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121 менее
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122 Lind, James
SUBJECT AREA: Medical technology[br]b. 1716 Edinburgh, Scotlandd. 13 July 1794 Gosport, England[br]Scottish physician and naval surgeon whose studies and investigations led to significant improvements in the living conditions on board ships; the author of the first treatise on the nature and prevention of scurvy.[br]Lind was registered in 1731 as an apprentice at the College of Surgeons in Edinburgh. By 1739 he was serving as a naval surgeon in the Mediterranean and during the ensuing decade he experienced conditions at sea off Guinea, the West Indies and in home waters. He returned to Edinburgh, taking his MD in 1748, and in 1750 was elected a Fellow of the College of Physicians of Edinburgh, becoming the Treasurer in 1757. In 1758 he was appointed Physician to the Naval Hospital at Haslar, Gosport, near Portsmouth, a post which he retained until his death.He had been particularly struck by the devastating consequences of scurvy during Anson's circumnavigation of the globe in 1740. At least 75 per cent of the crews had been affected (though it should be borne in mind that a considerable number of them were pensioners and invalids when posted aboard). Coupled with his own experiences, this led to the publication of A Treatise on the Scurvy, in 1754. Demonstrating that this condition accounted for many more deaths than from all the engagements with the French and Spanish in the current wars, he made it clear that by appropriate measures of diet and hygiene the disease could be entirely eliminated.Further editions of the treatise were published in 1757 and 1775, and the immense importance of his observations was immediately recognized. None the less, it was not until 1795 that an Admiralty order was issued on the supply of lime juice to ships. The efficacy of lime juice had been known for centuries, but it was Lind's observations that led to action, however tardy; that for economic reasons the relatively ineffective West Indian lime juice was supplied was in no way his responsibility. It is of interest that there is no evidence that Captain James Cook (1728–79) had any knowledge of Lind's work when arranging his own anti-scorbutic precautions in preparation for his historic first voyage.Lind's other work included observations on typhus, the proper ventilation of ships at sea, and the distilation of fresh from salt water.[br]Bibliography1754, A Treatise on the Scurvy, Edinburgh.1757, An Essay on the most effectual means of Preserving the Health of Seamen in the Royal Navy, Edinburgh.1767, An Essay on Diseases incidental to Europeans in Hot Climates, Edinburgh.Further ReadingL.Roddis, 1951, James Lind—Founder of Nautical Medicine. Records of the Royal Colleges of Surgeons of Edinburgh. Records of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh.MG -
123 Sopwith, Sir Thomas (Tommy) Octave Murdoch
SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace[br]b. 18 January 1888 London, Englandd. 27 January 1989 Stockbridge, Hampshire, England[br]English aeronautical engineer and industrialist.[br]Son of a successful mining engineer, Sopwith did not shine at school and, having been turned down by the Royal Navy as a result, attended an engineering college. His first interest was motor cars and, while still in his teens, he set up a business in London with a friend in order to sell them; he also took part in races and rallies.Sopwith's interest in aviation came initially through ballooning, and in 1906 he purchased his own balloon. Four years later, inspired by the recent flights across the Channel to France and after a joy-ride at Brooklands, he bought an Avis monoplane, followed by a larger biplane, and taught himself to fly. He was awarded the Royal Aero Society's Aviator Certificate No. 31 on 21 November 1910, and he quickly distinguished himself in flying competitions on both sides of the Atlantic and started his own flying school. In his races he was ably supported by his friend Fred Sigrist, a former motor engineer. Among the people Sopwith taught to fly were an Australian, Harry Hawker, and Major Hugh Trenchard, who later became the "father" of the RAF.In 1912, depressed by the poor quality of the aircraft on trial for the British Army, Sopwith, in conjunction with Hawker and Sigrist, bought a skating rink in Kingston-upon-Thames and, assisted by Fred Sigrist, started to design and build his first aircraft, the Sopwith Hybrid. He sold this to the Royal Navy in 1913, and the following year his aviation manufacturing company became the Sopwith Aviation Company Ltd. That year a seaplane version of his Sopwith Tabloid won the Schneider Trophy in the second running of this speed competition. During 1914–18, Sopwith concentrated on producing fighters (or "scouts" as they were then called), with the Pup, the Camel, the 1½ Strutter, the Snipe and the Sopwith Triplane proving among the best in the war. He also pioneered several ideas to make flying easier for the pilot, and in 1915 he patented his adjustable tailplane and his 1 ½ Strutter was the first aircraft to be fitted with air brakes. During the four years of the First World War, Sopwith Aviation designed thirty-two different aircraft types and produced over 16,000 aircraft.The end of the First World War brought recession to the aircraft industry and in 1920 Sopwith, like many others, put his company into receivership; none the less, he immediately launched a new, smaller company with Hawker, Sigrist and V.W.Eyre, which they called the H.G. Hawker Engineering Company Ltd to avoid any confusion with the former company. He began by producing cars and motor cycles under licence, but was determined to resume aircraft production. He suffered an early blow with the death of Hawker in an air crash in 1921, but soon began supplying aircraft to the Royal Air Force again. In this he was much helped by taking on a new designer, Sydney Camm, in 1923, and during the next decade they produced a number of military aircraft types, of which the Hart light bomber and the Fury fighter, the first to exceed 200 mph (322 km/h), were the best known. In the mid-1930s Sopwith began to build a large aviation empire, acquiring first the Gloster Aircraft Company and then, in quick succession, Armstrong-Whitworth, Armstrong-Siddeley Motors Ltd and its aero-engine counterpart, and A.V.Roe, which produced Avro aircraft. Under the umbrella of the Hawker Siddeley Aircraft Company (set up in 1935) these companies produced a series of outstanding aircraft, ranging from the Hawker Hurricane, through the Avro Lancaster to the Gloster Meteor, Britain's first in-service jet aircraft, and the Hawker Typhoon, Tempest and Hunter. When Sopwith retired as Chairman of the Hawker Siddeley Group in 1963 at the age of 75, a prototype jump-jet (the P-1127) was being tested, later to become the Harrier, a for cry from the fragile biplanes of 1910.Sopwith also had a passion for yachting and came close to wresting the America's Cup from the USA in 1934 when sailing his yacht Endeavour, which incorporated a number of features years ahead of their time; his greatest regret was that he failed in his attempts to win this famous yachting trophy for Britain. After his retirement as Chairman of the Hawker Siddeley Group, he remained on the Board until 1978. The British aviation industry had been nationalized in April 1977, and Hawker Siddeley's aircraft interests merged with the British Aircraft Corporation to become British Aerospace (BAe). Nevertheless, by then the Group had built up a wide range of companies in the field of mechanical and electrical engineering, and its board conferred on Sopwith the title Founder and Life President.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsKnighted 1953. CBE 1918.Bibliography1961, "My first ten years in aviation", Journal of the Royal Aeronautical Society (April) (a very informative and amusing paper).Further ReadingA.Bramson, 1990, Pure Luck: The Authorized Biography of Sir Thomas Sopwith, 1888– 1989, Wellingborough: Patrick Stephens.B.Robertson, 1970, Sopwith. The Man and His Aircraft, London (a detailed publication giving plans of all the Sopwith aircraft).CM / JDSBiographical history of technology > Sopwith, Sir Thomas (Tommy) Octave Murdoch
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124 тем
1. мест.;
твор. ед. и дат. мн. от тот
2. союз the чем больше, тем лучше ≈ the more, the better чем выше, тем лучше ≈ the taller, the better
3. нареч. so much the тем более, что ≈ the more so(,) as;
especially as тем не менее ≈ nevertheless, none the less тем лучше ≈ so much the better тем хуже ≈ so much the worse тем самым ≈ thereby, thus, in that wayтем:
1. instr. & pl.dat. of TOT
2. conj. чем больше тем лучше the more the better -
125 Floyer, Sir John
SUBJECT AREA: Medical technology[br]b. 3 March 1649 Hints, Warwickshire, Englandd. 1734 Lichfield, Staffordshire, England[br]English physician, pioneer in the measurement of pulse and respiration rate.[br]The younger son of a landed Midlands family, Floyer embarked on medical studies at Oxford at the age of 15 and graduated in 1674. He returned to Lichfield where he resided and practised, as well as being acquainted with the family of Samuel Johnson, for the remainder of a long life. Described by a later biographer as "fantastic, whimsical, pretentious, research-minded and nebulous", he none the less, as his various medical writings testify, became a pioneer in several fields of medical endeavour. It seems likely that he was well aware of the teachings of Sanctorius in relation to measurement in medicine and he probably had a copy of Sanctorius's weighing-machine made and put to use in Lichfield.He also embarked on extensive studies relating to pulse, respiration rate, temperature, barometric readings and even latitude. Initially he used the minute hand of a pendulum clock or a navigational minute glass. He then commissioned from Samuel Watson, a London watch-and clockmaker, a physicians' pulse watch incorporating a second-hand and a stop mechanism. In 1707 and 1710 he published a massive work, dedicated to Queen Anne, that emphasized the value of the accurate measurement of pulse rates in health and disease.His other interests included studies of blood pressure, asthma, and the medical value of cold bathing. It is of interest that it was at his suggestion that the young Samuel Johnson was taken to London to receive the Royal Touch, from Queen Anne, for scrofula.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsKnighted 1686.Bibliography1707–10, The Physicians Pulse Watch, 2 vols, London.Further ReadingD.D.Gibb, 1969, 'Sir John Floyer, M.D. (1649–1734), British Medical Journal.MG -
126 unhinged
•• * Слово unhinged чаще встречается в британских текстах. Перевод в ABBYY Lingvo – приведенный в смятение, замешательство; беспокойный, расстроенный – и пример: tokens of unhinged mind – признаки расстроенного сознания – взятый в отдельности, пожалуй, чуть-чуть сгущает краски. Вот пример, связанный с обсуждением религиозных откровений Тони Блэра («Я готов предстать перед Создателем и нести ответ за те мои решения, в результате которых погибли люди»):
•• Matthew Parris, the political commentator and former Tory MP, said Blair was in danger of looking ‘somewhat unhinged.’ (Observer) -...Блэр рискует создать у людей впечатление, что его «слегка занесло».
•• Далее в том же тексте:
•• Parris said in an interview with Radio 4’s Today programme yesterday: ‘He has an unhinged belief, firstly in the purity of his own intention, secondly in the fact that his own good intentions can only lead to good results, and thirdly that he’s going to win people over, that he’s going to persuade people. ‘Prime Ministers ought to take a cool view on the balance of calculations. There is this slightly unhinged optimism that comes from a belief in his own intentions.
•• В первом случае я перевел бы unhinged belief как странная вера/убежденность. Во втором – несколько неуравновешенный оптимизм (в данном случае соблазнительно – и неплохо звучит – русское слово блажной). Интересно, что англо-французский словарь Larousse Chambers дает на unhinged – déséquilibré. Разумеется, слово unhinged употребляется и в более жестком ключе, близком к русскому слову сумасбродный, синонимично английскому deranged, что подтверждается примером из Guardian:
•• Nazism and communism were ideologies whose programmes were unhinged but which, none the less, persuaded millions to kill and be killed. <...> Acceptance of the power of murderous ideology takes us to our third point – that all ideas matter, however deranged.
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127 a left-handed compliment
Left-handed also was the compliment, but a high one none the less from Netta. (A. J. Cronin, ‘Three Loves’, book I, ch. 5) — Хотя комплимент был неловкий, но в устах Нетты и он звучал очень искренно.
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128 nonetheless
(nevertheless; in spite of this: He had a headache, but he wanted to come with us nonetheless.) apesar disso* * *none.the.less[n∧nðəl'es] adv, conj = link=nevertheless nevertheless.
Страницы
См. также в других словарях:
None the Less — Origin Watford, Hertfordshire, England, UK Genres Metal Years active 2007 2011 Labels Irony Records Website … Wikipedia
none|the|less — «NUHN thuh LEHS», adverb. none the less; nevertheless: »Everett, younger than any of these individuals, and correspondingly less of an individualist, was nonetheless a true member of the great generation (Louis Auchincloss) … Useful english dictionary
none the less — index notwithstanding Burton s Legal Thesaurus. William C. Burton. 2006 … Law dictionary
none the less — nonethelessˈ (or none the less) adverb Nevertheless • • • Main Entry: ↑none * * * none the less british phrase See:nonetheless Main entry: none * * * see … Useful english dictionary
none·the·less — /ˌnʌnðəˈlɛs/ adv somewhat formal : in spite of what has just been said : ↑nevertheless There s no doubt the city is changing for the better. Nonetheless [=however], no one has been too surprised by the recent violence. The hike was difficult, but … Useful english dictionary
none the less — adverb Alternative form of nonetheless … Wiktionary
none the less — nevertheless, in spite of it, however … English contemporary dictionary
none the less — British See: nonetheless … English dictionary
The Pope — The Pope † Catholic Encyclopedia ► The Pope (Ecclesiastical Latin papa from Greek papas, a variant of pappas father, in classical Latin pappas Juvenal, Satires 6:633). The title pope, once used with far greater latitude (see below … Catholic encyclopedia
The Seal of Confession — The Law of the Seal of Confession † Catholic Encyclopedia ► The Law of the Seal of Confession In the Decretum of the Gratian who compiled the edicts of previous councils and the principles of Church law which he published about 1151,… … Catholic encyclopedia
none — [ nʌn ] function word, quantifier *** None can be used in the following ways: as a pronoun: I asked for some more cake, but there was none left. (followed by of ): None of my friends will help me. as an adverb: She pushed him none too gently back … Usage of the words and phrases in modern English
