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1930s

  • 1 Great Depression of 1930s

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > Great Depression of 1930s

  • 2 US Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act of the 1930s

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > US Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act of the 1930s

  • 3 scientists first conceived the idea of the atomic bomb in the 1930s

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > scientists first conceived the idea of the atomic bomb in the 1930s

  • 4 the country has been falling behind in research since 1930s

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > the country has been falling behind in research since 1930s

  • 5 this was a highly topical problem in the 1920s-1930s

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > this was a highly topical problem in the 1920s-1930s

  • 6 Depression of the 1930s

    Великая депрессия, глубокий экономический кризис, который поразил Соединенные Штаты, а также затронул деловую активность во всем мире. Депрессия, как полагают, началась с коллапса фондового рынка в октябре 1929 г. и завершилась в начале 1940-х годов, когда рост военных расходов, обусловленный второй мировой войной, повлек за собой укрепление экономики в целом.

    Англо-русский словарь по инвестициям > Depression of the 1930s

  • 7 Portuguese Communist Party

    (PCP)
       The Portuguese Communist Party (PCP) has evolved from its early anarcho-syndicalist roots at its formation in 1921. This evolution included the undisciplined years of the 1920s, during which bolshevization began and continued into the 1930s, then through the years of clandestine existence during the Estado Novo, the Stalinization of the 1940s, the "anarcho-liberal shift" of the 1950s, the emergence of Maoist and Trotskyist splinter groups of the 1960s, to legalization after the Revolution of 25 April 1974 as the strongest and oldest political party in Portugal. Documents from the Russian archives have shown that the PCP's history is not a purely "domestic" one. While the PCP was born on its own without Soviet assistance, once it joined the Communist International (CI), it lost a significant amount of autonomy as CI officials increasingly meddled in PCP internal politics by dictating policy, manipulating leadership elections, and often financing party activities.
       Early Portuguese communism was a mix of communist ideological strands accustomed to a spirited internal debate, a lively external debate with its rivals, and a loose organizational structure. The PCP, during its early years, was weak in grassroots membership and was basically a party of "notables." It was predominantly a male organization, with minuscule female participation. It was also primarily an urban party concentrated in Lisbon. The PCP membership declined from 3,000 in 1923 to only 40 in 1928.
       In 1929, the party was reorganized so that it could survive clandestinely. As its activity progressed in the 1930s, a long period of instability dominated its leadership organs as a result of repression, imprisonments, and disorganization. The CI continued to intervene in party affairs through the 1930s, until the PCP was expelled from the CI in 1938-39, apparently because of its conduct during police arrests.
       The years of 1939-41 were difficult ones for the party, not only because of increased domestic repression but also because of internal party splits provoked by the Nazi-Soviet pact and other foreign actions. From 1940 to 1941, two Communist parties struggled to attract the support of the CI and accused each other of "revisionism." The CI was disbanded in 1943, and the PCP was not accepted back into the international communist family until its recognition by the Cominform in 1947.
       The reorganization of 1940-41 finally put the PCP under the firm control of orthodox communists who viewed socialism from a Soviet perspective. Although Soviet support was denied the newly reorganized party at first, the new leaders continued its Stalinization. The enforcement of "democratic centralism" and insistence upon the "dictatorship of the proletariat" became entrenched. The 1940s brought increased growth, as the party reached its membership apex of the clandestine era with 1,200 members in 1943, approximately 4,800 in 1946, and 7,000 in 1947.
       The party fell on hard times in the 1950s. It developed a bad case of paranoia, which led to a witch hunt for infiltrators, informers, and spies in all ranks of the party. The lower membership figures who followed the united antifascist period were reduced further through expulsions of the "traitors." By 1951, the party had been reduced to only 1,000 members. It became a closed, sectarian, suspicious, and paranoiac organization, with diminished strength in almost every region, except in the Alentejo, where the party, through propaganda and ideology more than organizational strength, was able to mobilize strikes of landless peasants in the early 1950s.
       On 3 January 1960, Álvaro Cunhal and nine other political prisoners made a spectacular escape from the Peniche prison and fled the country. Soon after this escape, Cunhal was elected secretary-general and, with other top leaders, directed the PCP from exile. Trotskyite and Maoist fractions emerged within the party in the 1960s, strengthened by the ideological developments in the international communist movement, such as in China and Cuba. The PCP would not tolerate dissent or leftism and began purging the extreme left fractions.
       The PCP intensified its control of the labor movement after the more liberal syndical election regulations under Prime Minister Mar- cello Caetano allowed communists to run for leadership positions in the corporative unions. By 1973, there was general unrest in the labor movement due to deteriorating economic conditions brought on by the colonial wars, as well as by world economic pressures including the Arab oil boycott.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, the PCP enjoyed a unique position: it was the only party to have survived the Estado Novo. It emerged from clandestinity as the best organized political party in Portugal with a leadership hardened by years in jail. Since then, despite the party's stubborn orthodoxy, it has consistently played an important role as a moderating force. As even the Socialist Party (PS) was swept up by the neoliberal tidal wave, albeit a more compassionate variant, increasingly the PCP has played a crucial role in ensuring that interests and perspectives of the traditional Left are aired.
       One of the most consistent planks of the PCP electoral platform has been opposition to every stage of European integration. The party has regularly resisted Portuguese membership in the European Economic Community (EEC) and, following membership beginning in 1986, the party has regularly resisted further integration through the European Union (EU). A major argument has been that EU membership would not resolve Portugal's chronic economic problems but would only increase its dependence on the world. Ever since, the PCP has argued that its opposition to membership was correct and that further involvement with the EU would only result in further economic dependence and a consequent loss of Portuguese national sovereignty. Further, the party maintained that as Portugal's ties with the EU increased, the vulnerable agrarian sector in Portugal would risk further losses.
       Changes in PCP leadership may or may not alter the party's electoral position and role in the political system. As younger generations forget the uniqueness of the party's resistance to the Estado Novo, public images of PCP leadership will change. As the image of Álvaro Cunhal and other historical communist leaders slowly recedes, and the stature of Carlos Carvalhas (general secretary since 1992) and other moderate leaders is enhanced, the party's survival and legitimacy have strengthened. On 6 March 2001, the PCP celebrated its 80th anniversary.
        See also Left Bloc.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Portuguese Communist Party

  • 8 Tourism

       Although certain places in Portugal have attracted travelers since the 18th century, mass tourism did not begin until the 1960s. After 1780, English romantics such as Robert Southie, Lord Byron, and other foreign writers put the town of Sintra on the map of romantic places to visit. In the 1920s and 1930s, the town of Estoril, about 32 kilometers (18 miles) west of Lisbon, along the coast, began to be developed as a high-class resort town. During the 1930s, Estoril attracted wealthy Spaniards escaping from the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and, after World War II, displaced and dethroned ex-royalty from Europe. Tourism was encouraged in the late 1930s, when the Estado Novo began to restore Portuguese castles in connection with the Double Centenary Exposition of the Portuguese World in 1940, an event designed to attract visitors to Portugal. In the 1960s, the Estado Novo began to develop the infrastructure for a mass tourist industry. Hotels and golf courses were built, especially in the Algarve, and a national system of pousadas (government subsidized inns) was established in restored castles and other historic structures.
       During the 1960s, the number of tourists visiting Portugal reached 6 million per year. Tourists stayed away from Portugal during the turbulent years immediately after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, but returned during the 1980s, and the tourist industry has grown at a phenomenal rate ever since. The number of tourists rose from 7.3 million in 1981-82 to about 18.4 million in 1990. Expo '98, Portugal's worlds fair of 1998, attracted hundreds of thousands of additional visitors, mostly from Europe.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Tourism

  • 9 depression

    [-ʃən]
    1) (a state of sadness and low spirits: She was treated by the doctor for depression.) depression; nedtrykthed
    2) (lack of activity in trade: the depression of the 1930s.) depression; krise
    3) (an area of low pressure in the atmosphere: The bad weather is caused by a depression.) lavtryk
    4) (a hollow.) hulning; fordybning; sænkning
    * * *
    [-ʃən]
    1) (a state of sadness and low spirits: She was treated by the doctor for depression.) depression; nedtrykthed
    2) (lack of activity in trade: the depression of the 1930s.) depression; krise
    3) (an area of low pressure in the atmosphere: The bad weather is caused by a depression.) lavtryk
    4) (a hollow.) hulning; fordybning; sænkning

    English-Danish dictionary > depression

  • 10 slump

    1. verb
    1) (to fall or sink suddenly and heavily: He slumped wearily into a chair.) dumpe ned
    2) ((of prices, stocks, trade etc) to become less; to lose value suddenly: Business has slumped.) falde drastisk
    2. noun
    1) (a sudden fall in value, trade etc: a slump in prices.) kraftigt prisfald
    2) (a time of very bad economic conditions, with serious unemployment etc; a depression: There was a serious slump in the 1930s.) lavkonjunktur
    * * *
    1. verb
    1) (to fall or sink suddenly and heavily: He slumped wearily into a chair.) dumpe ned
    2) ((of prices, stocks, trade etc) to become less; to lose value suddenly: Business has slumped.) falde drastisk
    2. noun
    1) (a sudden fall in value, trade etc: a slump in prices.) kraftigt prisfald
    2) (a time of very bad economic conditions, with serious unemployment etc; a depression: There was a serious slump in the 1930s.) lavkonjunktur

    English-Danish dictionary > slump

  • 11 AS

    [ forma debole əz] [ forma forte æz] 1.

    as usual — come di solito, come al solito

    as I see it — per come la vedo io, secondo me

    knowing you as I do, you'll never get your degree — conoscendoti, non ti laureerai mai

    he lives abroad, as does his sister — vive all'estero, come sua sorella

    as with so many people in the 1960s, she... — come molte altre persone negli anni '60, lei...

    as with so much in this country, the system needs to be modernized — come molte altre cose in questo paese, il sistema ha bisogno di essere modernizzato

    2) (while, when) mentre; (over more gradual period of time) man mano che, via via che

    as he grew older, he grew richer — con il passare degli anni, diventava più ricco

    as a child, he... — da bambino, lui

    3) (because, since) siccome, poiché, dato che

    as you were out, I left a note — dato che eri uscito, ti ho lasciato un biglietto

    strange as it may seem, she never returned — sebbene possa sembrare strano, lei non ritornò mai

    comfortable as the house is, it's still very expensive — per quanto sia comoda, la casa è comunque troppo cara

    try as he might, he could not forget it — per quanto ci provasse, non riusciva a dimenticare

    5)

    the same... as — lo stesso... che

    7) as if come se

    he looked at me as if to say "I told you so" — mi guardò come per dire "te l'avevo detto"

    as if by accident, magic — come per caso, per magia

    2.
    2) (showing function, status) come, in qualità di

    speaking as his closest friend, I... — parlando come suo migliore amico, io...

    to treat sb. as an equal — trattare qcn. come un proprio pari

    4) as against contro, in confronto a

    75% this year as against 35% last year — il 75% di quest'anno contro il 35% dell'anno scorso

    5) as for quanto a, riguardo a
    6) as from, as of a partire da
    7) as such come, in quanto tale
    8) as to quanto a, riguardo a
    3.
    1) (expressing degree, extent)

    as... as... — così... come..., tanto... quanto...

    he is not as o so intelligent as you non è intelligente come te; he can't walk as fast as he used to non riesce più a camminare così velocemente come faceva un tempo; as fast as you can il più velocemente possibile; he's twice as strong as me è due volte più forte di me, ha il doppio della mia forza; I paid as much as he did ho pagato tanto quanto lui; as much, little as possible il più, meno possibile; as soon as possible il più presto o prima possibile; not nearly as much as non si avvicina neanche a, molto meno di; not as often non così spesso; the population may increase by as much as 20% l'aumento della popolazione può raggiungere ben il 20%, la popolazione può aumentare ben del 20%; as many as 10,000 people attended the demonstration ben 10.000 persone parteciparono alla manifestazione; she can play the piano as well as her sister suona il piano bene come sua sorella; they have a house in Nice as well as an apartment in Paris — hanno una casa a Nizza e un appartamento a Parigi

    as before, she... — come prima, lei...

    * * *
    [æz] 1. conjunction
    1) (when; while: I met John as I was coming home; We'll be able to talk as we go.) mentre, quando
    2) (because: As I am leaving tomorrow, I've bought you a present.) siccome, poiché
    3) (in the same way that: If you are not sure how to behave, do as I do.) come
    4) (used to introduce a statement of what the speaker knows or believes to be the case: As you know, I'll be leaving tomorrow.) come
    5) (though: Old as I am, I can still fight; Much as I want to, I cannot go.) come; sebbene, per quanto
    6) (used to refer to something which has already been stated and apply it to another person: Tom is English, as are Dick and Harry.) così come
    2. adverb
    (used in comparisons, eg the first as in the following example: The bread was as hard as a brick.) come, così (...) come (...), altrettanto (...) quanto (...)
    3. preposition
    1) (used in comparisons, eg the second as in the following example: The bread was as hard as a brick.) come, quanto
    2) (like: He was dressed as a woman.) come
    3) (with certain verbs eg regard, treat, describe, accept: I am regarded by some people as a bit of a fool; He treats the children as adults.) come
    4) (in the position of: He is greatly respected both as a person and as a politician.) come, in quanto
    •
    - as if / as though
    - as to
    * * *
    [ˌeɪ'ɛs]
    1. n abbr Am
    Univ, (= Associate in Sciences) laurea in discipline scientifiche
    2. abbr Am
    Post, (= American Samoa)
    * * *
    [ forma debole əz] [ forma forte æz] 1.

    as usual — come di solito, come al solito

    as I see it — per come la vedo io, secondo me

    knowing you as I do, you'll never get your degree — conoscendoti, non ti laureerai mai

    he lives abroad, as does his sister — vive all'estero, come sua sorella

    as with so many people in the 1960s, she... — come molte altre persone negli anni '60, lei...

    as with so much in this country, the system needs to be modernized — come molte altre cose in questo paese, il sistema ha bisogno di essere modernizzato

    2) (while, when) mentre; (over more gradual period of time) man mano che, via via che

    as he grew older, he grew richer — con il passare degli anni, diventava più ricco

    as a child, he... — da bambino, lui

    3) (because, since) siccome, poiché, dato che

    as you were out, I left a note — dato che eri uscito, ti ho lasciato un biglietto

    strange as it may seem, she never returned — sebbene possa sembrare strano, lei non ritornò mai

    comfortable as the house is, it's still very expensive — per quanto sia comoda, la casa è comunque troppo cara

    try as he might, he could not forget it — per quanto ci provasse, non riusciva a dimenticare

    5)

    the same... as — lo stesso... che

    7) as if come se

    he looked at me as if to say "I told you so" — mi guardò come per dire "te l'avevo detto"

    as if by accident, magic — come per caso, per magia

    2.
    2) (showing function, status) come, in qualità di

    speaking as his closest friend, I... — parlando come suo migliore amico, io...

    to treat sb. as an equal — trattare qcn. come un proprio pari

    4) as against contro, in confronto a

    75% this year as against 35% last year — il 75% di quest'anno contro il 35% dell'anno scorso

    5) as for quanto a, riguardo a
    6) as from, as of a partire da
    7) as such come, in quanto tale
    8) as to quanto a, riguardo a
    3.
    1) (expressing degree, extent)

    as... as... — così... come..., tanto... quanto...

    he is not as o so intelligent as you non è intelligente come te; he can't walk as fast as he used to non riesce più a camminare così velocemente come faceva un tempo; as fast as you can il più velocemente possibile; he's twice as strong as me è due volte più forte di me, ha il doppio della mia forza; I paid as much as he did ho pagato tanto quanto lui; as much, little as possible il più, meno possibile; as soon as possible il più presto o prima possibile; not nearly as much as non si avvicina neanche a, molto meno di; not as often non così spesso; the population may increase by as much as 20% l'aumento della popolazione può raggiungere ben il 20%, la popolazione può aumentare ben del 20%; as many as 10,000 people attended the demonstration ben 10.000 persone parteciparono alla manifestazione; she can play the piano as well as her sister suona il piano bene come sua sorella; they have a house in Nice as well as an apartment in Paris — hanno una casa a Nizza e un appartamento a Parigi

    as before, she... — come prima, lei...

    English-Italian dictionary > AS

  • 12 fashion

    I 1. ['fæʃn]
    1) (manner) modo m., maniera f.
    2) (vogue) moda f.

    in fashion, out of fashion — di moda, fuori moda

    to come into, go out of fashion — diventare, passare di moda

    2.
    modificatore [ accessory] di, alla moda; [ tights] fantasia
    3.
    nome plurale fashions

    Paris, 1930s fashions — la moda parigina, degli anni '30

    II ['fæʃn]
    verbo transitivo modellare [clay, wood] ( into in); fabbricare, fare [ artefact] ( out of, from con)
    * * *
    ['fæʃən]
    1) (the style and design of clothes: Are you interested in fashion?; ( also adjective) a fashion magazine.) moda; di moda
    2) (the way of behaving, dressing etc which is popular at a certain time: Fashions in music and art are always changing.) moda
    3) (a way of doing something: She spoke in a very strange fashion.) modo
    •
    - fashionably
    - after a fashion
    - all the fashion
    - in fashion
    - out of fashion
    * * *
    I 1. ['fæʃn]
    1) (manner) modo m., maniera f.
    2) (vogue) moda f.

    in fashion, out of fashion — di moda, fuori moda

    to come into, go out of fashion — diventare, passare di moda

    2.
    modificatore [ accessory] di, alla moda; [ tights] fantasia
    3.
    nome plurale fashions

    Paris, 1930s fashions — la moda parigina, degli anni '30

    II ['fæʃn]
    verbo transitivo modellare [clay, wood] ( into in); fabbricare, fare [ artefact] ( out of, from con)

    English-Italian dictionary > fashion

  • 13 Cinema

       Portuguese cinema had its debut in June 1896 at the Royal Coliseum, Lisbon, only six months after the pioneering French cinema-makers, the brothers Lumiere, introduced the earliest motion pictures to Paris audiences. Cinema pioneers in Portugal included photographer Manuel Maria da Costa Veiga and an early enthusiast, Aurelio da Paz dos Reis. The first movie theater opened in Lisbon in 1904, and most popular were early silent shorts, including documentaries and scenes of King Carlos I swimming at Cascais beach. Beginning with the Invicta Film company in 1912 and its efforts to produce films, Portuguese cinema-makers sought technical assistance in Paris. In 1918, French film technicians from Pathé Studios of Paris came to Portugal to produce cinema. The Portuguese writer of children's books, Virginia de Castro e Almeida, hired French film and legal personnel in the 1920s under the banner of "Fortuna Film" and produced several silent films based on her compositions.
       In the 1930s, Portuguese cinema underwent an important advance with the work of Portuguese director-producers, including Antônio
       Lopes Ribeiro, Manoel de Oliveira, Leitao de Barros, and Artur Duarte. They were strongly influenced by contemporary French, German, and Russian cinema, and they recruited their cinema actors from the Portuguese Theater, especially from the popular Theater of Review ( teatro de revista) of Lisbon. They included comedy radio and review stars such as Vasco Santana, Antônio Silva, Maria Matos, and Ribeirinho. As the Estado Novo regime appreciated the important potential role of film as a mode of propaganda, greater government controls and regulation followed. The first Portuguese sound film, A Severa (1928), based on a Julio Dantas book, was directed by Leitão de Barros.
       The next period of Portuguese cinema, the 1930s, 1940s, and much of the 1950s, has been labeled, Comédia a portuguesa, or Portuguese Comedy, as it was dominated by comedic actors from Lisbon's Theatre of Review and by such classic comedies as 1933's A Cancáo de Lisboa and similar genre such as O Pai Tirano, O Pátio das Cantigas, and A Costa do Castelo. The Portuguese film industry was extremely small and financially constrained and, until after 1970, only several films were made each year. A new era followed, the so-called "New Cinema," or Novo Cinema (ca. 1963-74), when the dictatorship collapsed. Directors of this era, influenced by France's New Wave cinema movement, were led by Fernando Lopes, Paulo Rocha, and others.
       After the 1974-75 Revolution, filmmakers, encouraged by new political and social freedoms, explored new themes: realism, legend, politics, and ethnography and, in the 1980s, other themes, including docufiction. Even after political liberty arrived, leaders of the cinema industry confronted familiar challenges of filmmakers everywhere: finding funds for production and audiences to purchase tickets. As the new Portugal gained more prosperity, garnered more capital, and took advantage of membership in the burgeoning European Union, Portuguese cinema benefited. Some American producers, directors, and actors, such as John Malkovich, grew enamored of residence and work in Portugal. Malkovich starred in Manoel de Oliveira's film, O Convento (The Convent), shot in Portugal, and this film gained international acclaim, if not universal critical approval. While most films viewed in the country continued to be foreign imports, especially from France, the United States, and Great Britain, recent domestic film production is larger than ever before in Portugal's cinema history: in 2005, 13 Portuguese feature films were released. One of them was coproduced with Spain, Midsummer Dream, an animated feature. That year's most acclaimed film was O Crime de Padre Amaro, based on the Eça de Queirós' novel, a film that earned a record box office return. In 2006, some 22 feature films were released. With more films made in Portugal than ever before, Portugal's cinema had entered a new era.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Cinema

  • 14 Fischer, E.

    [br]
    fl. 1930s Switzerland
    [br]
    Swiss engineer who invented the Eidophor large-screen television projector.
    [br]
    Fischer was a professor of engineering at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in the late 1930s. Interested in the emerging technology for television, he was of the opinion that the growth of television would take place through the development and use of large-screen cinema-type displays serving large audiences. He therefore carried out research into suitable techniques. Realizing the brightness limitations of projection systems based on the optical magnification of the image produced by a conventional cathode ray tube, he used the deflected electron-beam, not to excite a phosphor screen, but to deposit a variable charge on the surface of a film or oil. By means of a Schlieren slit system, the consequent deformations of the surface were used to spatially modulate the light from an electric arc or a discharge tube, giving a large, high-brightness image. Although the idea, first put forward in 1939, was not taken up for cinema television, the subsequent requirement of the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration in the 1960s for large colour displays in its Command and Control Centres led to the successful development of the idea by Gretag AG, a subsidiary of Ciba-Geigy: separate units were used for the red, green and blue images. In the 1990s, colour Eidophor projectors were used for large conference meetings and pop concerts.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1946, "Views on the suitability of a cathode ray tube with a fluorescent screen for projection in cinemas", Bulletin of the Association of Swiss Electricians 39:468 (describes the concept of the Eidophor).
    Further Reading
    E.H.Baumann, 1953, "The Fischer large screen projection system", Journal of Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers 60:344.
    A.Robertson, 1976, "Projection television. A review of current practice in large-screen projectors", Wireless World 47.
    KF

    Biographical history of technology > Fischer, E.

  • 15 Fox, Uffa

    SUBJECT AREA: Ports and shipping
    [br]
    b. 15 January 1898 Cowes, Isle of Wight, England
    d. 27 October 1972 Isle of Wight (?), England
    [br]
    English yacht designer.
    [br]
    Coming from a family that had originated in East Anglia, his first name was that of an early British king and was to typify his unusual and refreshing zest for life. Fox commenced his professional career as an apprentice with the flying boat and high-speed craft builders Messrs S.E.Saunders, and shortly after the outbreak of the First World War he was conscripted into the Royal Naval Air Service. In 1920 he made his first transatlantic crossing under sail, a much greater adventure then than now, and returned to the United Kingdom as deck-hand on a ship bound for Liverpool. He was to make the crossing under sail twice more. Shortly after his marriage in 1925, he purchased the old Floating Bridge at Cowes and converted it to living accommodation, workshops and drawing offices. By the 1930s his life's work was in full swing, with designs coming off his drawing board for some of the most outstanding mass-produced craft ever built, as well as for some remarkable one-off yachts. His experimentation with every kind of sailing craft, and even with the Eskimo kayak, gave him the knowledge and experience that made his name known worldwide. During the Second World War he designed and produced the world's first airborne parachuted lifeboat. Despite what could be described as a robust lifestyle, coupled with interests in music, art and horseriding, Fox continued to produce great designs and in the late 1940s he introduced the Firefly, followed by the beautiful Flying Fifteen class of racing keel boats. One of his most unusual vessels was Britannia, the 24 ft (7.3 m) waterline craft that John Fairfax was to row across the Atlantic. Later came Britannia II, which Fairfax took across the Pacific!
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    CBE 1959. Royal Designer to Industry (RDI).
    Bibliography
    Fox produced a series of yachting books, most first published in the late 1930s, and some more lighthearted volumes of reminiscences in the 1960s. Some of the best-known titles are: Sail and Power, Racing and Cruising Design, Uffa Fox's Second Book and The Crest of the Wave.
    Further Reading
    J.Dixon, 1978, Uffa Fox. A Personal Biography, Brighton: Angus \& Robertson.
    FMW

    Biographical history of technology > Fox, Uffa

  • 16 Keller, Arthur

    [br]
    b. 18 August 1901 New York City, New York, USA d. 1983
    [br]
    American engineer and developer of telephone switching equipment who was instrumental in the development of electromechanical recording and stereo techniques.
    [br]
    He obtained a BSc in electrical engineering at Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art, New York, in 1923 and an MSc from Yale University, and he did postgraduate work at Columbia University. Most of the time he was also on the staff of the Bell Telephone Laboratories. The Bell Laboratories and its predecessors had a long tradition in research in speech and hearing, and in a team of researchers under H.C. Harrison, Keller developed a number of definite improvements in electrical pick-ups, gold-sputtering for matrix work and electrical disc recording equipment. From 1931 onwards the team at Bell Labs developed disc recording for moving pictures and entered into collaboration with Leopold Stokowski and the Philadelphia Orchestra concerning transmission and recording of high-fidelity sound over wires, and stereo techniques. Keller developed a stereo recording system for disc records independently of A.D. Blumlein that was used experimentally in the Bell Labs during the 1930s. During the Second World War Keller was in a team developing sonar (sound navigation and ranging) for the US Navy. After the war he concentrated on switching equipment for telephone exchanges and developed a miniature relay. In 1966 he retired from the Bell Laboratories, where he had been Director of several departments, ending as Director of the Switching Apparatus Laboratory. After retirement he was a consultant internationally, concerning electromechanical devices in particular. When, in 1980, the Bell Laboratories decided to issue LP re-recordings of a number of the experimental records made during the 1930s, Keller was brought in from retirement to supervise the project and decide on the selections.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    Keller was inventor or co-inventor of forty patents, including: US patent no. 2,114,471 (the principles of stereo disc recording); US patent no. 2,612,586 (tape guides with air lubrication); US patent no. 3,366,901 (a miniature crossbar switch).
    Apart from a large number of highly technical papers, Keller also wrote the article "Phonograph" in the 1950 and 1957 editions of Encyclopaedia Britannica.
    1986, Reflections of a Stereo Pioneer, San Francisco: San Francisco Press (an honest, personal account).
    GB-N

    Biographical history of technology > Keller, Arthur

  • 17 conceive

    kənˈsi:v гл.
    1) а) полагать, размышлять;
    постигать;
    представлять себе Syn: understand, imagine б) вбивать себе в голову (напр., предрассудки)
    2) задумывать Syn: devise
    3) испытать, ощутить, почувствовать
    4) а) дать начало чему-л. Syn: originate б) забеременеть, зачать ∙ conceive as conceive of постигать;
    понимать;
    - I can't * where he has gone я не могу понять, куда он ушел;
    - I can't * why you allowed the child to travel alone просто непостижимо, как вы могли разрешить ребенку уехать одному возыметь, почувствовать;
    - to * a dislike for smb. невзлюбить кого-л задумывать, замышлять;
    - to * a plan задумать план;
    - who first *d this idea? у кого впервые зародилась эта мысль? - he has *d a certain manner of painting он создал определенную манеру письма;
    - scientists first *d the idea of the atomic bomb in the 1930s мысль об атомной бомбе впервые вознила у ученых в тридцатые годы полагать, думать;
    - we * it to be expedient мы полагаем, что это целесообразно;
    - I * it my duty to admonish you считаю своим долгом указать вам( книжное) представлять, воображать;
    - to * of the author as a genius считать писателя гением;
    - in ancient times the world was *d of as flat в старину землю представляли плоской (физиологическое) забеременеть, зачать conceive воображать ~ думать ~ задумывать;
    a well conceived scheme хорошо задуманный план ~ задумывать ~ замышлять ~ зачать, забеременеть ~ полагать ~ понимать ~ постигать, понимать;
    представлять себе ~ постигать ~ почувствовать, возыметь;
    to conceive an affection( for smb.) привязаться( к кому-л.) ;
    to conceive a dislike (for smb.) невзлюбить (кого-л.) ~ представлять ~ почувствовать, возыметь;
    to conceive an affection (for smb.) привязаться (к кому-л.) ;
    to conceive a dislike (for smb.) невзлюбить (кого-л.) ~ почувствовать, возыметь;
    to conceive an affection (for smb.) привязаться (к кому-л.) ;
    to conceive a dislike (for smb.) невзлюбить (кого-л.) ~ задумывать;
    a well conceived scheme хорошо задуманный план

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > conceive

  • 18 fellow-travel

    гл.
    1) быть спутником в дороге, быть попутчиком
    2) полит. поддерживать какое-л. движение, сочувствовать The Germans who fellow-travelled with Hitler in the 1930s were guilty of a gross dereliction of national duty. ≈ Те немцы, которые выступали попутчиками Гитлера в 30-е годы, были виновны в нарушении долга перед нацией.

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > fellow-travel

  • 19 conceive

    [kənʹsi:v] v
    1. постигать, понимать

    I can't conceive where he has gone - я не могу понять, куда он ушёл

    I can't conceive why you allowed the child to travel alone - просто непостижимо, как вы могли разрешить ребёнку уехать одному

    2. возыметь, почувствовать

    to conceive a dislike [an affection] for smb. - невзлюбить кого-л. [привязаться к кому-л.]

    3. задумывать, замышлять

    who first conceived this idea? - у кого впервые зародилась эта мысль?

    he has conceived a certain manner of painting - он создал определённую манеру письма

    scientists first conceived the idea of the atomic bomb in the 1930s - мысль об атомной бомбе впервые возникла у учёных в тридцатые годы

    4. полагать, думать

    we conceive it to be expedient - мы полагаем, что это целесообразно

    5. (of) книжн. представлять, воображать

    in ancient times the world was conceived of as flat - в старину землю представляли плоской

    6. физиол. забеременеть, зачать

    НБАРС > conceive

  • 20 depression

    сущ.
    1) эк. депрессия, застой (фаза делового цикла, следующая за спадом; характеризуется отсутствием в экономике движения в сторону ослабления или усиления деловой активности, т. е. экономика достигает устойчивости в условиях низкого уровня занятости и незначительных объемов выпуска)

    The Great Depression of the 1930s was a depression of trade — caused by a complete shut-down of all industrial manufacture of product in the United States. All trade is totally and completely dependent on the manufacture of product. — Во время Великой Депрессии 30-х гг.произошел упадок торговли, вызванный полным закрытием предприятий промышленного производства в Соединенных Штатах. Вся торговля полностью и всецело зависит от производства товаров.

    See:
    business cycle 1), recession 1), boom 1. 1), recovery 1. 4)
    2) псих. депрессия (угнетенное, подавленное психическое состояние, сопровождаемое физическим и духовным бессилием)

    She overcome by depression. — Она охвачена депрессией.

    Peter fell into a deep depression on hearing the news. — Услышав новость, Питер впал в глубокую депрессию.

    See:
    3) общ. ослабление, уменьшение (интенсивности, количества)
    4) общ. низина, впадина; опускание, оседание
    5) физ.
    а) разрежение, вакуум, депрессия

    * * *
    депрессия: период вялой деловой активности - низкие темпы роста производства, зарплаты, кредитования при высокой безработице, больших товарных запасах, дефляции, превышении предложения над спросом; нижняя часть делового цикла.
    * * *
    депрессия; кризис; экономический кризис
    . . Словарь экономических терминов .

    Англо-русский экономический словарь > depression

Страницы

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