью-Йорк занимает ведущие позиции в области банковского дела, торговли ценными бумагами, телекоммуникаций. Финансовая деятельность (в том числе страхование), торговля недвижимостью дают штату около 80 процентов валового дохода. До 1970-х, когда он сдал позиции Калифорнии, Нью-Йорк был ведущим индустриальным штатом США. Буффало - центр тяжелой промышленности (хотя многие сталелитейные заводы закрылись в 1980-х), крупнейший озерный порт. Рочестер - центр производства оптических приборов, фотооборудования. Сиракьюс - центр химической, металлургической, электротехнической и целлюлозно-бумажной промышленности, тяжелого машиностроения. Ютика и Ром [ Rome] - центры машиностроения, Бингемтон - бытовой электроники, компьютеров. Нью-Йорк - традиционный центр текстильной промышленности, полиграфии, производства продуктов питания, крупнейший морской порт. Важную роль в экономике штата играет индустрия туризма с центром в г. Нью-Йорке. Продукция сельского хозяйства имеет преимущественно местное значение: яблоки, вишня, овощи, кукуруза. У берегов Лонг-Айленда развито рыболовство. Важнейшие виды полезных ископаемых - камень, соль, песок. Высоко развита транспортная сеть.
    II

    English-Russian dictionary of regional studies > New York

  • 98 strategy

    massive (nuclear) reprisal strategy — стратегия «массированного возмездия», стратегия нанесения массированных ответных ЯУ

    massive (nuclear) retaliation strategy — стратегия «массированного возмездия», стратегия нанесения массированных ответных ЯУ

    — non-war strategy

    English-Russian military dictionary > strategy

  • 99 Empire, Portuguese overseas

    (1415-1975)
       Portugal was the first Western European state to establish an early modern overseas empire beyond the Mediterranean and perhaps the last colonial power to decolonize. A vast subject of complexity that is full of myth as well as debatable theories, the history of the Portuguese overseas empire involves the story of more than one empire, the question of imperial motives, the nature of Portuguese rule, and the results and consequences of empire, including the impact on subject peoples as well as on the mother country and its society, Here, only the briefest account of a few such issues can be attempted.
       There were various empires or phases of empire after the capture of the Moroccan city of Ceuta in 1415. There were at least three Portuguese empires in history: the First empire (1415-1580), the Second empire (1580-1640 and 1640-1822), and the Third empire (1822-1975).
       With regard to the second empire, the so-called Phillipine period (1580-1640), when Portugal's empire was under Spanish domination, could almost be counted as a separate era. During that period, Portugal lost important parts of its Asian holdings to England and also sections of its colonies of Brazil, Angola, and West Africa to Holland's conquests. These various empires could be characterized by the geography of where Lisbon invested its greatest efforts and resources to develop territories and ward off enemies.
       The first empire (1415-1580) had two phases. First came the African coastal phase (1415-97), when the Portuguese sought a foothold in various Moroccan cities but then explored the African coast from Morocco to past the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa. While colonization and sugar farming were pursued in the Atlantic islands, as well as in the islands in the Gulf of Guinea like São Tomé and Príncipe, for the most part the Portuguese strategy was to avoid commitments to defending or peopling lands on the African continent. Rather, Lisbon sought a seaborne trade empire, in which the Portuguese could profit from exploiting trade and resources (such as gold) along the coasts and continue exploring southward to seek a sea route to Portuguese India. The second phase of the first empire (1498-1580) began with the discovery of the sea route to Asia, thanks to Vasco da Gama's first voyage in 1497-99, and the capture of strong points, ports, and trading posts in order to enforce a trade monopoly between Asia and Europe. This Asian phase produced the greatest revenues of empire Portugal had garnered, yet ended when Spain conquered Portugal and commanded her empire as of 1580.
       Portugal's second overseas empire began with Spanish domination and ran to 1822, when Brazil won her independence from Portugal. This phase was characterized largely by Brazilian dominance of imperial commitment, wealth in minerals and other raw materials from Brazil, and the loss of a significant portion of her African and Asian coastal empire to Holland and Great Britain. A sketch of Portugal's imperial losses either to native rebellions or to imperial rivals like Britain and Holland follows:
       • Morocco (North Africa) (sample only)
       Arzila—Taken in 1471; evacuated in 1550s; lost to Spain in 1580, which returned city to a sultan.
       Ceuta—Taken in 1415; lost to Spain in 1640 (loss confirmed in 1668 treaty with Spain).
       • Tangiers—Taken in 15th century; handed over to England in 1661 as part of Catherine of Braganza's dowry to King Charles II.
       • West Africa
       • Fort/Castle of São Jorge da Mina, Gold Coast (in what is now Ghana)—Taken in 1480s; lost to Holland in 1630s.
       • Middle East
       Socotra-isle—Conquered in 1507; fort abandoned in 1511; used as water resupply stop for India fleet.
       Muscat—Conquered in 1501; lost to Persians in 1650.
       Ormuz—Taken, 1505-15 under Albuquerque; lost to England, which gave it to Persia in the 17th century.
       Aden (entry to Red Sea) — Unsuccessfully attacked by Portugal (1513-30); taken by Turks in 1538.
       • India
       • Ceylon (Sri Lanka)—Taken by 1516; lost to Dutch after 1600.
       • Bombay—Taken in 16th century; given to England in 1661 treaty as part of Catherine of Braganza's dowry for Charles II.
       • East Indies
       • Moluccas—Taken by 1520; possession confirmed in 1529 Saragossa treaty with Spain; lost to Dutch after 1600; only East Timor remaining.
       After the restoration of Portuguese independence from Spain in 1640, Portugal proceeded to revive and strengthen the Anglo- Portuguese Alliance, with international aid to fight off further Spanish threats to Portugal and drive the Dutch invaders out of Brazil and Angola. While Portugal lost its foothold in West Africa at Mina to the Dutch, dominion in Angola was consolidated. The most vital part of the imperial economy was a triangular trade: slaves from West Africa and from the coasts of Congo and Angola were shipped to plantations in Brazil; raw materials (sugar, tobacco, gold, diamonds, dyes) were sent to Lisbon; Lisbon shipped Brazil colonists and hardware. Part of Portugal's War of Restoration against Spain (1640-68) and its reclaiming of Brazil and Angola from Dutch intrusions was financed by the New Christians (Jews converted to Christianity after the 1496 Manueline order of expulsion of Jews) who lived in Portugal, Holland and other low countries, France, and Brazil. If the first empire was mainly an African coastal and Asian empire, the second empire was primarily a Brazilian empire.
       Portugal's third overseas empire began upon the traumatic independence of Brazil, the keystone of the Lusitanian enterprise, in 1822. The loss of Brazil greatly weakened Portugal both as a European power and as an imperial state, for the scattered remainder of largely coastal, poor, and uncolonized territories that stretched from the bulge of West Africa to East Timor in the East Indies and Macau in south China were more of a financial liability than an asset. Only two small territories balanced their budgets occasionally or made profits: the cocoa islands of São Tomé and Príncipe in the Gulf of Guinea and tiny Macau, which lost much of its advantage as an entrepot between the West and the East when the British annexed neighboring Hong Kong in 1842. The others were largely burdens on the treasury. The African colonies were strapped by a chronic economic problem: at a time when the slave trade and then slavery were being abolished under pressures from Britain and other Western powers, the economies of Guinea- Bissau, São Tomé/Príncipe, Angola, and Mozambique were totally dependent on revenues from the slave trade and slavery. During the course of the 19th century, Lisbon began a program to reform colonial administration in a newly rejuvenated African empire, where most of the imperial efforts were expended, by means of replacing the slave trade and slavery, with legitimate economic activities.
       Portugal participated in its own early version of the "Scramble" for Africa's interior during 1850-69, but discovered that the costs of imperial expansion were too high to allow effective occupation of the hinterlands. After 1875, Portugal participated in the international "Scramble for Africa" and consolidated its holdings in west and southern Africa, despite the failure of the contra-costa (to the opposite coast) plan, which sought to link up the interiors of Angola and Mozambique with a corridor in central Africa. Portugal's expansion into what is now Malawi, Zambia, and Zimbabwe (eastern section) in 1885-90 was thwarted by its oldest ally, Britain, under pressure from interest groups in South Africa, Scotland, and England. All things considered, Portugal's colonizing resources and energies were overwhelmed by the African empire it possessed after the frontier-marking treaties of 1891-1906. Lisbon could barely administer the massive area of five African colonies, whose total area comprised about 8 percent of the area of the colossal continent. The African territories alone were many times the size of tiny Portugal and, as of 1914, Portugal was the third colonial power in terms of size of area possessed in the world.
       The politics of Portugal's empire were deceptive. Lisbon remained obsessed with the fear that rival colonial powers, especially Germany and Britain, would undermine and then dismantle her African empire. This fear endured well into World War II. In developing and keeping her potentially rich African territories (especially mineral-rich Angola and strategically located Mozambique), however, the race against time was with herself and her subject peoples. Two major problems, both chronic, prevented Portugal from effective colonization (i.e., settling) and development of her African empire: the economic weakness and underdevelopment of the mother country and the fact that the bulk of Portuguese emigration after 1822 went to Brazil, Venezuela, the United States, and France, not to the colonies. These factors made it difficult to consolidate imperial control until it was too late; that is, until local African nationalist movements had organized and taken the field in insurgency wars that began in three of the colonies during the years 1961-64.
       Portugal's belated effort to revitalize control and to develop, in the truest sense of the word, Angola and Mozambique after 1961 had to be set against contemporary events in Europe, Africa, and Asia. While Portugal held on to a backward empire, other European countries like Britain, France, and Belgium were rapidly decolonizing their empires. Portugal's failure or unwillingness to divert the large streams of emigrants to her empire after 1850 remained a constant factor in this question. Prophetic were the words of the 19th-century economist Joaquim Oliveira Martins, who wrote in 1880 that Brazil was a better colony for Portugal than Africa and that the best colony of all would have been Portugal itself. As of the day of the Revolution of 25 April 1974, which sparked the final process of decolonization of the remainder of Portugal's third overseas empire, the results of the colonization program could be seen to be modest compared to the numbers of Portuguese emigrants outside the empire. Moreover, within a year, of some 600,000 Portuguese residing permanently in Angola and Mozambique, all but a few thousand had fled to South Africa or returned to Portugal.
       In 1974 and 1975, most of the Portuguese empire was decolonized or, in the case of East Timor, invaded and annexed by a foreign power before it could consolidate its independence. Only historic Macau, scheduled for transfer to the People's Republic of China in 1999, remained nominally under Portuguese control as a kind of footnote to imperial history. If Portugal now lacked a conventional overseas empire and was occupied with the challenges of integration in the European Union (EU), Lisbon retained another sort of informal dependency that was a new kind of empire: the empire of her scattered overseas Portuguese communities from North America to South America. Their numbers were at least six times greater than that of the last settlers of the third empire.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Empire, Portuguese overseas

  • 100 beyond

    ❢ Beyond is often used with a noun to produce expressions like beyond doubt, beyond a joke, beyond the grasp of, beyond the bounds of etc. For translations of these and similar expressions where beyond means outside the range of, consult the appropriate noun entry (doubt, joke, grasp, bounds etc). See also A 3 below.
    A prep
    1 ( on the far side of) au-delà de [border, city limits, region, mountain range] ; beyond the city walls ( but close) de l'autre côté des murs de la ville ; ( covering greater distance) au-delà des murs de la ville ; just beyond the tower juste derrière la tour ; the countries beyond the Atlantic les pays d'outre-atlantique ;
    2 ( after a certain point in time) au-delà de ; beyond 1998 au-delà de 1998 ; well beyond midnight bien au-delà de minuit ; beyond the age of 11 au-delà de 11 ans ; to work beyond retirement age travailler au-delà de l'âge de la retraite ; to go beyond a deadline dépasser un délai ;
    3 ( outside the range of) beyond one's means/resources/strength au-dessus de ses moyens/ressources/forces ; beyond all hope/expectation au-delà de toute espérance/attente ; beyond one's control hors de son contrôle ; driven beyond endurance poussé à bout ; he is beyond help on ne peut rien faire pour lui ; to be wise beyond one's years être très mûr pour son âge ;
    4 ( further than) au-delà de ; to look beyond sth voir au-delà de qch ; the world must look beyond the Gulf crisis le monde devrait voir au-delà de la guerre du Golfe ; to move beyond sth passer outre qch ; to go ou get beyond sth aller au-delà de qch ; to go beyond being être bien plus que ; it won't go beyond these four walls fig ça restera entre nous ;
    5 (too much for, above) to be beyond sb's ability ou competence [task, activity] être au-dessus des capacités de qn ; it's beyond my comprehension! ça me dépasse! ; to be beyond sb [activity, task, subject] dépasser qn ; it's beyond me! ça me dépasse! ; why they care is beyond me ça me dépasse que ça les préoccupe ( subj) autant ; it's beyond me how she manages je ne sais pas comment elle s'en sort-ça me dépasse ; it's not beyond him to make the dinner! iron il est quand même capable de préparer le repas! ;
    6 ( other than) en dehors de, à part ; we know little about it beyond the fact that nous savons très peu de choses là-dessus en dehors du fait que or à part que ; beyond that there's not much one can do en dehors de cela il n'y a pas grand-chose à faire ; he gets nothing beyond the basic salary on ne lui donne rien de plus que le salaire de base.
    B adv
    1 (expressing location: further on) in the room beyond dans la pièce d'après ; beyond there was a garden plus loin il y avait un jardin ; the canal and the trees beyond le canal et les arbres de l'autre côté ; an island in the bay beyond une île au loin dans la baie ; as far as London and beyond jusqu'à Londres et au-delà ;
    2 ( expressing time) au-delà ; up to the year 2000 and beyond jusqu'à l'an 2000 et au-delà ; healthcare during pregnancy and beyond les précautions de santé pendant la grossesse et au-delà.
    C conj à part (+ infinitive) ; there was little I could do beyond reassuring him that je ne pouvais pas faire grand-chose à part le rassurer en lui disant que.
    D n the beyond l'au-delà m.
    to be in the back of beyond [house, farm] être au bout du monde ; to live in the back of beyond vivre dans un trou perdu ○.

    Big English-French dictionary > beyond

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  • Atlantic City — Saltar a navegación, búsqueda El término Atlantic City tiene dos significados: La ciudad de Atlantic City (Nueva Jersey) en los Estados Unidos de América. La película llamada Atlantic City. Obtenido de Atlantic City Categoría:… …   Wikipedia Español

  • Atlantic City, NJ — U.S. city in New Jersey Population (2000): 40517 Housing Units (2000): 20219 Land area (2000): 11.349912 sq. miles (29.396135 sq. km) Water area (2000): 6.002557 sq. miles (15.546550 sq. km) Total area (2000): 17.352469 sq. miles (44.942685 sq.… …   StarDict's U.S. Gazetteer Places

  • Atlantic City, WY — U.S. Census Designated Place in Wyoming Population (2000): 39 Housing Units (2000): 99 Land area (2000): 21.079338 sq. miles (54.595232 sq. km) Water area (2000): 0.000000 sq. miles (0.000000 sq. km) Total area (2000): 21.079338 sq. miles… …   StarDict's U.S. Gazetteer Places

  • Atlantic City —    Drame de Louis Malle, avec Burt Lancaster, Susan Sarandon.   Pays: France et Canada   Date de sortie: 1979   Technique: couleurs   Durée: 1 h 44   Prix: Lion d or, Venise (1980)    Résumé    Dans un immeuble délabré d Atlantic City, une… …   Dictionnaire mondial des Films

  • Atlantic City — city in SE N.J., on the Atlantic: an ocean resort: pop. 41,000 …   English World dictionary

  • Atlantic City — (spr. ßitti), Hauptstadt der Grafschaft Atlantic und beliebtes Seebad auf einer Küstennehrung im nordamerikanischen Staat New Jersey, mit (1900) 27,838 Einw …   Meyers Großes Konversations-Lexikon

  • Atlantic City — (spr. ßitti), Stadt des nordamerik. Staates Neujersey, (1900) 27.838 E …   Kleines Konversations-Lexikon

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