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  • 101 less

    /les/ * tính từ, cấp so sánh của little - nhỏ hơn, bé hơn, ít hơn, kém =less noise, please!+ ồn vừa chứ! =of less value+ kém giá trị hơn =of less importance+ kém quan trọng hơn !may your never be less - mong anh không gầy đi * phó từ - nhỏ hơn, bé hơn, ít hơn, không bằng, kém =speak less and listen more+ hãy nói ít nghe nhiều =less clever than+ không thông minh bằng =less hurt than frightened+ sợ nhiều hơn là đau =though not strong, he is none the less active+ tuy không được khoẻ nhưng nó vẫn nhanh nhẹn * danh từ - số lượng ít hơn, số lượng không bằng, số lượng không đầy =less than twenty of them remain now+ bây giờ trong bọn họ còn lại không đầy hai mươi người =I cannot take less+ tôi không thể lấy ít hơn =in less than a year+ chưa đầy một năm !in less than no time - ngay lập tức !less of your lip! - hỗn vừa vừa chứ! * giới từ - bớt đi, lấy đi, trừ đi, kém đi =a year less two months+ một năm kém hai tháng

    English-Vietnamese dictionary > less

  • 102 none

    [nʌn] 1. pron
    1) ніхто́, ніщо́; ні оди́н, жо́ден

    it is none of your business — це не ва́ша спра́ва

    2) нія́кий
    ••

    none of that! — переста́нь!; го́ді!

    2. adv
    ніскі́льки, анітро́хи

    I am none the better for it — мені́ від цьо́го не ле́гше

    none the less — проте́

    English-Ukrainian transcription dictionary > none

  • 103 less

    1. adjective, comp.
    (of little)
    меньший (о размере, продолжительности, числе и т. п.); in a less (или lesser) degree в меньшей степени; of less importance менее важный
    no less a person than никто иной, как сам (такой-то)
    2. adverb
    меньше, менее; в меньшей степени; less known менее известный; less developed слаборазвитый (о стране и т. п.)
    3. noun
    меньшее количество, меньшая сумма и т. п.; I cannot take less не могу взять меньше
    none the less тем не менее
    in less than no time в мгновение ока
    4. preposition
    без; a year less three days год без трех дней
    * * *
    1 (a) меньший
    2 (d) менее; меньше
    * * *
    меньший, меньше
    * * *
    [ les] conj. меньше n. меньшая сумма, меньшее количество adj. меньший, незначительный, ничтожный, ограниченный, мелочный adv. меньше, немного, менее, без, в меньшей степени prep. без
    * * *
    больше-меньше
    или-менее
    менее
    меньше
    меньшее
    меньший
    * * *
    1. прил.; сравн. от little 1) меньший 2) низший (по званию, положению, рангу) 3) младший 2. нареч. меньше, менее; в меньшей степени 3. сущ. 1) меньшее количество, меньшая сумма и т. п. 2) что-л. незначительное 4. предл. без

    Новый англо-русский словарь > less

  • 104 less

    English-Russian big medical dictionary > less

  • 105 less

    [les] 1. adj
    (comp від little) ме́нший (про розмір, тривалість, число тощо)

    in a less [lesser] degree — в ме́ншій мі́рі

    of less importance — менш важли́вий

    no less a person than — ніхто́ і́нший, як сам ( такий-то)

    2. adv
    (comp від little) ме́нше

    less known — менш відо́мий

    3. n
    ме́нша кі́лькість (су́ма) тощо

    I cannot take less — не мо́жу взя́ти ме́нше

    none the less — проте́

    4. prep

    English-Ukrainian transcription dictionary > less

  • 106 less

    English-Russian scientific dictionary > less

  • 107 less

    1) меньший

    2) меньше
    3) менее
    – in less detail
    less by half
    lustre less
    none the less
    of less importance

    less significant digitмладший разряд числа

    Англо-русский технический словарь > less

  • 108 none

    1) никто

    2) ничто
    3) ни один
    4) нисколько
    5) совсем не
    6) никакой
    all or none data
    none at all
    none the less

    Англо-русский технический словарь > none

  • 109 none

    1.
    ешкім, біреу де емес
    2.adv.
    ешқандай

    none the less — әйткенмен, дегенмен

    English-Kazakh dictionary > none

  • 110 none

    pron ningú, cap
    adv no, de cap manera
    none the less tanmateix, no obstant

    English-Catalan dictionary > none

  • 111 None

    adj.
    P. and V. οὐδείς, μηδείς, οὔτις (rare P.), μήτις (rare P.).
    None the less: Ar. οὐδὲν ἧσσον (Thesm. 753); see However.

    Woodhouse English-Greek dictionary. A vocabulary of the Attic language > None

  • 112 the

    1 (specifying, identifying etc) le/la/l'/les ; two chapters of the book deux chapitres du livre ; I met them at the supermarket je les ai rencontrés au supermarché ;
    2 ( best etc) she's THE violinist of the century c'est LA violoniste du siècle, c'est la plus grande violoniste du siècle ; the book of the year le meilleur livre de l'année ; THE French restaurant le meilleur restaurant français ; THE way of losing weight la façon la plus efficace de perdre des kilos ; do you mean THE William Blake? tu veux dire LE William Blake? ;
    3 ( with family names) the Hapsburgs/the Buntings les Habsbourg/les Bunting ;
    4 ( with genre) the opera l'opéra ; the ballet le ballet ;
    5 ( enough) he hadn' t the courage to refuse il n'a pas eu le courage de refuser ; we don't have the money for a holiday nous n'avons pas les moyens de partir en vacances ; can you spare the time to help me? est-ce que tu as du temps pour m'aider? ;
    6 ( with era) the fifties les années cinquante ;
    7 ( with adj) the impossible l'impossible ; she buys only the best elle n'achète que ce qu'il y a de mieux ;
    8 ( with adj forming group) the French les Français ; the wounded les blessés ; the handicapped les handicapés ;
    9 ( with comparative adj) the news made her all the sadder la nouvelle n'a fait que la rendre triste ; ⇒ all, better, more, none, wise, worse etc ;
    10 ( in double comparatives) the more I learn the less I understand plus j'apprends moins je comprends ; the longer I do it the more difficult it becomes plus je le fais plus ça devient difficile ; the sooner the better le plus tôt sera le mieux ; the longer he waits the harder it will be plus il attendra plus ce sera difficile ;
    11 ( with superlatives) the fastest train le train le plus rapide ; the prettiest house in the village la maison la plus jolie du village.

    Big English-French dictionary > the

  • 113 none

    {nʌn}
    I. pron indef никой, никои, ни един, никакъв, нищо
    NONE of us никой от нас
    he is NONE of my friends той не ми e никакъв приятел
    he has money and I have NONE той има пари, a аз нямам
    NONE were left не останаха, свършиха се
    I'll have NONE of it! не ми минават/да ги нямаме такива! NONE of that! стига! престани! NONE of your games/tricks! да ги нямаме такива номера!
    II. adv никак, ни най-малко, съвсем не
    I am NONE the better for it съвсем не ми e по-добре от това, от това за мен няма никаква полза
    he did it NONE too well той не го направи никак добре
    the pay is NONE too high заплатата съвсем не е голяма
    * * *
    {n^n} pron indef никой, никои, ни един; никакъв; нищо; none of us н(2) {n^n} adv никак, ни най-малко, съвсем не; I am none the better
    * * *
    никак; никой; нищо; никакъв;
    * * *
    1. he did it none too well той не го направи никак добре 2. he has money and i have none той има пари, a аз нямам 3. he is none of my friends той не ми e никакъв приятел 4. i am none the better for it съвсем не ми e по-добре от това, от това за мен няма никаква полза 5. i'll have none of it! не ми минават/да ги нямаме такива! none of that! стига! престани! none of your games/tricks! да ги нямаме такива номера! 6. i. pron indef никой, никои, ни един, никакъв, нищо 7. ii. adv никак, ни най-малко, съвсем не 8. none of us никой от нас 9. none were left не останаха, свършиха се 10. the pay is none too high заплатата съвсем не е голяма
    * * *
    none[nʌn] I. pron никой, никои, нито (ни) един; никакъв, нищо;
    one at all
    никой;
    one can tell
    никой не може да каже;
    one but
    никой друг, освен;
    one but fools have ever believed it
    само глупци могат да повярват на такова нещо; he is
    one of my friends
    той не ми е никакъв приятел; he has money and I have
    one
    той има пари, а аз нямам; I will have
    one of it
    (тия) не ми минават, да ги нямаме такива;
    one of that!
    стига! престани!
    one of your business!
    не е твоя работа!
    one of your games
    ( tricks)! такива да ги нямаме!
    one of your impudence!
    ама че нахалство!
    one of your lip!
    ама че уста!
    one other but
    ( than) ост. нищо друго, освен; не някой друг, а; II. adv никак, ни най-малко, съвсем не; изобщо; I am
    one the better for ir
    изобщо не ми е по-добре от това, от това за мене няма никаква полза;
    one the less
    въпреки това, никак, не по-малко;
    one the worst
    ( for) съвсем не по-зле; he is
    one the worse for his experience
    това, което е преживял, не му се е отразило (никак); he did it
    one too well
    той не го направи никак добре; the pay is
    one too high
    заплатата изобщо не е голяма; I slept
    one
    ам. не спах изобщо.

    English-Bulgarian dictionary > none

  • 114 the

    {ðə}
    I. 1. (пред съгласна)
    (пред гласна и нямо h), (под ударение)
    def. article, с определящо знач.
    THE man in THE corner човекът в ъгъла
    England of THE Tudors Англия от времето на Тюдорите
    2. с родово знач.
    THE whale is a mammal китът e млекопитаещо
    3. с редни числ. и прев. cm.
    Edward THE Seventh Едуард VII
    in THE last row на последния ред
    4. с географски имена, имена на вестницu и пр.
    THE USA САЩ
    THE Hague Хага
    THE Alps Алпите
    THE Thames Темза
    THE Atlantic (Ocean) Атлантическият океан
    THE Times в. Таймз
    THE Browns сем. Браун
    5. с разпределително знач. - 50 p. THE pound - по 50 пенса фунта
    four apples to THE pound по 4 ябълки в един фунт
    eight minutes to THE mile осем минути на миля
    6. със знач. на показ. мест.
    at THE moment в момента, в този момент
    I like THE man харесва ми този човек
    7. със субстантивирано прил., в ед. ч. с отвлечено знач.
    THE sublime възвишеното, в ед. ч. със знач. на мн. ч.
    THE poor бедните
    THE English англичаните, в мн. ч.
    THE conservatives консерваторите, с прил., означаващо езика на да ден народ
    translated from THE Spanish преведено от испански
    8. с имената на някои болести
    THE measles шарка
    THE mumps заушки
    9. (винаги ударено)
    he too is Walter Scott but not THE Walter Scott и той e Уолтър Скот, но не прочутият Уолтър Скот
    he is THE specialist on той e най-добрият/найизвестният специалист по
    tea is THE drink for a cold чаят e най-доброто питие, когато човек е настинал
    10. във възклицания, какъв
    THE cheek! какво нахалство!
    II. 1. adv със сравн. ст, още по-, толкова по-
    it will be THE easier for you as you are younger на тебе ще ти бъде още по-лесно, защото си по-млад
    so much THE better/THE worse for him толкова по-добре/по-зле за него
    2. колкото... толкова
    THE more I read THE more I forget колкото повече чета, толкова повече забравям
    less said about it THE better колкото по-малко говорим за това, толкова по-добре, да не говорим за това
    * * *
    {­ъ} (пред сьгласна); {­i} (пред гласна и нямо h); {­i:} (под(2) {­ъ} adv сьс сравн. ст. 1. още по-, толкова по-; it will be the
    * * *
    def. article опред. член;THE sooner THE better колкото по-скоро, толкова по-добре;all THE better толкова по-добре;I am none THE better for it не ми е никак по-добре от това;the; (пред сьгласна);{­i} (пред гласна и нямо h);{­i:} (под ударение); def. article 1. с
    * * *
    1. (винаги ударено) 2. (пред гласна и нямо h), (под ударение) 3. 50 p. the pound по 50 пенса фунта 4. at the moment в момента, в този момент 5. def. article, с определящо знач 6. edward the seventh Едуард vii 7. eight minutes to the mile осем минути на миля 8. england of the tudors Англия от времето на Тюдорите 9. four apples to the pound по 4 ябълки в един фунт 10. he is the specialist on той e най-добрият/найизвестният специалист по 11. he too is walter scott but not the walter scott и той e Уолтър Скот, но не прочутият Уолтър Скот 12. i like the man харесва ми този човек 13. i. (пред съгласна) 14. ii. adv със сравн. ст, още по-, толкова по- 15. in the last row на последния ред 16. it will be the easier for you as you are younger на тебе ще ти бъде още по-лесно, защото си по-млад 17. less said about it the better колкото по-малко говорим за това, толкова по-добре, да не говорим за това 18. so much the better/the worse for him толкова по-добре/по-зле за него 19. tea is the drink for a cold чаят e най-доброто питие, когато човек е настинал 20. the alps Алпите 21. the atlantic (ocean) Атлантическият океан 22. the browns сем. Браун 23. the cheek! какво нахалство! 24. the conservatives консерваторите, с прил., означаващо езика на да ден народ 25. the english англичаните, в мн. ч 26. the hague Хага 27. the man in the corner човекът в ъгъла 28. the measles шарка 29. the more i read the more i forget колкото повече чета, толкова повече забравям 30. the mumps заушки 31. the poor бедните 32. the sublime възвишеното, в ед. ч. със знач. на мн. ч 33. the thames Темза 34. the times в. Таймз 35. the usa САЩ 36. the whale is a mammal китът e млекопитаещо 37. translated from the spanish преведено от испански 38. във възклицания, какъв 39. колкото... толкова 40. с географски имена, имена на вестницu и пр 41. с имената на някои болести 42. с разпределително знач 43. с редни числ. и прев. cm 44. с родово знач 45. със знач. на показ. мест 46. със субстантивирано прил., в ед. ч. с отвлечено знач
    * * *
    the[ðə пред съгласна; ði пред гласна; ði: под ударение] I. article 1. с определително значение an increase in \the consumption of meat увеличение в консумацията на месо; he sat in \the sun той седеше на слънце; \the England of the Tudors Англия по време на Тюдорите; 2. с родово значение after dogs \the horse has had the closest relationship with man след кучетата, конят е най-тясно свързан с човека; 3. с редни числ. и превъзх. ст. Edward \the Seventh Едуард Седми; on \the eight of November, on November \the eight на осми ноември; 4. със собств. имена; \the Alps Алпите; \the Thames Темза; \the USA САЩ; \the Ukraine Украйна; \the Black Sea Черно море; \the Atlantic ( Ocean) Атлантически(ят) океан; \the Times в. "Таймс"; \the Taylors семейство Тейлър, Тейлърови; 5. с разпределително значение two dollars to \the pound два долара за фунт; eight minutes (to) \the mile осем минути на миля; 6. със значение на показат. местоим. at \the moment в момента, в този момент, точно сега, ей сега; I like \the man обичам този човек; 7. с прил., употребени като същ. 1) в ед. с отвлечено значение to wish \the impossible искам невъзможното; 2) в ед. със значение на мн. (със събирателно значение): \the unemployed безработните; \the English англичаните; 3) в мн. \the Reds червените; 4) с прил., които означават народност, за да означи съответния език translated from \the Czech превод (преведено) от чешки; 8. с имена на някои болести: \the measles шарка; \the rheumatics ревматизъм; 9. с музикални инструменти to play \the guitar свиря на китара; 10. за означаване на достатъчно количество I don't have \the money to maintain such a car нямам достатъчно пари, за да поддържам такава кола; 11. за означаване на десетилетия \the sixties шейсетте години; 12. с ударение известният, великият; най-добрият; най-подходящият, най-предпочитаният; a certain Walter Scott, not \the Walter Scott някой си Уолтър Скот, не известният Уолтър Скот; tea is \the drink for a cold чаят е най-доброто питие, когато човек има настинка; 13. във възклицания какъв; \the cheek! какво нахалство! \the crowds! какви тълпи; II. adv със сравн. ст.: it will be \the easier for you as you are younger ще ти бъде (още) по-лесно, защото си по-млад; the blow was all \the more cruel because it was unexpected ударът беше още по-(толкова по-) жесток, защото беше неочакван; he is none \the better for seeing a specialist не е по-добре, макар че е ходил при специалист; \the...\the колкото..., толкова; \the more \the merrier колкото повече сме, толкова по-весело; \the less said about it \the better колкото по-малко се говори за това, толкова по-добре.

    English-Bulgarian dictionary > the

  • 115 less

    I
    a. 보다적은(작은), 보다 이하의(못한), little \less than...와 같은 정도, notthing \less than 꼭...만큼
    II
    ad. 보다 적게, no(none the, or not the)\less 역시
    III
    prep, =MINUS
    IV
    n. 보다 적은 수량(액), in \less than no time 곧, 이내

    English-Korean dictionary > less

  • 116 less

    adv ([comp] od little) manje, slabije, neznatnije, manje vrijedno / none the # = usprkos tome, ipak; no # (than) = ne manje, ništa manje ili nitko manji (nego); not the # = ne manje, ništa manje; nothing # = ništa manje, sve prije; the # so as = to manje što (ili jer); # and # = sve manje (slabije) i manje (slabije)
    * * *

    manji

    English-Croatian dictionary > less

  • 117 none

    adv nikako, nipošto; ništa / # the less = ipak, usprkos (tomu); I am # the better for seeing you = nije mi ništa bolje (nemam ništa od toga) što vas vidim; # so high = nipošto tako visok(o); # too high = nipošto previsok(o); # too well = ne baš dobro, tako-tako; # too soon = gotovo prekasno, nipošto prerano
    * * *

    nijedan
    nijedna
    nimalo
    ništa
    ništa manje
    nitko

    English-Croatian dictionary > none

  • 118 nonetheless

    none·the·less [ˌnʌnðəʼles] adv
    nichtsdestoweniger, trotzdem

    English-German students dictionary > nonetheless

  • 119 Knowledge

       It is indeed an opinion strangely prevailing amongst men, that houses, mountains, rivers, and, in a word, all sensible objects, have an existence, natural or real, distinct from their being perceived by the understanding. But, with how great an assurance and acquiescence soever this principle may be entertained in the world, yet whoever shall find in his heart to call it into question may, if I mistake not, perceive it to involve a manifest contradiction. For, what are the forementioned objects but things we perceive by sense? and what do we perceive besides our own ideas or sensations? and is it not plainly repugnant that any one of these, or any combination of them, should exist unperceived? (Berkeley, 1996, Pt. I, No. 4, p. 25)
       It seems to me that the only objects of the abstract sciences or of demonstration are quantity and number, and that all attempts to extend this more perfect species of knowledge beyond these bounds are mere sophistry and illusion. As the component parts of quantity and number are entirely similar, their relations become intricate and involved; and nothing can be more curious, as well as useful, than to trace, by a variety of mediums, their equality or inequality, through their different appearances.
       But as all other ideas are clearly distinct and different from each other, we can never advance farther, by our utmost scrutiny, than to observe this diversity, and, by an obvious reflection, pronounce one thing not to be another. Or if there be any difficulty in these decisions, it proceeds entirely from the undeterminate meaning of words, which is corrected by juster definitions. That the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the squares of the other two sides cannot be known, let the terms be ever so exactly defined, without a train of reasoning and enquiry. But to convince us of this proposition, that where there is no property, there can be no injustice, it is only necessary to define the terms, and explain injustice to be a violation of property. This proposition is, indeed, nothing but a more imperfect definition. It is the same case with all those pretended syllogistical reasonings, which may be found in every other branch of learning, except the sciences of quantity and number; and these may safely, I think, be pronounced the only proper objects of knowledge and demonstration. (Hume, 1975, Sec. 12, Pt. 3, pp. 163-165)
       Our knowledge springs from two fundamental sources of the mind; the first is the capacity of receiving representations (the ability to receive impressions), the second is the power to know an object through these representations (spontaneity in the production of concepts).
       Through the first, an object is given to us; through the second, the object is thought in relation to that representation.... Intuition and concepts constitute, therefore, the elements of all our knowledge, so that neither concepts without intuition in some way corresponding to them, nor intuition without concepts, can yield knowledge. Both may be either pure or empirical.... Pure intuitions or pure concepts are possible only a priori; empirical intuitions and empirical concepts only a posteriori. If the receptivity of our mind, its power of receiving representations in so far as it is in any way affected, is to be called "sensibility," then the mind's power of producing representations from itself, the spontaneity of knowledge, should be called "understanding." Our nature is so constituted that our intuitions can never be other than sensible; that is, it contains only the mode in which we are affected by objects. The faculty, on the other hand, which enables us to think the object of sensible intuition is the understanding.... Without sensibility, no object would be given to us; without understanding, no object would be thought. Thoughts without content are empty; intuitions without concepts are blind. It is therefore just as necessary to make our concepts sensible, that is, to add the object to them in intuition, as to make our intuitions intelligible, that is to bring them under concepts. These two powers or capacities cannot exchange their functions. The understanding can intuit nothing, the senses can think nothing. Only through their union can knowledge arise. (Kant, 1933, Sec. 1, Pt. 2, B74-75 [p. 92])
       Metaphysics, as a natural disposition of Reason is real, but it is also, in itself, dialectical and deceptive.... Hence to attempt to draw our principles from it, and in their employment to follow this natural but none the less fallacious illusion can never produce science, but only an empty dialectical art, in which one school may indeed outdo the other, but none can ever attain a justifiable and lasting success. In order that, as a science, it may lay claim not merely to deceptive persuasion, but to insight and conviction, a Critique of Reason must exhibit in a complete system the whole stock of conceptions a priori, arranged according to their different sources-the Sensibility, the understanding, and the Reason; it must present a complete table of these conceptions, together with their analysis and all that can be deduced from them, but more especially the possibility of synthetic knowledge a priori by means of their deduction, the principles of its use, and finally, its boundaries....
       This much is certain: he who has once tried criticism will be sickened for ever of all the dogmatic trash he was compelled to content himself with before, because his Reason, requiring something, could find nothing better for its occupation. Criticism stands to the ordinary school metaphysics exactly in the same relation as chemistry to alchemy, or as astron omy to fortune-telling astrology. I guarantee that no one who has comprehended and thought out the conclusions of criticism, even in these Prolegomena, will ever return to the old sophistical pseudo-science. He will rather look forward with a kind of pleasure to a metaphysics, certainly now within his power, which requires no more preparatory discoveries, and which alone can procure for reason permanent satisfaction. (Kant, 1891, pp. 115-116)
       Knowledge is only real and can only be set forth fully in the form of science, in the form of system. Further, a so-called fundamental proposition or first principle of philosophy, even if it is true, it is yet none the less false, just because and in so far as it is merely a fundamental proposition, merely a first principle. It is for that reason easily refuted. The refutation consists in bringing out its defective character; and it is defective because it is merely the universal, merely a principle, the beginning. If the refutation is complete and thorough, it is derived and developed from the nature of the principle itself, and not accomplished by bringing in from elsewhere other counter-assurances and chance fancies. It would be strictly the development of the principle, and thus the completion of its deficiency, were it not that it misunderstands its own purport by taking account solely of the negative aspect of what it seeks to do, and is not conscious of the positive character of its process and result. The really positive working out of the beginning is at the same time just as much the very reverse: it is a negative attitude towards the principle we start from. Negative, that is to say, in its one-sided form, which consists in being primarily immediate, a mere purpose. It may therefore be regarded as a refutation of what constitutes the basis of the system; but more correctly it should be looked at as a demonstration that the basis or principle of the system is in point of fact merely its beginning. (Hegel, 1910, pp. 21-22)
       Knowledge, action, and evaluation are essentially connected. The primary and pervasive significance of knowledge lies in its guidance of action: knowing is for the sake of doing. And action, obviously, is rooted in evaluation. For a being which did not assign comparative values, deliberate action would be pointless; and for one which did not know, it would be impossible. Conversely, only an active being could have knowledge, and only such a being could assign values to anything beyond his own feelings. A creature which did not enter into the process of reality to alter in some part the future content of it, could apprehend a world only in the sense of intuitive or esthetic contemplation; and such contemplation would not possess the significance of knowledge but only that of enjoying and suffering. (Lewis, 1946, p. 1)
       "Evolutionary epistemology" is a branch of scholarship that applies the evolutionary perspective to an understanding of how knowledge develops. Knowledge always involves getting information. The most primitive way of acquiring it is through the sense of touch: amoebas and other simple organisms know what happens around them only if they can feel it with their "skins." The knowledge such an organism can have is strictly about what is in its immediate vicinity. After a huge jump in evolution, organisms learned to find out what was going on at a distance from them, without having to actually feel the environment. This jump involved the development of sense organs for processing information that was farther away. For a long time, the most important sources of knowledge were the nose, the eyes, and the ears. The next big advance occurred when organisms developed memory. Now information no longer needed to be present at all, and the animal could recall events and outcomes that happened in the past. Each one of these steps in the evolution of knowledge added important survival advantages to the species that was equipped to use it.
       Then, with the appearance in evolution of humans, an entirely new way of acquiring information developed. Up to this point, the processing of information was entirely intrasomatic.... But when speech appeared (and even more powerfully with the invention of writing), information processing became extrasomatic. After that point knowledge did not have to be stored in the genes, or in the memory traces of the brain; it could be passed on from one person to another through words, or it could be written down and stored on a permanent substance like stone, paper, or silicon chips-in any case, outside the fragile and impermanent nervous system. (Csikszentmihalyi, 1993, pp. 56-57)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Knowledge

  • 120 Taylor, John

    SUBJECT AREA: Medical technology
    [br]
    b. 16 August 1703 Norwich, England
    d. 17 September 1772 Prague, Bohemia
    [br]
    English oculist and exponent of surgical treatment of squint and cataract.
    [br]
    In 1722, employed as an apothecary's assistant, he studied surgery and especially diseases of the eye under Cheselden at St Thomas's Hospital, London. He returned to Norwich to practise, but in 1727 he assumed the role of itinerant surgeon oculist, with a particular reputation for putting eyes straight; at first he covered the major part of the British Isles and then he extended his activities to Europe.
    He obtained MDs from Basle in 1733, and from Liège and Cologne in 1734. In 1736 he was appointed Oculist to George II. It is likely that he was responsible for Johann Sebastian Bach's blindness, and Gibbon was one of his patients. The subject of considerable obloquy on account of his self-advertisement in the crudest and most bombastic terms, it is none the less certain that he had developed a technique, probably related to couching, which was considerably in advance of that of other practitioners and at least offered a prospect of assistance where none had been available.
    Dr Johnson declared him "an instance of how far impudence will carry ignorance". Without justification, he styled himself "Chevalier". He is said, not improbably having regard to his age, to have become blind himself later in life. His son carried on his practice.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    Further Reading
    1761, The History of the Travels and Adventures of the Chevalier John Taylor, Ophthalmiater, London.
    MG

    Biographical history of technology > Taylor, John

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