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accūsō

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1 accūsō

accūsō āvī, ātus, āre [ad + causa], to call to account, make complaint against, reproach, blame, accuse: alqm ut hostem: alqm graviter, quod, etc., Cs.: cum diis hominibusque accusandis senesceret, L.—Supin. acc.: me accusatum advenit, T.— Meton., of things, to blame, find fault with, throw the blame on: fortunas vestras: culpam alicuius. —In law, to call to account, bring to trial, prosecute, accuse, arraign, indict: accusant ii, qui in fortunas huius invaserunt: ambitūs alterum: ante actarum rerum accusari, for previous offences, N.: accusatus capitis, prosecuted capitally, N.: eum certis propriisque criminibus: crimine Pario accusatus, of treason in the matter of Paros, N.: ne quid accusandus sis, vide, T.: de pecuniis repetundis: inter sicarios et de veneficiis: Lysandrum, quod... conatus esset, etc., N.
* * *

accusare, accusavi, accusatus V

accuse, blame, find fault, impugn; reprimand; charge (w/crime/offense)

Latin-English dictionary > accūsō
2 accuso

ac-cūso (also with ss; cf. Cassiod. 2283 P.), āvi, ātum, 1, v. a. [fr. causa; cf. cludo with claudo], orig. = ad causam provocare, to call one to account, to make complaint against, to reproach, blame.
I.
In gen., of persons:
si id non me accusas, tu ipse objurgandus es,
if you do not call me to account for it, you yourself deserve to be reprimanded, Plaut. Trin. 1, 2, 59:
quid me accusas?
id. As. 1, 3, 21:
meretricem hanc primum adeundam censeo, oremus, accusemus gravius, denique minitemur,
we must entreat, severely chide, and finally threaten her, Ter. Hec. 4, 4, 94 sq.:
ambo accusandi,
you both deserve reproach, id. Heaut. 1, 1, 67:
cotidie accusabam,
I daily took him to task, id. ib. 1, 1, 50:
me accusas cum hunc casum tam graviter feram,
Cic. Att. 3, 13; id. Fam. 1, 1 Manut.:
me tibi excuso in eo ipso, in quo te accuso,
id. Q. Fr. 2, 2:
ut me accusare de epistularum neglegentia possis,
that you may blame me for my tardiness in writing, id. Att. 1, 6. —Also metaph. of things, to blame, find fault with:
alicujus desperationem,
Cic. Fam. 6, 1: inertiam adolescentium, id. de Or. 1, 58 (cf. incusare, Tac. H. 4, 42);
hence also: culpam alicujus,
to lay the fault on one, Cic. Planc. 4, 9; cf. id. Sest. 38, 80; id. Lig. 1, 2; id. Cael. 12, 29.—Hence,
II.
Esp.
A.
Transferred to civil life, to call one to account publicly (ad causam publicam, or publice dicendam provocare), to accuse, to inform against, arraign, indict (while incusare means to involve or entangle one in a cause); t. t. in Roman judicial lang.; constr. with aliquem alicujus rei (like katêgorein, cf. Prisc. 1187 P.):
accusant ii, qui in fortunas hujus invaserunt, causam dicit is, cui nihil reliquerunt,
Cic. Rosc. Am. 5:
numquam, si se ambitu commaculasset, ambitus alterum accusaret,
id. Cael. 7:
ne quis ante actarum rerum accusaretur,
that no one should be called to account for previous offences, Nep. Thras. 3, 2; Milt. 1, 7. Other rarer constructions are: aliquem aliquid (only with id, illud, quod), Plaut. Trin. 1, 2, 59; cf. Ter. Ph. 5, 8, 21:
aliquo crimine,
Cic. Verr. 1, 16; Nep. Milt. 8; id. Lys. 3, 4; id. Ep. 1 al.:
de pecuniis repetundis,
Cic. Clu. 41, 114; cf.:
de veneficiis,
id. Rosc. Am. 32, 90:
inter sicarios,
id. ib. 32; cf. Zumpt, § 446; Rudd. 2, 165 sq.; 169, note 4.—The punishment that is implied in the accusation is put in gen.:
capitis,
to accuse one of a capital crime, Nep. Paus. 2, 6; cf. Zumpt, § 447. —
B.
Casus accusandi, the fourth case in grammar, the accusative case, Var. L. L. 8, § 66 Müll.; v. accusativus.

Lewis & Short latin dictionary > accuso
3 accuso

to accuse, blame, find fault with.

Latin-English dictionary of medieval > accuso
4 sub-accūsō

sub-accūsō —, —, āre, to blame somewhat, find a little fault with: meum discessum: Vestorium.

Latin-English dictionary > sub-accūsō
5 non accuso nessuno

non accuso nessuno

I'm not accusing anybody o anyone

\

→ nessuno

Dizionario Italiano-Inglese > non accuso nessuno
6 accusare

accuse

law charge

accusare ricevuta acknowledge receipt

* * *

accusare v.tr.

1 ( incolpare) to accuse (s.o. of sthg., of doing); (form.) to charge (s.o. with sthg., with doing): l'accusò di aver dimenticato di chiudere la porta a chiave, he accused her of forgetting to lock the door; l'accusò di negligenza, he accused her of negligence; fu accusata ingiustamente di furto e licenziata, she was wrongly charged with theft and sacked

2 (dir.) to accuse (s.o. of sthg., of doing); to indict, to prosecute (s.o. for sthg., for doing); to charge (s.o. with sthg., with doing): fu accusato di omicidio, he was charged with murder // accusare qlcu. di crimini contro lo stato, to impeach s.o. for crimes against the state

3 (fig.) to blame: accusare il destino, to blame fate

4 ( rivelare, manifestare) to reveal, to betray: accusare stanchezza, to betray tiredness; parole che accusano una grande ignoranza, words that reveal (o show) great ignorance

5 ( dire di sentire) to complain (of sthg.): accusava un fortissimo mal di testa, she complained of a splitting headache

6 (comm.) to acknowledge: accusiamo ricevuta della Vs. lettera, we acknowledge receipt of your letter

7 ( carte) to declare, to call: accusò tre assi, he called three aces

8 ( scherma) to acknowledge.

◘ accusarsi v.rifl. to accuse oneself (of sthg., of doing): si accusò del furto, he accused himself of the theft.

* * *
[akku'zare] 1.
verbo transitivo

1) (incolpare) to accuse [ persona] (di of); to blame [destino, sfortuna] (di of); [fatto, prova] to point to, to incriminate [ persona]

2) dir. [ querelante] to accuse (di of); [polizia, giudice] to charge (di with)

essere accusato di omicidio — to face murder charges, to be arraigned on a charge of murder

3) (lamentare) to complain of [ mal di testa]

accusare stanchezza — to feel tired
2.
verbo pronominale accusarsi (se stessi) to take* the blame (di for), to say* one is guilty (di of)

••

accusare il colpo — to feel the blow

accusare ricevuta — to acknowledge receipt

* * *

accusare

/akku'zare/ [1]

I verbo transitivo

1 (incolpare) to accuse [ persona] (di of); to blame [destino, sfortuna] (di of); [fatto, prova] to point to, to incriminate [ persona]

2 dir. [ querelante] to accuse (di of); [polizia, giudice] to charge (di with); essere accusato di omicidio to face murder charges, to be arraigned on a charge of murder

3 (lamentare) to complain of [ mal di testa]; accusare stanchezza to feel tired

II accusarsi verbo pronominale

(se stessi) to take* the blame (di for), to say* one is guilty (di of)

IDIOMS

accusare il colpo to feel the blow; accusare ricevuta to acknowledge receipt.

Dizionario Italiano-Inglese > accusare
7 nessuno

1. adj no

non chiamare in nessun caso don't call in any circumstances

c'è nessuna notizia? is there any news?

2. pron nobody, no one

hai visto nessuno? did you see anyone or anybody?

* * *

nessuno agg.indef.

1 no; ( in presenza di altra negazione) any: nessun presidente fu mai più amato dal popolo, no president was ever more loved by the people; nessun concorrente si ritirò dalla gara, no competitors withdrew from the race; nessun colore le dona come l'azzurro, no colour suits her better than blue; non c'è nessuna novità, there is no news; non voleva nessuna ricompensa, he didn't want any reward; non ha nessuna pazienza con i bambini, he has no patience with children; non hai nessun motivo per lamentarti, you have no reason to complain; un episodio di nessun interesse, an uninteresting episode; persona di nessuna importanza, a person of no importance; non lo farei per nessuna ragione al mondo, I wouldn't do it for any reason whatever; non lo permetterò in nessun caso, under no circumstances will I allow it (o fam. there's no way I'll allow it); non siamo andati da nessuna parte, we went nowhere (o we didn't go anywhere); non ti posso aiutare in nessun modo, there is no way I can help you // nessuna cosa, nothing // nessuna persona, no one, nobody

2 ( nel significato di qualche spec. in frasi interr.) any: nessuna notizia?, any news?; hai nessun suggerimento da darmi?, have you got any advice to give me?; c'è nessun inglese fra voi?, are any of you English?; dimmi se ti serve nessun aiuto, tell me if you need any help

◆ pron.indef.

1 nobody, no one ( riferito a persone); none ( riferito a cose); ( accompagnato da un partitivo) none ( per persone e cose); ( in presenza di altra negazione) anybody, anyone, any; ( accompagnato da un partitivo) any: nessuno lo sa, nobody knows; nessuno mi ha mai detto una cosa simile, no one has ever said any thing like that to me before; non c'era nessuno ad attenderlo, there was no one to meet him; non parla mai con nessuno, he never talks to anyone; ''Ha telefonato qualcuno?'' ''No, nessuno'', ''Has anyone phoned?'' ''No, no one''; ''Quanti errori hai fatto?'' ''Nessuno'', ''How many mistakes did you make?'' ''None''; nessuno di noi è andato alla riunione, none of us went to the meeting; non ho visto nessuno di loro, I haven't seen any of them; nessuno dei presenti applaudì, none of those present applauded; non ho letto nessuno dei libri che mi hai prestato, I haven't read any of the books you lent me; non ha mantenuto nessuna delle promesse, he didn't keep any of his promises // nessuno dei due, neither (of them): nessuno dei due sembrava deciso a cedere, neither of them seemed ready to give in // nessun altro, ( di persona) nobody else, no one else, ( di cosa) no other, ( in presenza di altra negazione) anybody else, anyone else; any other: voglio parlare con lei e con nessun altro, I want to speak to her, and nobody else; mi interessa quel quadro, e nessun altro, I'm interested in that picture, and no other // figlio di nessuno, foundling (o waif), (fig.) loner // terra di nessuno, no man's land

2 (nel significato di qualcuno, spec. in frasi interr.) anybody, anyone; ( accompagnato da un partitivo) any: c'è nessuno?, is there anybody there?; c'è nessuno che voglia venire con me?, does anyone want to come with me?; guarda se c'è nessuno in casa, see if there's anyone at home; nessuno di voi lo sa?, do any of you know?; hai visto nessuno dei nostri amici?, have you seen any of our friends?

◆ s.m. nobody, no one: si dà tante arie, ma non è nessuno, he gives himself a lot of airs, but he's (a) nobody.

* * *
[nes'suno] nessuno (-a)
1. agg dav sm: nessun + consonante, vocale, nessuno + s impura, gn, pn, ps, x, z,; dav sf: nessuna + consonante, nessun' + vocale

1) (non uno) no, not any, (espressione negativa) + any

nessun uomo è immortale — no man is immortal

nessun altro — no-one else, nobody else

nessun altro ti crederà — no one else will believe you

nessun altro voleva andarci — no one else wanted to go

non ho incontrato nessun altro — I didn't meet anyone else

non ho nessun dubbio — I have no doubts

non ha fatto nessun commento — he didn't make any comment

non c'è nessun bisogno — there's no need, there isn't any need

in nessun caso — under no circumstances

in nessun luogo — nowhere

da nessuna parte — not... anywhere

non riesco a trovarlo da nessuna parte — I can't find it anywhere

nessun'altra cosa — nothing else

per nessuna cosa nel mondo — not for anything in the world

2) (qualche) any

nessuna obiezione? — any objections?

2. pron

1) (non uno) no-one, nobody, espressione negativa + anyone, (cosa) none, espressione negativa + any

nessuno di — (riferito a persone, cose) none of

nessuno mi crede — no-one believes me

nessuno si muova! — nobody move!

non c'era nessuno — there was no-one there, there wasn't anyone there

non è venuto nessuno — nobody came

non dirlo a nessuno — don't tell that to anybody

nessuno di loro/dei presenti — none of them/of those present

non è venuto nessuno di loro — none of them came

non è venuto nessuno dei due — neither of them came

non mi fido di nessuno dei due — I don't trust either of them

ha molti libri ma non me ne piace nessuno — he has lots of books but I don't like any of them

non ne ho letto nessuno — I haven't read any of them, I have read none of them

2) (qualcuno) anyone, anybody

ha telefonato nessuno? — did anyone phone?

hai visto nessuno? — did you see anyone?

3. sm

(pegg : nullità) nobody, nonentity

e io chi sono, nessuno? — and who am I then, nobody?

con tutte quelle arie resta comunque un nessuno — despite his airs and graces, he's still a nobody

* * *
[nes'suno] 1.
aggettivo indefinito (for the alternation with nessun it follows the rules of the article uno)

1) no; (in presenza di altra negazione) any

non ha nessun difetto — he has no faults, he hasn't got any faults

nessun soldato è ritornato — none of the soldiers came back

in nessun modo — in no way, not in any way

nessun altro — nobody o no-one else

da -a parte, in nessun posto — nowhere

non sono andati da -a parte — they didn't go anywhere

nessun'altra città — no other town

2) (qualche) any

- a novità? — is there any news?
2.
pronome indefinito

1) (riferito a persona) nobody, no-one; (in presenza di altra negazione) anybody, anyone; (partitivo) none

nessuno è perfetto — nobody's perfect

non accuso nessuno — I'm not accusing anybody o anyone

non c'era quasi, mai nessuno — there was hardly, never anybody there

(che) nessuno esca! — nobody leave!

non ci sono per nessuno — if anybody asks for me, I'm not here

senza che nessuno lo sappia — without anybody knowing

nessuno di noi — none of us

non conosco nessuno dei suoi amici — I don't know any of his friends

non c'è nessuno intelligente quanto Jane — there's none so clever as Jane

2) (riferito a cosa) none; (in presenza di altra negazione) any

"hai ricevuto molte lettere?" - "-a!" — "did you receive many letters?" - "not one!" o "none!"

non ho letto nessuno dei vostri libri — I read none of your books, I haven't read any of your books

3) (tra due cose o persone) neither; (in presenza di altra negazione) either

- a delle due ragazze rispose — neither girl replied

non mi piace nessuno dei due — I don't like either (of them)

4) (qualcuno) anybody, anyone

c'è nessuno? — is anyone in?

non c'è nessuno qui che parli l'italiano? — does anybody here speak Italian?
3.
sostantivo maschile

non essere nessuno — to be a nobody

* * *

nessuno

/nes'suno/

Nessuno in italiano, e i suoi equivalenti inglesi, possono essere usati come aggettivi oppure come pronomi. - Come aggettivo, nessuno si rende con no ( nessuna speranza = no hope), e con any in una frase già negativa ( non fa mai nessun errore = she never makes any mistakes) o in frase interrogativa dove nessuno ha in realtà valore positivo (nessun'idea? = qualche idea? = any ideas?). - Più numerosi sono i traducenti inglesi del pronome nessuno, poiché, oltre a nobody e al suo sinonimo no-one ( non è venuto nessuno = nobody / no-one came), si usano: anybody o anyone, se c'è già un'altra negazione ( non parlo mai con nessuno = I never talk to anybody) o in frase interrogativa dove nessuno ha in realtà valore positivo (ho dimenticato nessuno? = ho dimenticato qualcuno? = have I forgotten anybody?); none, se nessuno ha valore partitivo e relativo, non assoluto: "questi sono i miei compagni di classe" "non ne conosco nessuno" = "these are my classmates" "I know none (of them)"; "ci sono delle auto in strada?" "nessuna" = "are there any cars in the street?" "none"; any, al posto di none in presenza di un'altra negazione: non conosco nessuno dei tuoi compagni = I don't know any of your classmates; neither, se nessuno si riferisce a due cose o persone: l'ho chiesto a entrambe, ma nessuna ha risposto = I asked them both, but neither answered; either, al posto di neither in presenza di un'altra negazione: non ho mai conosciuto nessuna (delle due) = I've never met either.

I aggettivo indefinito

(for the alternation with nessun it follows the rules of the article uno)

1 no; (in presenza di altra negazione) any; non ha nessun difetto he has no faults, he hasn't got any faults; nessun soldato è ritornato none of the soldiers came back; in nessun modo in no way, not in any way; nessun altro nobody o no-one else; da -a parte, in nessun posto nowhere; non sono andati da -a parte they didn't go anywhere; nessun'altra città no other town

2 (qualche) any; -a novità? is there any news?

II pronome indefinito

1 (riferito a persona) nobody, no-one; (in presenza di altra negazione) anybody, anyone; (partitivo) none; nessuno è perfetto nobody's perfect; non accuso nessuno I'm not accusing anybody o anyone; non c'era quasi, mai nessuno there was hardly, never anybody there; (che) nessuno esca! nobody leave! non ci sono per nessuno if anybody asks for me, I'm not here; senza che nessuno lo sappia without anybody knowing; nessuno di noi none of us; non conosco nessuno dei suoi amici I don't know any of his friends; non c'è nessuno intelligente quanto Jane there's none so clever as Jane

2 (riferito a cosa) none; (in presenza di altra negazione) any; "hai ricevuto molte lettere?" - "-a!" "did you receive many letters?" - "not one!" o "none!"; non ho letto nessuno dei vostri libri I read none of your books, I haven't read any of your books

3 (tra due cose o persone) neither; (in presenza di altra negazione) either; - a delle due ragazze rispose neither girl replied; non mi piace nessuno dei due I don't like either (of them)

4 (qualcuno) anybody, anyone; c'è nessuno? is anyone in? non c'è nessuno qui che parli l'italiano? does anybody here speak Italian?

III sostantivo m.

non essere nessuno to be a nobody.

Dizionario Italiano-Inglese > nessuno
8 excuso

ex-cūso ( excuss-), āvi, ātum, 1, v. a. [causa; cf. accuso, from ad-causa; qs. to release from a charge, to free from blame; hence], to excuse a person or thing.
I.
Lit.
(α).
With a personal object, aliquem alicui:
Atticae meae velim me ita excuses, ut omnem culpam in te transferas,
Cic. Att. 15, 28; cf.:
aliquem alicui per litteras,
id. Fam. 11, 15, 1; and:
his omnibus me vehementer excusatum volo,
id. Verr. 2, 1, 40, § 103.—With quod:
Titium excusavit Vespa Terentius, quod eum brachium fregisse diceret,
id. de Or. 2, 62, 253:
Libo excusat Bibulum, quod is, etc.,
Caes. B. C. 3, 16, 3:
primum me tibi excuso in eo ipso, in quo te accuso,
Cic. Q. Fr. 2, 2, 1:
se de aliqua re,
Caes. B. G. 4, 22, 1:
de me excusando apud Apuleium, dederam ad te litteras,
Cic. Att. 12, 14, 1:
se alicui,
Plaut. As. 4, 2, 4; Quint. 4, 1, 75 et saep.—In pass.:
cura, ut excuser morbi causa in dies singulos,
Cic. Att. 12, 13, 2: si citatus judex non responderit excuseturque Areopagites esse, etc., excuses himself as being, etc., id. Phil. 5, 5, 14:
dixi, cur excusatus abirem,
Hor. Ep. 1, 9, 7:
apud Appuleium in dies ut excuser videbis,
Cic. Att. 12, 15, 1:
me excusatum esse apud Appuleium a Laterense,
id. ib. 12, 17, 1.—
(β).
With inanim. or abstr. objects, to excuse, apologize for:
Varroni memineris excusare tarditatem litterarum mearum,
Cic. Att. 15, 26 fin.:
habitum permutatum,
Quint. 3, 7, 6:
palliolum, fascias, etc. (sola valetudo),
id. 11, 3, 144:
commentarios,
id. 10, 7, 31:
missos ignes,
Ov. M. 2, 397;
dolorem,
id. ib. 4, 256:
toros,
Stat. Th. 2, 256:
reditum Agrippinae ob imminentem partum et hiemem,
her not returning, Tac. A. 1, 44.
II.
Transf.
A.
Aliquid (alicui), i. q. se propter aliquid, to allege in excuse, to plead as an excuse, to excuse one's self with.
(α).
With acc.:
propinquitatem excusavit,
Cic. Phil. 8, 1, 1:
morbum,
id. ib. 9, 4, 8:
inopiam (with calamitatem queri),
Caes. B. C. 3, 20, 3:
valetudinem,
Liv. 6, 22 fin.:
imbecillitatem,
Suet. Tib. 6:
vires,
Ov. M. 14, 462:
diversa,
Tac. A. 3, 11 et saep.:
ille Philippo Excusare laborem et mercenaria vincla, Quod non mane domum venisset, etc.,
Hor. Ep. 1, 7, 67:
dictatorem se apud patres excusare solitum,
Liv. 6, 39, 4:
aliquid apud aliquem,
Curt. 5, 10, 8; Suet. Tib. 68.— Pass.:
quae apud Vitellium excusanda erant,
Tac. H. 2, 85:
excusata necessitas praesentium,
id. ib. 1, 78:
excusata rei familiaris mediocritate,
Suet. Aug. 101:
excusatus languor faucium, propter quem non adesset,
id. Ner. 41 et saep.—
(β).
With an object-clause:
si prehensi sumus, excusemus, ebrios Nos fecisse, etc.,
Plaut. Aul. 4, 10, 19 (but in id. Merc. 2, 3, 126, the correct reading is incusato, v. Ritschl ad h. l.): excusanti, minus datum ad occultandam facinoris invidiam, Suet. Ner. 33; id. Aug. 69.—
B.
Aliquem ab aliqua re, aliqua re, or alicui rei, to excuse, absolve one from any thing; to discharge, dispense with one (postAug.):
a coepta (tutela) excusari,
Dig. 27, 1, 11:
collegarum filiorum tutela excusari,
ib. 9; cf. Ambros. in Psa. 1, § 46:
cui excusari mallet,
Tac. A. 1. 12; Vulg. Luc. 14, 19. But (class.):
se de aliqua re: legati venerunt, qui se de superioris temporis consilio excusarent, quod, etc.,
Caes. B. G. 4, 22, 1.—
C.
Se ab aliqua re, to shelter, protect one's self from any thing (post-class.):
ut invicom se a calore excusent (plantae),
Pall. Nov. 7, 2. —Hence,
D.
Aliquid aliqua re, to compensate, atone for any thing (post-Aug. and rare):
nefas armis,
Claud. de Bell. Get. 562; Stat. Th. 6, 44; Plin. Pan. 32, 4.—Hence, excūsātus, a, um, P. a., excused (postAug. and rare):
hoc et ego excusatior, si forte sum lapsus, et tu dignior laude,
Plin. Ep. 8, 14, 11; 4, 5, 4:
excusatissimus essem, etiamsi, etc.,
Sen. Const. Sap. 29.— Adv.: excūsātē, without blame, excusably:
fieri id videtur excusate,
Quint. 2, 1, 13.— Comp.:
quod exoratus excusatius facies,
Plin. Ep. 9, 21, 3; Tac. A. 3, 68; Just. 32, 2.

Lewis & Short latin dictionary > excuso
9 excusso

ex-cūso ( excuss-), āvi, ātum, 1, v. a. [causa; cf. accuso, from ad-causa; qs. to release from a charge, to free from blame; hence], to excuse a person or thing.
I.
Lit.
(α).
With a personal object, aliquem alicui:
Atticae meae velim me ita excuses, ut omnem culpam in te transferas,
Cic. Att. 15, 28; cf.:
aliquem alicui per litteras,
id. Fam. 11, 15, 1; and:
his omnibus me vehementer excusatum volo,
id. Verr. 2, 1, 40, § 103.—With quod:
Titium excusavit Vespa Terentius, quod eum brachium fregisse diceret,
id. de Or. 2, 62, 253:
Libo excusat Bibulum, quod is, etc.,
Caes. B. C. 3, 16, 3:
primum me tibi excuso in eo ipso, in quo te accuso,
Cic. Q. Fr. 2, 2, 1:
se de aliqua re,
Caes. B. G. 4, 22, 1:
de me excusando apud Apuleium, dederam ad te litteras,
Cic. Att. 12, 14, 1:
se alicui,
Plaut. As. 4, 2, 4; Quint. 4, 1, 75 et saep.—In pass.:
cura, ut excuser morbi causa in dies singulos,
Cic. Att. 12, 13, 2: si citatus judex non responderit excuseturque Areopagites esse, etc., excuses himself as being, etc., id. Phil. 5, 5, 14:
dixi, cur excusatus abirem,
Hor. Ep. 1, 9, 7:
apud Appuleium in dies ut excuser videbis,
Cic. Att. 12, 15, 1:
me excusatum esse apud Appuleium a Laterense,
id. ib. 12, 17, 1.—
(β).
With inanim. or abstr. objects, to excuse, apologize for:
Varroni memineris excusare tarditatem litterarum mearum,
Cic. Att. 15, 26 fin.:
habitum permutatum,
Quint. 3, 7, 6:
palliolum, fascias, etc. (sola valetudo),
id. 11, 3, 144:
commentarios,
id. 10, 7, 31:
missos ignes,
Ov. M. 2, 397;
dolorem,
id. ib. 4, 256:
toros,
Stat. Th. 2, 256:
reditum Agrippinae ob imminentem partum et hiemem,
her not returning, Tac. A. 1, 44.
II.
Transf.
A.
Aliquid (alicui), i. q. se propter aliquid, to allege in excuse, to plead as an excuse, to excuse one's self with.
(α).
With acc.:
propinquitatem excusavit,
Cic. Phil. 8, 1, 1:
morbum,
id. ib. 9, 4, 8:
inopiam (with calamitatem queri),
Caes. B. C. 3, 20, 3:
valetudinem,
Liv. 6, 22 fin.:
imbecillitatem,
Suet. Tib. 6:
vires,
Ov. M. 14, 462:
diversa,
Tac. A. 3, 11 et saep.:
ille Philippo Excusare laborem et mercenaria vincla, Quod non mane domum venisset, etc.,
Hor. Ep. 1, 7, 67:
dictatorem se apud patres excusare solitum,
Liv. 6, 39, 4:
aliquid apud aliquem,
Curt. 5, 10, 8; Suet. Tib. 68.— Pass.:
quae apud Vitellium excusanda erant,
Tac. H. 2, 85:
excusata necessitas praesentium,
id. ib. 1, 78:
excusata rei familiaris mediocritate,
Suet. Aug. 101:
excusatus languor faucium, propter quem non adesset,
id. Ner. 41 et saep.—
(β).
With an object-clause:
si prehensi sumus, excusemus, ebrios Nos fecisse, etc.,
Plaut. Aul. 4, 10, 19 (but in id. Merc. 2, 3, 126, the correct reading is incusato, v. Ritschl ad h. l.): excusanti, minus datum ad occultandam facinoris invidiam, Suet. Ner. 33; id. Aug. 69.—
B.
Aliquem ab aliqua re, aliqua re, or alicui rei, to excuse, absolve one from any thing; to discharge, dispense with one (postAug.):
a coepta (tutela) excusari,
Dig. 27, 1, 11:
collegarum filiorum tutela excusari,
ib. 9; cf. Ambros. in Psa. 1, § 46:
cui excusari mallet,
Tac. A. 1. 12; Vulg. Luc. 14, 19. But (class.):
se de aliqua re: legati venerunt, qui se de superioris temporis consilio excusarent, quod, etc.,
Caes. B. G. 4, 22, 1.—
C.
Se ab aliqua re, to shelter, protect one's self from any thing (post-class.):
ut invicom se a calore excusent (plantae),
Pall. Nov. 7, 2. —Hence,
D.
Aliquid aliqua re, to compensate, atone for any thing (post-Aug. and rare):
nefas armis,
Claud. de Bell. Get. 562; Stat. Th. 6, 44; Plin. Pan. 32, 4.—Hence, excūsātus, a, um, P. a., excused (postAug. and rare):
hoc et ego excusatior, si forte sum lapsus, et tu dignior laude,
Plin. Ep. 8, 14, 11; 4, 5, 4:
excusatissimus essem, etiamsi, etc.,
Sen. Const. Sap. 29.— Adv.: excūsātē, without blame, excusably:
fieri id videtur excusate,
Quint. 2, 1, 13.— Comp.:
quod exoratus excusatius facies,
Plin. Ep. 9, 21, 3; Tac. A. 3, 68; Just. 32, 2.

Lewis & Short latin dictionary > excusso
10 accūsābilis (ad-c-)

accūsābilis (ad-c-) e, adj. [accuso], that may be prosecuted, criminal: turpitudo (once).

Latin-English dictionary > accūsābilis (ad-c-)
11 accūsātiō

accūsātiō ōnis, f [accuso]; in judicial lang., a formal complaint, indictment, accusation, prosecution: accusatio crimen desiderat, i. e. must contain a charge: conflare, devise: relinquere, abandon: accusationi respondere, to defend against. — In gen., a complaint, accusation: Hannibalis, against Hannibal, L. — Meton., the office of prosecutor: ut tibi potissimum accusatio detur. — The bill of indictment, accuser's speech: accusationis libri, i. e. the orations against Verres.
* * *

accusationis N F

accusation, inditement; act/occasion of accusation; rebuke, reproof

Latin-English dictionary > accūsātiō
12 accūsātor

accūsātor ōris, m [accuso], the accuser, prosecutor, plaintiff: acres atque acerbi: sui capitis, L.—Meton., an accuser, betrayer: suus, N.
* * *

accusatoris N M

accuser, prosecutor at trial; plaintiff; informer

Latin-English dictionary > accūsātor
13 defenestrare

defenestrare v.tr.

1 to throw* (s.o.) out of the window

2 ( licenziare) to dismiss, to get* rid of (s.o.); (fam.) to sack, to throw* (s.o.) out: il nuovo magistrato fu defenestrato dopo poco tempo, after a short time the new judge was removed from office; accusò il capo di volerlo ingiustamente defenestrare, he accused the boss of wanting to sack him without cause.

* * *
[defenes'trare]
verbo transitivo

defenestrare qcn. — to throw sb. out of a window; fig. to oust o dismiss sb. abruptly

* * *

defenestrare

/defenes'trare/ [1]

verbo transitivo

defenestrare qcn. to throw sb. out of a window; fig. to oust o dismiss sb. abruptly.

Dizionario Italiano-Inglese > defenestrare
14 A

1.
A, a, indecl. n. (sometimes joined with littera), the first letter of the Latin alphabet, corresponding to the a, a of the other Indo-. European languages:
A primum est: hinc incipiam, et quae nomina ab hoc sunt, Lucil. ap. Terent. Scaur. p. 2255 P.: sus rostro si humi A litteram impresserit,
Cic. Div. 1, 13, 23:
ne in A quidem atque S litteras exire temere masculina Graeca nomina recto casu patiebantur,
Quint. 1, 5, 61.
II.
The sound of the A is short or long in every part of the word; as, ăb, păter, ită; ā, māter, frustrā. During a short period (between about 620 and 670 A. U. C. = from 134 to 84 B.C.) long a was written aa, probably first by the poet L. Attius, in the manner of the Oscan language; so we find in Latin inscriptions: AA. CETEREIS (i.e.a ceteris), CALAASI, FAATO, HAACE, MAARCIVM, PAAPVS, PAASTORES, VAARVS; and in Greek writing, MAAPKOPs PsIOS MAAPKEAAOS, KOINTON MAAPKION (like Osc. aasas = Lat. āra, Osc. Paapi = Lat. Pāpius, Osc. Paakul = Lat. Pāculus, Pācullus, Pācuvius, etc.), v. Ritschl, Monum. Epigr. p. 28 sq., and cf. Mommsen, Unterital. Dialekte, p. 210 sq. (The Umbrian language has gone a step farther, and written long a by aha, as Aharna, Naharcom, trahaf, etc.; cf. Aufrecht and Kirchhoff, Umbrische Sprachdenkm. p. 76 sq.) Vid. also the letters E and U.
III.
In etymological and grammatical formation of words, short a very often (sometimes also long a) is changed into other vowels.
A.
Short a is changed,
1.
, into long a —
a.
In consequence of the suppression of the following consonants at the end or in the middle of the word: ŭb, ā; vădis, vūs; ăg-, ăg-men, exāmen; tăg-, contūmino; căd-, cāsus. Hence also in the abl. sing. of the first decl., and in the particles derived from it. in consequence of the suppression of the original ablat. end. - d: PRAEDAD (Col. Rostr.), praedā; SENTENTIAD (S. C. de Bacch.), sententiā; EXTBAD (ib.), extrā; SVPRAD (ib.), suprā. —Hence,
b.
In perfect forms: scăb-o, scābi; căveo, cūvi; făv-eo, fāvi; păv-eo, pāvi (for scăbui, căvui, făvui, păvui).
c.
In other forms: ăgo, ambūges; păc-, păc-iscor, pâcis (pâx); săg-ax, sūgus, sāga; măc-er, mâcero; făg- (phagein), fūgus. (Contrary to analogy, ă remains short in dănunt, from dă-in-unt, V. Ritschl, l.l.p. 17.)
2.
Short a is changed into é or ē—
a.
Into é.
(α).
Most frequently in the second part of compounds, particularly before two consonants: facio, confectus; jacio, conjectus; rapio, dereptus; dăm-, damno, condemno; fāl-, fallo, fefelli; măn-, mando, commendo; scando, ascendo; ăp-, aptus, ineptus; ăr-, ars, iners, sollers; ăn-, annus, perennis; căpio, auceps; căput, triceps; ăgo, remex; jăcio, objex. And thus in Plautus, according to the best MSS., dispenno, dispessus from pando, compectus from compăciscor, anteceptus from capio (on the other hand, in Vergil, according to the best MS., aspurgo, attractare, deiractare, kept their a unchanged).
(β).
Sometimes ă is changed into ĕ also before one consonant (but in this case it is usually changed into ĭ; v. infra, 3. a. a.): grădior, ingrĕdior; pătior, perpĕtior; părio, repĕrio; păro, vitupĕro; ăp-, coepi (i. e. co-ŭpi); căno, tubicĕn, tibicĕn; in the reduplicated carcĕr (from carcar) farfŏrus (written also farfārus); and so, according to the better MSS., aequipĕro from păro, and defĕtigo from fătigo.
(γ).
In words taken from the Greek: talanton, talŏntum; phalara, phalŏrae; sisaron, sisŏr (but, according to the best MSS., cumŭra from kamara, not camŏra).
b.
Short a is changed to ē in some perfect forms: ăgo, ēgi; fūcio, féci; jăci, jĕci; frag-, frango, frēgi; căpio, cēpi, and păg-, pango, pēgi (together with pepĭgi and panxi, v. pango).
3.
Short a is changed to ĭ, a (most frequently in the second part of compounds)
(α).
before one consonant: ăgo, abĭgo; făcio, confĭcio; cădo, concĭdo; sălio, assĭlio; răpio, abrĭpio; păter, Juppĭter (in Umbrian lang. unchanged, Jupater), Marspĭter; Diespĭter, Opĭter; rătus, irrĭtus; ămicus, inìmicus (but ŭ remains unchanged in adŭmo, impătiens, and in some compounds of a later period of Roman literature, as praejacio, calefacio, etc.). —
(β).
Sometimes also before two consonants (where it is usually changed into ĕ; v. supra, 2. a. b.): tăg-, tango, contingo; păg-, pango, compingo (unchanged in some compounds, as peragro, desacro, depango, obcanto, etc.).
b.
ă is changed into ĭ in the reduplicated perfect forms: cădo, cecĭdi; căno, cecĭni; tăg-, tango, tetĭgi; păg-, pango, pepĭgi.
c.
Likewise in some roots which have ă: păg-, pignus; străg- (strangulo, strangô), stringo.
d.
In words taken from the Greek: mêchanê, machĭna; patanê, patĭna; bukanê, bucĭna; trutanê, trutĭna; balaneion, balĭneum; Katana, Catĭna (written also Catana); Akragas, Agrĭgentum.
4.
Short a is changed into short or long o.
a.
Into ŏ: scăbo, scobs; păr, pars, portio; dăm-, dŏmo; Fabii, Fŏvii (v. Paul. ex Fest. p. 87); marmaron, marmŏr; Mars, redupl. Marmar, Marmor (Carm. Fratr. Arv.).
b.
Into ō: dă-, dōnum, dōs; ăc-, ăcuo, ōcior (v. this art.).
5.
Short a is changed into ŭ —
a.
In the second part of compounds, particularly before l, p, and b: calco, inculco; salsus, insulsus; salto, exsulto; capio, occŭpo; răpio, surrupio and surruptus (also written surripio and surreptus); tăberna, contŭbernium; —before other consonants: quătio, conoŭtio; as, decussis; Mars, Mamŭrius, Mamŭralia; and once also condumnari (Tab. Bant. lin. 8, immediately followed by condemnatus, v. Klenze, Philol. Abhandl. tab. I., and Mommsen, Unterital. Dial. p. 149).
b.
In words of Greek origin: Hekabê, Hecŭba; skutalê, scutŭla; kraipalê, crapŭla; passalos, pessŭlus; aphlaston, aplustre; thriambos, triumphus.
c.
ă is perhaps changed into ŭ in ulciscor, compared with alc-, ulexô (arc-, arceo).
B.
Long a is sometimes changed into ē or ō.
1.
Into é: hālo, anhélo; fās-, féstus, profēstus; nām, némpe.
2.
Into ō: gnā-, gnārus, ignārus, ignōro. (But in general long a remains unchanged in composition: lābor, delūbor; gnàvus, ignūnus; fàma, infūmis.)
IV.
Contrary to the mode of changing Greek a into Latin e, i, o, u (v. supra), Latin a has sometimes taken the place of other Greek vowels in words borrowed from the Greek, as: lonchê, lancea; kulix, călix; Ganumêoês, Caiāmitus.
V.
The repugnance of the Latin Language to the Greek combined vowels ao has caused the translocation of them in Alumento for Daomeoôn (Paul. ex Fest. p. 18 Müll.).— Greek a is suppressed in Hercules from Hêraklês (probably in consequence of the inserted u; in late Latin we find Heracla and Heracula, cf. Ritschl, in Rhein. Mus. Neue Folge, vol. 12, p. 108).
VI.
Latin ă was early combined with the vowels i and u, forming the diphthongs ai and au; by changing the i into e, the diphthong ai soon became ae. So we find in the oldest inscriptions: AIDE, AIDLLIS, AIQVOM, GNAIVOD, HAICE, DVELONAI, TABELAI, DATAI, etc., which soon gave place to aedem, aedilis, aequom, Gnaeo, haec, Bellonae, tabellae, datae, etc. (the Col. Rostr. has PRAESENTE, PRAEDAD, and the S. C. de Bacch. AEDEM. The triphthong aei, found in CONQVAEISIVEI (?), is very rare; Miliar. Popil. lin. 11, v. Ritschl, l. l. p. 21). In some poets the old gen. sing. of the first decl. (- ai) is preserved, but is dissyllabic, āī. So in Ennius: Albūī Longūī, terrūī frugiferāī, frondosāī, lunāī, viāī; in Vergil: aulāī, aurāī, aquāī, pictāī; in Ausonius: herāī.
B.
ue as well as au are changed into other vowels.
1.
The sound of ae, e, and oe being very similar, these vowels are often interchanged in the best MSS., So we find caerimonia and cerimonia, caepa and cēpa, saeoulum and séculum; scaena and scēna; caelum and coelum, haedus and hoedus, macstus and moestus; cena, coena, and caena, etc.
2.
In composition and reduplications ae becomes í: aequus, iníquus; quaero, inquíro; laedo, illído; taedet, pertisum (noticed by Cic.); aestumo, exístumo; cuedo, cecídi, concído, homicida.
3.
ae is also changed into í in a Latinized word of Greek origin: Achaios (AchaiWos), Achíous.
4.
The diphthong au is often changed to ó and ú (the latter particularly in compounds): caudex, códex; Claudius, Clodius; lautus, lotus; plaustrum, plōstrum; plaudo, plōdo, explōdo; paululum, pōlulum; faux, suffōco; si audes (acc. to Cic. or acc. to others, si audies), sódes, etc.; claudo, inclūdo; causa, accūso. Hence in some words a regular gradation of au, o, u is found: claudo, clōdicare, clúdo; raudus, ródus, rúdus; caupo, cópa, cūpa; naugae, nōgae (both forms in the MSS. of Plautus), nūgae; fraustra, frode, frude (in MSS. of Vergil); cf. Ritschl, in Wintercatalog 1854-55, and O. Ribbeck, in Jahn's Neue Jahrb. vol. 77, p. 181 sq.—The change of au into oē and ō appears only in audio, (oboedio) obēdio.
5.
Au sometimes takes the place of av-: faveo, fautum, favitor, fautor; navis, navita, nauta; avis, auceps, auspex. So Latin aut corresponds to Sanscr. avo. (whence - vā, Lat. - ve), Osc. avti, Umbr. ute, ote; and so the Lat. preposition ab, through av, becomes au in the words aufero and aufugio (prop. av-fero, av-fugio, for ab-fero, ab-fugio). Vid. the art. ab init.
VII.
In primitive roots, which have their kindred forms in the sister-languages of the Latin, the original a, still found in the Sanscrit, is in Latin either preserved or more frequently changed into other vowels.
A.
Original a preserved: Sanscr. mātri, Lat. màter; S. bhrātri, L. fràter; S. nāsā, L. nàsus and nàris; S. ap, L. aqua; S. apa, L. ab; S. nāma, L. năm; S. ćatur, [p. 2] L. quattuor (in Greek changed: thettares); S. capūla, L. căput (in Greek changed: kephalê, etc.).
B.
Original a is changed into other Latin vowels—
1.
Into e: S. ad, L. ed (ĕdo); S. as, L. es (esse); S. pat, L. pet (peto); S. pād, L. pĕd (pès); S. dant, L. dent (dens); S. Çµan, L. gen (gigno); S. mā, L. mè-tior; S. saptan, L. septem; S. daśan, L. decem; S. śata, L. centum; S. aham, L. ŏgo; S. pāra, L. per; S. paśu, L. pŏcus; S. asva, L. ŏquus, etc.
2.
Into i: S. an-, a- (neg. part.), L. in-: S. ana (prep.), L. in; S. antar, L. inter; S. sama, L. similis; S. agni, L. ignis; S. abhra, L. imber; S. panéa, L. quinque, etc.
3.
Into o: S. avi, L. ŏvi (ovis); S. vać, L. vōc (voco); S. pra, L. pro; S. pā, L. po (pŏtum); S. nāma, L. nōmen; S. api, L. ŏb; S. navan, L. nŏvem; S. nava, L. nŏvus, etc.
4.
Into u: S. marmara, L. murmur.
5.
Into ai, ae: S. prati, L. (prai) prae; S. śaśpa, L. caespes.
6.
Into different vowels in the different derivatives: S. mā, L. mê-tior, mŏdus; S. praó, L. prŏcor, prŏcus; S. vah, L. vĕho, via.
C.
Sometimes the Latin has preserved the original a, while even the Sanscrit has changed it: Lat. pa-, pater, Sanscr. pd, pitri.
2.
As an abbreviation A. usually denotes the praenomen Aulus; A. A. = Auli duo, Inscr. Orell. 1530 (but A. A. = Aquae Aponi, the modern Abano, ib. 1643 sq.; 2620; 3011). The three directors of the mint were designated by III. VIRI A. A. A. F. F. (i. e. auro, argento, aeri flando, feriundo), ib. 569; 2242; 2379; 3134 al.;
so also A. A. A.,
ib. 3441 (cf. Cic. Fam. 7, 13 fin., and v. the art. Triumviri); A. D. A. agris dandis adsignandis, and A. I. A. agris judicandis adsignandis; A. O. amico optimo; A. P. a populo or aediliciae potestatis; A. P. R. aerario populi Romani. —Upon the voting tablets in judicial trials A. denoted absoluo; hence A. is called littera salutaris, Cic. Mil. 6, 15; v. littera. In the Roman Comitia A. (= antiquo) denoted the rejection of the point in question; v. antiquo. In Cicero's Tusculan Disputations the A. designated one of the disputants = adulescens or auditor, opp. to M. for magister or Marcus (Cicero); but it is to be remarked that the letters A and M do not occur in the best MSS. of this treatise; cf. edd. ad Cic. Tusc. 1, 5, 9.—In dates A. D. = ante diem; v. ante; A. U. C. = anno urbis conditae; A. P. R. C. anno post Romam conditam.
3.
a, prep.=ab, v. ab.
4.
ā, interj.=ah, v. ah.

Lewis & Short latin dictionary > A
15 a

1.
A, a, indecl. n. (sometimes joined with littera), the first letter of the Latin alphabet, corresponding to the a, a of the other Indo-. European languages:
A primum est: hinc incipiam, et quae nomina ab hoc sunt, Lucil. ap. Terent. Scaur. p. 2255 P.: sus rostro si humi A litteram impresserit,
Cic. Div. 1, 13, 23:
ne in A quidem atque S litteras exire temere masculina Graeca nomina recto casu patiebantur,
Quint. 1, 5, 61.
II.
The sound of the A is short or long in every part of the word; as, ăb, păter, ită; ā, māter, frustrā. During a short period (between about 620 and 670 A. U. C. = from 134 to 84 B.C.) long a was written aa, probably first by the poet L. Attius, in the manner of the Oscan language; so we find in Latin inscriptions: AA. CETEREIS (i.e.a ceteris), CALAASI, FAATO, HAACE, MAARCIVM, PAAPVS, PAASTORES, VAARVS; and in Greek writing, MAAPKOPs PsIOS MAAPKEAAOS, KOINTON MAAPKION (like Osc. aasas = Lat. āra, Osc. Paapi = Lat. Pāpius, Osc. Paakul = Lat. Pāculus, Pācullus, Pācuvius, etc.), v. Ritschl, Monum. Epigr. p. 28 sq., and cf. Mommsen, Unterital. Dialekte, p. 210 sq. (The Umbrian language has gone a step farther, and written long a by aha, as Aharna, Naharcom, trahaf, etc.; cf. Aufrecht and Kirchhoff, Umbrische Sprachdenkm. p. 76 sq.) Vid. also the letters E and U.
III.
In etymological and grammatical formation of words, short a very often (sometimes also long a) is changed into other vowels.
A.
Short a is changed,
1.
, into long a —
a.
In consequence of the suppression of the following consonants at the end or in the middle of the word: ŭb, ā; vădis, vūs; ăg-, ăg-men, exāmen; tăg-, contūmino; căd-, cāsus. Hence also in the abl. sing. of the first decl., and in the particles derived from it. in consequence of the suppression of the original ablat. end. - d: PRAEDAD (Col. Rostr.), praedā; SENTENTIAD (S. C. de Bacch.), sententiā; EXTBAD (ib.), extrā; SVPRAD (ib.), suprā. —Hence,
b.
In perfect forms: scăb-o, scābi; căveo, cūvi; făv-eo, fāvi; păv-eo, pāvi (for scăbui, căvui, făvui, păvui).
c.
In other forms: ăgo, ambūges; păc-, păc-iscor, pâcis (pâx); săg-ax, sūgus, sāga; măc-er, mâcero; făg- (phagein), fūgus. (Contrary to analogy, ă remains short in dănunt, from dă-in-unt, V. Ritschl, l.l.p. 17.)
2.
Short a is changed into é or ē—
a.
Into é.
(α).
Most frequently in the second part of compounds, particularly before two consonants: facio, confectus; jacio, conjectus; rapio, dereptus; dăm-, damno, condemno; fāl-, fallo, fefelli; măn-, mando, commendo; scando, ascendo; ăp-, aptus, ineptus; ăr-, ars, iners, sollers; ăn-, annus, perennis; căpio, auceps; căput, triceps; ăgo, remex; jăcio, objex. And thus in Plautus, according to the best MSS., dispenno, dispessus from pando, compectus from compăciscor, anteceptus from capio (on the other hand, in Vergil, according to the best MS., aspurgo, attractare, deiractare, kept their a unchanged).
(β).
Sometimes ă is changed into ĕ also before one consonant (but in this case it is usually changed into ĭ; v. infra, 3. a. a.): grădior, ingrĕdior; pătior, perpĕtior; părio, repĕrio; păro, vitupĕro; ăp-, coepi (i. e. co-ŭpi); căno, tubicĕn, tibicĕn; in the reduplicated carcĕr (from carcar) farfŏrus (written also farfārus); and so, according to the better MSS., aequipĕro from păro, and defĕtigo from fătigo.
(γ).
In words taken from the Greek: talanton, talŏntum; phalara, phalŏrae; sisaron, sisŏr (but, according to the best MSS., cumŭra from kamara, not camŏra).
b.
Short a is changed to ē in some perfect forms: ăgo, ēgi; fūcio, féci; jăci, jĕci; frag-, frango, frēgi; căpio, cēpi, and păg-, pango, pēgi (together with pepĭgi and panxi, v. pango).
3.
Short a is changed to ĭ, a (most frequently in the second part of compounds)
(α).
before one consonant: ăgo, abĭgo; făcio, confĭcio; cădo, concĭdo; sălio, assĭlio; răpio, abrĭpio; păter, Juppĭter (in Umbrian lang. unchanged, Jupater), Marspĭter; Diespĭter, Opĭter; rătus, irrĭtus; ămicus, inìmicus (but ŭ remains unchanged in adŭmo, impătiens, and in some compounds of a later period of Roman literature, as praejacio, calefacio, etc.). —
(β).
Sometimes also before two consonants (where it is usually changed into ĕ; v. supra, 2. a. b.): tăg-, tango, contingo; păg-, pango, compingo (unchanged in some compounds, as peragro, desacro, depango, obcanto, etc.).
b.
ă is changed into ĭ in the reduplicated perfect forms: cădo, cecĭdi; căno, cecĭni; tăg-, tango, tetĭgi; păg-, pango, pepĭgi.
c.
Likewise in some roots which have ă: păg-, pignus; străg- (strangulo, strangô), stringo.
d.
In words taken from the Greek: mêchanê, machĭna; patanê, patĭna; bukanê, bucĭna; trutanê, trutĭna; balaneion, balĭneum; Katana, Catĭna (written also Catana); Akragas, Agrĭgentum.
4.
Short a is changed into short or long o.
a.
Into ŏ: scăbo, scobs; păr, pars, portio; dăm-, dŏmo; Fabii, Fŏvii (v. Paul. ex Fest. p. 87); marmaron, marmŏr; Mars, redupl. Marmar, Marmor (Carm. Fratr. Arv.).
b.
Into ō: dă-, dōnum, dōs; ăc-, ăcuo, ōcior (v. this art.).
5.
Short a is changed into ŭ —
a.
In the second part of compounds, particularly before l, p, and b: calco, inculco; salsus, insulsus; salto, exsulto; capio, occŭpo; răpio, surrupio and surruptus (also written surripio and surreptus); tăberna, contŭbernium; —before other consonants: quătio, conoŭtio; as, decussis; Mars, Mamŭrius, Mamŭralia; and once also condumnari (Tab. Bant. lin. 8, immediately followed by condemnatus, v. Klenze, Philol. Abhandl. tab. I., and Mommsen, Unterital. Dial. p. 149).
b.
In words of Greek origin: Hekabê, Hecŭba; skutalê, scutŭla; kraipalê, crapŭla; passalos, pessŭlus; aphlaston, aplustre; thriambos, triumphus.
c.
ă is perhaps changed into ŭ in ulciscor, compared with alc-, ulexô (arc-, arceo).
B.
Long a is sometimes changed into ē or ō.
1.
Into é: hālo, anhélo; fās-, féstus, profēstus; nām, némpe.
2.
Into ō: gnā-, gnārus, ignārus, ignōro. (But in general long a remains unchanged in composition: lābor, delūbor; gnàvus, ignūnus; fàma, infūmis.)
IV.
Contrary to the mode of changing Greek a into Latin e, i, o, u (v. supra), Latin a has sometimes taken the place of other Greek vowels in words borrowed from the Greek, as: lonchê, lancea; kulix, călix; Ganumêoês, Caiāmitus.
V.
The repugnance of the Latin Language to the Greek combined vowels ao has caused the translocation of them in Alumento for Daomeoôn (Paul. ex Fest. p. 18 Müll.).— Greek a is suppressed in Hercules from Hêraklês (probably in consequence of the inserted u; in late Latin we find Heracla and Heracula, cf. Ritschl, in Rhein. Mus. Neue Folge, vol. 12, p. 108).
VI.
Latin ă was early combined with the vowels i and u, forming the diphthongs ai and au; by changing the i into e, the diphthong ai soon became ae. So we find in the oldest inscriptions: AIDE, AIDLLIS, AIQVOM, GNAIVOD, HAICE, DVELONAI, TABELAI, DATAI, etc., which soon gave place to aedem, aedilis, aequom, Gnaeo, haec, Bellonae, tabellae, datae, etc. (the Col. Rostr. has PRAESENTE, PRAEDAD, and the S. C. de Bacch. AEDEM. The triphthong aei, found in CONQVAEISIVEI (?), is very rare; Miliar. Popil. lin. 11, v. Ritschl, l. l. p. 21). In some poets the old gen. sing. of the first decl. (- ai) is preserved, but is dissyllabic, āī. So in Ennius: Albūī Longūī, terrūī frugiferāī, frondosāī, lunāī, viāī; in Vergil: aulāī, aurāī, aquāī, pictāī; in Ausonius: herāī.
B.
ue as well as au are changed into other vowels.
1.
The sound of ae, e, and oe being very similar, these vowels are often interchanged in the best MSS., So we find caerimonia and cerimonia, caepa and cēpa, saeoulum and séculum; scaena and scēna; caelum and coelum, haedus and hoedus, macstus and moestus; cena, coena, and caena, etc.
2.
In composition and reduplications ae becomes í: aequus, iníquus; quaero, inquíro; laedo, illído; taedet, pertisum (noticed by Cic.); aestumo, exístumo; cuedo, cecídi, concído, homicida.
3.
ae is also changed into í in a Latinized word of Greek origin: Achaios (AchaiWos), Achíous.
4.
The diphthong au is often changed to ó and ú (the latter particularly in compounds): caudex, códex; Claudius, Clodius; lautus, lotus; plaustrum, plōstrum; plaudo, plōdo, explōdo; paululum, pōlulum; faux, suffōco; si audes (acc. to Cic. or acc. to others, si audies), sódes, etc.; claudo, inclūdo; causa, accūso. Hence in some words a regular gradation of au, o, u is found: claudo, clōdicare, clúdo; raudus, ródus, rúdus; caupo, cópa, cūpa; naugae, nōgae (both forms in the MSS. of Plautus), nūgae; fraustra, frode, frude (in MSS. of Vergil); cf. Ritschl, in Wintercatalog 1854-55, and O. Ribbeck, in Jahn's Neue Jahrb. vol. 77, p. 181 sq.—The change of au into oē and ō appears only in audio, (oboedio) obēdio.
5.
Au sometimes takes the place of av-: faveo, fautum, favitor, fautor; navis, navita, nauta; avis, auceps, auspex. So Latin aut corresponds to Sanscr. avo. (whence - vā, Lat. - ve), Osc. avti, Umbr. ute, ote; and so the Lat. preposition ab, through av, becomes au in the words aufero and aufugio (prop. av-fero, av-fugio, for ab-fero, ab-fugio). Vid. the art. ab init.
VII.
In primitive roots, which have their kindred forms in the sister-languages of the Latin, the original a, still found in the Sanscrit, is in Latin either preserved or more frequently changed into other vowels.
A.
Original a preserved: Sanscr. mātri, Lat. màter; S. bhrātri, L. fràter; S. nāsā, L. nàsus and nàris; S. ap, L. aqua; S. apa, L. ab; S. nāma, L. năm; S. ćatur, [p. 2] L. quattuor (in Greek changed: thettares); S. capūla, L. căput (in Greek changed: kephalê, etc.).
B.
Original a is changed into other Latin vowels—
1.
Into e: S. ad, L. ed (ĕdo); S. as, L. es (esse); S. pat, L. pet (peto); S. pād, L. pĕd (pès); S. dant, L. dent (dens); S. Çµan, L. gen (gigno); S. mā, L. mè-tior; S. saptan, L. septem; S. daśan, L. decem; S. śata, L. centum; S. aham, L. ŏgo; S. pāra, L. per; S. paśu, L. pŏcus; S. asva, L. ŏquus, etc.
2.
Into i: S. an-, a- (neg. part.), L. in-: S. ana (prep.), L. in; S. antar, L. inter; S. sama, L. similis; S. agni, L. ignis; S. abhra, L. imber; S. panéa, L. quinque, etc.
3.
Into o: S. avi, L. ŏvi (ovis); S. vać, L. vōc (voco); S. pra, L. pro; S. pā, L. po (pŏtum); S. nāma, L. nōmen; S. api, L. ŏb; S. navan, L. nŏvem; S. nava, L. nŏvus, etc.
4.
Into u: S. marmara, L. murmur.
5.
Into ai, ae: S. prati, L. (prai) prae; S. śaśpa, L. caespes.
6.
Into different vowels in the different derivatives: S. mā, L. mê-tior, mŏdus; S. praó, L. prŏcor, prŏcus; S. vah, L. vĕho, via.
C.
Sometimes the Latin has preserved the original a, while even the Sanscrit has changed it: Lat. pa-, pater, Sanscr. pd, pitri.
2.
As an abbreviation A. usually denotes the praenomen Aulus; A. A. = Auli duo, Inscr. Orell. 1530 (but A. A. = Aquae Aponi, the modern Abano, ib. 1643 sq.; 2620; 3011). The three directors of the mint were designated by III. VIRI A. A. A. F. F. (i. e. auro, argento, aeri flando, feriundo), ib. 569; 2242; 2379; 3134 al.;
so also A. A. A.,
ib. 3441 (cf. Cic. Fam. 7, 13 fin., and v. the art. Triumviri); A. D. A. agris dandis adsignandis, and A. I. A. agris judicandis adsignandis; A. O. amico optimo; A. P. a populo or aediliciae potestatis; A. P. R. aerario populi Romani. —Upon the voting tablets in judicial trials A. denoted absoluo; hence A. is called littera salutaris, Cic. Mil. 6, 15; v. littera. In the Roman Comitia A. (= antiquo) denoted the rejection of the point in question; v. antiquo. In Cicero's Tusculan Disputations the A. designated one of the disputants = adulescens or auditor, opp. to M. for magister or Marcus (Cicero); but it is to be remarked that the letters A and M do not occur in the best MSS. of this treatise; cf. edd. ad Cic. Tusc. 1, 5, 9.—In dates A. D. = ante diem; v. ante; A. U. C. = anno urbis conditae; A. P. R. C. anno post Romam conditam.
3.
a, prep.=ab, v. ab.
4.
ā, interj.=ah, v. ah.

Lewis & Short latin dictionary > a
16 accusabilis

accūsābĭlis, e, adj. [accuso], blameworthy, reprehensible:
turpitudo,
Cic. Tusc. 4, 35, 75.

Lewis & Short latin dictionary > accusabilis
17 accusator

accūsātor, ōris, m. [id.], orig. one who calls another to account; hence, transferred to public life, an accuser, a plaintiff, esp. in a state-offence (while petitor signifies a plaintiff in private causes; yet accusator is often used for every kind of accuser, and then includes the petitor, v. accuso no. II. A.).
I.
In gen. (very freq.):
accusatorem pro omni actore et petitore appello,
Cic. Part. Or. 32, 110:
possumus petitoris personam capere, accusatoris deponere?
id. Quint. 13 fin.; cf. Quint. 6, 1, 36:
accusatores multos esse in civitate utile est, ut metu contineatur audacia,
Cic. Rosc. Am. 20:
acres atque acerbi,
id. Brut. 36:
vehemens et molestus,
id. ib. 34 fin.:
graves, voluntarii,
id. Leg. 3, 20, 47:
firmus verusque,
id. Div. in Caecil. 9, 29 al.:
eundem accusatorem capitis sui ac judicem esse,
Liv. 8, 32, 9:
ita ille imprudens ipse suus fuit accusator,
Nep. Lys. 4, 3:
graviter eos accusat quod, etc.,
Caes. B. G. 1, 16, 5:
accusatores tui,
Vulg. Act. 23, 35; 25, 18 al.—
II.
Esp., in silv. age, an informer, a denouncer (= delator):
accusatorum denuntiationes,
Suet. Aug. 66; so Juv. 1, 161.

Lewis & Short latin dictionary > accusator
18 accusatrix

accūsātrix, īcis, f. [id.], she who makes accusation against any one, a female accuser (v. accuso no. I.):
tu mi accusatrix ades,
Plaut. As. 3, 1, 10; so Plin. Ep. 10, 67; cf. Prisc. Op. Min. 102 Lind.

Lewis & Short latin dictionary > accusatrix
19 accusito

accūsĭto, āre, 1, v. freq. [accuso], to accuse:
nil erit quod deorum ullum accusites,
Plaut. Most. 3, 2, 23.

Lewis & Short latin dictionary > accusito
20 arguo

argŭo, ŭi, ūtum (ŭĭtum, hence arguiturus, Sall. Fragm. ap. Prisc. p. 882 P.), 3, v. a. [cf. argês, white; argos, bright; Sanscr. árgunas, bright; ragatas, white; and rag, to shine (v. argentum and argilla); after the same analogy we have clarus, bright; and claro, to make bright, to make evident; and the Engl. clear, adj., and to clear = to make clear; v. Curt. p. 171].
I.
A.. In gen., to make clear, to show, prove, make known, declare, assert, mênuein:
arguo Eam me vidisse intus,
Plaut. Mil. 2, 3, 66:
non ex auditu arguo,
id. Bacch. 3, 3, 65:
M. Valerius Laevinus... speculatores, non legatos, venisse arguebat,
Liv. 30, 23:
degeneres animos timor arguit,
Verg. A. 4, 13:
amantem et languor et silentium Arguit,
Hor. Epod. 11, 9; id. C. 1, 13, 7.— Pass., in a mid. signif.:
apparet virtus arguiturque malis,
makes itself known, Ov. Tr. 4, 3, 80:
laudibus arguitur vini vinosus Homerus,
betrays himself, Hor. Ep. 1, 19, 6.—
B.
Esp.
a.
With aliquem, to attempt to show something, in one's case, against him, to accuse, reprove, censure, charge with: Indicāsse est detulisse;
arguisse accusāsse et convicisse,
Dig. 50, 16, 197 (cf. Fest. p. 22: Argutum iri in discrimen vocari): tu delinquis, ego arguar pro malefactis? Enn. (as transl. of Eurip. Iphig. Aul. 384: Eit egô dikên dô sôn kakôn ho mê sphaleis) ap. Rufin. §
37: servos ipsos neque accuso neque arguo neque purgo,
Cic. Rosc. Am. 41, 120:
Pergin, sceleste, intendere hanc arguere?
Plaut. Mil. 2, 4, 27; 2, 2, 32:
hae tabellae te arguunt,
id. Bacch. 4, 6, 10:
an hunc porro tactum sapor arguet oris?
Lucr. 4, 487:
quod adjeci, non ut arguerem, sed ne arguerer,
Vell. 2, 53, 4:
coram aliquem arguere,
Liv. 43, 5:
apud praefectum,
Tac. A. 14, 41:
(Deus) arguit te heri,
Vulg. Gen. 31, 42; ib. Lev. 19, 17; ib. 2 Tim. 4, 2; ib. Apoc. 3, 19 al.—
b.
With the cause of complaint in the gen.; abl. with or without de; with in with abl.; with acc.; with a clause as object; or with ut (cf. Ramsh. p. 326; Zumpt, § 446).
(α).
With gen.:
malorum facinorum,
Plaut. Ps. 2, 4, 56 (cf. infra, argutus, B. 2.):
aliquem probri, Stupri, dedecoris,
id. Am. 3, 2, 2:
viros mortuos summi sceleris,
Cic. Rab. Perd. 9, 26:
aliquem tanti facinoris,
id. Cael. 1:
criminis,
Tac. H. 1, 48:
furti me arguent,
Vulg. Gen. 30, 33; ib. Eccl. 11, 8:
repetundarum,
Tac. A. 3, 33:
occupandae rei publicae,
id. ib. 6, 10:
neglegentiae,
Suet. Caes. 53:
noxae,
id. Aug. 67:
veneni in se comparati,
id. Tib. 49:
socordiae,
id. Claud. 3:
mendacii,
id. Oth. 10:
timoris,
Verg. A. 11, 384:
sceleris arguemur,
Vulg. 4 Reg. 7, 9; ib. Act. 19, 40 al.—
(β).
With abl.:
te hoc crimine non arguo,
Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 18; Nep. Paus. 3 fin. —
(γ).
With de:
de eo crimine, quo de arguatur,
Cic. Inv 2, 11, 37:
de quibus quoniam verbo arguit, etc.,
id. Rosc. Am. 29 fin.:
Quis arguet me de peccato?
Vulg. Joan. 8, 46; 16, 8.—
(δ).
With in with abl. (eccl. Lat.):
non in sacrificiis tuis arguam te,
Vulg. Psa. 49, 8.—
(ε).
With acc.: quid undas Arguit et liquidam molem camposque natantīs? of what does he impeach the waves? etc., quid being here equivalent to cujus or de quo, Lucr. 6, 405 Munro.—
(ζ).
With an inf.-clause as object:
quae (mulier) me arguit Hanc domo ab se subripuisse,
Plaut. Men. 5, 2, 62; id. Mil. 2, 4, 36:
occidisse patrem Sex. Roscius arguitur,
Cic. Rosc. Am. 13, 37:
auctor illius injuriae fuisse arguebatur?
id. Verr. 2, 1, 33:
qui sibimet vim ferro intulisse arguebatur,
Suet. Claud. 16; id. Ner. 33; id. Galb. 7:
me Arguit incepto rerum accessisse labori,
Ov. M. 13, 297; 15, 504.—
(η).
With ut, as in Gr. hôs (post-Aug. and rare), Suet. Ner. 7:
hunc ut dominum et tyrannum, illum ut proditorem arguentes,
as being master and tyrant, Just. 22, 3.—
II.
Transf. to the thing.
1.
To accuse, censure, blame:
ea culpa, quam arguo,
Liv. 1, 28:
peccata coram omnibus argue,
Vulg. 1 Tim. 5, 20:
tribuni plebis dum arguunt in C. Caesare regni voluntatem,
Vell. 2, 68; Suet. Tit. 5 fin.:
taciturnitatem pudoremque quorumdam pro tristitiā et malignitate arguens,
id. Ner. 23; id. Caes. 75:
arguebat et perperam editos census,
he accused of giving a false statement of property, census, id. Calig. 38:
primusque animalia mensis Arguit imponi,
censured, taught that it was wrong, Ov. M. 15, 73:
ut non arguantur opera ejus,
Vulg. Joan. 3, 20.—
2.
Trop., to denounce as false:
quod et ipsum Fenestella arguit,
Suet. Vit. Ter. p. 292 Roth.—With reference to the person, to refute, confute:
aliquem,
Suet. Calig. 8.—Hence, argūtus, a, um, P. a.
A.
Of physical objects, clear.
1.
To the sight, bright, glancing, lively:
manus autem minus arguta, digitis subsequens verba, non exprimens,
not too much in motion, Cic. de Or. 3, 59, 220 (cf. id. Or. 18, 59: nullae argutiae digitorum, and Quint. 11, 3, [p. 160] 119-123):
manus inter agendum argutae admodum et gestuosae,
Gell. 1, 5, 2:
et oculi nimis arguti, quem ad modum animo affecti sumus, loquuntur,
Cic. Leg. 1, 9, 27:
ocelli,
Ov. Am. 3, 3, 9; 3, 2, 83:
argutum caput,
a head graceful in motion, Verg. G. 3, 80 (breve, Servius, but this idea is too prosaic): aures breves et argutae, ears that move quickly (not stiff, rigid), Pall. 4, 13, 2:
argutā in soleā,
in the neat sandal, Cat. 68, 72.—
2.
a.. To the hearing, clear, penetrating, piercing, both of pleasant and disagreeable sounds, clear-sounding, sharp, noisy, rustling, whizzing, rattling, clashing, etc. (mostly poet.): linguae, Naev. ap. Non. p. 9, 24:
aves,
Prop. 1, 18, 30:
hirundo,
chirping, Verg. G. 1, 377:
olores,
tuneful, id. E. 9, 36: ilex, murmuring, rustling (as moved by the wind), id. ib. 7, 1:
nemus,
id. ib. 8, 22 al.—Hence, a poet. epithet of the musician and poet, clear-sounding, melodious:
Neaera,
Hor. C. 3, 14, 21:
poëtae,
id. Ep. 2, 2, 90:
fama est arguti Nemesis formosa Tibullus,
Mart. 8, 73, 7: forum, full of bustle or din, noisy, Ov. A.A. 1, 80:
serra,
grating, Verg. G. 1, 143:
pecten,
rattling, id. ib. 1, 294; id. A. 7, 14 (cf. in Gr. kerkis aoidos, Aristoph. Ranae, v. 1316) al.—Hence, of rattling, prating, verbose discourse:
sine virtute argutum civem mihi habeam pro preaeficā, etc.,
Plaut. Truc. 2, 6, 14:
[Neque mendaciloquom neque adeo argutum magis],
id. Trin. 1, 2, 163 Ritschl.—
b.
Trop., of written communications, rattling, wordy, verbose:
obviam mihi litteras quam argutissimas de omnibus rebus crebro mittas,
Cic. Att. 6, 5: vereor, ne tibi nimium arguta haec sedulitas videatur, Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 1. — Transf. to omens, clear, distinct, conclusive, clearly indicative, etc.:
sunt qui vel argutissima haec exta esse dicant,
Cic. Div. 2, 12 fin.:
non tibi candidus argutum sternuit omen Amor?
Prop. 2, 3, 24.—
3.
To the smell; sharp, pungent:
odor argutior,
Plin. 15, 3, 4, § 18.—
4.
To the taste; sharp, keen, pungent:
sapor,
Pall. 3, 25, 4; 4, 10, 26.—
B.
Of mental qualities.
1.
In a good sense, bright, acute, sagacious, witty:
quis illo (sc. Catone) acerbior in vituperando? in sententiis argutior?
Cic. Brut. 17, 65:
orator,
id. ib. 70, 247:
poëma facit ita festivum, ita concinnum, ita elegans, nihil ut fieri possit argutius,
id. Pis. 29; so,
dicta argutissima,
id. de Or. 2, 61, 250:
sententiae,
id. Opt. Gen. 2:
acumen,
Hor. A. P. 364:
arguto ficta dolore queri,
dexterously-feigned pain, Prop. 1, 18, 26 al. —
2.
In a bad sense, sly, artful, cunning:
meretrix,
Hor. S. 1, 10, 40: calo. id. Ep. 1, 14, 42:
milites,
Veg. Mil. 3, 6.—As a pun: ecquid argutus est? is he cunning? Ch. Malorum facinorum saepissime (i.e. has been accused of), Plaut. Ps. 2, 4, 56 (v. supra, I. B. a.).—Hence, adv.: argūtē (only in the signif. of B.).
a.
Subtly, acutely:
respondere,
Cic. Cael. 8:
conicere,
id. Brut. 14, 53:
dicere,
id. Or. 28, 98.— Comp.:
dicere,
Cic. Brut. 11, 42.— Sup.:
de re argutissime disputare,
Cic. de Or. 2, 4, 18.—
b.
Craftily:
obrepere,
Plaut. Trin. 4, 2, 132; Arn. 5, p. 181.

Lewis & Short latin dictionary > arguo

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Teorías de la conspiración masónica — El ojo que todo lo vé, alegoría del poder oculto atribuido a la masonería. Las teorías de la conspiración masónica son teorías conspirativas que atribuyen a la francmasonería un papel protagonista. Contenido 1 … Wikipedia Español
Lidia — Para otros usos de este término, véase Lidia (desambiguación) … Wikipedia Español
Jean Rouvier — es un historiador y escritor francés. Contenido 1 Biografía 2 Teorías 3 Obras 4 Bibliografía … Wikipedia Español
alter ego — ● alter ego nom masculin invariable (mots latins signifiant un autre moi même) Personne qui a toute la confiance d une autre et peut la remplacer en toutes circonstances. ● alter ego (synonymes) nom masculin invariable (mots latins signifiant un… … Encyclopédie Universelle
FISCALIS Promotor — inter Officiales Inquisitionis, in Eccl. Rom. quid muneris gerat, dicemus infra in voce Promotor. Moneo hîc saltem, postquam Inquisitor informationem recepit contra reum sibi denuntiatum, illo praesente Promotorem praesentare in iudicio libellum… … Hofmann J. Lexicon universale
LUTHERUS Martinus — cycnus a Ioh. Husso, A. C. 1415. post Saeculum promislus praedictusque: Natur est islebiae, A. C. 148. patre Ioh. matre Matgarethâ Lindemanniâ. A. C. 1501. Aet. An. 18. studiorum causâ, Erfurtum se contulit. A. C. 1505. magister artium, ad… … Hofmann J. Lexicon universale
accusa — ac·cù·sa s.f. 1. AU dichiarazione con cui si attribuisce a qualcuno una colpa, un abuso, una mancanza: muovere, formulare, fare un accusa, smentire, confutare un accusa, un accusa infamante 2. TS dir. imputazione, atto con cui qualcuno è chiamato … Dizionario italiano
accusare — ac·cu·sà·re v.tr. 1a. FO incolpare: mi accusò di aver mentito; rimproverare di qcs.: accusare qcn. di pigrizia Contrari: discolpare, giustificare, scolpare, scusare. 1b. TS dir. chiamare davanti ai giudici per rispondere di un reato: accusare qcn … Dizionario italiano

Словари и энциклопедии на Академике

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accūsō

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Словари и энциклопедии на Академике

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accūsō

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