(or+other)

1 ending for dual allative Plotz; see -nna 2 possessive 3rd person pl. pronominal ending: “their” VT49:17. Lintienta “their speed” PE17:58, nassentar “their true-beings” PE17:175. This ending corresponds to -ntë “they” other versions of Quenya uses -ltë for “they” and hence -lta for “their”. Also -ntya, q.v. According to VT49:17, the ending -nta appears as -inta following a consonant other sources point to -e- rather than -i- as the connecting vowel in such cases.

possessive 3rd person pl. pronominal ending: “their” VT49:17, corresponding to -ntë as the ending for “they”. Besides -ntya the form -nta is also attested, but the latter clashes with the ending for dual allative. Other variants of Quenya uses -lta for “their”, corresponding to -ltë as the ending for “they”. According to VT49:17, the ending -ntya appears as -intya following a consonant other sources point to -e- rather than -i- as the connecting vowel in such cases.

1 vocative particle "O" in a vanimar "O beautiful ones" LotR3:VI ch. 6, translated in Letters:308; also attested repeatedly in VT44:12 cf. 15: A Hrísto *"o Christ", A Eruion*"o God the son/son of God", a Aina Fairë *"o Holy Spirit", a aina Maria *"o holy Mary". 2 conj. "and", a variant of ar occurring in Fíriel's Song that also has ar; a seems to be used before words in f-, but contrast ar formenna *”and northwards” in a late text, VT49:26. According to PE17:41, “Old Quenya” could have the conjunction a as a variant of ar before n, ñ, m, h, hy, hw f is not mentioned, PE17:71 adding ty, ny, hr, hl, ñ, l, r,þ, s. See ar \#1. It may be that the a or the sentence nornë a lintieryanen “he ran with his speed” i.e. as quickly as he could is to be understood as this conjunction, if the literal meaning is *“he ran and did so with his speed” PE17:58. 3, also á, imperative particle. An imperative with “immediate time reference” is expressed by á in front of the verb or “occasionally after it, sometimes before and after for emphasis”, with the verb following in “the simplest form also used for the uninflected ‘aorist’ without specific time reference past or present or future” PE17:93. Cf. a laita te, laita te! "o bless them, bless them!", á vala Manwë! "may Manwë order it!", literally *"o rule Manwë!" see laita, vala for reference; cf. also á carë *“do!”, á ricë “try!”, á lirë “sing!”, á menë “proceed!”, a norë “run!” PE17:92-93, notice short a in this example, á tula *"come!" VT43:14. In the last example, the verb tul- “come” receives an ending -a that probably represents the suffixed form of the imperative particle, this apparently being an example of the imperative element occurring both “before and after” the verbal stem “for emphasis” PE17:93. This ending may also appear on its own with no preceding a/á, as in the command queta “speak!” PE17:138. Other examples of imperatives with suffixed -a include cena and tira VT47:31, see cen-, tir-; the imperatives of these same verbs are however also attested as á tirë, á cenë PE17:94 with the imperative particle remaining independent and the following verb appearing as an uninflected aorist stem. This aorist can be plural to indicate a 3rd person pl. subject: á ricir! “let them try!” PE17:93. Alyë VT43:17, VT44:9 seems to be the imperative particle a with the pronominal suffix -lyë "you, thou" suffixed to indicate the subject who is to carry out the command; attested in the phrase alyë anta *"give thou" elided aly' in VT43:11, since the next word begins in e-: aly' eterúna me, *"do thou deliver us"; presumably other pronominal suffixes could likewise be added. The particle a is also present in the negative imperatives ala, \#ála or áva, q.v.

1 dual ending, on nouns denoting a pair of something: attat "2 fathers or neighbours" VT48:19; see atto, máryat "her pair of hands" Nam, siryat "two rivers" VT47:11, ciriat "2 ships" Letters:427 – read ciryat as in the Plotz Letter?, maquat "group of ten" from maqua, meaning among other things "group of five" VT47:7, nápat "thumb and index as a pair" VT48:5, also compare met "us two" as the dual form of me "us" Nam, VT47:11. Other dual endings known from the Plotz letter: genitive -to, possessive -twa, dative -nt, locative -tsë, allative -nta, ablative -lto, instrumental -nten, plus -tes as a possible short locative. It may be that these endings only apply to nouns that would have nominative dual forms in -t, and that nouns preferring the alternative dual ending -u would simply add the otherwise "singular" case endings to this vowel, e.g. *Alduo rather than ?Alduto as the genitive form of "Two Trees" Aldu.– The ending -t is also used as a verbal inflection, corresponding to pl. -r elen atta siluvaut/u, “two stars shall shine”, VT49:45; the verb carit “do” would also be used with a dual subject, VT49:16; cf. also the endings listed in VT49:48, 50. 2 "them", pronominal ending; seen in the word laituvalmet "we shall bless them" lait-uva-lme-t "bless-shall-we-them". According to PE17:110, this -t covers both sg. and dual. Also independent word te pl. and tú dual possibly *tu when unstressed. 3 reduced pronominal affix of the 2. person, "you" sg., the long form being -tyë both endings are listed in VT49:48. See heca regarding the example hecat WJ:364. However, in a later source, Tolkien denies that -tyë has any short form VT49:51, 57. The status of the ending -t is therefore doubtful.

1 "the", indeclinable definite article I, Nam, RGEO:67, Markirya, WJ:369, WJ:398, MC:215, 216, 221. A variant in q.v. is also attested. Hyphenated i- in i-mar "the earth" FS, i-Ciryamo "the mariner's" UT:8, i-aldar *"the trees" Narqelion, attached with a dot in i·yulmar *"the cups" VT48:11, I·Eldanyárë "the History of the Elves" LR:199, i·arya *“the best” PE17:57, directly prefixed with no hyphen or dot in icilyanna = i cilyanna in SD:247, also ihyarma “the left hand” in VT49:22 but i hyarma in other versions of the same text. 2 relative pronoun "the one/they who; that which" both article and relative pronoun in CO: i Eru i or ilyë mahalmar ëa: the One who is above all thrones", i hárar "they who are sitting"; cf. also the phrase i hamil mára "that which you deem good" VT42:33. Notice that before a verb, i means "the one who", or, in the case of a plural verb, "those who"; e.g. i carir quettar ómainen "those who form words with voices" WJ:391. According to VT47:21, i as a relative pronoun is the personal plural form corresponding to the personal sg. ye and the impersonal sg. ya. This agrees with the example i carir..., but as is evident from the other examples listed above, Tolkien in certain texts also used i as a singular relative pronoun, both personal Eru i... and impersonal i hamil. In the sense of a plural personal relative pronoun, i is also attested in the genitive ion and ablative illon cases, demonstrating that unlike the indeclinable article i, the relative pronoun i can receive case endings. Both are translated "from whom": ion/ illon camnelyes "from whom you received it" referring to several persons VT47:21. 3 conj. “that”. Savin Elessar ar ui/u nánë aran Ondórëo “I believe that Elessar really existed and uthat/u he was a king of Gondor” VT49:27, savin…ui/u Elesarno quetië naitë *”I believe uthat/u Elessar’s speaking is true” VT49:28Also cf. nai, nái “be it that” see nai \#1, which may seem to incorporate this conjunction.

vb. "veil, conceal, screen from light" SKALsup1/sup, VT46:13 Tolkien noted that “√SKAL applied to more opaque things that cut off light and cast shadows over other things” PE17:184, contrasting it with √SPAN, the rejected stem of fanta-, q.v.

divine name "the One" = God VT43:32, VT44:16-17, "the One God" Letters:387, a name reserved for the most solemn occasions WJ:402. Often in the combination Eru Ilúvatar, "Eru Allfather" cf. MR:112. Genitive Eruo MR:329, VT43:28/32, dative Erun VT44:32, 34. The adjectival form Eruva "divine" Eruva lissëo "of divine grace", VT44:18 would be identical to the form appearing in the possessive case. Compound nouns: Eruhantalë "Thanksgiving to Eru", a Númenórean festival UT:166, 436, Eruhin pl. Eruhíni "Children of Eru", Elves and Men WJ:403; SA:híni, cf. Eruhîn in Letters:345, Eruion *"son of God" or "God the Son"? VT44:16, Erukyermë "Prayer to Eru", a Númenórean festival UT:166, 436, Erulaitalë "Praise of Eru", a Númenórean festival UT:166, 436, Eruamillë "Mother of God" in Tolkien's translation of the Hail Mary, VT43:32, see also VT44:7, Eruontari, Eruontarië other translations of "Mother Begetter of God" VT44:7, 18, Erusén "the children of God" RGEO:74; this is a strange form with no plural ending; contrast the synonym Eruhíni. \#Eruanna and \#erulissë, various terms for "grace", literally "God-gift" and "God-sweetness", respectively VT43:29; these words are attested in the genitive and instrumental case, respectively: Eruanno, erulissenen.

prep. "under" NŪ; all other sources give nu instead. In early "Qenya", no meant "upon"; MC:214

"k"adj. "awake" LT1:257 - read *cuiva in LotR-style Quenya? Cf. coivië becoming cuivië. On the other hand, the elements cui- and coi- having to do with life and awakening cannot be wholly separated.

cardinal "thirteen" ? VT48:21. This looks like an odd form next to other cardinals that simply end in -quë like lepenquë, enenquë, otoquë = 15, 16, 17, and the form "nelekwe" also listed may indicate another Quenya form nelequë q.v. or *nelquë but because of the uncertainties, yunquentë may be preferred as the word for 13. By another theory, nelquëa is the ordinal "thirteenth", corresponding to the cardinal *nelequë.

1 noun "conception" = idea NOWO 2 adj. “former”, also adv. and noun? “yesterday”, shortened from the full phrase noa ré “former day” VT49:34. In other conceptual phases, Tolkien used noa for “tomorrow” VT49:20. Compare enwa. 3 noun "thigh" VT46:4

adj. "blessed, free from evil". Adopted and adapted from Valarin WJ:399, though in other versions Tolkien cited an Elvish etymology cf. VT49:26-27. Place-name Aman the Blessed Realm, from the stem mān- "good, blessed, unmarred" SA:mān, translated “Unmarred State” VT49:26. Allative Amanna VT49:26. Adj. amanya "of Aman, *Amanian" WJ:411, nominal pl. Amanyar "those of Aman", Elves dwelling there with negations Úamanyar, Alamanyar "those not of Aman". Also fuller Amaneldi noun *"Aman-elves" WJ:373.Masc. name Amandil *"Aman-friend" Appendix A, SA:mān, the father of Elendil; also name of the Númenorean king Tar-Amandil UT:210.

1 pron. "that which, what", “which fact” VT42:34, VT49:12, 20. The word occurs in the sentence alasaila ná lá carë tai mo navë mára, translated "it is unwise not to do what one judges good". So tai = "what", but it means more literally "that which" VT49:12, ta + i cf. ta \#1 and the use of i as a relative pronoun. In one note, Tolkien emended tai to ita, reversing the elements VT49:12 and also eliminating the ambiguity involving the homophone tai \#2, see below. 2 pron. “they, them”, 3rd person pl., used with reference to inanimates rather than persons or living things VT49:32, see ta \#3 above. Perhaps to avoid the clash with tai “that which”, the pronoun tai “they, them” was altered to te in at least one manuscript VT49:33, so that it would merge with the pronoun used of living beings and the distinction between animate and inanimate would be abandoned see te. 3 adv. “then”, also tá which form may be preferred because tai has other meanings as well VT49:33

vb."can" in the sense "be free to do", being under no restraint physical or other. Lertan quetë "I can speak because I am free to do so, there being no obstacle of promise, secrecy, or duty". Where the absence of a physical restraint is considered, this verb can be used in much the same sense as pol- VT41:6

1 vb. "go away, leave" leave the point of the speaker's thought; old "strong" past tense anwë, usually replaced by vánë, perfect avánië – but when the meaning is purely physical "went away to another place" rather than "disappear", the past tense oantë, perfect oantië was used. Past participle vanwa "gone, lost, no longer to be had, vanished, departed, dead, past and over" WJ:366 2 vb. "invent, originate, devise" GAWA/GOWO This could be obsoleted by \# 1 above; on the other hand, the verbs would be quite distinct in the past tense, where auta- \#2 would likely have the straightforward form *autanë.

conj. “or” or noun “other thing” VT49:14

1 vb. "is" am. Nam, RGEO:67. This is the copula used to join adjectives, nouns or pronouns “in statements or wishes asserting or desiring a thing to have certain quality, or to be the same as another” VT49:28. Also in impersonal constructions: ringa ná “it is cold” VT49:23. The copula may however be omitted “where the meaning is clear” without it VT49:9. Ná is also used as an interjection “yes” or “it is so” VT49:28. Short na in airë na, " is holy" VT43:14; some subject can evidently be inserted in the place of. Short na also functions as imperative: alcar mi tarmenel una/u Erun "glory in high heaven ube/u to God" VT44:32/34, also na airë "be holy" VT43:14; also cf. nai “be it that” see nai \#1. The imperative participle á may be prefixed á na, PE17:58. However, VT49:28 cites ná as the imperative form. Pl. nar or nár “are" PE15:36, VT49:27, 9, 30; dual nát VT49:30. With pronominal endings: nányë/nanyë “I am”, nalyë or natyë “you sg. are” polite and familiar, respectively, nás “it is”, násë “she is”, nalmë “we are” VT49:27, 30. Some forms listed in VT49:27 are perhaps to be taken as representing the aorist: nain, naityë, nailyë 1st person sg, and 2nd person familiar/polite, respectively; does a followingna represent the aorist with no pronominal ending? However, the forms nanyë, nalyë, ná, nassë, nalme, nar changed from nár are elsewhere said to be “aorist”, without the extra vowel i e.g. nalyë rather than nailyë; also notice that *“she is” is here nassë rather than násë VT49:30.Pa.t. nánë or né “was”, pl. náner/nér and dual nét “were” VT49:6, 9, 10, 27, 28, 30, 36. According to VT49:31, né “was” cannot receive pronominal endings though nésë “he was” is attested elsewhere, VT49:28-29, and such endings are rather added to the form ane-, e.g. anen “I was”, anel “you were”, anes “she/it was” VT49:28-29. Future tense nauva "will be" VT42:34, VT49:19, 27; another version however gives the future tense as uva, VT49:30. Nauva with a pronominal ending occurs in tanomë nauvan “I will be there” VT49:19, this example indicating that forms of the verb ná may also be used to indicate position. Perfect anaië “has been” VT49:27, first written as anáyë. Infinitive or gerund návë “being”, PE17:68. See also nai \#1. 2, also nán, conj. "but, on the contrary, on the other hand" NDAN; the form nan, q.v., is probably to be preferred to avoid confusion with ná "is", *nán "I am".

1 prefix "up" AMsup2/sup 2 prefix used in comparison, “signifying addition, increase” PE17:90, or with genitive superlative: elenion ancalima “brightest of stars” PE17:91. Originally identical with \#1 above. The form am- as such is in late Quenya only used before p and presumably before vowels; the longer form ama- came to be preferred before r and l; before other consonants, the prefix assumes the form an- pronounced, but not in Romanized Quenya orthography written, añ- before c PE17:90-92. Phonologically we would expect am- before y- since my is an acceptable Quenya combination; however, Tolkien used an- in the word anyára q.v. See an- \#2 and compare ar- \#2.

future tense ending. In avuva, caluva, cenuva, hiruva, enquantuva, entuluva, laituvalmet, lauva, maruvan, termaruva, tiruvantes. A final -a drops out before the ending -uva is added: quanta- “fill”, future tense quantuva PE17:68. A verbal stem in -av- may be contracted when -uva follows, as when avuva is stated to have become auva VT49:13. Origin/etymology of the ending -uva, see VT48:32. In VT49:30, the future tense of the verb “to be” is given as uva, apparently the future-tense “ending” appearing independently, but several other sources rather give nauva for “will be” see ná \#1.

1 noun “heart, mood” ID, “state” perhaps especially state of mind, given the other glosses VT39:23, “mind, region/range of thought, mood” PE17:155, 179, “inner thought, in fea as exhibited in character or ?personality” PE17:189. In another post-LotR source, indo is translated “resolve” or “will”, the state of mind leading directly to action VT41:13. Indo is thus “the mind in its purposing faculty, the will” VT41:17. Indo-ninya,a word occurring in Fíriel’s Song, translated “my heart” see ninya. – In the compound indemma “mind-picture”, the first element would seem to be indo. 2 noun “house” LT2:343, probably obsoleted by \#1 above in Tolkien’s later Quenya, the word for “house” appears as coa.