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101 statuto
m statute* * *statuto s.m. statute; charter; articles (pl.); ( costituzione) constitution: gli articoli dello statuto, the articles of the statute; lo statuto delle Nazioni Unite, the Charter of the United Nations; gli statuti dell'Accademia Navale, the statutes of the Naval Academy; statuto dell'Università, University statutes; statuto regionale, regional constitution (o fundamental statute); statuto comunale, city (o municipal) statute; statuto dei lavoratori, workers' statute of rights; statuto di una corporazione, statute of a corporation; statuto di una società, statute of a company; lo statuto di una società per azioni, societario, sociale, articles of association (o corporate charter o amer. articles of incorporation); lo statuto di un'associazione, the memorandum of association (o partnership).* * *[sta'tuto]sostantivo maschile (legge, regolamento) statute; (di so cietà) charterregioni a statuto speciale — pol. = Italian regions which have a particular form of autonomy under special statutes
* * *statuto/sta'tuto/sostantivo m.(legge, regolamento) statute; (di so cietà) charter; regioni a statuto speciale pol. = Italian regions which have a particular form of autonomy under special statutes. -
102 association
сущ.1) общ. объединение, союз, ассоциация, обществоSee:employer association, employers' association, land title association, professional association, shippers association, staff association, trade association, Webb-Pomerene association, association advertising, Association of Scientific, Technical and Managerial Staff, Association of Scientific, Technical and Managerial Staff, Association of Scientific, Technical and Managerial Staff, Association of Scientific, Technical and Managerial Staff, Association of Scientific, Technical and Managerial Staff, Association of Scientific, Technical and Managerial Staff, Association of Scientific, Technical and Managerial Staff, Association of Scientific, Technical and Managerial Staff, Association of Scientific, Technical and Managerial Staff, Association of Scientific, Technical and Managerial Staff, Association of Scientific, Technical and Managerial Staff, Association of Scientific, Technical and Managerial Staff, Association of Scientific, Technical and Managerial Staff, Association of Scientific, Technical and Managerial Staff, Association of Scientific, Technical and Managerial Staff, Association of Scientific, Technical and Managerial Staff, Association of Scientific, Technical and Managerial Staff, Association of Scientific, Technical and Managerial Staff, Association of Scientific, Technical and Managerial Staff, Association of Scientific, Technical and Managerial Staff, Association of Scientific, Technical and Managerial Staff, Association of Scientific, Technical and Managerial Staff, Association of Scientific, Technical and Managerial Staff, Association of Scientific, Technical and Managerial Staff, Association of Scientific, Technical and Managerial Staff, Association of Scientific, Technical and Managerial Staff, Association of Scientific, Technical and Managerial Staff, Association of Scientific, Technical and Managerial Staff, Association of Scientific, Technical and Managerial Staff, Association of Scientific, Technical and Managerial Staff, Association of Scientific, Technical and Managerial Staff, Association of Scientific, Technical and Managerial Staff, Association of Scientific, Technical and Managerial Staff, Association of Scientific, Technical and Managerial Staff, Association of Scientific, Technical and Managerial Staff, Association of Scientific, Technical and Managerial Staff, Association of Scientific, Technical and Managerial Staff, Association of Scientific, Technical and Managerial Staff, Association of Scientific, Technical and Managerial Staff, Association of Scientific, Technical and Managerial Staff, Association of Scientific, Technical and Managerial Staff, Association of Scientific, Technical and Managerial Staff, Association of Scientific, Technical and Managerial Staff, Association of Scientific, Technical and Managerial Staff, Association of Scientific, Technical and Managerial Staff, Association of Scientific, Technical and Managerial Staff, Association of Scientific, Technical and Managerial Staff, Association of Scientific, Technical and Managerial Staff, Association of Scientific, Technical and Managerial Staff, Association of Scientific, Technical and Managerial Staff, Association of Scientific, Technical and Managerial Staff, Association of Scientific, Technical and Managerial Staff, Association of Scientific, Technical and Managerial Staff, Association of Scientific, Technical and Managerial Staff, Association of Scientific, Technical and Managerial Staff, Association of Scientific, Technical and Managerial Staffб) эк., юр. (организация, занимающаяся предпринимательской деятельностью; в английском законодательстве объединяет такие понятия, как компания и партнерство; в остальных странах не является собственно формой организации бизнеса, и понятие ассоциации может быть применено к любой из них, за исключением единоличного предпринимательства)Syn:See:broker association, dealer association, dealers' association, articles of association, memorandum of association, mutual association, building and loan association, credit association, dealer association, company, partnership, sole proprietorship, company, partnership2)а) соц. общность (группа, основанная на личных контактах, эмоциональных отношениях между индивидами)Syn:б) соц. социальная ассоциация (процесс или результат взаимодействия и объединения людей, групп, организаций в различные социальные общества, союзы в целях достижения каких-л. целей)3) общ. сотрудничество; совместная работа; соавторствоin association with smb. — совместно [в соавторстве\] с кем-л.
4) псих. ассоциация (связь между отдельными психическими актами (представлениями, мыслями, чувствами), при которой один акт провоцируется другим)5) стат. зависимость ( между переменными)
* * *
ассоциация: группа физических или юридических лиц, которые объединились для выполнения определенных функций (напр., для представления общих интересов или распространения профессиональных знаний).* * *. . Словарь экономических терминов .* * * -
103 Gesellschaftsvertrag
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104 Hornby, Frank
SUBJECT AREA: Domestic appliances and interiors[br]b. 15 May 1863 Liverpool, Englandd. 21 September 1936 Liverpool, England[br]English toy manufacturer and inventor of Meccano kits.[br]Frank Hornby left school at the age of 16 and worked as a clerk, at first for his father, a provision merchant, and later for D.H.Elliott, an importer of meat and livestock, for whom he became Managing Clerk. As a youth he was interested in engineering and in his own small workshop he became a skilled amateur mechanic. He made toys for his children and c.1900 he devised a constructional toy kit consisting of perforated metal strips which could be connected by bolts and nuts. He filed a patent application in January 1901 and, having failed to interest established toy manufacturers, he set up a small business in partnership with his employer, D.H. Elliott, who provided financial support. The kits were sold at first under the name of Mechanics Made Easy, but by 1907 the name Meccano had been registered as a trade mark. The business expanded rapidly and in 1908 Elliott withdrew from the partnership and Hornby continued on his own account, the company being incorporated as Meccano Ltd. Although parts for Meccano were produced at first by various manufacturers, Hornby soon acquired premises to produce all the components under his own control, and between 1910 and 1913 he established his own factory on a 5-acre (2-hectare) site at Binn's Road, Liverpool. The Meccano Magazine, a monthly publication with articles of general engineering interest, developed from a newsletter giving advice on the use of Meccano, and from the first issue in 1916 until 1924 was edited by Frank Hornby. In 1920 he introduced the clockwork Hornby trains, followed by the electric version five years later. These were gauge "0" (1 1/4 in./32 mm); the smaller gauge "00", or Hornby Dublo, was a later development. Another product of Meccano Ltd was the series of model vehicles known as Dinky toys, introduced in 1934.Frank Hornby served as a Member of Parliament for the Everton Division of Liverpool from 1931 to 1935.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsMP, 1931–5.Further ReadingD.J.Jeremy (ed.), 1984–6, Dictionary of Business Biography, Vol. 3, London, 345–9 (a useful biography).Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers 127(1934):140–1 (describes the Binn's Road factory).RTS -
105 Thornley, David
SUBJECT AREA: Textiles[br]b. c. 1741 Liverpool (?), Englandd. 27 January 1772 Nottingham, England[br]English partner in Arkwright's cotton-spinning venture.[br]On 4 November 1766 David Thornley married Mary, daughter of Joseph Brown, roper, at St Peter's, Liverpool. In Gore's Dictionary for 1767 Thornley is described as "merchant" and his wife as "milliner" of Castle Street, Liverpool. David Thornley was distantly related to Richard Arkwright and certainly by 1768 Thornley had begun his active association with Arkwright when he joined him in Preston, an event recorded in the inquiry into the qualifications of those who had voted in the Burgoyne election. Thornley may have helped Arkwright with the technical development of his spinning machine.On 14 May 1768, Arkwright, Smalley and Thornley became partners in the cotton-spinning venture at Nottingham for a term of fourteen years, or longer if a patent could be obtained. Each partner was to have three one-ninth shares and was to advance such money as might be necessary to apply for a patent as well as to develop the spinning machine. Profits were to be divided equally as often as convenient and the partners were to devote their whole time to the business after a period of two years. How-ever, it seems that in 1769 the partners had difficulty in raising the necessary money to finance the patent, and Thornley had to reduce his stake in the partnership to a one-ninth share. By this time Thornley must have moved to Nottingham, where Arkwright established his first mill. On 19 January 1770, additional finance was provided by two new partners, Samuel Need and Jedediah Strutt, and alterations were made to the mill buildings that the partners had leased to work the spinning machines by horse power. Arkwright and Thornley were to be responsible for the day-to-day management of the mill, receiving £25 per annum for these duties. Thornley appears to have remained at Nottingham to supervise the mill, while the other partners moved to Cromford to establish the much larger enterprise there. It was at Nottingham that David Thornley died in January 1772, and his share in the partnership was bought from his wife, Mary, by Arkwright. Mary returned to her millinery business in Liverpool.[br]Further ReadingUntil copies of the original agreements between Arkwright's partners were presented to the University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology, Thornley's existence was unknown. The only account of his life is given in R.S.Fitton, 1989, The Arkwrights, Spinners of Fortune, Manchester. The "Articles of Agreement", 19 June 1769, are printed in R.L. Hills, 1970, Power in the Industrial Revolution, Manchester. This book also includes part of Arkwright's agreement with his later partners which mentions Thornley's death and covers the technical aspects of the cotton-spinning invention.RLH -
106 Änderung
Änderung f 1. GEN alteration, altering, change; modification (von Daten); 2. GRUND modification (an Gebäuden); 3. PAT amendment; 4. POL amendment, switch; 5. RECHT amendment; 6. WIWI change (Angebot und Nachfrage)* * *f 1. < Geschäft> alteration, altering, change, von Daten modification; 2. < Grund> an Gebäuden modification; 3. < Patent> amendment; 4. < Pol> amendment, switch; 5. < Recht> amendment; 6. <Vw> Angebot und Nachfrage change* * *Änderung
alteration, change[-over], modification;
• Änderungen vorbehalten subject to alteration (revision, modification);
• durchgreifende Änderung radical change;
• rechtserhebliche (wesentliche) Änderung material alteration;
• technische Änderungen technical modifications;
• Änderung der Abschreibungsrichtlinien changes in depreciation, depreciation changes;
• Änderung der Adresse change of address;
• Änderung der Aktienstückelung conversion of stocks (US);
• Änderungen im Arbeitskräftebestand labo(u)r change-over;
• Änderungen in der Bestandsbewertung inventory valuation changes;
• Änderung des Besteuerungssystems tax switch;
• Änderung der Bezugsbedingungen alteration of terms of supply;
• vorgenommene Änderungen in der Buchführung accounting changes;
• laufende Änderungen in einer Datei (Computer) file updating;
• Änderung des Flächennutzungsplans rezoning (US), zone change (US);
• Änderung der Gesellschaftsstatuten variation of partnership articles;
• Änderung des Gesellschaftszwecks alteration of objects clause;
• Änderung des Grundkapitals alteration of capital;
• Änderung der Konzessionsbedingungen amendment of a charter;
• Änderung der Lagerhaltung inventory changes;
• Änderung seiner Lebensgewohnheiten break in one’s way of living;
• Änderung durch das Plenum floor amendment (US);
• Änderung der Politik political switch;
• angebrachte Änderungen der Politik expedient change of policy;
• Änderung des Produktionsverfahrens change in process;
• Änderung der Satzung modification of the articles of association;
• Änderung der Steuersätze changes in rates of taxes;
• Änderung der Tagesordnung variation of the order [of business], amendment of the agenda;
• Änderung in der Verteilung des Aktienkapitals reorganization of share capital (Br.) (capital stock, US);
• Änderung der Vertragsbedingungen modification of the terms of a contract;
• Änderung eines Wechselbetrages alteration of amount;
• Änderung der Zinskonditionen market change in interest rates;
• Änderung der Zollpolitik tariff reform;
• gegen jede Änderung in der Zollpolitik sein to stand put (US);
• einige Änderungen vornehmen to make some modifications. -
107 association
nounarticles or deeds of association — Satzung, die
2) (mental connection) Assoziation, dieassociation of ideas — Gedankenassoziation, die
3)Association football — (Brit.) Fußball, der
4) (connection) Verbindung, die5) (cooperation) Zusammenarbeit, die* * *1) (a club, society etc.) die Vereinigung2) (a friendship or partnership.) die Freundschaft3) (a connection in the mind: The house had associations with her dead husband.) die Assoziationen* * *as·so·cia·tion[əˌsəʊʃiˈeɪʃən, AM -ˌsoʊ-]nour \association with the feminist movement began at university wir engagieren uns seit unserer Studienzeit in der feministischen Bewegungin \association with sb/sth in Verbindung mit jdm/etwto seek \association with sth Assoziierung f mit etw dat beantragen, in etw dat assoziierte Mitgliedschaft beantragen* * *[\@"səUsI'eISən]nhe has benefited from his association with us — er hat von seiner Beziehung zu uns profitiert
2) (= organization) Verband mpublished in association with... —
to be guilty/tainted by association — indirekt schuldig/betroffen sein
* * *association [əˌsəʊsıˈeıʃn; -ʃıˈeıʃn] s1. Vereinigung f, Verbindung f, Zusammenschluss m, Anschluss m:in association with zusammen mit, in Verbindung oder Zusammenarbeit mit2. Bund m4. WIRTSCH Genossenschaft f, (Handels)Gesellschaft f, Verband m5. Freundschaft f, Kameradschaft f6. Umgang m, Verkehr m7. PSYCH (Ideen-, Gedanken) Assoziation f:free associations freie Assoziationen8. Beziehung f, Verknüpfung f, Zusammenhang m9. BIOL Vergesellschaftung f:association type Gesellschaftseinheit f10. Assoziation f:a) BOT Pflanzengesellschaft fass. abk1. assistant2. association3. assortedassoc. abk1. associate2. associated3. association* * *nounarticles or deeds of association — Satzung, die
2) (mental connection) Assoziation, dieassociation of ideas — Gedankenassoziation, die
3)Association football — (Brit.) Fußball, der
4) (connection) Verbindung, die5) (cooperation) Zusammenarbeit, die* * *n.Assoziation f.Bund -e m.Gesellschaft f.Interessengemeinschaft (IG) f.Interessenverband m.Sammlung -en f.Verband -¨e m.Verbindung f.Verein -e m.Vereinigung f.Vorstellung f. -
108 domestic
1. прил.1)а) общ. домашний; семейныйdomestic cares [functions\] — обязанности по дому, домашние дела
See:domestic account 3), domestic labour, domestic partnership, 1), domestic violence, domestic relations order, domestic purposes benefitб) общ. бытовой (для домашнего потребления, в отличие от промышленного потребления)See:в) общ. домоседливый; любящий семейную жизньdomestic man [woman\] — домосед [домоседка\]
2)а) общ. внутренний ( находящийся или происходящий внутри страны или предприятия)domestic airport — внутренний аэропорт, аэропорт внутренних авиалиний
See:domestic account 1), domestic acquisition, domestic advertising, domestic affairs, domestic agreement, domestic analogy, domestic bill, domestic bond, domestic commerce, domestic consumption, domestic debt, domestic demand, domestic diplomacy, domestic distortion, domestic exchange ratio, domestic interest shock, domestic interest rate shock, domestic investment, domestic loan, domestic market 1), domestic marketer, domestic marketing, domestic merger, domestic outlet, domestic policy, domestic politics, domestic price, domestic public debt, domestic revenue effect, domestic resources, domestic savings, domestic subsidy, domestic support, domestic trade, Domestic Policy Councilб) общ. местный, отечественныйSee:domestic account 2), domestic applicant, domestic brand, domestic business, domestic company, domestic corporation, domestic currency, domestic exports, domestic food, domestic goods, domestic invention, domestic licensing, domestic market 2), domestic ordering, domestic owner, domestic patent, domestic production, domestic products, 2),в) сокр. D межд. эк., амер. местный* (один из статусов, присваиваемых товарам при допуске их в зону внешней торговли; этот статус присваивается товарам, которые были выращены или произведены на территории США либо ранее были ввезены на территорию США и прошли таможенную очистку (т. е. импортные товары, по которым были уплачены все причитающиеся пошлины и налоги))See:3) общ. домашний, прирученный ( о животных)2. сущ.1) общ. (домашняя) прислуга, слуги2) мн., эк., амер. товары отечественного производстваSee:import 1. 2) -
109 договор о партнёрства
Law: partnership articlesУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > договор о партнёрства
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110 Änderung der Gesellschaftsstatuten
Änderung der Gesellschaftsstatuten
variation of partnership articlesBusiness german-english dictionary > Änderung der Gesellschaftsstatuten
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111 Gesellschaftsstatut
Gesellschaftsstatut n memorandum and articles of association; (AE) corporate charter; memorandum of partnership -
112 association
1) (a club, society etc.) forening, sammenslutning2) (a friendship or partnership.) vennskap, partnerskap3) (a connection in the mind: The house had associations with her dead husband.) assosiasjon, tankeforbindelse, tilknytningforbundsubst. \/əˌsəʊsɪˈeɪʃ(ə)n\/, \/əˌsəʊʃɪˈeɪʃ(ə)n\/1) forening, organisasjon, sammenslutning, selskap, forsamling2) ( høytidelig) forbindelse, omgang, vennskap, forhold3) assosiasjon, tankeforbindelse4) ( kjemi) forbindelse5) ( økologi) plantesamfunnarticles of association selskapsvedtekterfreedom\/liberty of association forsamlingsfrihetin association with i forbindelse med -
113 association
1) (a club, society etc.) društvo, družba2) (a friendship or partnership.) družabništvo3) (a connection in the mind: The house had associations with her dead husband.) asociacija* * *[əsousiéišən]nounzdruženje, društvo, zveza; asociacija; priključitev; sport nogomet; familiarly plural spominiAmerican association football — nogometcolloquially pleasant associations — prijetni spomini -
114 учредителен
constituent, constitutiveучредително събрание a constituent assembly* * *учредѝтелен,прил., -на, -но, -ни constituent, constitutive, founding; \учредителенен акт basic instrument; \учредителенен договор articles of association/partnership; \учредителенно събрание constituent assembly.* * *constituent: a учредителен assembly - учредително събрание; constitutive* * *1. constituent, constitutive 2. учредително събрание a constituent assembly -
115 pacto social
• partners• partnership articles -
116 instrumento constitutivo
m.charter, articles of incorporation, incorporation papers, partnership's agreement. -
117 Cross, Charles Frederick
[br]b. 11 December 1855 Brentwood, Middlesex, Englandd. 15 April 1935 Hove, England[br]English chemist who contributed to the development of viscose rayon from cellulose.[br]Cross was educated at the universities of London, Zurich and Manchester. It was at Owens College, Manchester, that Cross first met E.J. Bevan and where these two first worked together on the nature of cellulose. After gaining some industrial experience, Cross joined Bevan to set up a partnership in London as analytical and consulting chemists, specializing in the chemistry and technology of cellulose and lignin. They were at the Jodrell laboratory, Kew Gardens, for a time and then set up their own laboratory at Station Avenue, Kew Gardens. In 1888, the first edition of their joint publication A Textbook of Paper-making, appeared. It went into several editions and became the standard reference and textbook on the subject. The long introductory chapter is a discourse on cellulose.In 1892, Cross, Bevan and Clayton Beadle took out their historic patent on the solution and regeneration of cellulose. The modern artificial-fibre industry stems from this patent. They made their discovery at New Court, Carey Street, London: wood-pulp (or another cheap form of cellulose) was dissolved in a mixture of carbon disulphide and aqueous alkali to produce sodium xanthate. After maturing, it was squirted through fine holes into dilute acid, which set the liquid to give spinnable fibres of "viscose". However, it was many years before the process became a commercial operation, partly because the use of a natural raw material such as wood involved variations in chemical content and each batch might react differently. At first it was thought that viscose might be suitable for incandescent lamp filaments, and C.H.Stearn, a collaborator with Cross, continued to investigate this possibility, but the sheen on the fibres suggested that viscose might be made into artificial silk. The original Viscose Spinning Syndicate was formed in 1894 and a place was rented at Erith in Kent. However, it was not until some skeins of artificial silk (a term to which Cross himself objected) were displayed in Paris that textile manufacturers began to take an interest in it. It was then that Courtaulds decided to investigate this new fibre, although it was not until 1904 that they bought the English patents and developed the first artificial silk that was later called "rayon". Cross was also concerned with the development of viscose films and of cellulose acetate, which became a rival to rayon in the form of "Celanese". He retained his interest in the paper industry and in publishing, in 1895 again collaborating with Bevan and publishing a book on Cellulose and other technical articles. He was a cultured man and a good musician. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1917.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsFRS 1917.Bibliography1888, with E.J.Bevan, A Text-book of Papermaking. 1892, British patent no. 8,700 (cellulose).Further ReadingObituary Notices of the Royal Society, 1935, London. Obituary, 1935, Journal of the Chemical Society 1,337. Chambers Concise Dictionary of Scientists, 1989, Cambridge.Edwin J.Beer, 1962–3, "The birth of viscose rayon", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 35 (an account of the problems of developing viscose rayon; Beer worked under Cross in the Kew laboratories).C.Singer (ed.), 1978, A History of Technology, Vol. VI, Oxford: Clarendon Press.RLHBiographical history of technology > Cross, Charles Frederick
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118 Elkington, George Richard
SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy[br]b. 17 October 1801 Birmingham Englandd. 22 September 1865 Pool Park, Denbighshire, England[br]English pioneer in electroplating.[br]He was apprenticed to his uncles, makers of metalware, in 1815 and showed such aptitude for business that he was taken into partnership. On their deaths, Elkington assumed sole ownership of the business. In conjunction with his cousin Henry (1810–52), by unrelenting enterprise, he established an industry for electroplating and electrogilding. Up until c.1840, silver-plated goods were produced by rolling or soldering thin sheets of silver to a base metal, such as copper. Back in 1801, the English chemist William Wollaston had deposited one metal upon another by means of an electric current generated from a voltaic pile or battery. In the 1830s, certain inventors, such as Bessemer used this result to produce plated articles and these efforts in turn induced the Elkingtons to apply the method in their trade. In 1836 and 1837 they took out patents for "mercurial gilding", and one patent of 1838 refers to a separate electric current. In 1840 they bought from John Wright, a Birmingham surgeon, his discovery of what proved to be the best electroplating solution: namely, solutions of cyanides of gold and silver in potassium cyanide. They also purchased rights to use the electric machine invented by J.S. Woolrich. Armed with these techniques, the Elkingtons produced in their large new works in Newhall Street a wide range of gold-and silver-plated decorative and artistic ware. Henry was particularly active on the artistic side of the business, as was their employee Alexander Parkes. For some twenty-five years, Britain enjoyed a virtual monopoly of this kind of ware, due largely to the enterprise of the Elkingtons, although by the end of the century rising tariffs had closed many foreign markets and the lead had passed to Germany. George spent all his working life in Birmingham, taking some part in the public life of the city. He was a governor of King Edward's Grammar School and a borough magistrate. He was also a caring employer, setting up houses and schools for his workers.[br]Bibliography1864, Journal of the Royal Society for Arts (29 January).LRDBiographical history of technology > Elkington, George Richard
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119 Hancock, Thomas
SUBJECT AREA: Chemical technology[br]b. 8 May 1786 Marlborough, Wiltshire, Englandd. 26 March 1865 Stoke Newington, London, England[br]English founder of the British rubber industry.[br]After education at a private school in Marlborough, Hancock spent some time in "mechanical pursuits". He went to London to better himself and c.1819 his interest was aroused in the uses of rubber, which until then had been limited. His first patent, dated 29 April 1820, was for the application of rubber in clothing where some elasticity was useful, such as braces or slip-on boots. He noticed that freshly cut pieces of rubber could be made to adhere by pressure to form larger pieces. To cut up his imported and waste rubber into small pieces, Hancock developed his "masticator". This device consisted of a spiked roller revolving in a hollow cylinder. However, when rubber was fed in to the machine, the product was not the expected shredded rubber, but a homogeneous cylindrical mass of solid rubber, formed by the heat generated by the process and pressure against the outer cylinder. This rubber could then be compacted into blocks or rolled into sheets at his factory in Goswell Road, London; the blocks and sheets could be used to make a variety of useful articles. Meanwhile Hancock entered into partnership with Charles Macintosh in Manchester to manufacture rubberized, waterproof fabrics. Despite these developments, rubber remained an unsatisfactory material, becoming sticky when warmed and losing its elasticity when cold. In 1842 Hancock encountered specimens of vulcanized rubber prepared by Charles Goodyear in America. Hancock worked out for himself that it was made by heating rubber and sulphur, and obtained a patent for the manufacture of the material on 21 November 1843. This patent also included details of a new form of rubber, hardened by heating to a higher temperature, that was later called vulcanite, or ebonite. In 1846 he began making solid rubber tyres for road vehicles. Overall Hancock took out sixteen patents, covering all aspects of the rubber industry; they were a leading factor in the development of the industry from 1820 until their expiry in 1858.[br]Bibliography1857, Personal Narrative of the Origin and Progress of the Caoutchouc or Indiarubber Manufacture in England, London.Further ReadingH.Schurer, 1953, "The macintosh: the paternity of an invention", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 28:77–87.LRD -
120 Wratten, Frederick Charles Luther
SUBJECT AREA: Photography, film and optics[br]b. 1840 Englandd. 8 April 1926 London, England[br]English inventor and manufacturer, founder of one of the first successful gelatine dry-plate companies.[br]He started his working life as a schoolteacher, but in his early twenties he moved to London to become a clerk with a photographic wholesaler, Soloman. There Wratten became interested in photography, and on the announcement of the new gelatine dry-plate processes he began to conduct his own experiments. In 1876 he devised a means of drying gelatine emulsions and removing excess silver with alcohol, and published details in 1877 and 1878. It was during this period that he formed a partnership with Henry Wainwright to manufacture and sell photographic materials. The mass production of gelatine dry plates was a British invention and monopoly, and the new firm of Wratten \& Wainwright was one of the first in the field and soon proved to be amongst the most successful. The business exported extensively to Europe, introducing a succession of plates of increasing sensitivity. Wratten continued to trade under the same name when his partner Wainwright died in 1882. His success continued, and in 1890 he moved the company to a newly equipped factory in Croydon, near London. Six years later Wratten incorporated as co-owners of the business his son, S.H.Wainwright and a young graduate from London University, C.E.Kenneth Mees. The newly constituted company soon introduced the first British panchromatic plates and filters. The introduction of Lumiere's Autochrome plates in 1907 prompted Wratten and Mees to take out a patent on a colour screen plate process of their own. The company also found work coating plates for other similar innovations. In 1912 the business was finally sold to George Eastman and Wratten and Mees joined Kodak Ltd at Harrow.[br]BibliographyWratten's early work on the action of alcohol on gelatine emulsions was described in a series of articles: 1877, Photographic News: 390, 49.1878, Photographic News: 121–3.1878, British Journal of Photography: 124–5.Further ReadingE.J.Wall, 1925, Three Colour Photography.C.E.K.Mees, 1961, From Dry Plates to Ektachrome Film, New York.JWBiographical history of technology > Wratten, Frederick Charles Luther
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