animi+impetus

praestō (old collat. form praestū, acc. to Curtius Valerianus in Cassiod. p. 2289 P.: qui praestu sunt, Inscr. Carina Via Appia, 1, p. 217. In later time as adj.: prae-stus, a, um:

bonorum officio praestus fui,

Inscr. Grut. 669, 4), adv. [dat. from praestus, a sup. form from prae, so that praesto esse alicui = to be or stand in the foremost place for or as respects one], at hand, ready, present, here; usually with esse (very freq. and class.).

Lit.:

ni tua propitia pax foret praesto,

Plaut. Trin. 4, 1, 18: sed ubi est frater? Chaer. Praesto adest, Ter. Eun. 5, 8, 20; id. Heaut. 1, 1, 120; so Att. Tr. 498:

quod adest praesto in primis placet,

Lucr. 5, 1412; Lact. 3, 7, 10:

sacrificiis omnibus praesto adesse,

id. 2, 16, 10;

more freq., praesto esse: ibi mihi praesto fuit L. Lucilius,

Cic. Fam. 3, 5, 1:

togulae lictoribus ad portam praesto fuerunt,

id. Pis. 23, 55:

tibi nulla fuit clementia praesto?

hadst thou no compassion? Cat. 64, 137: praesto esse, to arrive, appear:

hirundines aestivo tempore praesto sunt,

Auct. Her. 4, 48, 61.—Without esse ( poet.):

era, eccum praesto militem,

Plaut. Mil. 4, 6, 1:

ipsum adeo praesto video,

Ter. And. 2, 5, 4; Stat. Th. 6, 643.—

In partic: praesto esse or adire

To be at hand, to attend or wait upon, to serve, aid:

ero meo ut omnibus locis sine praesto,

Plaut. Men. 5, 6, 26:

jus civile didicit, praesto multis fuit,

Cic. Mur. 9, 19:

praesto esse clientem tuum?

id. Att. 10, 8, 3:

saluti tuae praesto esse, praesto esse virtutes ut ancillulas,

id. Fin. 2, 21, 69; id. Fam. 4, 14, 4:

ut ad omnia, quae tui velint, ita assim praesto, ut, etc.,

id. ib. 4, 8, 1; id. Att. 4, 12, 1 fin.;

also with videor,

id. ib. 4, 12, 1 fin. —With adire:

pauper erit praesto semper tibi, pauper adibit primus,

will be at hand, at your service, Tib. 1, 5, 61.—

With esse, to present one's self in a hostile manner, to resist, oppose:

si quis mihi praesto fuerit cum armatis hominibus,

Cic. Caecin. 30, 87:

quaestores cum fascibus mihi praesto fuerunt,

id. Verr. 2, 2, 4, § 11.

prae-sto, ĭti (post-class. also praestāvi), ātum or ĭtum, 1, v. n. and a.

Neutr., to stand before or in front.

Lit.:

dum primae praestant acies,

Luc. 4, 30.—

Trop., to stand out, be superior, to distinguish one's self, to be excellent, distinguished, admirable; constr. alicui aliquā re, alicui rei, in aliquā re, or absol. (class.):

cum virtute omnibus praestarent,

Caes. B. G. 1, 3:

quantum praestiterint nostri majores prudentiā ceteris gentibus,

Cic. de Or. 1, 44, 192:

quā re homines bestiis praestent,

id. Inv. 1, 4, 5:

hoc praestat amicitia propinquitati, quod, etc.,

id. Lael. 5, 19:

Zeuxin muliebri in corpore pingendo plurimum aliis praestare,

id. Inv. 2, 1, 1:

ceteris,

id. Ac. 1, 4, 16:

suos inter aequales longe praestitit,

id. Brut. 64, 230:

omnes homines, qui sese student praestare ceteris animalibus,

Sall. C. 1, 1:

praestare honestam mortem existimans turpi vitae,

Nep. Chabr. 4, 3:

quantum ceteris praestet Lucretia,

Liv. 1, 57, 7:

cernere, quantum eques Latinus Romano praestet,

id. 8, 7, 7:

quantum vel vir viro vel gens genti praestat!

id. 31, 7, 8:

genere militum praestare tironibus,

id. 42, 52, 10:

tantum Romana in bellis gloria ceteris praestat,

Quint. 1, 10, 14:

qui eloquentiā ceteris praestet,

id. 2, 3, 5; 2, 16, 17; Curt. 8, 14, 13; Just. 18, 3, 14; 28, 2, 11; 44, 3, 9:

sacro, quod praestat, peracto,

Juv. 12, 86:

probro atque petulantiā maxume praestabant,

were pre-eminent, distinguished themselves, Sall. C. 37, 5:

truculentiā caeli praestat Germania,

Tac. A. 2, 24:

cur alias aliis praestare videmus Pondere res rebus?

Lucr. 1, 358.—

Praestat, with a subjectclause, it is preferable or better:

nimio impendiosum praestat te, quam ingratum dicier,

it is much better, Plaut. Bacch. 3, 2, 12:

mori milies praestitit, quam haec pati,

it was better, Cic. Att. 14, 9, 2:

praestare dicunt, Gallorum quam Romanorum imperia perferre,

it is better, Caes. B. G. 1, 17:

motos praestat componere fluctus,

Verg. A. 1, 135; 3, 429; 6, 39.

To surpass, outstrip, exceed, [p. 1431] excel (not in Cic. or Cæs.; constr. usually aliquem aliquā re): qui primus in alterutrā re praestet alios, Varr. ap. Non. 502, 23; Varr. R. R. 2, 2, 10; 3, 1, 3:

quantum Galli virtute ceteros mortales praestarent,

Liv. 5, 36, 4:

qui belli gloriā Gallos omnes Belgasque praestabant,

Hirt. B. G. 8, 6:

praestate virtute peditem, ut honore atque ordine praestatis,

Liv. 3, 61, 7:

ut vetustate et gradu honoris nos praestent,

id. 7, 30, 4; 34, 34, 14; 37, 30, 2:

praestat ingenio alius alium,

Quint. 1, 1, 3; Val. Max. 3, 2, 21; 3, 2, ext. 7;

7, 2, 17: honore ceteros,

Nep. Att. 18, 5; 3, 3; id. Reg. 3, 5:

imperatores prudentiā,

id. Hann. 1, 1:

eloquentiā omnes eo tempore,

id. Epam. 6, 1.—Only aliquem, Stat. Th. 4, 838.—

To become surety for, to answer or vouch for, to warrant, be responsible for, to take upon one's self, etc. (class.):

ut omnes ministros imperii tui rei publicae praestare videare,

Cic. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 3:

quem tamen ego praestare non poteram,

id. Att. 6, 3, 5:

quanto magis arduum est alios praestare quam se, tanto laudabilius,

Plin. Pan. 83:

communem incertumque casum neque vitare quisquam nostrum, nec praestare ullo pacto potest,

Cic. Fam. 5, 17, 3: simus eā mente ut nihil in vitā nobis praestandum praeter culpam putemus, that we need only answer for guilt, i. e. keep ourselves clear of guilt, id. ib. 6, 1, 4:

impetus populi praestare nemo potest,

no one can be held to answer for the outbreaks of the people, id. de Or. 2, 28, 124:

periculum judicii,

id. Mur. 2, 3:

damnum alicui,

id. Off. 3, 16:

invidiam,

id. Sest. 28, 61:

nihil,

to be responsible for nothing, id. Q. Fr. 3, 1, 3; cf. in pass.:

cum id, quod ab homine non potuerit praestari, evenerit,

what none could vouch for that it would not happen, id. Tusc. 3, 16, 34. —With ab aliquā re:

ego tibi a vi praestare nihil possum,

Cic. Fam. 1, 4, 3.—With de:

quod de te sperare, de me praestare possum,

Cic. Fam. 4, 15, 2.—With an objectclause:

quis potest praestare, semper sapientem beatum fore, cum, etc.?

Cic. Tusc. 5, 10, 29; cf.:

(praedones) nullos fore, quis praestare poterat?

id. Fl. 12, 28:

meliorem praesto magistro Discipulum,

Juv. 14, 212.—With ut:

illius lacrimae praestant ut veniam culpae non abnuat Osiris,

Juv. 6, 539.—

In gen., to fulfil, discharge, maintain, perform, execute:

arbitramur nos ea praestitisse, quae ratio et doctrina praescripserit,

Cic. N. D. 1, 3, 7:

ultima exspectato, quae ego tibi et jucunda et honesta praestabo,

id. Fam. 7, 17, 2:

suum munus,

id. de Or. 2, 9, 38:

hospitii et amicitiae jus officiumque,

id. Fam. 14, 4, 2:

ne quem ejus paeniteret, praestiti,

I took care, exerted myself, Liv. 30, 30; Ov. Tr. 5, 14, 19:

quamcumque ei fidem dederis, ego praestabo,

I will fulfil, keep the promise, Cic. Fam. 5, 11, 2:

fidem alicui,

Liv. 30, 15:

pacem cum iis populus Romanus non ab se tantum, sed ab rege etiam Masinissa praestitit,

maintained, id. 40, 34:

tributa,

to pay, Juv. 3, 188:

annua,

id. 6, 480:

triplicem usuram,

id. 9, 7.— Pass.:

promissum id benignius est ab rege quam praestitum,

Liv. 43, 18, 11:

mea tibi tamen benevolentia fidesque praestabitur,

Cic. Fam. 12, 2, 3; so,

quibus (victoribus) senatūs fides praestabitur,

id. Phil. 14, 11, 30:

virtus vetat spectare fortunam dum praestetur fides,

id. Div. 2, 37, 79:

ni praestaretur fides publica,

Liv. 2, 28, 7.—

In partic.

To keep, preserve, maintain, retain:

pueri, quibus videmur praestare rem publicam debuisse,

Cic. Att. 10, 4, 5; Ov. M. 11, 748:

omnes socios salvos praestare poteramus,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 18, 55:

mors omnia praestat Vitalem praeter sensum calidumque vaporem,

Lucr. 3, 214. —

To show, exhibit, to prove, evince, manifest:

Pomptinius praestat tibi memoriam benevolentiamque, quam debet,

Cic. Fam. 3, 10, 3:

neque hercule in iis ipsis rebus eam voluntatem, quam exspectaram, praestiterunt,

id. ib. 1, 9, 5:

virtutem,

Caes. B. G. 2, 27:

benevolentiam,

Cic. Att. 11, 1, 1:

consilium suum fidemque,

id. de Or. 3, 33, 134. —With se, to show, prove, or behave one's self as: praesta te eum, qui, etc., show thyself such, as, etc., Cic. Fam. 1, 6, 2:

se incolumem,

Lucr. 3, 220:

se invictum,

Ov. Tr. 4, 10, 104:

teque praesta constanter ad omne Indeclinatae munus amicitiae,

show thyself constant, id. ib. 4, 5, 23:

Victoria nunc quoque se praestet,

show itself, id. ib. 2, 169: sed ne ad illam quidem artissimam innocentiae formulam praestare nos possumus, prove ourselves innocent even according to that rule, Sen. Ira, 2, 28, 1:

juris periti consultatoribus se praestabant,

showed themselves accessible, Dig. 1, 2, 2.— Poet.:

vel magnum praestet Achillem,

should show, prove, approve himself a great Achilles, Verg. A. 11, 438.—

To show, exhibit, manifest:

honorem debitum patri,

Cic. Phil. 9, 5, 12:

fratri pietatem,

id. Brut. 33, 126:

virtutem et diligentiam alicui,

id. Fam. 14, 3, 2:

frequentiam et officium alicui honores petenti,

Hirt. B. G. 8, 50:

obsequium,

Sen. Q. N. 2, 59, 8:

sedulitatem alicui rei,

to apply, Plin. Ep. 3, 18, 6.—

To give, offer, furnish, present, expose:

alicui certam summam pecuniae,

Suet. Dom. 9: cervicem, Sen. ap. Diom. p. 362 P.:

caput fulminibus,

to expose, Luc. 5, 770:

Hiberus praestat nomen terris,

id. 4, 23:

anser praestat ex se pullos atque plumam,

Col. 8, 13:

cum senatui sententiam praestaret,

gave his vote, Cic. Pis. 32, 80:

terga hosti,

to turn one's back to the enemy, to flee, Tac. Agr. 37:

voluptatem perpetuam sapienti,

to assume, Cic. Fin. 2, 27, 89.— Pass.:

pueri, quibus id (biduum) praestabatur,

was devoted, Quint. 1, prooem. § 7; cf.:

corpus, cui omnia olim tamquam servo praestabantur, nunc tamquam domino parantur,

Sen. Ep. 90, 19.—Hence, praestans, antis, P. a., pre-eminent, superior, excellent, distinguished, extraordinary.

In gen. (class.).

Of persons:

omnibus praestans et ingenio et diligentiā,

far surpassing all, Cic. Tusc. 1, 10, 22:

usu et sapientiā praestantes,

noted for their experience and wisdom, Nep. Timoth. 3, 2.— Comp.:

virginibus praestantior omnibus Herse,

superior to all, Ov. M. 2, 724.— Sup.:

in illis artibus praestantissimus,

Cic. de Or. 1, 50, 217:

praestantissimi studio atque doctrinā,

id. Ac. 1, 4, 17.—With gen.:

o praestans animi juvenis,

distinguished for courage, Verg. A. 12, 19:

belli,

Sil. 5, 92:

armorum,

Stat. Th. 1, 605:

praestantissimus sapientiae,

Tac. A. 6, 6.— Poet., with objectclause:

quo non praestantior alter Aere ciere viros,

whom no other excelled in rousing the men, Verg. A. 6, 164.—

Of things, pre-eminent, excellent, remarkable, extraordinary, distinguished:

praestanti corpore Nymphae,

Verg. A. 1, 71:

praestanti corpore tauri,

id. G. 4, 550:

formā,

id. A. 7, 483:

naturā excellens atque praestans,

Cic. N. D. 1, 20, 56:

qui a te tractatus est praestanti et singulari fide,

id. Fam. 3, 10, 3:

praestans prudentiā in omnibus,

Nep. Alc. 5, 1; Cic. Tusc. 5, 13, 38:

quid praestantius mihi potuit accidere?

id. Vatin. 3, 8.—

In partic.

Efficacious:

medicina,

Plin. 13, 24, 47, § 130:

usus praestantior,

id. 18, 13, 34, § 126:

calamus praestantior odore,

id. 12, 22, 48, § 105:

sucus sapore praestantissimus,

id. 15, 1, 2, § 5:

praestantissima auxilia,

id. 27, 13, 120, § 146.—

Sup.:

Praestantissimus,

a title of the later emperors, Nazar. 26; Tert. Cor. Mil. 1.— Hence, adv.: praestanter, excellently, admirably (post-Aug.); sup.:

praestantissime,

Plin. 28, 12, 50, § 186.

praestō (old collat. form praestū, acc. to Curtius Valerianus in Cassiod. p. 2289 P.: qui praestu sunt, Inscr. Carina Via Appia, 1, p. 217. In later time as adj.: prae-stus, a, um:

bonorum officio praestus fui,

Inscr. Grut. 669, 4), adv. [dat. from praestus, a sup. form from prae, so that praesto esse alicui = to be or stand in the foremost place for or as respects one], at hand, ready, present, here; usually with esse (very freq. and class.).

Lit.:

ni tua propitia pax foret praesto,

Plaut. Trin. 4, 1, 18: sed ubi est frater? Chaer. Praesto adest, Ter. Eun. 5, 8, 20; id. Heaut. 1, 1, 120; so Att. Tr. 498:

quod adest praesto in primis placet,

Lucr. 5, 1412; Lact. 3, 7, 10:

sacrificiis omnibus praesto adesse,

id. 2, 16, 10;

more freq., praesto esse: ibi mihi praesto fuit L. Lucilius,

Cic. Fam. 3, 5, 1:

togulae lictoribus ad portam praesto fuerunt,

id. Pis. 23, 55:

tibi nulla fuit clementia praesto?

hadst thou no compassion? Cat. 64, 137: praesto esse, to arrive, appear:

hirundines aestivo tempore praesto sunt,

Auct. Her. 4, 48, 61.—Without esse ( poet.):

era, eccum praesto militem,

Plaut. Mil. 4, 6, 1:

ipsum adeo praesto video,

Ter. And. 2, 5, 4; Stat. Th. 6, 643.—

In partic: praesto esse or adire

To be at hand, to attend or wait upon, to serve, aid:

ero meo ut omnibus locis sine praesto,

Plaut. Men. 5, 6, 26:

jus civile didicit, praesto multis fuit,

Cic. Mur. 9, 19:

praesto esse clientem tuum?

id. Att. 10, 8, 3:

saluti tuae praesto esse, praesto esse virtutes ut ancillulas,

id. Fin. 2, 21, 69; id. Fam. 4, 14, 4:

ut ad omnia, quae tui velint, ita assim praesto, ut, etc.,

id. ib. 4, 8, 1; id. Att. 4, 12, 1 fin.;

also with videor,

id. ib. 4, 12, 1 fin. —With adire:

pauper erit praesto semper tibi, pauper adibit primus,

will be at hand, at your service, Tib. 1, 5, 61.—

With esse, to present one's self in a hostile manner, to resist, oppose:

si quis mihi praesto fuerit cum armatis hominibus,

Cic. Caecin. 30, 87:

quaestores cum fascibus mihi praesto fuerunt,

id. Verr. 2, 2, 4, § 11.

prae-sto, ĭti (post-class. also praestāvi), ātum or ĭtum, 1, v. n. and a.

Neutr., to stand before or in front.

Lit.:

dum primae praestant acies,

Luc. 4, 30.—

Trop., to stand out, be superior, to distinguish one's self, to be excellent, distinguished, admirable; constr. alicui aliquā re, alicui rei, in aliquā re, or absol. (class.):

cum virtute omnibus praestarent,

Caes. B. G. 1, 3:

quantum praestiterint nostri majores prudentiā ceteris gentibus,

Cic. de Or. 1, 44, 192:

quā re homines bestiis praestent,

id. Inv. 1, 4, 5:

hoc praestat amicitia propinquitati, quod, etc.,

id. Lael. 5, 19:

Zeuxin muliebri in corpore pingendo plurimum aliis praestare,

id. Inv. 2, 1, 1:

ceteris,

id. Ac. 1, 4, 16:

suos inter aequales longe praestitit,

id. Brut. 64, 230:

omnes homines, qui sese student praestare ceteris animalibus,

Sall. C. 1, 1:

praestare honestam mortem existimans turpi vitae,

Nep. Chabr. 4, 3:

quantum ceteris praestet Lucretia,

Liv. 1, 57, 7:

cernere, quantum eques Latinus Romano praestet,

id. 8, 7, 7:

quantum vel vir viro vel gens genti praestat!

id. 31, 7, 8:

genere militum praestare tironibus,

id. 42, 52, 10:

tantum Romana in bellis gloria ceteris praestat,

Quint. 1, 10, 14:

qui eloquentiā ceteris praestet,

id. 2, 3, 5; 2, 16, 17; Curt. 8, 14, 13; Just. 18, 3, 14; 28, 2, 11; 44, 3, 9:

sacro, quod praestat, peracto,

Juv. 12, 86:

probro atque petulantiā maxume praestabant,

were pre-eminent, distinguished themselves, Sall. C. 37, 5:

truculentiā caeli praestat Germania,

Tac. A. 2, 24:

cur alias aliis praestare videmus Pondere res rebus?

Lucr. 1, 358.—

Praestat, with a subjectclause, it is preferable or better:

nimio impendiosum praestat te, quam ingratum dicier,

it is much better, Plaut. Bacch. 3, 2, 12:

mori milies praestitit, quam haec pati,

it was better, Cic. Att. 14, 9, 2:

praestare dicunt, Gallorum quam Romanorum imperia perferre,

it is better, Caes. B. G. 1, 17:

motos praestat componere fluctus,

Verg. A. 1, 135; 3, 429; 6, 39.

To surpass, outstrip, exceed, [p. 1431] excel (not in Cic. or Cæs.; constr. usually aliquem aliquā re): qui primus in alterutrā re praestet alios, Varr. ap. Non. 502, 23; Varr. R. R. 2, 2, 10; 3, 1, 3:

quantum Galli virtute ceteros mortales praestarent,

Liv. 5, 36, 4:

qui belli gloriā Gallos omnes Belgasque praestabant,

Hirt. B. G. 8, 6:

praestate virtute peditem, ut honore atque ordine praestatis,

Liv. 3, 61, 7:

ut vetustate et gradu honoris nos praestent,

id. 7, 30, 4; 34, 34, 14; 37, 30, 2:

praestat ingenio alius alium,

Quint. 1, 1, 3; Val. Max. 3, 2, 21; 3, 2, ext. 7;

7, 2, 17: honore ceteros,

Nep. Att. 18, 5; 3, 3; id. Reg. 3, 5:

imperatores prudentiā,

id. Hann. 1, 1:

eloquentiā omnes eo tempore,

id. Epam. 6, 1.—Only aliquem, Stat. Th. 4, 838.—

To become surety for, to answer or vouch for, to warrant, be responsible for, to take upon one's self, etc. (class.):

ut omnes ministros imperii tui rei publicae praestare videare,

Cic. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 3:

quem tamen ego praestare non poteram,

id. Att. 6, 3, 5:

quanto magis arduum est alios praestare quam se, tanto laudabilius,

Plin. Pan. 83:

communem incertumque casum neque vitare quisquam nostrum, nec praestare ullo pacto potest,

Cic. Fam. 5, 17, 3: simus eā mente ut nihil in vitā nobis praestandum praeter culpam putemus, that we need only answer for guilt, i. e. keep ourselves clear of guilt, id. ib. 6, 1, 4:

impetus populi praestare nemo potest,

no one can be held to answer for the outbreaks of the people, id. de Or. 2, 28, 124:

periculum judicii,

id. Mur. 2, 3:

damnum alicui,

id. Off. 3, 16:

invidiam,

id. Sest. 28, 61:

nihil,

to be responsible for nothing, id. Q. Fr. 3, 1, 3; cf. in pass.:

cum id, quod ab homine non potuerit praestari, evenerit,

what none could vouch for that it would not happen, id. Tusc. 3, 16, 34. —With ab aliquā re:

ego tibi a vi praestare nihil possum,

Cic. Fam. 1, 4, 3.—With de:

quod de te sperare, de me praestare possum,

Cic. Fam. 4, 15, 2.—With an objectclause:

quis potest praestare, semper sapientem beatum fore, cum, etc.?

Cic. Tusc. 5, 10, 29; cf.:

(praedones) nullos fore, quis praestare poterat?

id. Fl. 12, 28:

meliorem praesto magistro Discipulum,

Juv. 14, 212.—With ut:

illius lacrimae praestant ut veniam culpae non abnuat Osiris,

Juv. 6, 539.—

In gen., to fulfil, discharge, maintain, perform, execute:

arbitramur nos ea praestitisse, quae ratio et doctrina praescripserit,

Cic. N. D. 1, 3, 7:

ultima exspectato, quae ego tibi et jucunda et honesta praestabo,

id. Fam. 7, 17, 2:

suum munus,

id. de Or. 2, 9, 38:

hospitii et amicitiae jus officiumque,

id. Fam. 14, 4, 2:

ne quem ejus paeniteret, praestiti,

I took care, exerted myself, Liv. 30, 30; Ov. Tr. 5, 14, 19:

quamcumque ei fidem dederis, ego praestabo,

I will fulfil, keep the promise, Cic. Fam. 5, 11, 2:

fidem alicui,

Liv. 30, 15:

pacem cum iis populus Romanus non ab se tantum, sed ab rege etiam Masinissa praestitit,

maintained, id. 40, 34:

tributa,

to pay, Juv. 3, 188:

annua,

id. 6, 480:

triplicem usuram,

id. 9, 7.— Pass.:

promissum id benignius est ab rege quam praestitum,

Liv. 43, 18, 11:

mea tibi tamen benevolentia fidesque praestabitur,

Cic. Fam. 12, 2, 3; so,

quibus (victoribus) senatūs fides praestabitur,

id. Phil. 14, 11, 30:

virtus vetat spectare fortunam dum praestetur fides,

id. Div. 2, 37, 79:

ni praestaretur fides publica,

Liv. 2, 28, 7.—

In partic.

To keep, preserve, maintain, retain:

pueri, quibus videmur praestare rem publicam debuisse,

Cic. Att. 10, 4, 5; Ov. M. 11, 748:

omnes socios salvos praestare poteramus,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 18, 55:

mors omnia praestat Vitalem praeter sensum calidumque vaporem,

Lucr. 3, 214. —

To show, exhibit, to prove, evince, manifest:

Pomptinius praestat tibi memoriam benevolentiamque, quam debet,

Cic. Fam. 3, 10, 3:

neque hercule in iis ipsis rebus eam voluntatem, quam exspectaram, praestiterunt,

id. ib. 1, 9, 5:

virtutem,

Caes. B. G. 2, 27:

benevolentiam,

Cic. Att. 11, 1, 1:

consilium suum fidemque,

id. de Or. 3, 33, 134. —With se, to show, prove, or behave one's self as: praesta te eum, qui, etc., show thyself such, as, etc., Cic. Fam. 1, 6, 2:

se incolumem,

Lucr. 3, 220:

se invictum,

Ov. Tr. 4, 10, 104:

teque praesta constanter ad omne Indeclinatae munus amicitiae,

show thyself constant, id. ib. 4, 5, 23:

Victoria nunc quoque se praestet,

show itself, id. ib. 2, 169: sed ne ad illam quidem artissimam innocentiae formulam praestare nos possumus, prove ourselves innocent even according to that rule, Sen. Ira, 2, 28, 1:

juris periti consultatoribus se praestabant,

showed themselves accessible, Dig. 1, 2, 2.— Poet.:

vel magnum praestet Achillem,

should show, prove, approve himself a great Achilles, Verg. A. 11, 438.—

To show, exhibit, manifest:

honorem debitum patri,

Cic. Phil. 9, 5, 12:

fratri pietatem,

id. Brut. 33, 126:

virtutem et diligentiam alicui,

id. Fam. 14, 3, 2:

frequentiam et officium alicui honores petenti,

Hirt. B. G. 8, 50:

obsequium,

Sen. Q. N. 2, 59, 8:

sedulitatem alicui rei,

to apply, Plin. Ep. 3, 18, 6.—

To give, offer, furnish, present, expose:

alicui certam summam pecuniae,

Suet. Dom. 9: cervicem, Sen. ap. Diom. p. 362 P.:

caput fulminibus,

to expose, Luc. 5, 770:

Hiberus praestat nomen terris,

id. 4, 23:

anser praestat ex se pullos atque plumam,

Col. 8, 13:

cum senatui sententiam praestaret,

gave his vote, Cic. Pis. 32, 80:

terga hosti,

to turn one's back to the enemy, to flee, Tac. Agr. 37:

voluptatem perpetuam sapienti,

to assume, Cic. Fin. 2, 27, 89.— Pass.:

pueri, quibus id (biduum) praestabatur,

was devoted, Quint. 1, prooem. § 7; cf.:

corpus, cui omnia olim tamquam servo praestabantur, nunc tamquam domino parantur,

Sen. Ep. 90, 19.—Hence, praestans, antis, P. a., pre-eminent, superior, excellent, distinguished, extraordinary.

In gen. (class.).

Of persons:

omnibus praestans et ingenio et diligentiā,

far surpassing all, Cic. Tusc. 1, 10, 22:

usu et sapientiā praestantes,

noted for their experience and wisdom, Nep. Timoth. 3, 2.— Comp.:

virginibus praestantior omnibus Herse,

superior to all, Ov. M. 2, 724.— Sup.:

in illis artibus praestantissimus,

Cic. de Or. 1, 50, 217:

praestantissimi studio atque doctrinā,

id. Ac. 1, 4, 17.—With gen.:

o praestans animi juvenis,

distinguished for courage, Verg. A. 12, 19:

belli,

Sil. 5, 92:

armorum,

Stat. Th. 1, 605:

praestantissimus sapientiae,

Tac. A. 6, 6.— Poet., with objectclause:

quo non praestantior alter Aere ciere viros,

whom no other excelled in rousing the men, Verg. A. 6, 164.—

Of things, pre-eminent, excellent, remarkable, extraordinary, distinguished:

praestanti corpore Nymphae,

Verg. A. 1, 71:

praestanti corpore tauri,

id. G. 4, 550:

formā,

id. A. 7, 483:

naturā excellens atque praestans,

Cic. N. D. 1, 20, 56:

qui a te tractatus est praestanti et singulari fide,

id. Fam. 3, 10, 3:

praestans prudentiā in omnibus,

Nep. Alc. 5, 1; Cic. Tusc. 5, 13, 38:

quid praestantius mihi potuit accidere?

id. Vatin. 3, 8.—

In partic.

Efficacious:

medicina,

Plin. 13, 24, 47, § 130:

usus praestantior,

id. 18, 13, 34, § 126:

calamus praestantior odore,

id. 12, 22, 48, § 105:

sucus sapore praestantissimus,

id. 15, 1, 2, § 5:

praestantissima auxilia,

id. 27, 13, 120, § 146.—

Sup.:

Praestantissimus,

a title of the later emperors, Nazar. 26; Tert. Cor. Mil. 1.— Hence, adv.: praestanter, excellently, admirably (post-Aug.); sup.:

praestantissime,

Plin. 28, 12, 50, § 186.

rĕ-prĭmo, pressi, pressum, 3, v. a., to press back, keep back; to check, curb, restrain (class., partic. in the trop. sense; cf.: repello, refuto).

Lit.: illa praedicta Veientium, si lacus Albanus redundasset, Romam periturum;

si repressus esset, Veios,

Cic. Div. 2, 32, 69:

amnem,

Flor. 1, 1, 3:

fontes,

Stat. Th. 5, 522:

alvum,

Cels. 2, 12; cf.:

medicamenta reprimentia,

id. 6, 6, 2; 6, 16, 2 al.:

vulvas procidentes,

Plin. 35, 15, 51, § 182:

sudorem,

id. 20, 13, 51, § 142:

labra,

Plaut. Cas. 2, 8, 16:

dextram,

Verg. A. 12, 939:

ensem,

Stat. Th. 11, 309:

retro pedem cum voce,

Verg. A. 2, 378.—

Of personal objects: represso jam Lucterio et remoto,

forced back, Caes. B. G. 7, 8; cf.:

aliquem repressum, non oppressum relinquere,

Cic. Mur. 15, 32.—

Trop. (the figure borrowed from the restraining, confining of a stream), to check, curb, restrain, limit, confine, repress:

difficilem quandam temperantiam postulant in eo, quod semel admissum coërceri reprimique non potest,

Cic. Fin. 1, 1, 2; cf.:

furorem exsultantem reprimere,

id. Sest. 44, 95:

intellego hanc rei publicae pestem paulisper reprimi, non in perpetuum comprimi posse,

id. Cat. 1, 12, 30:

memoria, non exstincta, sed repressa vetustate,

suppressed, id. Cael. 30, 71:

impetus hostium repressos esse intellegunt ac retardatos,

id. Imp. Pomp. 5, 13:

iis regios spiritus repressit,

Nep. Dion, 5, 5:

animi incitationem atque alacritatem non reprimere sed augere,

Caes. B. C. 3, 92 fin.:

cursum,

id. ib. 3, 93:

itinera,

Cic. Att. 10, 9:

fugam hostium,

Caes. B. G. 3, 14:

iracundiam,

Ter. Ad. 5, 3, 8; 9:

nunc reprimam susceptam objurgationem,

Cic. Att. 4, 16, 9 (15):

illius conatus,

id. Verr. 2, 2, 26, § 64:

consuetudinem peccandi,

id. ib. 2, 2, 22, §

53: fletum,

id. Rep. 6, 15, 15:

gemitum,

Ov. M. 9, 163 et saep.:

odium suum a corpore alicujus,

Cic. Sest. 55, 117:

famam,

id. Phil. 11, 10, 23:

ferocitatem,

id. Off. 2, 11, 40:

impetum,

id. Leg. 3, 12, 27.— Poet., with inf.: ast occasus ubi tempusve audere repressit, the bold undertaking, Enn. ap. Tert. p. 178 Müll. (Ann. v. 292 Vahl.).—

Of personal objects: quem neque fides, neque jusjurandum... Repressit,

has restrained, Ter. Ad. 3, 2, 9:

me... horum aspectus in ipso cursu orationis repressit,

Cic. Sest. 69, 144:

quem L. Murena repressum magnā ex parte, non oppressum reliquit,

id. Mur. 15, 32: reprimam me, ne aegre quicquam ex me audias, I will control myself, check or restrain myself, Ter. Hec. 5, 1, 38; so,

me,

id. Heaut. 1, 2, 25; Cic. Leg. 2, 17, 44:

hac repressi castigatione in proelium redeunt,

Just. 1, 6, 15; cf.

mid.: vix reprimor, quin te manere jubeam,

Plaut. Mil. 4, 8, 58:

se ab omni contagione vitiorum,

Plin. Pan. 83, 2.— Hence, adv.: rĕpressē, with restraint, constrainedly:

repressius peccare,

Gell. 12, 11, 5:

repressius actum est,

Amm. 29, 2, 12.

sēdo, āvi, ātum, 1, v. a. and n. [sedeo].

Act. (orig. to cause to sit, to seat; hence, of inanimate or abstract objects), to allay, settle, still, calm, assuage, appease, quiet, check, end, stop, stay, etc. (syn.:

mitigo, mulceo, lenio): cave putes, aut mare ullum aut flammam esse tantam, quam non facilius sit sedare quam effrenatam insolentiā multitudinem,

Cic. Rep. 1, 42, 65:

pulverem,

Phaedr. 2, 5, 18:

curriculum,

Cic. Arat. 125; cf.

vela,

i. e. to furl, Prop. 3 (4) 21, 20:

flammam,

id. 3 (4), 18, 5:

incendia,

Ov. R. Am. 117.—Mid.:

sedatis fluctibus,

having subsided, abated, lulled, Cic. Inv. 2, 51, 154:

sedatis ventis,

Ov. M. 15, 349; cf.:

tempestas sedatur,

Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 18, § 46.—Of hunger, thirst, etc.:

sitim,

to slake, quench, Lucr. 2, 663; 4, 850; Ov. M. 3, 415; Phaedr. 4, 4, 1; Suet. Oth. 11 al.:

famem ac sitim,

Plin. 11, 54, 119, § 284; cf.:

carne jejunia,

Ov. M. 15, 83:

lassitudinem,

Plaut. Bacch. 1, 1, 75; Nep. Eum. 9, 6:

pestilentiam,

Liv. 7, 3; Just. 20, 2, 8:

dolores aurium,

Plin. 29, 6, 39, § 133:

tumorem vulnerum,

id. 30, 13, 39, § 114; 20, 20, 81, § 211:

scabiem, pruritum,

id. 30, 13, 41, § 121 et saep.:

(populi impetus) aliquando incenditur, et saepe sedatur,

Cic. Leg. 3, 10, 24:

bellum intestinum ac domesticum,

id. Cat. 2, 13, 28; so,

bellum,

Nep. Dat. 8, 6:

pugnam,

id. Cat. 3, 3, 6:

proelium,

Liv. 34, 5:

seditionem,

Cic. Rep. 1, 38, 60; id. Att. 5, 14, 1:

tumultum,

Caes. B. C. 3, 18; 3, 106 fin.; Liv. 3, 15 al.:

discordias,

Cic. Phil. 1, 1, 1:

controversiam,

id. Leg. 1, 21, 54:

contentionem,

Liv. 39, 39:

invidiam et infamiam,

Cic. Verr. 1, 1, 1; cf.:

sermunculum omnem aut restinxerit aut sedarit,

id. Att. 13, 10, 2:

miserias,

Plaut. Poen. 5, 4, 107:

calamitatem, Ter. Hec. prol. alt. 24: mala,

Cic. Phil. 2, 18, 46.—Of feelings, passions, appetites, etc.:

in animis hominum motum dicendo vel excitare vel sedare,

Cic. de Or. 1, 46, 202:

mentes (opp. excitare),

id. ib. 1, 5, 17; cf.:

appetitus omnes,

id. Off. 1, 29, 103:

illā tertiā parte animi, in quā irarum exsistit ardor, sedatā atque restinctā,

id. Div. 1, 29, 61:

animos militum,

Liv. 26, 21:

iram,

Plaut. Merc. 5, 4, 1:

cupidinem,

id. Am. 2, 2, 210:

rabiem,

Hor. Epod. 12, 9:

pavorem,

Liv. 1, 16:

lamentationem,

id. 25, 37:

fletus,

Prop. 2, 16 (3, 8), 31:

curas,

Stat. Th. 12, 514:

vulnera mentis,

Ov. P. 4, 11, 19 et saep.—Rarely with personal objects:

affert potionem et te sedatum it,

Plaut. Curc. 1, 2, 22:

ut vix a magistratibus juventus sedaretur,

was quieted, brought to order, Liv. 21, 20:

tumultuantes deinde milites ipse sedavit,

Just. 12, 15, 2.—

Neutr., to become quiet, to lull, subside: postquam tempestas sedavit, Auct. ap. Gell. 18, 12, 6 (cf. the mid.: sedatur tempestas, supra).—Hence, sēdātus, a, um, P. a., composed, moderate, calm, quiet, tranquil, sedate (class.):

alter (Herodotus) sine ullis salebris quasi sedatus amnis fluit, alter (Thucydides) incitatior fertur,

Cic. Or. 12, 39:

in ipsis numeris sedatior,

id. ib. 52, 176:

sedatissimā et depressissimā voce uti,

Auct. Her. 3, 14, 24; cf.: Terenti, Latinā voce Menandrum sedatis vocibus effers, in gentle tones, Cic. poët. ap. Suet. Vit. Ter. 5:

oderunt Sedatum celeres, agilem gnavumque remissi,

Hor. Ep. 1, 18, 90:

scribere sedatiore animo,

Cic. Att. 8, 3, 7; cf.: olli sedato respondit corde Latinus. Verg. A. 12, 18:

amnes,

id. ib. 9, 30:

sedato gradu in castra abeunt,

Liv. 25, 37:

sedatius tempus,

Cic. Clu. 37, 103.— Adv.: sēdātē, calmly, tranquilly, sedately, Plaut. Men. 5, 6, 17; Cic. Tusc. 2, 20, 46; 2, 24, 58; id. Or. 27, 92. — Comp., Amm. 25, 1, 5.

văcŭus, a, um, adj. [vaco], empty, void, free, clear, devoid of, without something (freq. and class.; cf. inanis.)

In gen.

Lit., in material sense.

Absol.:

spatium vacuum,

Lucr. 1, 523; cf. id. 1, 394; 1, 509:

vacua castra,

Caes. B. G. 7, 45:

perque domos Ditis vacuas et inania regna,

Verg. A. 6, 269:

atria,

id. ib. 7, 379;

2, 528: porticus,

id. ib. 2, 761:

videntur Aëra per vacuum ferri,

id. G. 3, 109:

Acerrae,

unpeopled, id. ib. 2, 225:

Cumae,

Juv. 3, 2:

Ulubrae,

id. 10, 102:

agri,

Verg. G. 2, 54:

aurae,

id. A. 12, 592:

caelum,

id. ib. 5, 515:

oppida, Auct. B. Afr. 9: aliquam partem aedium vacuam facere,

Liv. 39, 14, 2:

aër,

Hor. C. 1, 3, 34:

theatrum,

id. Ep. 2, 2, 130:

aula,

id. C. 4, 14, 36:

tabellae,

Quint. 10, 3, 32:

numerus peditum in vicem prolapsorum equitum vacuos capientium ad pugnam equos,

Liv. 44, 26, 3:

lectus,

Prop. 2, 2, 1: Ov. M. 11, 471:

per vacuum locum inruperunt,

Liv. 25, 3, 18:

manus,

Quint. 11, 2, 42:

ossa vacuis exsucta medullis,

Juv. 8, 90: si vacuo ventre mulier fuit, not pregnant (opp. plenus), Dig. 29, 2, 84:

vultus,

without eyes, Sen. Oedip. 1012.—

With abl.:

nihil igni vacuum videri potest,

Cic. Univ. 4:

gladium vaginā vacuum in urbe non vidimus,

id. Marcell. 6, 17:

moenia defensoribus,

Liv. 42, 63, 6:

viae occursu hominum,

id. 5, 41, 5:

cultoribus agri,

Ov. M. 7, 653:

ense ebur,

id. ib. 4, 148:

arvum arboribus,

Col. 3, 11, 3:

loca fetu in vite,

id. 3, 10, 5:

pectus velamine,

Stat. Th. 1, 593.—

With ab and abl.:

Messana ab his rebus...vacua ac nuda est,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 2, § 3:

oppidum vacuum ab defensoribus,

without, Caes. B. G. 2, 12:

pars Galliae ab exercitu,

Hirt. B. G. 8, 46:

vacuum ab hostibus mare,

Liv. 37, 13, 6.—

With gen. (rare; mostly poet.):

ager aridus et frugum vacuus,

Sall. J. 90, 1:

Romana urbs annonae,

Mamert. Grat. Act. ad Julian. 14.—

Subst.: vă-cŭum, i, n., an empty space, an open or vacant place, a void, vacuity:

vacuum minus intus habere,

Lucr. 1, 367:

in vacuum poterunt se extendere rami,

Verg. G. 2, 287:

ne per vacuum incurreret hostis,

Hor. S. 2, 1, 37:

libera per vacuum posui vestigia princeps,

Hor. Ep. 1, 19, 21.—

Transf., free from, clear, devoid of, without.

With abl.:

animus per somnum sensibus et curis vacuus,

Cic. Div. 2, 11, 27:

molestiis,

id. Fam. 4, 4, 2:

cupiditate et timore,

id. Fin. 2, 10, 30:

consilium periculo,

id. Att. 10, 16, 2:

cum vacui curis etiam quid in caelo fiat scire avemus,

id. Fin. 2, 14, 46:

vacui negotiis vivere possimus,

id. ib. 4, 5, 12:

his rebus mens vacua,

id. Tusc. 3, 4, 9:

vacuus duellis Janus,

Hor. C. 4, 15, 8:

crimine nox vacua est,

Ov. F. 4, 581:

ille metu vacuus,

id. M. 3, 582:

nullum tempus sterile et vacuum beneficio,

Plin. Pan. 56, 2:

aemulatione,

Tac. A. 12, 2:

curā domesticā vacuus,

id. H. 1, 88:

tali culpā,

id. A. 6, 16:

tributo,

id. ib. 12, 61:

vacuam laboribus egi vitam,

Ov. Tr. 5, 3, 9.—

With ab and abl.:

Mamertini soli vacui, expertes, soluti ac liberi fuerunt ab omni sumptu, molestiā, munere,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 10, § 23:

a securibus et tributis,

Tac. A. 12, 34; 12, 61:

hora nulla vacua a furto, a scelere, crudelitate, flagitio reperietur,

Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 12, § 34:

nullus dies ab exercitationibus oratoriis,

id. Brut. 90, 309:

animus a talibus factis vacuus et integer,

id. Inv. 2, 7, 24:

cum ab omni molestiā vacuus esses,

id. Fam. 11, 16, 1:

domus a suspitione religionis vacua atque pura,

id. Har. Resp. 6, 11:

ab odio, amicitiā, irā atque misericordiā,

Sall. C. 51, 1:

a culpa,

id. ib. 14, 4: censores vacui ab operum locandorun;

curā,

Liv. 24, 18, 1.—

With gen.:

vacuas caedis habete manus,

Ov. A. A. 1, 642:

operum vacuus,

Hor. S. 2, 2, 119:

vacuas habuissem criminis umbras,

Ov. M. 6, 541:

composuit ad Caesarem litteras, quasi confecto bello verbis magnificas, rerum vacuas,

Tac. A. 15, 8.—

With dat. of that for which room or a vacancy exists or is made:

Aruns Tarquinius et Tullia minor, prope continuatis funeribus cum domos vacuas novo matrimonio fecissent, junguntur,

Liv. 1, 46, 9:

necato filio vacuam domum scelestis nuptiis fecisse,

Sall. C. 15, 2:

quanto molimine circumspectemus vacuam Romanis vatibus aedem (Apollinis),

Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 94.— Subst.: văcŭum, i, n., leisure:

aliquid invenire vacui,

Quint. 10, 6, 1.—

In partic. (cf. vaco, II.).

Free from labor or occupation, without business, at leisure, clear, disengaged, unoccupied, idle:

quoniam vacui sumus, dicam,

Cic. Leg. 1, 4, 13:

si es animo vacuo, expone nobis quod quaerimus... hunc elegimus diem, cum te sciremus esse vacuum,

id. Brut. 5, 20:

animus vacuus ac solutus,

id. Verr. 1, 9, 26:

aures vacuae atque eruditae,

Quint. 10, 1, 32:

aures,

Hor. Ep. 1, 16, 26; Ov. M. 4, 41; 12, 56:

pedibus vacuis terere Porticum,

id. A. A. 1, 491:

si quid vacui sub umbrā Lusimus,

Hor. C. 1, 32, 1:

cetera, quae vacuas tenuissent carmine mentes,

Verg. G. 3, 3:

ne vacuum esse me nunc ad narrandum credas,

Ter. And. 4, 2, 23:

ut animum vacuum ad res difficiles scribendas afferam,

Cic. Att. 12, 38, 3:

cum per tot menses vacuā civitate nemo controversiam fecerit,

Liv. 3, 40, 10.— Sup.:

nec rursus jubeo, dum sit vacuissima quaeras,

Ov. P. 3, 1, 141.— Poet., transf., of places in which to lounge or enjoy leisure, quiet, peaceful, undisturbed, etc.:

Tibur,

Hor. Ep. 1, 7, 45:

Athenae,

id. ib. 2, 2, 81:

tonsoris in umbrā,

id. ib. 1, 7, 50 (cf.:

otiosa Neapolis,

id. Epod. 5, 43).—Rarely of persons, free from care, calm, composed:

Rutilius animo vacuus,

i. e. careless, without apprehension, Sall. J. 52, 6:

haud animi vacuus,

quiet, Stat. Th. 5, 644:

cantamus vacui, sive quid urimur,

Hor. C. 1, 6, 19; so of one free from love, id. ib. 1, 5, 10.—Of female animals, not bearing young:

equa,

Col. 6, 37, 10.— Impers.: vacuum est, with inf., there is leisure, time, Sall. H. 1, 10; Tac. H. 2, 28.—

Of time, free, vacant, disengaged, leisure:

etiam si spatium ad dicendum nostro commodo vacuosque dies habuissemus,

Cic. Verr. 1, 17, 56:

cum vacui temporis nihil haberem,

id. Att. 2, 23, 1:

vacuam noctem operi dedere,

Liv. 3, 28, 7:

tempora,

Col. 12, 4, 1; cf. Luc. 3, 26.—

Of women, free, unmarried, single:

ubi mulier vacua fuit,

Tac. A. 13, 44: vacuis indicere nuptias, Pseudo - Quint. Decl. 376:

Hersilia,

i. e. widowed, Ov. M. 14, 831.—

Of possessions, free, vacant, without an occupant or master:

vacuam possessionem regni sperans,

Caes. B. C. 3, 112:

prudentiae doctrinaeque possessio... quasi caduca atque vacua,

Cic. de Or. 3, 31, 122:

centuria, id. Tull. § 17: sese praedia vacua filio traditurum,

id. Rosc. Am. 9, 26:

vacuam rempublicam tradere Hannibali,

Liv. 23, 2, 7:

ut impetus fiat in vacuam rempublicam,

Sall. C. 52, 23:

sacerdotia ut vacua contulit in alios,

Tac. A. 6, 40; cf.:

Syriam provinciam vacuam tum morte Atilii Rufi,

id. Agr. 40:

vacua Armenia,

without a ruler, id. A. 12, 50:

bona,

Dig. 38, 9, 1, § 12:

possessio,

ib. 41, 3, 4, § 22; Gai Inst. 4, 131.— Subst.: văcŭum, i, n.:

si quis casus puerum egerit Orco, In vacuum venias,

into the vacant property, Hor. S. 2, 5, 50:

ut in vacuum lege praeditoriā venalis pependerit,

Suet. Claud. 9; cf. Quint. 12, 9, 8.—

Without value, worthless, useless, empty, vain, unprofitable, = vanus (rare;

not anteAug.): si respublica et senatus et populus vacua nomina sunt,

Tac. H. 1, 30:

rem,

Petr. 102:

vacua et inanis productio verbi,

Gell. 11, 15, 6:

tollens vacuum plus nimio Gloria verticem,

her empty head, Hor. C. 1, 18, 15:

pecunia,

unused, unproductive, Dig. 19, 5, 24; cf. ib. 16, 3, 28.

văcŭus, a, um, adj. [vaco], empty, void, free, clear, devoid of, without something (freq. and class.; cf. inanis.)

In gen.

Lit., in material sense.

Absol.:

spatium vacuum,

Lucr. 1, 523; cf. id. 1, 394; 1, 509:

vacua castra,

Caes. B. G. 7, 45:

perque domos Ditis vacuas et inania regna,

Verg. A. 6, 269:

atria,

id. ib. 7, 379;

2, 528: porticus,

id. ib. 2, 761:

videntur Aëra per vacuum ferri,

id. G. 3, 109:

Acerrae,

unpeopled, id. ib. 2, 225:

Cumae,

Juv. 3, 2:

Ulubrae,

id. 10, 102:

agri,

Verg. G. 2, 54:

aurae,

id. A. 12, 592:

caelum,

id. ib. 5, 515:

oppida, Auct. B. Afr. 9: aliquam partem aedium vacuam facere,

Liv. 39, 14, 2:

aër,

Hor. C. 1, 3, 34:

theatrum,

id. Ep. 2, 2, 130:

aula,

id. C. 4, 14, 36:

tabellae,

Quint. 10, 3, 32:

numerus peditum in vicem prolapsorum equitum vacuos capientium ad pugnam equos,

Liv. 44, 26, 3:

lectus,

Prop. 2, 2, 1: Ov. M. 11, 471:

per vacuum locum inruperunt,

Liv. 25, 3, 18:

manus,

Quint. 11, 2, 42:

ossa vacuis exsucta medullis,

Juv. 8, 90: si vacuo ventre mulier fuit, not pregnant (opp. plenus), Dig. 29, 2, 84:

vultus,

without eyes, Sen. Oedip. 1012.—

With abl.:

nihil igni vacuum videri potest,

Cic. Univ. 4:

gladium vaginā vacuum in urbe non vidimus,

id. Marcell. 6, 17:

moenia defensoribus,

Liv. 42, 63, 6:

viae occursu hominum,

id. 5, 41, 5:

cultoribus agri,

Ov. M. 7, 653:

ense ebur,

id. ib. 4, 148:

arvum arboribus,

Col. 3, 11, 3:

loca fetu in vite,

id. 3, 10, 5:

pectus velamine,

Stat. Th. 1, 593.—

With ab and abl.:

Messana ab his rebus...vacua ac nuda est,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 2, § 3:

oppidum vacuum ab defensoribus,

without, Caes. B. G. 2, 12:

pars Galliae ab exercitu,

Hirt. B. G. 8, 46:

vacuum ab hostibus mare,

Liv. 37, 13, 6.—

With gen. (rare; mostly poet.):

ager aridus et frugum vacuus,

Sall. J. 90, 1:

Romana urbs annonae,

Mamert. Grat. Act. ad Julian. 14.—

Subst.: vă-cŭum, i, n., an empty space, an open or vacant place, a void, vacuity:

vacuum minus intus habere,

Lucr. 1, 367:

in vacuum poterunt se extendere rami,

Verg. G. 2, 287:

ne per vacuum incurreret hostis,

Hor. S. 2, 1, 37:

libera per vacuum posui vestigia princeps,

Hor. Ep. 1, 19, 21.—

Transf., free from, clear, devoid of, without.

With abl.:

animus per somnum sensibus et curis vacuus,

Cic. Div. 2, 11, 27:

molestiis,

id. Fam. 4, 4, 2:

cupiditate et timore,

id. Fin. 2, 10, 30:

consilium periculo,

id. Att. 10, 16, 2:

cum vacui curis etiam quid in caelo fiat scire avemus,

id. Fin. 2, 14, 46:

vacui negotiis vivere possimus,

id. ib. 4, 5, 12:

his rebus mens vacua,

id. Tusc. 3, 4, 9:

vacuus duellis Janus,

Hor. C. 4, 15, 8:

crimine nox vacua est,

Ov. F. 4, 581:

ille metu vacuus,

id. M. 3, 582:

nullum tempus sterile et vacuum beneficio,

Plin. Pan. 56, 2:

aemulatione,

Tac. A. 12, 2:

curā domesticā vacuus,

id. H. 1, 88:

tali culpā,

id. A. 6, 16:

tributo,

id. ib. 12, 61:

vacuam laboribus egi vitam,

Ov. Tr. 5, 3, 9.—

With ab and abl.:

Mamertini soli vacui, expertes, soluti ac liberi fuerunt ab omni sumptu, molestiā, munere,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 10, § 23:

a securibus et tributis,

Tac. A. 12, 34; 12, 61:

hora nulla vacua a furto, a scelere, crudelitate, flagitio reperietur,

Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 12, § 34:

nullus dies ab exercitationibus oratoriis,

id. Brut. 90, 309:

animus a talibus factis vacuus et integer,

id. Inv. 2, 7, 24:

cum ab omni molestiā vacuus esses,

id. Fam. 11, 16, 1:

domus a suspitione religionis vacua atque pura,

id. Har. Resp. 6, 11:

ab odio, amicitiā, irā atque misericordiā,

Sall. C. 51, 1:

a culpa,

id. ib. 14, 4: censores vacui ab operum locandorun;

curā,

Liv. 24, 18, 1.—

With gen.:

vacuas caedis habete manus,

Ov. A. A. 1, 642:

operum vacuus,

Hor. S. 2, 2, 119:

vacuas habuissem criminis umbras,

Ov. M. 6, 541:

composuit ad Caesarem litteras, quasi confecto bello verbis magnificas, rerum vacuas,

Tac. A. 15, 8.—

With dat. of that for which room or a vacancy exists or is made:

Aruns Tarquinius et Tullia minor, prope continuatis funeribus cum domos vacuas novo matrimonio fecissent, junguntur,

Liv. 1, 46, 9:

necato filio vacuam domum scelestis nuptiis fecisse,

Sall. C. 15, 2:

quanto molimine circumspectemus vacuam Romanis vatibus aedem (Apollinis),

Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 94.— Subst.: văcŭum, i, n., leisure:

aliquid invenire vacui,

Quint. 10, 6, 1.—

In partic. (cf. vaco, II.).

Free from labor or occupation, without business, at leisure, clear, disengaged, unoccupied, idle:

quoniam vacui sumus, dicam,

Cic. Leg. 1, 4, 13:

si es animo vacuo, expone nobis quod quaerimus... hunc elegimus diem, cum te sciremus esse vacuum,

id. Brut. 5, 20:

animus vacuus ac solutus,

id. Verr. 1, 9, 26:

aures vacuae atque eruditae,

Quint. 10, 1, 32:

aures,

Hor. Ep. 1, 16, 26; Ov. M. 4, 41; 12, 56:

pedibus vacuis terere Porticum,

id. A. A. 1, 491:

si quid vacui sub umbrā Lusimus,

Hor. C. 1, 32, 1:

cetera, quae vacuas tenuissent carmine mentes,

Verg. G. 3, 3:

ne vacuum esse me nunc ad narrandum credas,

Ter. And. 4, 2, 23:

ut animum vacuum ad res difficiles scribendas afferam,

Cic. Att. 12, 38, 3:

cum per tot menses vacuā civitate nemo controversiam fecerit,

Liv. 3, 40, 10.— Sup.:

nec rursus jubeo, dum sit vacuissima quaeras,

Ov. P. 3, 1, 141.— Poet., transf., of places in which to lounge or enjoy leisure, quiet, peaceful, undisturbed, etc.:

Tibur,

Hor. Ep. 1, 7, 45:

Athenae,

id. ib. 2, 2, 81:

tonsoris in umbrā,

id. ib. 1, 7, 50 (cf.:

otiosa Neapolis,

id. Epod. 5, 43).—Rarely of persons, free from care, calm, composed:

Rutilius animo vacuus,

i. e. careless, without apprehension, Sall. J. 52, 6:

haud animi vacuus,

quiet, Stat. Th. 5, 644:

cantamus vacui, sive quid urimur,

Hor. C. 1, 6, 19; so of one free from love, id. ib. 1, 5, 10.—Of female animals, not bearing young:

equa,

Col. 6, 37, 10.— Impers.: vacuum est, with inf., there is leisure, time, Sall. H. 1, 10; Tac. H. 2, 28.—

Of time, free, vacant, disengaged, leisure:

etiam si spatium ad dicendum nostro commodo vacuosque dies habuissemus,

Cic. Verr. 1, 17, 56:

cum vacui temporis nihil haberem,

id. Att. 2, 23, 1:

vacuam noctem operi dedere,

Liv. 3, 28, 7:

tempora,

Col. 12, 4, 1; cf. Luc. 3, 26.—

Of women, free, unmarried, single:

ubi mulier vacua fuit,

Tac. A. 13, 44: vacuis indicere nuptias, Pseudo - Quint. Decl. 376:

Hersilia,

i. e. widowed, Ov. M. 14, 831.—

Of possessions, free, vacant, without an occupant or master:

vacuam possessionem regni sperans,

Caes. B. C. 3, 112:

prudentiae doctrinaeque possessio... quasi caduca atque vacua,

Cic. de Or. 3, 31, 122:

centuria, id. Tull. § 17: sese praedia vacua filio traditurum,

id. Rosc. Am. 9, 26:

vacuam rempublicam tradere Hannibali,

Liv. 23, 2, 7:

ut impetus fiat in vacuam rempublicam,

Sall. C. 52, 23:

sacerdotia ut vacua contulit in alios,

Tac. A. 6, 40; cf.:

Syriam provinciam vacuam tum morte Atilii Rufi,

id. Agr. 40:

vacua Armenia,

without a ruler, id. A. 12, 50:

bona,

Dig. 38, 9, 1, § 12:

possessio,

ib. 41, 3, 4, § 22; Gai Inst. 4, 131.— Subst.: văcŭum, i, n.:

si quis casus puerum egerit Orco, In vacuum venias,

into the vacant property, Hor. S. 2, 5, 50:

ut in vacuum lege praeditoriā venalis pependerit,

Suet. Claud. 9; cf. Quint. 12, 9, 8.—

Without value, worthless, useless, empty, vain, unprofitable, = vanus (rare;

not anteAug.): si respublica et senatus et populus vacua nomina sunt,

Tac. H. 1, 30:

rem,

Petr. 102:

vacua et inanis productio verbi,

Gell. 11, 15, 6:

tollens vacuum plus nimio Gloria verticem,

her empty head, Hor. C. 1, 18, 15:

pecunia,

unused, unproductive, Dig. 19, 5, 24; cf. ib. 16, 3, 28.

vīs, vis, f., plur. vīres, ĭum (class. only in nom., acc. and abl. sing. and in plur.; gen. sing. very rare; Tac. Or. 26; Dig. 4, 2, 1; Paul. Sent. 5, 30; dat. sing. vi, Auct. B. Afr. 69, 2; C. I. L. 5, 837; collat. form of the nom. and acc. plur. vis, Lucr. 3, 265; 2, 586; Sall. ap. Prisc. p. 707, or H. 3, 62 Dietsch; Messala ap. Macr. S. 1, 9, 14) [Gr. is, Wis, sinew, force; iphi, with might], strength, physical or mental; force, vigor, power, energy, virtue (cf. robur).

Lit.

In gen.

Sing.:

celeritas et vis equorum,

Cic. Div. 1, 70, 144:

magna vis eorum (urorum) et magna velocitas,

Caes. B. G. 6, 28:

contra vim atque impetum fluminis,

id. ib. 4, 17:

tempestatis,

id. B. C. 2, 14:

venti,

Lucr. 1, 271:

solis,

id. 4, 326 (301):

horrida teli,

id. 3, 170:

acris vini,

id. 3, 476:

ferri aerisque,

id. 5, 1286:

veneni,

Cic. Cael. 24, 58 et saep.—

Plur. (most freq. of physical strength):

non viribus aut velocitatibus aut celeritate corporum res magnae geruntur,

Cic. Sen. 6, 17:

nec nunc vires desidero adulescentis, non plus quam adulescens tauri aut elephanti desiderabam,

id. ib. 9, 27:

hoc ali vires nervosque confirmari putant,

Caes. B. G. 6, 21:

me jam sanguis viresque deficiunt,

id. ib. 7, 50 fin.:

perpauci viribus confisi transnatare contenderunt,

id. ib. 1, 53:

nostri integris viribus fortiter repugnare,

id. ib. 3, 4:

lacertis et viribus pugnare,

Cic. Fam. 4, 7, 2:

omnibus viribus atque opibus repugnare,

id. Tusc. 3, 11, 25:

non animi solum vigore sed etiam corporis viribus excellens,

Liv. 9, 16, 12:

validis viribus hastam contorquere,

Verg. A. 2, 50:

quicquid agas, decet agere pro viribus,

with all your might, Cic. Sen. 9, 27; so,

supra vires,

Hor. Ep. 1, 18, 22:

et neglecta solent incendia sumere vires,

id. ib. 1, 18, 85:

seu virium vi seu exercitatione multā cibi vinique capacissimus,

Liv. 9, 16, 13; cf.:

in proelii concursu abit res a Consilio ad vires vimque pugnantium,

Nep. Thras. 1, 4 dub. (Siebel. vires usumque).— Poet., with inf.:

nec mihi sunt vires inimicos pellere tectis,

Ov. H. 1, 109.—

In partic.

Energy, virtue, potency (of herbs, drugs, etc.):

in radices vires oleae abibunt,

Cato, R. R. 61, 1:

vires habet herba?

Ov. M. 13, 942:

egregius fons Viribus occultis adjuvat,

Juv. 12, 42. —

Vis, personified, the same as Juno, Aus. Idyll. de Deis; cf. Verg. A. 7, 432 Serv. —

Hostile strength, force, violence, = bia: EA POENA, QVAE EST DE VI, S. C. ap. Cic. Q. Fr. 2, 3, 5:

cum vi vis illata defenditur,

Cic. Mil. 4, 9; cf.:

celeri rumore dilato Dioni vim allatam,

Nep. Dion, 10, 1:

ne vim facias ullam in illam,

Ter. Eun. 4, 7, 37:

sine vi facere,

id. ib. 4, 7, 20:

vim afferre alicui,

Cic. Caecin. 21, 61; id. Verr. 2, 1, 24, § 62; 2, 4, 66, § 148:

adhibere,

id. Off. 3, 30, 110; id. Cat. 1, 8, 19:

praesidio tam valido et armato vim adferre,

Liv. 9, 16, 4:

iter per vim tentare,

by force, forcibly, Caes. B. G. 1, 14; so,

per vim,

id. B. C. 2, 13; Cic. Att. 7, 9, 4:

ne id quidem satis est, nisi docet, ita se possedisse nec vi nec clam nec precario possederit,

id. Caecin. 32, 92; so the jurid. formula in Lex Thoria ap. Grut. 202, 18; Dig. 41, 1, 22; Ter. Eun. 2, 3, 28:

vis haec quidem hercle est, et trahi et trudi simul,

Plaut. Capt. 3, 5, 92; Ter. Ad. 5, 8, 20:

naves totae factae ex robore ad quamvis vim et contumeliam perferendam (shortly afterwards: tantas tempestates Oceani tantosque impetus ventorum sustineri),

violence, shock, Caes. B. G. 3, 13:

caeli,

a storm, tempest, Plin. 18, 28, 69, § 278.—To avoid the gen. form (v. supra):

de vi condemnati sunt,

Cic. Phil. 2, 2, 4: de vi reus; id. Sest. 35, 75; id. Vatin. 17, 41:

ei qui de vi itemque ei qui majestatis damnatus sit,

id. Phil. 1, 9, 23; cf. id. ib. 1, 9, 21 sq. Halm ad loc.; Tac. A. 4, 13.—

In mal. part., force, violence: pudicitiam cum eriperet militi tribunus militaris... interfectus ab eo est, cui vim adferebat, Cic. Mil. 4, 9:

matribus familias vim attulisse,

id. Verr. 2, 1, 24, § 62:

vis allata sorori,

Ov. A. A. 1, 679:

victa nitore dei vim passa est,

id. M. 4, 233:

vim passa est Phoebe,

id. A. A. 1, 679.—

Transf., concr.

Quantity, number, abundance (cf.: copia, multitudo); with gen.:

quasi retruderet hominum me vis invitum,

Plaut. Ep. 2, 2, 66:

innumerabilis servorum,

Cic. Har. Resp. 11, 22:

in pompā cum magna vis auri argentique ferretur,

Cic. Tusc. 5, 32, 91:

vis magna pulveris,

Caes. B. C. 2, 26:

vis maxima ranunculorum,

Cic. Fam. 7, 18, 3:

argenti,

id. Prov. Cons. 2, 4:

vim lacrimarum profudi,

id. Rep. 6, 14, 14:

odora canum vis,

Verg. A. 4, 132; cf. absol.:

et nescio quomodo is, qui auctoritatem minimam habet, maximam vim, populus cum illis facit,

Cic. Fin. 2, 14, 44.—

Vires, military forces, troops:

praeesse exercitui, ut praeter auctoritatem vires quoque ad coërcendum haberet,

Caes. B. C. 3, 57:

satis virium ad certamen,

Liv. 3, 60, 4:

undique contractis viribus signa cum Papirio conferre,

id. 9, 13, 12:

robur omne virium ejus regni,

the flower, id. 33, 4, 4:

concitet et vires Graecia magna suas,

Ov. H. 15 (16), 340.—

Vires, the virile forces or organs, Arn. 5, 158; 5, 163; Inscr. Orell. 2322; 2332:

veluti castratis viribus,

Plin. 11, 18, 19, § 60; cf.:

vis (= vires) multas possidere in se,

Lucr. 2, 586.—Rarely sing.:

vis genitalis,

Tac. A. 6, 18.—

Trop.

Mental strength, power, force, vigor:

vis illa divina et virtus oratoris,

Cic. de Or. 2, 27, 120:

vis ac facultas oratoris,

id. ib. 1, 31, 142:

suavitatem Isocrates... sonitum Aeschines, vim Demosthenes habuit,

id. ib. 3, 7, 28:

summa ingenii,

id. Phil. 5, 18, 49:

magna vis est conscientiae in utramque partem,

id. Mil. 23, 61:

magna vis est in fortunā in utramque partem,

id. Off. 2, 6, 19:

patriae,

id. de Or. 1, 44, 196:

quod ostentum habuit hanc vim, ut, etc.,

power, effect, id. Div. 1, 33, 73:

qui indignitate suā vim ac jus magistratui quem gerebat dempsisset,

Liv. 26, 12, 8:

hujus conventionis,

Dig. 43, 25, 12.— Plur. (post-Aug.):

eloquentiae,

Quint. 5, 1, 2:

facilitatis,

id. 12, 9, 20:

ingenii,

id. 1, 2, 23; 12, 1, 32:

orationis,

id. 8, 3, 87.—

Transf., of abstr. things, force, notion, meaning, sense, import, nature, essence (cf. significatio):

id, in quo est omnis vis amicitiae,

Cic. Lael. 4, 15:

eloquentiae vis et natura,

id. Or. 31, 112:

vis honesti (with natura),

id. Off. 1, 6, 18; cf. id. Fin. 1, 16, 50:

virtutis,

id. Fam. 9, 16, 5:

quae est alia vis legis?

id. Dom. 20, 53:

vis, natura, genera verborum et simplicium et copulatorum,

i.e. the sense, signification, id. Or. 32, 115:

vis verbi,

id. Inv. 1, 13, 17; id. Balb. 8, 21:

quae vis insit in his paucis verbis, si attendes, si attendes, intelleges,

id. Fam. 6, 2, 3:

quae vis subjecta sit vocibus,

id. Fin. 2, 2, 6:

nominis,

id. Top. 8, 35: metônumia, cujus vis est, pro eo, quod dicitur, causam, propter quam dicitur, ponere, Quint. 8, 6, 23.