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21 dictation
nounsomething read for another to write down:إمْلاءThe secretary is taking dictation.
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22 dictation
noun (something read for another to write down: The secretary is taking dictation.) dictée -
23 dictation
noun (something read for another to write down: The secretary is taking dictation.) ditado -
24 dictation
N1. श्रुतलेखDictations help to improve the spellings. -
25 dictation mode
"A speech mode that converts your dictated words into typed text, and then inserts the text into a program." -
26 perdonar
v.to forgive (ofensa, falta).perdonarle algo a alguien to forgive somebody for somethingperdone que le moleste sorry to bother youperdona la pregunta, ¿estás casada? forgive o pardon my asking, but are you married?perdone, ¿me deja salir? excuse me, can I get past?La evidencia disculpa al ladrón The evidence dispenses=exonerates the thief* * *2 (excusar) to excuse■ perdona que te interrumpa excuse me for interrupting, sorry to bother you■ 'Perdonen las molestias' "We apologize for any inconvenience"3 (deuda) to write off4 familiar (prescindir de) to do without, go without\no perdonar ni una familiar to be unrelenting, not let somebody get away with anythingperdonarle la vida a alguien to spare somebody's life* * *verb1) to forgive, pardon2) excuse3) spare* * *1. VT1) (=disculpar)a) [+ falta, pecado] to forgiveperdona nuestras ofensas — (Rel) forgive us our trespasses
b)¿me perdonas? — do you forgive me?
que Dios me perdone si me equivoco, pero... — may God forgive me if I'm wrong, but...
2) (=excusar)a) [+ curiosidad, ignorancia] to pardon, excuseperdone mi ignorancia, pero... — pardon o excuse my ignorance, but...
b)perdonar una obligación/una deuda a algn — to let sb off an obligation/a debt
•
perdonar la vida a algn — to spare sb's life; (Dep) to let sb off the hookc) (Econ) [+ deuda] to write off3) (=perder) [+ detalle, ocasión] to miss2.VI (=disculpar)¿perdona?, ¿perdone? — [cuando no se ha entendido algo] sorry?, pardon?, pardon me? (EEUU)
¡perdona!, ¡perdone! — (=disculpándose) (I'm) sorry!; (=llamando la atención) excuse me!, pardon me!
¡ay, perdona, no te había visto! — oh, I'm sorry, I didn't see you there!
perdone, ¿me podría decir el precio de este traje? — excuse me, could you tell me how much this suit is?
perdona, pero yo iba primero — excuse me, but I was first
•
los años no perdonan — time shows no mercy•
perdonar por algo, perdona por la interrupción, pero necesito hablar contigo — I'm sorry to interrupt, but I need to talk to youperdona por haberte ofendido — please forgive me if I have offended you, I'm sorry to have offended you
* * *1.verbo transitivoa) ( disculpar) <persona/falta> to forgiveb) (Der) to pardonc) < pecado> to forgived) < deuda> to write off; <castigo/obligación>le perdonó el castigo/el dictado — she let him off the punishment/the dictation
e) ( en fórmulas de cortesía)perdona mi curiosidad, pero... — forgive o pardon my asking but...
perdonen las molestias que esto pueda causarles — we apologize for any inconvenience this may cause you
2.perdone que lo moleste, pero... — sorry to bother you o (AmE) pardon me for bothering you, but...
perdonar viperdone ¿me puede decir dónde está la estación? — excuse me o (AmE) pardon me, can you tell me where the station is?
perdone ¿cómo ha dicho? — sorry? what did you say?, excuse o pardon me? what did you say? (AmE)
perdona ¿te he hecho daño? — (I'm) sorry, are you all right?, excuse me, are you all right? (AmE)
perdona, pero yo no dije eso — I'm sorry but that's not what I said
* * *= forgive, waive, let + Nombre + off the hook, excuse, condone, remit.Ex. He continued: 'please, forgive me Jeanne'.Ex. When only partial success in contracted terms is achieved, the repayment due may be reduced or waived.Ex. This would imply not trying to duplicate the market reached, for example, by the paperback -- a policy which might, amongst other things, help let the library off the hook as far as the old problem of stocking lowgrade literature is concerned.Ex. Librarians could be excused for wondering if there is any role for them to play in the virtual library environment.Ex. Writers and publishers go to great lengths to avoid the appearance of supporting or condoning homosexuality.Ex. The fine was remitted after he assured the council that he would 'in future conform to the rules of the house'.----* perdonar la vida = spare + life.* perdonar una deuda = write-off + debt.* perdone(n) las molestias = sorry for the inconvenience.* * *1.verbo transitivoa) ( disculpar) <persona/falta> to forgiveb) (Der) to pardonc) < pecado> to forgived) < deuda> to write off; <castigo/obligación>le perdonó el castigo/el dictado — she let him off the punishment/the dictation
e) ( en fórmulas de cortesía)perdona mi curiosidad, pero... — forgive o pardon my asking but...
perdonen las molestias que esto pueda causarles — we apologize for any inconvenience this may cause you
2.perdone que lo moleste, pero... — sorry to bother you o (AmE) pardon me for bothering you, but...
perdonar viperdone ¿me puede decir dónde está la estación? — excuse me o (AmE) pardon me, can you tell me where the station is?
perdone ¿cómo ha dicho? — sorry? what did you say?, excuse o pardon me? what did you say? (AmE)
perdona ¿te he hecho daño? — (I'm) sorry, are you all right?, excuse me, are you all right? (AmE)
perdona, pero yo no dije eso — I'm sorry but that's not what I said
* * *= forgive, waive, let + Nombre + off the hook, excuse, condone, remit.Ex: He continued: 'please, forgive me Jeanne'.
Ex: When only partial success in contracted terms is achieved, the repayment due may be reduced or waived.Ex: This would imply not trying to duplicate the market reached, for example, by the paperback -- a policy which might, amongst other things, help let the library off the hook as far as the old problem of stocking lowgrade literature is concerned.Ex: Librarians could be excused for wondering if there is any role for them to play in the virtual library environment.Ex: Writers and publishers go to great lengths to avoid the appearance of supporting or condoning homosexuality.Ex: The fine was remitted after he assured the council that he would 'in future conform to the rules of the house'.* perdonar la vida = spare + life.* perdonar una deuda = write-off + debt.* perdone(n) las molestias = sorry for the inconvenience.* * *perdonar [A1 ]vt1 (disculpar) to forgivete perdono, pero que no se vuelva a repetir I forgive you, but don't let it happen again2 ( Der) to pardon3 ‹pecado› to forgiveperdónanos nuestras deudas forgive us our trespassesDios me perdone, pero creo que lo hizo a propósito may I be forgiven for saying this, but I think he did it on purpose4 ‹deuda› to write offme perdonó la deuda he wrote off my debt, he let me off the money I owed himno le perdona ni una she doesn't let him get away with anything, she pulls him up over every little thing ( BrE colloq)hoy te perdono el dictado I'll let you off o ( BrE) excuse you dictation todayle perdonó el castigo she let him off the punishment5(en fórmulas de cortesía): perdona mi curiosidad, pero necesito saberlo forgive o pardon my asking but I need to knowperdonen las molestias que puedan causar las obras we apologize for any inconvenience the work may cause youperdone que lo moleste, pero ¿hay algún teléfono por aquí? sorry to bother you o ( AmE) pardon me for bothering you, but is there a telephone around here?■ perdonarviperdone ¿me puede decir dónde está la estación? excuse me o ( AmE) pardon me, can you tell me where the station is?perdone ¿cómo ha dicho? sorry? what did you say?, excuse me o pardon me? what did you say? ( AmE)perdona ¿te he hecho daño? (I'm) sorry, are you all right?, excuse me, are you all right? ( AmE)perdona, pero yo lo vi primero excuse me, but I saw it firstperdona, pero yo no he dicho eso nunca I'm sorry but I never said that* * *
perdonar ( conjugate perdonar) verbo transitivo
perdona mi curiosidad, pero … forgive my asking but …;
perdone que lo moleste, pero … sorry to bother you o (AmE) pardon me for bothering you, but …b) (Der) to pardon
verbo intransitivo:◊ perdone ¿me puede decir la hora? excuse me o (AmE) pardon me, can you tell me the time?;
perdone ¿cómo ha dicho? sorry? what did you say?, excuse o pardon me? what did you say? (AmE);
perdona, pero yo no dije eso I'm sorry but that's not what I said
perdonar verbo transitivo
1 to forgive: perdonar algo a alguien, to forgive sb for sthg
2 (un castigo, una deuda) perdonar una deuda, to write off a debt
perdonar una deuda a alguien, to let sb off a debt
3 (absolver de un delito) to pardon
4 (una obligación) to exempt
' perdonar' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
dispensar
- indulgente
English:
excuse
- forgive
- let off
- overlook
- pardon
- spare
- let
- remit
* * *♦ vt1. [ofensa, falta] to forgive;perdonarle algo a alguien to forgive sb for sth;no le perdonó nunca que no la invitara a la boda she never forgave him for not inviting her to the wedding;su mujer no le perdona ni una his wife keeps him on a short leash;perdona que no te haya dirigido la palabra I'm sorry I've been ignoring you;perdonar los pecados to forgive sins;que Dios me perdone, pero su padre es un sinvergüenza God forgive me for saying so, but his father is a good-for-nothingperdonarle la vida a alguien to spare sb their life;Fam Peyva por ahí perdonándole la vida a todo el mundo she goes around patronizing everybody3. [deuda] to pardon;te perdono lo que me debes I'll let you off what you owe me;perdonar la deuda externa de un país to pardon a country's foreign debtperdona que no te haga caso, estoy muy cansada I'm sorry I'm not paying much attention to what you're saying, I'm very tired;perdona la pregunta, ¿estás casada? forgive o pardon my asking, but are you married?;perdona mi ignorancia, ¿qué es un atomizador? sorry to be so ignorant, but what's an atomizer?no perdona su coñac y su puro después de la comida he never misses his brandy and cigar after dinner♦ vilos años no perdonan the years take their toll;un delantero que no perdona a lethal forward;perdona, no lo hice a idea I'm sorry, I didn't do it on purpose;perdone, ¿me deja pasar? excuse me, can I get past?;perdone, ¿le he hecho mucho daño? I'm sorry, did I hurt you?;ya perdonarás, pero yo estaba primero I'm sorry o excuse me, but I was first;perdona, pero creo que te equivocas I'm sorry, but I think you're mistaken* * *I v/t1 forgive;perdonar algo a alguien forgive s.o. sth2 JUR pardonII v/i:¡perdone! sorry!;perdone, ¿tiene hora? excuse me, do you have the time?* * *perdonar vt1) disculpar: to forgive, to pardon2) : to exempt, to excuse* * *perdonar vbte perdono, pero no lo vuelvas a hacer I forgive you, but don't do it again -
27 под
1. същ. floor2. предл. under(на по-ниско равнище/степен от) below, beneath, underneathпод коляното below the kneeпод нулата below zero, below freezing pointпод морското равнище below sea-levelпод всяка критика beneath criticismпод селото below the villageпод продажната стойност below the market valueподписвам се под документ sign a document3. (при име. надслов и пр.) underпод заглавие under the headline ofпод името under/by the name of4. (за начин) at; in; underпод лихва at interestпод прав ъгъл at right anglesпод залог on securityпод гаранция on bailпод пара under steamпод клетва on/under oathпод ред in order; in successionпод тайна in secretпод строй in military formationпод форма на in the shape/form ofпод маската на under the guise ofпод наем/печат вж. наем, печат5. (за обстоятелства) under; inпод налягане under pressureпод неприятелски огън under enemy fireпод акомпанимента на to the accompaniment ofпод дъжда in the rain6. (за ръководство, власт, влияние, грижи, редакция) under; inпод командата/влиянието на някого under s.o.'s command/influenceподробство in slavery/bondageпод чуждо робство under foreign dominationпод надзор under control/supervisionпод арест/стража under arrest/escortпод грижите на някого under s.o.'s careпод ведомството на under the administration ofпод властта на някого in s.o.'s powerпод редакцията на edited by, under the editorship ofпод диктовката на at the dictation/bidding ofпод коса на някого under s.o.'s noseкакво трябва да разбирам под това? what am I to understand by this?7. (давам) hand, pass, reachпод ръка hold out/stretch out/extend o.'s hand, offer o.'s hand in greetingподе си ръце join handsтой ми подаде парите he reached the money (out) toward meпод глава от вратата pop/stick o.'s head round the doorпод главя през прозореца pop/stick o.'s head out of the windowподайте ми солта, моля pass/reach me the salt, pleaseбутилката се подаваше от ръка на ръка the bottle passed from hand to hand8. сп. тех. feed(топка) сп. pass, serve(при футбол и пр.) pass(при игра на карти) lead(за диригент) give the clueпод реплика на актьор театр. feed an actorпод топката към средата на игрището middle9. (доку-мент) file, hand in, submit (до to)(телеграма) send, hand inпод протест enter a protest(оплакване и пр.) lodge (до with), present(тъжба, жалба) юр. layпод заявление apply (за for)под молба file a petition (до with)под глас cast a voteпод оставка resign office, submit/tend o.'s resignation, ( за министър) resign o.'s portfolio, ( във войската) send in o.'s papersпод се (показвам се) peep out, peer(издавам се напред) project, stick out, ( нагоре) stick up(виждам се) show, stick out(вися навън) hang out* * *под,м., -ове, (два) по̀да floor.——————предл.1. under; (на по-ниско равнище/степен от) below, beneath, underneath; \под всякаква критика beneath criticism; \под коляното below the knee; подписвам се \под документ sign a document; той е \под трийсет години he is under thirty;2. ( при име, наслов и пр.) under; пиша \под псевдонима … write under the pen-name of …; \под заглавие under the headline of;3. (за начин) at; in; under; държа \под ключ keep under lock and key; \под гаранция юр. on bail; \под строй воен. in military formation;4. (за обстоятелства) under; in; \под акомпанимента на to the accompaniment of; \под дъжда in the rain; \под контрол under control;5. (за ръководство, власт, влияние, грижи, редакция) under; in; \под ведомството на under the administration of; \под властта на някого in s.o.’s power; \под редакцията на edited by, under the editorship of; \под чуждо робство under foreign domination; • какво трябва да разбирам \под това? what am I to understand by this? поставям \под съмнение call in question; смея се \под мустак laugh in o.’s beard, laugh up o.’s sleeve.* * *1. (виждам се) show, stick out 2. (вися навън) hang out 3. (давам) hand, pass, reach 4. (доку-мент) file, hand in, submit (до to) 5. (за диригент) give the clue 6. (за начин) at;in;under 7. (за обстоятелства) under;in 8. (за ръководство, власт, влияние, грижи, редакция) under;in 9. (издавам се напред) project, stick out, (нагоре) stick up 10. (на no-ниско равнище/ степен от) below, beneath, underneath 11. (оплакване и пр.) lodge (до with), present 12. (помагам) lend a (helping) hand (на to) 13. (при игра на карти) lead 14. (при име. надслов и пр.) under 15. (при футбол и пр.) pass 16. (телеграма) send, hand in 17. (топка) сn. pass, serve 18. (тъжба, жалба) юр. lay 19. 1 същ. floor 20. 2 предл. under 21. cn. mex. feed 22. ПОД акомпанимента на to the accompaniment of 23. ПОД арест/стража under arrest/ escort 24. ПОД ведомството на under the administration of 25. ПОД властта на някого in s.o.'s power 26. ПОД всяка критика beneath criticism 27. ПОД гаранция on bail 28. ПОД глава от вратата pop/stick o.'s head round the door 29. ПОД главя през прозореца pop/stick o.'s head out of the window 30. ПОД глас cast a vote 31. ПОД грижите на някого under s.o.'s care 32. ПОД диктовката на at the dictation/bidding of 33. ПОД дъжда in the rain 34. ПОД заглавие under the headline of 35. ПОД залог on security 36. ПОД заявление apply (за for) 37. ПОД името under/ by the name of 38. ПОД клетва on/under oath 39. ПОД коляното below the knee 40. ПОД командата/влиянието на някого under s.o.'s command/influence 41. ПОД коса на някого under s.o.'s nose 42. ПОД лихва at interest 43. ПОД маската на under the guise of 44. ПОД молба file a petition (до with) 45. ПОД морското равнище below sea-level 46. ПОД на нападателите сп. (футбол) feed the forwards 47. ПОД надзор under control/ supervision 48. ПОД наем/печат вж. наем, печат 49. ПОД налягане under pressure 50. ПОД неприятелски огън under enemy fire 51. ПОД нулата below zero, below freezing point 52. ПОД оставка resign office, submit/tend o.'s resignation, (за министър) resign o.'s portfolio, (във войската) send in o.'s papers 53. ПОД пара under steam 54. ПОД прав ъгъл at right angles 55. ПОД продажната стойност below the market value 56. ПОД протест enter a protest 57. ПОД ред in order;in succession 58. ПОД редакцията на edited by, under the editorship of 59. ПОД реплика на актьор театр. feed an actor 60. ПОД ръка hold out/stretch out /extend o.'s hand, offer o.'s hand in greeting 61. ПОД се (показвам се) peep out, peer 62. ПОД селото below the village 63. ПОД средното равнище below (the) average 64. ПОД строй in military formation 65. ПОД тайна in secret 66. ПОД топката към средата на игрището middle 67. ПОД форма на in the shape/ form of 68. ПОД чуждо робство under foreign domination 69. ПОДЕ си ръце join hands 70. ПОДробство in slavery /bondage 71. бутилката се подаваше от ръка на ръка the bottle passed from hand to hand 72. гледам ПОД око frown (at), look askance (at) 73. говоря ПОД носа си speak under/below o.'s breath 74. давам ПОД съд вж. съд 75. държа ПОД ключ keep under lock and key 76. какво трябва да разбирам ПОД това? what am I to understand by this? 77. пиша ПОД псевдоним... write under the penname of... 78. подайте ми солта, моля pass/reach me the salt, please 79. подписвам се ПОД документ sign a document 80. поставям ПОД съмнение call in question. подавам, подям 81. слагам ПОД (на стая и пр.) floor (a room etc.) 82. смея се ПОД мустак laugh in o.'s beard, laugh up o.'s sleeve 83. той е ПОД трийсет години he is under thirty 84. той ми подаде парите he reached the money (out) toward me -
28 piège
piège [pjεʒ]masculine noun* * *pjɛʒnom masculin1) lit, fig trap2) ( difficulté) pitfall* * *pjɛʒ nmtendre un piège à qn — to lay a trap for sb, to set a trap for sb
* * *piège nm1 ( dispositif) ( engin) trap; ( collet) snare; ( fosse) pit; poser/tendre un piège to set/to lay a trap; prendre un animal au piège to catch an animal in a trap; être pris au piège to be caught in a trap; relever un piège to check a trap; le piège tendu n'a pas fonctionné the trap that had been set didn't work; l'animal pris au piège the trapped animal;2 ( stratagème) trap; tendre un piège à qn to set a trap for sb; il s'est laissé prendre au piège he walked into the trap; tomber dans un piège to fall into a trap; être pris au piège to get caught in a trap, to be trapped; être pris à son propre piège to fall into one's own trap; le piège s'est refermé sur lui he was caught in the trap;3 ( difficulté) pitfall; les pièges de la traduction gén the pitfalls of translation; ( d'un texte spécifique) the pitfalls in the translation; c'est un texte sans piège it's a straightforward text; la dictée comporte quelques pièges orthographiques the dictation has some tricky spellings; il y a un piège dans la formulation du sujet de dissertation there's a trap in the way the subject of the essay is formulated.piège à cons◑ con○; piège à ions Électron ion trap GB, beam bender US; piège à lapins rabbit snare; piège à loups mantrap; piège à oiseaux gin trap; piège à poux◑ beard; piège à rats lit rattrap; piège à renards gin trap.[pjɛʒ] nom masculinposer ou tendre un piège to set a trappiège à cons (très familier) : c'est un vrai piège à cons! it's a real mug's game! (UK), it's a con game ou gyp! (US) -
29 piégé
piège [pjεʒ]masculine noun* * *pjɛʒnom masculin1) lit, fig trap2) ( difficulté) pitfall* * *pjɛʒ nmtendre un piège à qn — to lay a trap for sb, to set a trap for sb
* * *piège nm1 ( dispositif) ( engin) trap; ( collet) snare; ( fosse) pit; poser/tendre un piège to set/to lay a trap; prendre un animal au piège to catch an animal in a trap; être pris au piège to be caught in a trap; relever un piège to check a trap; le piège tendu n'a pas fonctionné the trap that had been set didn't work; l'animal pris au piège the trapped animal;2 ( stratagème) trap; tendre un piège à qn to set a trap for sb; il s'est laissé prendre au piège he walked into the trap; tomber dans un piège to fall into a trap; être pris au piège to get caught in a trap, to be trapped; être pris à son propre piège to fall into one's own trap; le piège s'est refermé sur lui he was caught in the trap;3 ( difficulté) pitfall; les pièges de la traduction gén the pitfalls of translation; ( d'un texte spécifique) the pitfalls in the translation; c'est un texte sans piège it's a straightforward text; la dictée comporte quelques pièges orthographiques the dictation has some tricky spellings; il y a un piège dans la formulation du sujet de dissertation there's a trap in the way the subject of the essay is formulated.piège à cons◑ con○; piège à ions Électron ion trap GB, beam bender US; piège à lapins rabbit snare; piège à loups mantrap; piège à oiseaux gin trap; piège à poux◑ beard; piège à rats lit rattrap; piège à renards gin trap.engin ou objet piégé booby traplettre/voiture piégée letter/car bomb -
30 dictate
[dɪk'teɪt]v1) диктовать, начитывать (текст)It took him long to dictate the letter. — Он долго диктовал письмо.
2) диктовать, приказывать, навязыватьDon't try to dictate to children, they will obey you better if you ask them politely. — Не дави на своих детей, если ты будешь их вежливо просить, они только лучше будут слушаться.
•USAGE:(1.) Глагол to dictate 1. в форме герундия (dictating) может соответствовать русскому существительному диктовка, которое имеет в свою очередь два значения - процесс диктовки и диктант (диктуемый текст). Русское существительное "диктовка" в первом значении соответствует герундию dictating, а во втором - существительному dictation: her indistinct manner of dictating was very irritating ee манера невнятно диктовать очень раздражала; the dictation was pretty difficult диктант был довольно трудным. (2.) Глагол to dictate 2., в отличие от dictate 1., употребляется в конструкции to dictate to smb и имеет смысловой оттенок уничижительности, неодобрения: he likes dictating to people ему нравится всем диктовать/всеми командовать; stop dictating to me перестань мне диктовать/указывать/приказывать. (3.) See describe, v; USAGE (1.), (2.). (4.) See explain, v; USAGE (1.), (2.). -
31 dictate
v 1. диктовать: to dictate smth to smb — диктовать что-либо кому-либо; 2. диктовать, приказывать: to dictate to smb (1). Глагол to dictate 1. в форме герундия ( dictating) может соответствовать русскому существительному диктовка, которое имеет в свою очередь два значения — процесс диктовки и диктант (диктуемый текст). Русское диктовка в первом значении соответствует герундию dictating, а во втором — существительному dictation:Her indistinct manner of dictating was very irritating — Ее манера невнятно диктовать очень раздражала.
The dictation was pretty difficult — Диктант был довольно трудным.
(2). Глагол to dictate 2., в отличие от dictate 1., употребляется в конструкции to dictate to smb и имеет смысловой оттенок уничижительности, неодобрения:He likes dictating to people — Ему нравится всем диктовать/всеми командовать.
Stop dictating to me — Перестань мне диктовать/указывать/приказывать.
(3). See describe, v (1). (4). See explain, v (1). -
32 Poulsen, Valdemar
[br]b. 23 November 1869 Copenhagen, Denmarkd. 23 July 1942 Gentofte, Denmark[br]Danish engineer who developed practical magnetic recording and the arc generator for continuous radio waves.[br]From an early age he was absorbed by phenomena of physics to the exclusion of all other subjects, including mathematics. When choosing his subjects for the final three years in Borgedydskolen in Christianshavn (Copenhagen) before university, he opted for languages and history. At the University of Copenhagen he embarked on the study of medicine in 1889, but broke it off and was apprenticed to the machine firm of A/S Frichs Eftf. in Aarhus. He was employed between 1893 and 1899 as a mechanic and assistant in the laboratory of the Copenhagen Telephone Company KTAS. Eventually he advanced to be Head of the line fault department. This suited his desire for experiment and measurement perfectly. After the invention of the telegraphone in 1898, he left the laboratory and with responsible business people he created Aktieselskabet Telegrafonen, Patent Poulsen in order to develop it further, together with Peder Oluf Pedersen (1874– 1941). Pedersen brought with him the mathematical background which eventually led to his professorship in electronic engineering in 1922.The telegraphone was the basis for multinational industrial endeavours after it was demonstrated at the 1900 World's Exhibition in Paris. It must be said that its strength was also its weakness, because the telegraphone was unique in bringing sound recording and reproduction to the telephone field, but the lack of electronic amplifiers delayed its use outside this and the dictation fields (where headphones could be used) until the 1920s. However, commercial interest was great enough to provoke a number of court cases concerning patent infringement, in which Poulsen frequently figured as a witness.In 1903–4 Poulsen and Pedersen developed the arc generator for continuous radio waves which was used worldwide for radio transmitters in competition with Marconi's spark-generating system. The inspiration for this work came from the research by William Duddell on the musical arc. Whereas Duddell had proposed the use of the oscillations generated in his electric arc for telegraphy in his 1901 UK patent, Poulsen contributed a chamber of hydrogen and a transverse magnetic field which increased the efficiency remarkably. He filed patent applications on these constructions from 1902 and the first publication in a scientific forum took place at the International Electrical Congress in St Louis, Missouri, in 1904.In order to use continuous waves efficiently (the high frequency constituted a carrier), Poulsen developed both a modulator for telegraphy and a detector for the carrier wave. The modulator was such that even the more primitive spark-communication receivers could be used. Later Poulsen and Pedersen developed frequency-shift keying.The Amalgamated Radio-Telegraph Company Ltd was launched in London in 1906, combining the developments of Poulsen and those of De Forest Wireless Telegraph Syndicate. Poulsen contributed his English and American patents. When this company was liquidated in 1908, its assets were taken over by Det Kontinentale Syndikat for Poulsen Radio Telegrafi, A/S in Copenhagen (liquidated 1930–1). Some of the patents had been sold to C.Lorenz AG in Berlin, which was very active.The arc transmitting system was in use worldwide from about 1910 to 1925, and the power increased from 12 kW to 1,000 kW. In 1921 an exceptional transmitter rated at 1,800 kW was erected on Java for communications with the Netherlands. More than one thousand installations had been in use worldwide. The competing systems were initially spark transmitters (Marconi) and later rotary converters ( Westinghouse). Similar power was available from valve transmitters only much later.From c. 1912 Poulsen did not contribute actively to further development. He led a life as a well-respected engineer and scientist and served on several committees. He had his private laboratory and made experiments in the composition of matter and certain resonance phenomena; however, nothing was published. It has recently been suggested that Poulsen could not have been unaware of Oberlin Smith's work and publication in 1888, but his extreme honesty in technical matters indicates that his development was indeed independent. In the case of the arc generator, Poulsen was always extremely frank about the inspiration he gained from earlier developers' work.[br]Bibliography1899, British patent no. 8,961 (the first British telegraphone patent). 1903, British patent no. 15,599 (the first British arc-genera tor patent).His scientific publications are few, but fundamental accounts of his contribution are: 1900, "Das Telegraphon", Ann. d. Physik 3:754–60; 1904, "System for producing continuous oscillations", Trans. Int. El. Congr. St. Louis, Vol. II, pp. 963–71.Further ReadingA.Larsen, 1950, Telegrafonen og den Traadløse, Ingeniørvidenskabelige Skrifter no. 2, Copenhagen (provides a very complete, although somewhat confusing, account of Poulsen's contributions; a list of his patents is given on pp. 285–93).F.K.Engel, 1990, Documents on the Invention of Magnetic Re cor ding in 1878, New York: Audio Engineering Society, reprint no. 2,914 (G2) (it is here that doubt is expressed about whether Poulsen's ideas were developed independently).GB-N -
33 गणः _gaṇḥ
गणः [गण् कर्मणि कर्तरि वा अच्]1 A flock, multitude, group, troop, collection; गुणिगणगणना, भगणः-2 A series, a class.-3 A body of followers or attendants.-4 Particularly, a troop of demigods considered as Śiva's attendants and under the special superintendence of Gaṇeśa, a demigod of this troop; गणानां त्वा गणपतिं हवामहे कविं कवीनाम् &c.; गणा नमेरुप्रसवावतंसाः Ku.1.55,7.4,71; Me.35.57; Ki.5.13.-5 Any assemblage or society of men formed for the attainment of the same objects.-6 A company, association.-7 A tribe, class.-8 A series of lunar mansions classed under three heads (of god, men and demons).-9 A sect (in philosophy, religion).-1 A small body of troops (a sub-division of अक्षौहिणी), consisting of 27 chariots, as many elephants, 81 horses and 135 foot; Mb.1.2.21.-11 A number (in math.).-12 A foot (in prosody).-13 (In gram.) A series of roots or words belonging to the same rule and called after the first word of that series; e. g. भ्वादिगण i. e. the class of roots which begin with भू.-14 An epithet of Gaṇeśa.-Comp. -अग्रणी m. N. of Gaṇeśa.-अचलः N. of the mountain Kailāsa, as the residence of the Gaṇas of Śiva.-अधिपः, -अधिपतिः 1 N. of Śiva; Śi.9.27.-2 N. of Gaṇeśa.-3 the chief of a troop of soldiers or of a class of disciples, of a body of men or animals.-अन्नम् a mess, food prepared for number of persons in common; Ms.4.29,219.-अभ्यन्तर a. one of a troop or number. (-रः) the leader or mem- ber of any religious association; Ms.3.154.-ईशः N. of Gaṇapati, Śiva's son (see गणपति below). ˚जननी an epithet of Pārvatī. ˚भूषणम् red-lead.-ईशानः, -ईश्वरः 1 an epithet of Gaṇeśa.-2 of Śiva.-उत्साहः the rhinoceros.-कारः 1 a classifier.-2 an epithet of Bhīmasena.-कृत्वस् ind. for a whole series of times, for a number of times.-गतिः a particular high number.-चक्रकम् a dinner eaten in common by a party of virtuous men.-छन्दस् n. metre regulated and measured by feet.-तिथ a. forming a troop or collection.-दीक्षा 1 initiation of a number or a class.-2 performance of rites for a number of persons.-दीक्षिन् a.1 one who officiates for a number of per- sons or for various castes (as a priest).-2 one who has been initiated into the worship of Ganeśa.-देवताः (pl.) groups of deities who generally appear in classes of troops; Ak. thus classifies them:-- आदित्यविश्ववसव- स्तुषिता भास्वरानिलाः । महाराजिकसाध्याश्च रुद्राश्च गणदेवताः ॥-द्रव्यम् 1 public property, common stock; Y.2.187.-2 a variety of articles.-धरः 1 the head of a class or number.-2 the teacher of a school.-नाथः, -नाथकः 1 an epithet of Śiva.-2 of Gaṇeśa.-3 the leader of the attendants of any god; Bhāg.5.17.13.-4 the head of an assemblage or corporation; Bṛi. S.15.4.-नायिका an epithet of Durgā.-पः, पतिः 1 N. of Śiva.-2 N. of Gaṇeśa. [He is the son of Śiva and Pārvatī, or of Pārvatī only; for according to one legend, he sprang from the scurf of her body. He is the god of wisdom and remover of obstacles; hence he is invok- ed and worshipped at the commencement of every important undertaking. He is usually represented in a sitting posture, short and fat, with a protuberant belly, and four hands; riding a mouse; and with the head of an elephant. This head has only one tusk, the other having been lost in a scuffle between him and Paraśurāma when he opposed the latter's en- trance to Śiva's inner apartments; (whence he is called Ekadanta, Ekadaṁṣṭra &c.). There are seve- ral legends accounting for his elephant head. It is said that he wrote the Mahābhārata at the dictation of Vyāsa who secured his services as a scribe from the god Brahman].-3 also an epithet of Bṛihas- pati and Indra.-4 the leader of a class or troop.-पर्वत see गणाचल.-पाठः a collection of gaṇas or series of words falling under the same grammatical rule.-पीठकम् the breast, bosom.-पुङ्गवः the head of a tribe or class. (pl.) N. of a country and its people; Bṛi. S.4.24.-पूर्वः the leader of a tribe or class; (ग्रामणी); Mb.13.23.2. ˚तापनी N. of a Upaniṣad.-भर्तृ m.1 an epithet of Śiva; गणभर्तृरुक्षा Ki.5.42.-2 N. of Gaṇeśa.-3 the leader of a class.-भोजनम् mess, eating in com- mon.-यज्ञः a rite common to all.-रत्नमहोदधिः a collection of grammatical gaṇas by Vardhamāna.-राज्यम् N. of an empire in the Deccan; Bṛi. S.14. 14.-रात्रम् a series of nights.-वल्लभः a general of the army (सेनानायक); Rām.2.81.12.-वृत्तम् see गणच्छन्दस्.-हासः, -हासकः a species of perfume. -
34 יונתן
יוֹנָתָן, יְהוֹנָתָן(b. h.) pr. n. m. Jonathan, 1) J. b. Gershom (Jud. 18:30), a priest of idolatry, supposed to be a descendant of Moses. B. Bath. 109b יו׳ Ms. M. (ed. יהו׳). Cant. R. to II, 5; Ab. dR. N. ch. XXXIV; Y.Ber.IX, 13d top; a. e. 2) J. son of Saul. Ab. V, 16 אהבת דוד וי׳ the friendship between David and J. Ḥull.95b כי׳ בןוכ׳ like the omen of J. (1 Sam. 14:8 sq.). Cant. R. to VIII, 6; a. e. 3) J. b. Uziel, author of the Chaldaic version of the Prophets (v. Zunz, Gottesd. Vortr. p. 66, sq.). Succ.28a; B. Bath. 134a. Meg.3a תרגיס של נכיאים י׳וכ׳ the version of the Prophets has been composed by J. b. U. at the dictation of Haggai Y.Ned.V, end, 39b גדול שבהן י׳ ב׳ ע׳ the greatest among the disciples of R. Joh. b. Zaccai, was J. 4) R. J., a Tannai. Sot.24a. Pes.24a. Ḥull.70b; a. v. fr.Erub.96a י׳ הקיטוני.Ab. IV, 9, v. Frank. Darkhé. p. 147, note. 5) name of several Amoraim (v. Fr. Mbo, p. 99a>, sq.). Gitt.78b. Y.Maas. Sh. III, 54b top. Ber.18a; Y. ib. II, 4c bot.; a. fr.Y.Yoma VII, 44b bot. R. J. of Beth Gubrin.Y.Peah V, beg.18d (R. S. to Peah V, 1 quotes R. Johanan); Y.Shek.I, 46a bot. R. J. son of R. Isaac bar Aḥa.Y.Ter.XI, end, 48b J. b. ʿAkhmai; a. e. -
35 יהונתן
יוֹנָתָן, יְהוֹנָתָן(b. h.) pr. n. m. Jonathan, 1) J. b. Gershom (Jud. 18:30), a priest of idolatry, supposed to be a descendant of Moses. B. Bath. 109b יו׳ Ms. M. (ed. יהו׳). Cant. R. to II, 5; Ab. dR. N. ch. XXXIV; Y.Ber.IX, 13d top; a. e. 2) J. son of Saul. Ab. V, 16 אהבת דוד וי׳ the friendship between David and J. Ḥull.95b כי׳ בןוכ׳ like the omen of J. (1 Sam. 14:8 sq.). Cant. R. to VIII, 6; a. e. 3) J. b. Uziel, author of the Chaldaic version of the Prophets (v. Zunz, Gottesd. Vortr. p. 66, sq.). Succ.28a; B. Bath. 134a. Meg.3a תרגיס של נכיאים י׳וכ׳ the version of the Prophets has been composed by J. b. U. at the dictation of Haggai Y.Ned.V, end, 39b גדול שבהן י׳ ב׳ ע׳ the greatest among the disciples of R. Joh. b. Zaccai, was J. 4) R. J., a Tannai. Sot.24a. Pes.24a. Ḥull.70b; a. v. fr.Erub.96a י׳ הקיטוני.Ab. IV, 9, v. Frank. Darkhé. p. 147, note. 5) name of several Amoraim (v. Fr. Mbo, p. 99a>, sq.). Gitt.78b. Y.Maas. Sh. III, 54b top. Ber.18a; Y. ib. II, 4c bot.; a. fr.Y.Yoma VII, 44b bot. R. J. of Beth Gubrin.Y.Peah V, beg.18d (R. S. to Peah V, 1 quotes R. Johanan); Y.Shek.I, 46a bot. R. J. son of R. Isaac bar Aḥa.Y.Ter.XI, end, 48b J. b. ʿAkhmai; a. e. -
36 יוֹנָתָן
יוֹנָתָן, יְהוֹנָתָן(b. h.) pr. n. m. Jonathan, 1) J. b. Gershom (Jud. 18:30), a priest of idolatry, supposed to be a descendant of Moses. B. Bath. 109b יו׳ Ms. M. (ed. יהו׳). Cant. R. to II, 5; Ab. dR. N. ch. XXXIV; Y.Ber.IX, 13d top; a. e. 2) J. son of Saul. Ab. V, 16 אהבת דוד וי׳ the friendship between David and J. Ḥull.95b כי׳ בןוכ׳ like the omen of J. (1 Sam. 14:8 sq.). Cant. R. to VIII, 6; a. e. 3) J. b. Uziel, author of the Chaldaic version of the Prophets (v. Zunz, Gottesd. Vortr. p. 66, sq.). Succ.28a; B. Bath. 134a. Meg.3a תרגיס של נכיאים י׳וכ׳ the version of the Prophets has been composed by J. b. U. at the dictation of Haggai Y.Ned.V, end, 39b גדול שבהן י׳ ב׳ ע׳ the greatest among the disciples of R. Joh. b. Zaccai, was J. 4) R. J., a Tannai. Sot.24a. Pes.24a. Ḥull.70b; a. v. fr.Erub.96a י׳ הקיטוני.Ab. IV, 9, v. Frank. Darkhé. p. 147, note. 5) name of several Amoraim (v. Fr. Mbo, p. 99a>, sq.). Gitt.78b. Y.Maas. Sh. III, 54b top. Ber.18a; Y. ib. II, 4c bot.; a. fr.Y.Yoma VII, 44b bot. R. J. of Beth Gubrin.Y.Peah V, beg.18d (R. S. to Peah V, 1 quotes R. Johanan); Y.Shek.I, 46a bot. R. J. son of R. Isaac bar Aḥa.Y.Ter.XI, end, 48b J. b. ʿAkhmai; a. e. -
37 יְהוֹנָתָן
יוֹנָתָן, יְהוֹנָתָן(b. h.) pr. n. m. Jonathan, 1) J. b. Gershom (Jud. 18:30), a priest of idolatry, supposed to be a descendant of Moses. B. Bath. 109b יו׳ Ms. M. (ed. יהו׳). Cant. R. to II, 5; Ab. dR. N. ch. XXXIV; Y.Ber.IX, 13d top; a. e. 2) J. son of Saul. Ab. V, 16 אהבת דוד וי׳ the friendship between David and J. Ḥull.95b כי׳ בןוכ׳ like the omen of J. (1 Sam. 14:8 sq.). Cant. R. to VIII, 6; a. e. 3) J. b. Uziel, author of the Chaldaic version of the Prophets (v. Zunz, Gottesd. Vortr. p. 66, sq.). Succ.28a; B. Bath. 134a. Meg.3a תרגיס של נכיאים י׳וכ׳ the version of the Prophets has been composed by J. b. U. at the dictation of Haggai Y.Ned.V, end, 39b גדול שבהן י׳ ב׳ ע׳ the greatest among the disciples of R. Joh. b. Zaccai, was J. 4) R. J., a Tannai. Sot.24a. Pes.24a. Ḥull.70b; a. v. fr.Erub.96a י׳ הקיטוני.Ab. IV, 9, v. Frank. Darkhé. p. 147, note. 5) name of several Amoraim (v. Fr. Mbo, p. 99a>, sq.). Gitt.78b. Y.Maas. Sh. III, 54b top. Ber.18a; Y. ib. II, 4c bot.; a. fr.Y.Yoma VII, 44b bot. R. J. of Beth Gubrin.Y.Peah V, beg.18d (R. S. to Peah V, 1 quotes R. Johanan); Y.Shek.I, 46a bot. R. J. son of R. Isaac bar Aḥa.Y.Ter.XI, end, 48b J. b. ʿAkhmai; a. e. -
38 ὑποβολή
ὑποβολ-ή, ἡ:I actively, a throwing or laying under, στρωμάτων, opp. περιβολή, Pl.Plt. 280b;μεθ' ὑποβολῆς πλείονος φλογός Sor.1.50
; ἡ τῶν ἐνεδρευόντων ὑ. setting men in ambush, Plb.3.105.1;ἐπανάγονται τρισὶ τριήρεσιν ἐξ ὑ. Id.15.2.12
.2 substitution by stealth, esp. of suppositious children, Pl.R. 538a, Satyr.Vit.Eur.Fr.39 vii 10 (pl.), Luc.Salt.37; ὑποβολῆς γράφεσθαί τινα charge one with being supposititious, AB312, cf. sq.; also ὑ. κλειδῶν substitution of false keys, Plu. Rom.22.3 suggesting, reminding, ἐξ ὑποβολῆς by admonition, X. Cyr.3.3.37; ἐξ ὑπομνής εως καὶ ὑ... τοῦ ἐπισκόπου on the suggestion of.., Sammelb.7475.8 (vi/vii A. D.); τίνος ὑποβολῇ; = cujus impulsu ? Gloss.; ὑ. ἡ πρὸς ἄρχοντα ἢ βασιλέα γινομένη ἀναφορὰ ἤτοι διδασκαλία, = suggestio, ibid.; τὰς τῶν περιστάσεων ὑ. the influence of circumstances (on Hannibal's actions), Plb.9.24.3; ἐξ ὑ. δυέναι τὸν ὅρκον at the dictation of another, Polem.Hist.83; ἐξ ὑ. λέγειν deliver a speech with a prompter at hand (= λέγειν τὸ ἐξ ἀναγνώσεως καὶ γραφῆς ὑποβαλλόμενον), Apollon. ap. Sch.B Il.19.80:—τὰ Ὁμήρου ἐξὑ. γέγραφε ῥαψῳδεῖσθαι (sc. Σόλων) , οἷον ὅπου ὁ πρῶτος ἔληξεν, ἐκεῖθεν ἄρχεσθαι τὸν ἐχόμενον Solon enacted that the poems of Homer should be recited from a cue.., D.L.1.57: ὑποβολή perh. = ῥαψῳδία in Michel 913 (Teos, ii B. C.): cf.ὑποβάλλω 111
,ὑποβλήδην, ὑπόλήψις 1.1
.4 interruption, διακόπτειν ἐξ ὑ. τὸν λόγον Sch.B Il.19.80.5 Medic., αἱ ἐξ ὑ. ἐγχρίσεις anointing by interposition or beneath (the eyelid), opp. αἱ κατ' ἐκτροπήν, Antyll. ap. Orib.10.23.24;καθ' ὑποβολήν Sever.
ap.Aët.7.32.II passively, that which is put under, foundation, groundwork,πρὸς τὴν Ῥωμύλου.. αὔξησιν τὴν μὲν Τύχην ὑποβολὰς κατατεθεῖσθαι, τὴν δ' Ἀρετὴν ἐξῳκοδομηκέναι Plu.2.320b
;ἀρχὴ καὶ ὑ. τοῦ σωφρονεῖν ἡ ἐν σίτοις καὶ ποτοῖς ἐγκράτεια Muson.Fr.18
Ap.94 H.; φυσικὴν εἶναι ὑ. τῇ ψυχῇ πρὸς καλοκἀγαθίαν a natural foundation or capacity for.., Id.Fr.2p.7H.; ἐν πολλοῖς [τῶν ζῴων] ὑποβολὰς ἔχων πρὸς τὸ τέλειον [ὁ λόγος θεωρεῖται] Porph.Abst.3.2; subject-matter of discourse, Luc.Dem.Enc.21.Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > ὑποβολή
-
39 אף I
אַףI (b. h.; אפף, cmp. גַּם) also, too. Keth.6b; a. fr. אף הוא the same. Aboth II, 6. אף על פי (abbr. אע״פ) prop. even following the dictation of; אף על גב (abbr. אע״ג) prop. even on the top of, = notwithstanding, although (the former mostly in Mishnah, the latter in Gemara). Keth.V, 1 אע״פ שאמרווכ׳ although the Rabbis have said; a. fr.Meg.3a אע״ג דאיהו לא חזא although he does not see it; a. v. fr. אף על פי כן nevertheless. Snh.98a; a. fr.Chald. same. Targ. O. Num. 16:13; a. e. V. אוּף. -
40 אַף
אַףI (b. h.; אפף, cmp. גַּם) also, too. Keth.6b; a. fr. אף הוא the same. Aboth II, 6. אף על פי (abbr. אע״פ) prop. even following the dictation of; אף על גב (abbr. אע״ג) prop. even on the top of, = notwithstanding, although (the former mostly in Mishnah, the latter in Gemara). Keth.V, 1 אע״פ שאמרווכ׳ although the Rabbis have said; a. fr.Meg.3a אע״ג דאיהו לא חזא although he does not see it; a. v. fr. אף על פי כן nevertheless. Snh.98a; a. fr.Chald. same. Targ. O. Num. 16:13; a. e. V. אוּף.
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dictation — In Louisiana, this term is used in a technical sense, and means to pronounce orally what is destined to be written at the same time by another. It is used in reference to nuncupative wills. The dictation of a will refers to the substance, and not … Black's law dictionary
dictation — In Louisiana, this term is used in a technical sense, and means to pronounce orally what is destined to be written at the same time by another. It is used in reference to nuncupative wills. The dictation of a will refers to the substance, and not … Black's law dictionary
The Book of the Law — Infobox Book name = The Book of the Law, or Liber AL vel Legis title orig = translator = Aleister Crowley (Weiser 2004 Centennial Edition)] image caption = author = Aleister Crowley illustrator = cover artist = country = Egypt language = English… … Wikipedia
The Reformation and art — Hans Holbein the Younger s Noli me tangere a relatively rare Protestant oil painting of Christ. It is small, and generally naturalistic in style, avoiding iconic elements like the halo, which is barely discernible. The Protestant Reformation… … Wikipedia
Dictation — can refer to: Dictation (exercise), when one person speaks while another person transcribes what is spoken. A dictation machine, a device used to record speech for transcription. Dictaphone, a company that manufactures these devices, and which… … Wikipedia
