(to+complete

1) full of (e-s or af e-u); f. upp úlfúðar, full of savageness; f. eitri (dat.), full of poison;

2) full, complete, entire; full vissa, full certainty; soekja mil til fullra, laga, to the full extent of the law; halda til fulls við e-n, to stand on one’s full right against another; hafa fullara hlut, to get the better of it; at fullu, til fulls, fully, thorougly.

* * *

adj., compar. and superl. sometimes in old writers fullari, fullastr, in mod. fyllri, fyllztr, fullast, Fms. i. 162; fullara, Sighvat: [Ulf. fulls: A. S. and Engl. full; Germ. voll; Swed. full; Dan. fuld; cp. Lat. plēnus, Gr. πλήρης]:

I. of bags or vessels, full, either with gen., fullr e-s, or with a prep., af e-u; fullr af silfri, full of silver, Eg. 310; fullr af fiskum, full of fishes, Landn. 51 (with v. l. fullr með fiskum less correct); fullr mjaðar, Ls. 53.

2. metaph., eitri f., fraught with poison, Bær. 15; full of poison, Fms. ii. 139; fullr lausungar, fullr öfundar, full of looseness, full of envy, Hom. 151: fullr upp úlbúðar, full of savageness, Eg. 114; hafa fullara hlut, to have the better of, Ísl. ii. 386; fullr fjandskapr, Fms. ii. 256; full skynsemd, i. 138; fullasta gipt, Greg. 37.

II. full, complete, entire; fullt tungl, full moon, Rb. passim.

2. fullt goðorð, a full priesthood, that is to say, complete, lawful, Grág. Þ. Þ. passim; fullir baugar, fullr höfuðbaugr, full payment, Grág. ii. 181, 182; aura fulla, full ( good) money, i. 84; með fé fullu, ii. 69.

3. the phrase, halda til fulls við e-n, to stand on one’s full right against one (as a rival), Ó. H. 111; halda fullara, to engage in a sharper contest, Sighvat, metaphor from a lawsuit.

III. law phrases, fullr dómr, a full court, Grág. Þ. Þ., Nj. passim; til fullra laga, to the full extent of law, Hrafn. 18; fulln ok föstu lýritti, with full protest, Nj. 87; í fullu umboði e-s, Dipl. v. 28: lawful, þar er maðr tekr sókn eða vörn fyrir annan, ok verðr þó fullt ( lawful), þótt …, Grág. i. 141 (cp. Engl. lawful); sverja mun ek þat, ef yðr þykkir þá fullara, more lawful ( valid), Ísl. ii. 98; ef yðr þykir hitt fullara, þá vil ek bera járn, Fb. ii. 244; þat er jafnfullt, equally lawful, N. G. L. i. 34.

IV. adv., at fullu, fully, Edda 20, Fms. i. 53; til fulls, fully, thoroughly: in law, eiga setur … til fulls, to sit duly (in parliament), Grág. i. 7; cp. fylla lög, to make laws.

u, f. a metrical term, a subdivision of dróttkvætt, a metre having two rhymed couplets in every line; if one of these be half rhyme it is called a. hin minni ( the minor alhenda), if both be full rhymes it is a. meiri ( complete alhenda), Edda (Ht.) 132, Sturl. ii. 56: thus harð-múla varð Skúli is a complete alhenda.

* * *

in compds. fully, quite, amply.

* * *

in COMPDS, fully, quite, enough; it may be used with almost any adjective or adverb, e. g. full-afla, adj. fully able to, Gþl. 265, 371. full-afli, a, m. a full mighty man, Lex. Poët. full-bakaðr, part. full-baked, Orkn. 112, Fas. i. 85. full-boðit, part. n. good enough for, fully a match for, Bjarn. 8. full-borða, adj. a ‘full-boarded’ ship, with bulwarks of full height, Fms. ii. 218. full-býli, n. full provisions for a house, Bs. ii. 145. full-djarfliga, adv. (-ligr, adj.), with full courage, Fms. viii. 138. full-drengiligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), full bold, Eg. 29, Lex. Poët. full-drukkinn, part. quite drunk, Edda, Fms. i. 291, Ó. H. 72. full-dýrr, adj. full dear, N. G. L. i. 37. full-elda, adj. full hot, Fas. ii. 361. full-eltr, part. pursued enough, Ísl. ii. 361. full-féa, adj. = fullfjáðr. full-fengi, n. a sufficient haul, Gullþ. 9, Bs. ii. 42. full-fengiligr, adj. quite good, Stj. 201. full-ferma, d, to load full, Ísl. ii. 77. full-fimr, adj. quite alert, Fas. iii. 485. full-fjáðr, part. full monied, Gþl. 514. full-frægt, n. adj. famous enough, Fs. 17. full-fúss, adj. quite ready, Fms. x. 402, Grett. 159. full-færa, ð, to prove fully, Stat. 296. full-gamall, adj. full old, Fas. i. 376, Orkn. 112. full-gildi, n. a full prize, Thom. 18. full-glaðr, adj. full glad, Fms. iii. 52. full-goldit, part. fully paid, Þorst. St. 54. full-góðr, adj. good enough, Fms. i. 289, vii. 272, Ó. H. 115, Sks. 219. full-göra, ð, to fulfil, complete, perform, Stj. 391, Hkr. ii. 396, Fms. i. 189, Fs. 42, Bjarn. 25: reflex., K. Á. 108, Str. 2. full-görð, performance, D. N. full-görla (full-görva, Ls. 30), adv. full clearly, Stj. 608, Hom. 159, Fms. i. 215. full-görliga, adv. fully, Str. 19. full-görr, part. fully done, Bárð. 165, Stj. 166 ( ripe): metaph. full, perfect, f. at afli, Fms. vi. 30. full-hefnt, part. fully avenged, Fas. ii. 410, Al. 34. full-heilagr, adj. full holy, Hom. 156. full-hugðr, part. full-bold, dauntless, El. 6; cp. Gh. 15, where full-hugða seems to be a verb pret. and to mean to love. full-hugi, a, m. a full gallant man, a hero without fear or blame, Eg. 505, Fms. ii. 120, vii. 150, viii. 158, Rd. 223, Ísl. ii. 360. full-indi, n. abundance, Fas. ii. 502. full-ílla, adv. (full-íllr, adj.), full ill, badly enough, Fas. i. 222, Am. 83. full-kaupa, adj. bought full dearly, Ó. H. 114. full-kátr, adj. gleeful, Fms. viii. 101. full-keyptr, part. bought full dearly, Nj. 75, Þórð. 65. full-koma, mod. full-komna, að, to fulfil, complete, Stj. 51, Bs. i. 694, K. Á. 22. full-kominn, part. perfect; f. at aldri, afli, etc., full-grown, Fms. vii. 199, xi. 182, Nj. 38, Eg. 146, 256; f. vin, 28, 64; f. ( ready) at göra e-t, Hkr. i. 330: freq. in mod. usage, perfect, N. T. full-komleikr (- leiki), m. perfectibility, Barl. fullkom-liga, adv. (-ligr, adj.), perfectly, Barl. full-kosta, adj. full-matched (of a wedding), Nj. 16, Fms. iii. 108, Fs. 31. full-kvæni, adj. well married, Skv. 1. 34. full-langt, n. adj. full long. full-launaðr, part. fully rewarded, Grett. 123. full-leiksa, adj. having a hard game ( hard job), Bjarn. 66. full-lengi, adv. full long, Fms. vi. 18, Sturl. i. 149. full-liða, adj. having men ( troops) enough, Ísl. ii. 347: quite able, Gþl. 265, v. l. full-liga, adv. fully, Fms. v. 226, ix. 257, Greg. 58. full-malit, part. having ground enough, Gs. 16. full-mikill, adj. full great, Fs. 16. full-mæli, n. a final, full agreement, Gþl. 211, v. l. full-mælt, part. spoken enough ( too much), Hkr. i. 232. full-mætr, adj. ‘full-meet,’ valid, Dipl. ii. 2. full-numi, full-numa (full-nomsi, Barl. 73), adj.; f. í e-u, or f. e-s, having learnt a thing fully, an adept in a thing, Bárð. 181, Fas. ii. 241, Sturl. iii. 173, Karl. 385. full-nægja, ð, to suffice, Fb. ii. 324; mod. Germ. genug-thun = to alone for. full-nægja, u, f. [Germ. genug-thuung], atonement. full-ofinn, part. full-woven, finished, El. 27. full-orðinn, part. full-grown, of age, Grett. 87 A. full-ráða, adj. fully resolved, Fms. viii. 422. full-reyndr, part. fully tried, Rd. 194, Fms. vii. 170. full-rétti, n. a law term, a gross insult for which full atonement is due, chiefly in the law of personal offence: phrases, mæla fullrétti við mann, of an affront in words, Grág. i. 156, ii. 144; göra fullrétti við e-n, to commit f. against one, i. 157; opp. to hálfrétti, a half, slight offence: fullrétti was liable to the lesser outlawry, Grág. l. c. fullréttis-orð, n. a verbal affront, defined as a gross insult in N. G. L. i. 70, but in a lighter sense in Grág. ii. 144, cp. Gþl. 195. fullréttis-skaði, a, m. scathe resulting from f., Gþl. 520, Jb. 411. fullréttis-verk, n. a deed of f., Gþl. 178. full-ríkr, adj. full rich, Fms. v. 273, viii. 361, Fas. iii. 552. full-roskinn, adj. full-grown, Magn. 448, Grett. 87. full-rýninn, adj. fully wise, Am. 11. full-ræði, n. full efficiency, Valla L. 202: full match = fullkosta, Fms. i. 3; fullræði fjár, efficient means, Ó. H. 134, cp. Fb. ii. 278: fullræða-samr, adj. efficient, active, Bs. i. 76. full-rætt, part. enough spoken of, Gh. 45. full-röskr, adj. in full strength, Vígl. 26, Grett. 107 A, 126. full-sekta, að, to make one a full outlaw, Ísl. ii. 166. full-skipat, part. n. fully engaged, taken up, Fas. iii. 542. full-skipta, t, to share out fully, Fms. xi. 442. full-skjótt, n. adj. full swiftly, Fms. viii. 210. full-snúit, part. n. fully, quite turned, Fms. viii. 222. full-sofit, sup. having slept enough, Dropl. 30. full-spakr, adj. full wise, Gs. 8; a pr. name, Landn. full-staðit, part. n. having stood full long, Gs. 23. full-steiktr, part. fully roasted, Fs. 24. full-strangr, adj. full strong, Mkv. full-svefta (full-sæfti, v. l.), adj. having slept enough, Sks. 496, Finnb. 346. full-sæfðr, part. quite dead, put to rest, Al. 41. full-sæla, u, f. wealth, bliss; f. fjár, great wealth, Fms. vii. 74, xi. 422, Fas. iii. 100, Band. 25; eilíf f., eternal bliss, 655 xiii. A. 2. full-sæll, adj. blissful, Fms. viii. 251, Band. 7. full-sæmdr, part. fully honoured, Fas. iii. 289. full-sæmiliga, adv. (-ligr, adj.), with full honour, Fas. iii. 124. full-sætti, n. full agreement, full settlement, Grág. ii. 183. full-tekinn, part.; f. karl, a full champion (ironic.), Grett. 208 A. new Ed. (slang). full-tíða ( full-tíði), adj. full-grown, of full age, Eg. 185, Js. 63, 73, Grág. ii. 112, Landn. 44 (v. l.), Gþl. 307, 434, K. Á. 58, Vígl. 18, Ísl. ii. 336: gen. pl. fulltíðra, Grág. ii. 113. full-trúi, a, m. a trustee, one in whom one puts full confidence, also a patron, Fms. iii. 100, xi. 134, Rd. 248, in all these passages used of a heathen god; frændi ok f., Bs. i. 117: vinr ok f., Fms. v. 20:—in mod. usage, a representative, e. g. in parliament, a trustee, commissary, or the like. full-tryggvi, f. full trust, Grett. 97 new Ed. full-týja, ð, to help, = fulltingja, Fm. 6. full-vandliga, adv. (-ligr, adj.), with full care, Fas. iii. 237. full-váxinn, part. full-grown, 655 xxx. 5, Al. 18, Stj. 255, Sks. 35. full-vaxta, adj. = fullvaxinn, Nj. 259 (v. l.), Sks. 35 ( increased). full-veðja, adj. one who is a full bail or security, H. E. i. 529, N. G. L. i. 215; in mod. usage, one who is fully able to act for oneself. full-vegit, part. n. having slain enough, Am. 50. full-vel, adv. full well, Skálda 161, Fms. viii. 162, Fas. i. 104. full-velgdr, part. quite warm, fully cooked, Fas. iii. 389. full-virði, n. a full prize, Grág. ii. 216. full-víss, adj. full wise, quite certain, Hom. 160. full-þroskaðr, part. full-grown, full strong, Fær. 97, Valla L. 196. full-þurr, adj. full dry, Eb. 260, Grett. 109. full-öruggr, adj. fully trusting.

* * *

(-da, -dr), v.

1) to fill (f. e-t e-s or af e-u);

2) to complete, make up (f. þat, er á skortir);

3) to fulfil;

4) f. flokk e-s, to side with one;

5) refl., fyllast áhyggju ok hræðslu (gen.), to be filled with care and fear.

* * *

t, [fullr], to fill, pour full, Sks. 416, Stj. 319.

β. impers., esp. as a naut. term, skip (acc.) fyllir, the ship makes water, i. e. fills with water, Eg. 386; fylldi þegar flotað var, Fms. ix. 447; þá fylldi gröfina vatns, the hole was filled with water, Greg. 62; mik fyllir harms, I am filled with grief, Karl. 321.

II. metaph., Hom. 108:—to fill, complete, make up, Hkr. iii. 98, Anecd. 92, Sturl. iii. 244, Fms. vi. 90, Fbr. 217, Grág. ii. 301.

2. to fulfil, 625. 92, Anecd. 50, Blas. 50, Hom. 51, Fms. x. 230, Rb. 80.

3. a parliamentary phrase, fylla lög ok lof, to make laws, Grág. i. 7; cp. the Engl. lawful.

4. the phrase, fylla flokk e-s, to fill one’s host, side with one, Þórð., Hkr. i. (in a verse).

III. reflex. to be filled, to grow full, with gen.; fyllask áhyggju ok hræðslu (reiði), to be filled with cares and fears ( anger), Blas. 46, Fms. i. 216; fylldisk hann upp fjándskapar, viii. 391.

2. to be fulfilled, Hom. 51, 105, Blas. 42.

IV. part. fyllendr, pl. fulfillers, Hom. 133.

adj., a law term, meaning full, complete; thus karlgildr úmagi means, not a ‘ male-úmagi,’ but a ‘complete invalid,’ one who can contribute nothing towards his sustenance, e. g. an infant, a sick or aged person, male or female. The word is a standing term in the old church deeds, where the donor charged the gift with the support of a karlgild úmagi for ever, D. I. passim. The old Swedish laws present the same use of the word, e. g. karlgild mark = good money, money of full value, see Verel. s. v.

or -AT or -T, a negative suffix to verbs, peculiar to Iceland and a part, at least, of Norway. Occurs frequently in old Icelandic poetry and laws, so as almost to form a complete negative voice. In the 1st pers. a personal pronoun k (g) = ek is inserted before the negative suffix, in the 2nd pers. a t or tt. As a rule the pron. as thus repeated; má-k-at-ek, non possum; sé-k-at-ek, non video; hef-k-at-ek, non habeo; skal-k-at-ek; vil-k-at-ek, nolo; mon-k-at-ek, non ero, etc.: 2nd pers. skal-t-at-tu; mon-t-at-tu; gaf-t-at-tu, non dabas: and after a long vowel a tt, mátt-at-tu, sátt-at-tu; so almost invariably in all monosyllabic verbal forms; but not so in bisyllabic ones, máttir-a-þú, non poteras: yet in some instances in the 1st pers. a pronominal g is inserted, e. g. bjargi-g-a-k, verbally servem ego non ego; höggvi-g-a-k, non cædam; stöðvi-g-a-k, quin sistam; vildi-g-a-k, nolui; hafði-g-a-k, non babui; mátti-g-a-k, non potui; görði-g-a-k, non feci: if the verb has gg as final radical consonants, they change into kk, e. g. þikk-at-ek = þigg-k-at-ek, nolo accipere. In the 3rd pers. a and at or t are used indifferently, t being particularly suffixed to bisyllabic verbal flexions ending in a vowel, in order to avoid an hiatus,—skal-at or skal-a, non erit; but skolo-t, non sunto: forms with an hiatus, however, occur,—bíti-a, non mordat; renni-a, ne currat; skríði-a, id.; leti-a, ne retardet; væri-a, ne esset; urðu-a, non erant; but bíti-t, renni-t, skríði-t, urðu-t are more current forms: v. Lex. Poët. The negative suffix is almost peculiar to indic., conj., and imperat. moods; the neg. infin. hardly occurs. Nothing analogous to this form is to be found in any South-Teutonic idiom; neither do there remain any traces of its having been used in Sweden or Denmark. A single exception is the Runic verse on a stone monument in Öland, an old Danish province, now Swedish, where however the inscriptions may proceed from a Norse or Icel. hand. The Runic inscriptions run thus, sa’r aigi flo, who did not fly, old Icel. ‘flo-at,’ Baut. 1169. Neither does it occur in any Norse prose monuments (laws): but its use may yet be inferred from its occurrence in Norse poets of the 10th century, e. g. the poets Eyvind and Thiodolf; some of which instances, however, may be due to their being transmitted through Icel. oral tradition. In Bragi Gamli (9th century) it occurs twice or thrice; in the Haustlöng four times, in Ynglingatal four times, in Hákonarmál once (all Norse poems of the 10th century). In Icel. the suffixed negation was in full force through the whole of the 10th century. A slight difference in idioms, however, may be observed: Völuspá, e. g., prefers the negation by né (using vas-at only once, verse 3). In the old Hávamal the suffix abounds (being used thirty-five times), see the verses 6, 10, 11, 18, 26, 29, 30, 34, 37–39, 49, 51, 52, 68, 74, 88, 113–115, 126–128, 130, 134, 136, 147, 149, 151, 153, 159. In Skírnismál, Harbarðsljóð, Lokasenna—all these poems probably composed by the same author, and not before the 10th century—about thirty times, viz. Hbl. 3, 4, 8, 14, 26, 35, 56; Skm. 5, 18, 22; Ls. 15, 16, 18, 25, 28, 30, 36, 42, 47, 49, 56, 60, 62. Egil (born circa 900, died circa 990) abounds in the use of the suffixed neg. (he most commonly avails himself of -at, -gi, or né): so, too, does Hallfred (born circa 968, died 1008), Einar Skálaglam in Vellekla (circa 940–995), and Thorarin in the Máhlíðingavísur (composed in the year 981); and in the few epigrams relating to the introduction of Christianity in Icel. (995–1000) there occur mon-k-að-ek, tek-k-at-ek, vil-k-at-ek, hlífði-t, mon-a, es-a; cp. the Kristni S. and Njala. From this time, however, its use becomes more rare. Sighvat (born circa 995, died 1040) still makes a frequent but not exclusive use of it. Subsequent poets use it now and then as an epic form, until it disappeared almost entirely in poetry at the middle or end of the 13th century. In the Sólarljóð there is not a single instance. The verses of some of our Sagas are probably later than the Sagas themselves; the greatest part of the Völsungakviður are scarcely older than the 11th century. In all these -at and conj. eigi are used indifferently. In prose the laws continued to employ the old forms long after they were abolished in common prose. The suffixed verbal negation was used,

α. in the delivering of the oath in the Icel. Courts, esp. the Fifth Court, instituted about the year 1004; and it seems to have been used through the whole of the Icel. Commonwealth (till the year 1272). The oath of the Fifth (High) Court, as preserved in the Grágás, runs in the 1st pers., hefka ek fé borit í dóm þenna til liðs mér um sök þessa, ok ek monka bjóða, hefka ek fundit, ok monka ek finna, hvárki til laga né ólaga, p. 79; and again p. 81, only different as to ek hefka, ek monka (new Ed.): 3rd pers., hefirat hann fé; borit í dóm þenna ok monat hann bjóða, ok hefirat hann fundit, ok monat hann tinna, 80, 81; cp. also 82, and Nj. l. c. ch. 145, where it is interesting to observe that the author confounds the ist and 3rd persons, a sign of decay in grammatical form.

β. the Speaker (lögsögumaðr), in publicly reciting and explaining the law, and speaking in the name of the law, from the Hill of Laws (lögberg), frequently employed the old form, esp. in the legal words of command es and skal (yet seldom in plur.): erat in the dictatorial phrases, erat skyldr (skylt), non esto obligatus; erat landeigandi skyldr, Grág. (Kb.) i. 17; erat hinn skyldr, 21; yngri maðr era skyldr at fasta, 35; enda erat honum þá skylt at …, 48; erat þat sakar spell, 127; era hinn þá skyldr at lýsa, 154; erat hann framar skyldr sakráða, 216; ok erat hann skyldr at ábyrgjask þat fé, 238; ok erat hann skyldr, id.; ok erat sakar aðili ella skyldr, ii. 74; erat hinn skyldr við at taka, 142; erat manni skylt at taka búfé, 143; enda erat heimting til fjár þess, 169; era hann þá skyldr at taka við í öðru fé nema hann vili, 209; ok erat þeim skylt at tíunda fé sitt, 211; ok erat hann skyldr at gjalda tíund af því, 212; erat kirkjudrottinn þá skyldr, 228; ef hann erat landeigandi, i. 136. Skalat: skalat maðr eiga fó óborit, i. 23; skalat homum þat verða optar en um siun, 55; skalat maðr ryðja við sjálfan sik, 62; skalat hann þat svá dvelja, 68; skalat hann til véfangs ganga, 71; skalat aðilja í stefnuvætti hafa, 127; ok skala hann gjalda fyrir þat, 135; ok skalat hann með sök fara, 171; enda skalat hann fleirum baugum bœta, 199; skalat hann skilja félagit, 240; skalat hann meiri skuld eiga en, ii. 4; skalat þeim meðan á brott skipta, 5; skalat hann lögvillr verða, svá, 34; skalat hon at heldr varðveita þat fé, 59; í skalat enn sami maðr þar lengr vera, 71; ok skala honum bæta þat, 79; skalat fyl telja, 89; skalat hann banna fiskför, 123; skalat hann lóga fé því á engi veg, 158; skalat drepa þá menn, 167; skalat svá skipta manneldi, 173; skalat maðr reiðast við fjórðungi vísu, 183. Plur.: skolut menn andvitni bera ok hér á þingi, i. 68; skolut mál hans standast, 71; skolut þeir færi til vefangs ganga en, 75, etc. etc. Other instances are rare: tekrat þar fé er eigi er til (a proverb), i. 9; ok um telrat þat til sakbóta, ok of telrat þá til sakbóta ( it does not count), 178; ef hann villat ( will not) lýsa sár sitt, 51; ok ræðrat hann öðrum mönnum á hendr þann úmaga, 248; ræðrat sá sínum ómögum á hendr, ii. 18; verðrat honum at sakarspelli and verðrat honum þat at s., i. 63; verðrat honum þat at sakarvörn, 149; kömrat hann öðru við, ii. 141; þarfat hann bíða til þess, i. 70; ok skilrat hann frá aðra aura, ii. 141, i. 136. Reflexive form: kömskat hann til heimtingar um þat fé, he loses the claim to the money, ii. 180, etc. All these instances are taken from the Kb. (Ed. 1853). Remarkable is also the ambiguity in the oath of Glum (see Sir Edm. Head, Viga-Glum, pp. 102, 103, note, I. c.), who, instead of the plain common formal oath—vask-at-ek þar, vák-at-ek þar, rauðk-at-ek þar odd ok egg—said, vask at þar, vák at þar, rauðk at þar. He inverted the sense by dropping the intermediate pronominal ek between the verb and þar, and pronouncing ‒ ‒́ instead of ‒́ ⏑. It further occurs in some few proverbs: varat af vöru, sleikði um þvöru, Fs. 159; veldrat sá er varir, Nj. 61 (now commonly ekki veldr sá er v., so in Grett.); erat héra at borgnara þótt hœna beri skjöld, Fms. vii. 116; era hlums vant kvað refr, dró hörpu á ísi, 19: also in some phrases, referred to as verba ipsissima from the heathen age—erat vinum líft Ingimundar, Fs. 39; erat sjá draumr minni, Ld. 128. Thorodd employs it twice or thrice: því at ek sékk-a þess meiri þörf, because í do not see any more reason for this, Skálda 167; kannka ek til þess meiri ráð en lítil, I do not know, id.; mona ( will not) mín móna ( my mammy) við mik göra verst hjóna, 163. In sacred translations of the 12th century it occurs now and then. In the Homilies and Dialogues of Gregory the Great: monatþu í því flóði verða, thou shalt not; esa þat undarligt þótt, it is not to be wondered at; hann máttia sofna, he could not sleep; moncaþ ek banna, I shall not mind, Greg. 51, 53; vasal kall heyrt á strætum, was not, Post. 645. 84; nú mona fríðir menn hér koma, Niðrst. 623. 7. In later writers as an archaism; a few times in the Al. (MS. A. M. 519), 3, 5, 6, 44, 108; and about as many times in the MS. Eirspennill (A. M. 47, fol.) [Etymon uncertain; that at is the right form may be inferred from the assimilation in at-tu, and the anastrophe in t, though the reason for the frequent dropping of the t is still unexplained. The coincidence with the Scottish dinna, canna is quite accidental.]

n. nature, disposition.

* * *

I. n. nature, disposition, inborn native quality, used only in poetry; jóðs a., childish, Ýt. 13; ósnotrs aðal, foolish, insipid, Hm. 106; args a., dastardly, Ls. 23, 24; drengs a., noble, Km. 23; ódyggs a., bad, Hsm. 19. 2. in the sense of offspring; aðul Njarðar (where it is n. pl.?), the gods, the offspring of Njord, Hallfred in a poem, vide Fs. 59.

II. used in a great many COMPDS, chief-, head-. aðal-akkeri, n. sheet-anchor, Fms. x. 130:

β. metaph., Bs. i. 756. aðal-bjórr, s, m. prime beaver skin, Eb. (in a verse). aðal-borinn, part., v. óðalborinn. aðal-ból, n. a manor-house, farm inhabited by its master, opp. to tenant farms, Grág. (Kb.) ii. 150; also the name of a farm, Hrafn. 4. aðal-festr, f., v. alaðsfestr. aðal-fylking, f. main force, main body, Hkr. ii. 361. aðal-haf, n. the main, Fms. iv. 177. aðal-henda, u, f., v. alhenda. aðal-hending, f. full, complete rhymes, such as all— hall, opp. to skot-hending, q. v., Edda (Ht.) aðal-hendr, adj. verse in full rhyme, Edda, id. aðal-kelda, u, f. chief well, Karl. 442. aðal-kirkja, ju, f. chief part of a church, viz. choir and nave, opp. to forkirkja, Sturl. ii. 59. aðalliga, adv. completely, thoroughly; a. dauðr, quite dead, 656 C. 31, Fms. ii. 313; a. gamall, quite old, iii. 171. aðal-mein, n. great pain, Fms. vi. (in a verse), aðal-merki, n. the head-standard, Pr. 177. aðal-ritning, f. chief writing, Sks. 13. aðal-skáli, a, m. the chief apartment of a skáli, the hall, as distinguished from a forhús, Eb. 43. aðal-tré, n. trunk of a tree; eigi munu kvistir betri en a. (a proverb), Fms. iv. 33. aðal-troll, n. downright ogre, Fas. iii. 179. aðal-túlkr, s, m. chief advocate, Bs. i. 445. aðal-túpt, f. esp. in pl. ir = óðals-toptir, the ground on which a manor-bouse is built, toft of an allodial farm (Norse), flytja hús af aðaltóptum, remove it, N. G. L. i. 379.

ar, f. [obsolete alaðr, alimentum, Ýt. 13, v. l.], a law term in the Icel. Commonwealth, viz. the eighth part of the sum fjörbaugr ( life-money), amounting to an ounce, a fee to be paid by a convict in the Court of Execution (féránsdómr); if a convict, liable to the lesser outlawry, failed in paying off the alaðsfestr, he thereby became a complete outlaw, úalandi; hence the name life-money or blood-money. It is thus defined: þar skal gjaldast mörk lögaura at féránsdómi, goða þeim er féránsdóminn nefndi; þat fé heitir fjörbaugr, en einn eyrir ( ounce) þess fjár heitir a. ef þat fé (the alaðsf. or the whole fjörb.?) gelzt eigi, þá verði hann skógarmaðr úæll, Grág. i. 88; nú gelzt fjörbaugr ok a. þá skal dæma svá sekðarfé hans sem skógarmanns, 132: Njála uses the less classic form, aðalfestr (per metath.), Nj. 240; cp. Johnsonius (Lat. transl.), p. 529, note 8.

1) never (aldri skal ek heðan ganga fyrr en hann ríss upp);

2) ever, after a preceding negative or a comparative (er nú ørvænt at vér munum a. fá dýr skotit); gerðu þá verra en aldri fyrr, worst than ever before.

* * *

qs. aldri-gi, [dat. from aldr and the negative nominal suffix -gi; Dan. aldrig], with dropped neg. suffix; the modern form is aldrei; unusual Norse forms, with an n or t paragogical, aldregin, aldregit: aldregin, N. G. L. i. 8, Sks. 192, 202 B, Hom. ii. 150, Stj. 62 (in MS. A. M. 227. Ed. aldri), O. H. L. 17, 79, and several times; aldregit, N. G. L. i. 356. The mod. Icel. form with ei indicates a contraction; the old aldri no doubt was sounded as aldrí with a final diphthong, which was later (in the 15th century) changed into ei. The contr. form aldri occurs over and over again in the Sagas, the complete aldregi or aldrigi is more rare, but occurs in Grág. i. 220 A, 321 A, ii. 167, etc.; aldrei appears now and then in the Edd. and in MSS. of the I5th century, but hardly earlier.

I. never, nunquam:

1. temp., mun þik a. konur skorta, Ísl. ii. 250; koma aldregi til Noregs síðan, Nj. 9; verðr henni þat aldregi rétt, Grág. ii. 214; ella liggr féit aldregi, in nowise, i. 220; sú sök fyrnist aldregi, 361; ok skal aldregi í land koma síðan, ii. 167.

2. loc. (rare), mörk var svá þykk upp fra tungunni at aldri ( nowhere) var rjóðr í (= hvergi), Sd. 170.

II. ever, unquam, after a preceding negative, appears twice in the Völs. kviður; en Atli kveðst eigi vilja mund aldregi (eigi aldregi = never), Og. 23; hnékat ek af því til hjálpar þér, at þú værir þess verð aldregi (now, nokkurrt tíma), not that thou ever hadst deserved it, II.

β. following a comparative, without the strict notion of negation; verr en a. fyr, worse than ever before, Stj. 404; framar en a. fyr, l. c. Cod. A; meiri vesöld en áðr hafði hann aldregi þolat, greater misery than he ever before had undergone, Barl. 196.

III. aldr’ = aldri = semper; aldr’ hefi ek frétt…, I have always heard tell that…, in a verse in Orkn.

u, f. complete restoration to health, Bs. i. 313, v. l.

t, = alhúsa. Part. alhýst, when all the buildings are finished, in a complete state, Sturl. i. 68.

u, f. complete immunity from punishment, pardon, Grág. i. 359.

f. complete reconciliation, Nj. 101, Js. 40, B. K. 126.

n. [vápn], complete arms; hafa a., to be in full armour, fully armed, Nj. 93, 107, Eg. 46, 74, 88; með a., fully armed, Íb. ch. 7.

(-s, -ar), m. fish; flatr f., heilagr f., flat-fish, halibut.

* * *

m. [Lat. piscis; Ulf. fisks; A. S. fisc; Engl. fish; Germ. fisch; Swed.-Dan. fisk]

I. a fish, of both sea and fresh-water fish, esp. cod, trout, salmon are often κατ ἐξ. called ‘fish,’ Sks. 180, Hkr. ii. 385; var þar undir f. nógr, Bárð. 169; at miði því er þik man aldri fisk bresta, id.; þar var hvert vatn fullt af fiskum, Eg. 134; fugla ok fiska, Grág. ii. 345, Sturl. ii. 165, passim; of the zodiacal fishes, 1812. 17:—different kind of fish, heilagr fiskr (mod. heilag-fiski), halibut, Þorf. Karl., Bs. i. 365; flatr f., id., Edda 35; hval-f., a ‘whale fish;’ beit-f. (q. v.), bait fish; ill-fiskar, ill or evil fishes, sharks; skel-f., shell fish; blautr f., fresh fish, N. G. L. iii. ch. 2, 5; skarpr f., dried fish, Bs. i. 209, 365, 367, in mod. usage harðr fiskr; freð-f. = frer-f., frozen fish, preserved by being frozen: as to fishing vide Hým. 17 sqq., Bs. ii. ch. 2, 87, Guðm. S. ch. 87, Nj. ch. 11, Edda l. c., Eb. ch. 11, Fbr. ch. 40, Landn. 2. 5, Ld. ch. 12, 58, Bárð. ch. 9, Rafn S. ch. 10, D. I. and Bs. passim in the Miracle-books: the section of law regarding this important branch of livelihood in Iceland is wanting in the present Grágás, proving that this collection is not complete, but in a fragmentary state.

β. the flesh of a fish, for in Icel. the word flesh can only be used of a land-animal; thus, hvítr á fiskinn, having white flesh.

II. metaph., kinn-fiskar, the flesh on the cheeks (of a man); kinnfiska-soginn, with sunken cheeks: the phrase, e-m vex fiskr um hrygg, one’s back gains muscle, i. e. one gains strength: fjör-fiskr, live fish, a phrase for spasms of the muscles, the ‘growing pains’ common in children,—the fjör-fiskr is said to bound or leap (sprikla), which is regarded as a sign of good health and growth.

III. fish were used as units of value, each = half an ell’s worth (vide alin), esp. in southern and Western Icel., cp. fiskvirði; hence the standing phrase in the title-page of books of later times, ‘charge so many fishes.’

COMPDS: fiskaá, fiskaferð, fiskakaup, fiskakyn, fiskamerki, fiskapollr, fiskaskip, fiskastöð, fiskastöng, fiskatíund, fiska-tollr, fiska-ver, vide fiski-, Am. 3, Fms. iv. 330, and endless other compds.

(-da, -t), v.

1) to go against, meet (gegna e-m);

2) to suit one, be meet for one;

velit þat er yðr gegnir, choose what best suits you;

3) to signify, mean, matter;

spurði, hverju gegndi úgleði sú, er hann hafði, asked what his sadness meant;

sumir mæltu í móti ok kváðu øngu gegna, some denied it, and said it was of no use;

meira en hófi gegnir, more than is due, above measure;

gegna tíðendum, to be of importance;

4) to amount to;

svá at mörgum hundruðum gegndi, so that it amounted to many hundreds.

* * *

d, [Germ. begegnen, cp. gegn, the adv.], to go against, meet, encounter; hann hafði þar mikit lið ok skyldi g. Birkibeinum, Fms. vii. 324; g. þeim er á sund hlaupa, ix. 22; skyldu þeir g. um njósnir ok annask vegu alla, Sturl. iii. 236.

II. metaph.,

1. to meet an engagement, to pay, discharge; ef hann á bú, þótt hann gegni eigi tillögum, though he pays no rates, Grág. i. 160; þá á hón at g. þriðjungi ( take the third part of the charges) fyrir ómaga þeirra, 337; ok skal hann þá g. (account, redress) við hinn ef landsleigur væri minni en verðit, ii. 239: as a law term, of a duty, to meet, discharge; but also of rights, to be entitled to; þá g. börn beggja arfi, N. G. L. i. 33; ok g. réttum öllum, 55; g. kostnaði, Fms. viii. 371: to pay, g. þingfarar-kaupi, Grág. passim, Ísl. ii. 344, Íb. ch. 10; g. skyldu sinni, to do one’s duty:—g. líkum, ok syngja sálu-messu, to meet the bodies, of the officiating clergyman, N. G. L. i. 390.

2. to suit one, be meet for one; velit þat er yðr gegnir, choose what best suits you, 623. 30; leyfi þér honum at fara sem honum gegnir bezt, Nj. 10, Fms. viii. 102; þat man bezt g. ( be meetest) at þín ráð sé höfð, Nj. 24, Fs. 155; kjöri hann þat af er betr gegndi, Fms. i. 202; mun þat betr g., it will do better, iv. 209; ok mun mér þat allvel g., 237; hve ílla mönnum gegndi ( how ill it suited men) at fara, Íb. 8; þann kost er þér gegnir verr, Fs. 134; þá gegnir þat, it is fit, Sks. 433.

3. to signify, mean, matter; ok spurði, ef hann vissi nökkut hverju gegndi, if he knew what was the matter, Eg. 53; spurðu hverju at gegndi um ferðir hans, Rd. 237; spurði, hverju gegndi úgleði sú er hann hafði, asked, what his sadness meant, Eg. 518; spyrr, hverju gegndi þyss sjá eða kliðr, Gísl. 56; sumir maeltu í móti, ok kváðu öngu g., some denied it, and said it went for nothing, Nj. 25; Háls kvað þat mundu öngu g., Rd. 237; það gegnir furðu, it means a wonder, it is astonishing; hví gegnir (what means?) þetta atkvæði? 656 B. 5; er helzt sá at ráði gegndi, i. e. where he saw that there was reason in it, Fms. vii. 257; g. tíðendum, to be of importance, of great consequence; séð hefi ek þat er ek ætla tíðendum muni g., Ld. 272; meir en hófi gegnir, more than is due, above measure, Fms. vii. 132; er viti gegnir, which has sense or meaning, Al. 6; um hluti þá er íþróttum gegndi, which imply or can be called art, Ó. H. 102:—of numbers, to amount to, svá at mörgum hundruðum gegndi, so that it amounted to several hundreds, by many hundreds, Fas. iii. 356; svá náttum gegndi, i. e. several nights, Ld. 304, v. l.; at degi einum vas fleira en heilum vikum gegndi í tveim misserum, i. e. that in a year there is one day over the complete number of weeks, Íb. 7: with gen. (rare), mér þyki tvennra vandræða g., it is a double difficulty, i. e. on both sides, Grett. 143 A.

4. to answer, reply, freq. in mod. usage, with dat. of the person and the reply; hann gegnir öngu, he gives no reply; hann gegnir mér ekki, he does not answer me.

β. to yield, be obedient; hann gegnir öngum, he obeys none, is cross and disobedient, freq. in mod. usage.

(gild, gilt), a.

1) valued at (gildr tveim mörkum);

2) of full value; worth, great (gildr konungr, höfðingi);

með gildum sóma, with great fame;

Hallfreðr var þá sem gildastr, H. was then at his best.

* * *

adj., neut. gilt, [cp. gildi, gjalda; Swed., Dan., and Norse gild]:—of full worth, full:

1. a trade term, of full measure, size, quality, and the like; gillt fé, Grág. i. 503; gildr skal tréskjöldr, ef, Gþl. 105, cp. 104; bolöxar gildar, N. G. L. i. 126; þeim manni er bæði hefir gildar ( full-measured) álnar ok faðma, Grág. ii. 262; gild dagleið, Bs. ii.

2. valued at, with dat., gildr tveim mörkum, Grág. ii. 86; g. átta aurum, id.; svá gildr, id.; hversu þau sár eru gild, at how much those wounds are rated, N. G. L. i. 172; tví-gildr, hálf-g., al-g., of double, half, full worth.

II. metaph. complete, absolute, great; g. konungr, Fms. ix. 69; g. höfðingi, xi. 18; gild húsfreyja, Glúm. 349; gildr maðr, Eg. 182; flestir enir gildari menn ( honoratiores), Ld. 106; Hallfreyðr var þá sem gildastr, H. was then at his best, Fs. 100; á gildasta aldri, id., Stj. 230: so of things, honum var þat gildr þykkr, a great shock, Ísl. ii. 321; með gildum sóma, with great fame, Fms. xi. 18; gild hefnd, Ísl. ii. 116; gild ferð, a famous journey, Fas. ii. 513.

III. in mod. usage, stout, brawny, cp. Grett. 148; Icel. now say gildr of a man, digr of things; but in compds, mittis-digr, not mittis-gildr; to use digr and digrask (q. v.) for gildr and gildna is now thought rude; but in olden times only digr was used in that sense, e. g. Ólafr Digri, Þorbjörg Digra (a lady); the passage referred to, Grett. 148, comes near the mod. sense of that word, but is not to be so understood.