-
41 farnë
1 noun "foliage", archaic faznë VT46:9. Not to be confused with farnë as the pa.t. of the verb farya-, q.v. 2 noun "dwelling", in orofarnë as translated in Letters:224, but in other notes of Tolkiens the word was interpreted any growing thing or plant, PE17:83 -
42 Eldaquet
"q" noun, apparently other names of Qenya LT2:348 -
43 hé
him the other, etc. in the sentence melin sé apa la hé I love him but not him another VT49:15. It may be that hé covers both genders her as well as him, like sé se is known to do. -
44 lindë
noun "air, tune, singing, song" SA:gond, LINsup2/sup, GLIN; lindelorendor "music-dream-land"; see laurelindórenan lindelorendor... LotR2:III ch. 4, cf. Letters:308. Also compare lindi- in lindimaitar, q.v. but the other compounds here cited do not give a lindë a stem-form lindi-. -
45 arya
1 adj. excelling, used as the comparative form of mára good, hence *better PE17:57. The superlative *best is i arya with the article, with genitive to express *the best of Cf. mára. 3 noun "twelve hours, day" ARsup1/sup; compare aurë. In deleted notes this word was also used as an adjective: "of the day, light" VT45:6. Still according to VT45:6, arya is also the name of Tengwa \#26 in the pre-classical Tengwar system presupposed in the Etymologies, but Tolkien would later call \#26 arda instead indeed arya was changed from arda in the source; Tolkien would later change his mind back again. The abandoned name arya suggests that the letter was to have the value ry rather than rd as in the classical system outlined in LotR Appendix E. Since the word for day daylight period is given as aurë in later sources, and arya is assigned other meanings in late material see \#1, 2 above, the conceptual validity of arya day is questionable.% -
46 asambaro
noun "neighbour"; also armaro VT48:20. Since the ending -o is associated with the masculine gender, the form asambar may be gender-neutral whereas the other forms are gender-marked as masculine. -
47 exë
noun "the other, *another" VT47:40, VT49:33. Though Tolkien included the article "the" in his gloss, this may be simply to indicate that exë is a noun, not to suggest that it is inherently definite and does not require the definite article i. Used in an indefinite sense, without i preceding, exë would likely translate as *"another". -
48 -mmë
we, 1st person dual exclusive pronominal ending: *I and one other compare the inclusive dual form -ngwë or -nquë. First written -immë in one source VT49:57. Carimmë, *the two of us do VT49:16, cf. VT43:6. At an earlier conceptual stage, the ending was already exclusive, but plural rather than dual: vammë "we won't" WJ:371, firuvammë "we will die" VT43:34, etemmë ?"out of us" VT43:36; see also VT49:48, 49, 55. Also compare the corresponding emphatic pronoun emmë q.v.. The ending -lmë replaced -mmë in its former plural exclusive sense. In some early material, -mmë was apparently used as an ending for plural inclusive we VT49:55. -
49 esta
2 adj. "first" ESE/ESET; this entry was marked with a query. The word Yestarë q.v. *"Beginning-day" in LotR suggests that Tolkien decided to change the stem in question to *YESE/YESET. We could then read *yesta for esta but later this became a noun beginning rather than an adj. first, PE17:120 and also prefix a y to the other words derived from ESE/ESET essë *yessë, essëa *yessëa. Estanossë noun "the firstborn", read likewise *Yestanossë *Yestanessi? but in a later text, Tolkien used Minnónar q.v. for "the Firstborn" as a name of the Elves, and this form may be preferred. In the Etymologies as printed in LR, the word Estanossë is cited as "Estanesse", but according to VT45:12, the second-to-last vowel is actually o in Tolkien's manuscript. -
50 indis
noun, translated "wife" in UT:8, but the form is assigned the meaning "bride" in other places the regular translation of "wife" is rather veri or vessë. Indis "Bride", name of the goddess Nessa. NDIS-SĒ /SĀ NETH, NIsup1/sup, NDER, I ; Indis Nessa *"Bride Nessa", title and name of the Valië NETH The stem-form of indis "bride" is somewhat obscure; according to VT45:37 the stem could be indiss- pl. indissi given, but the alternative form pl. form inderi shows a curious shift from i to e as well as the more regular change from s via z to r between vowels compare the pl. of olos, q.v. The stem indiss- may be preferred by writers. -
51 -lta
and -ltya, 3rd person pl. pronominal possessive suffix their, alternating with -nta/-ntya in Tolkiens writings VT49:16, 17, just as the ending -ltë they also has the variant -ntë. According to VT49:17, the ending -lta or -ltya will appear as -ilta, -iltya following a consonant; other sources rather point to -e- as the connecting vowel in such cases VT49:17. -
52 -li
partitive pl. ending simply called a plural suffix in the Etymologies, stem LI. The ending is used to indicate a plural that is neither generic e.g. Eldar the Elves as a race nor definite preceded by article; hence Eldali is used for some Elves a particular group of Elves, when they are first mentioned in a narrative, VT49:8. Sometimes Tolkien also lets -li imply a great number; in PE17:129, the form falmalinnar from Namárië is broken down as falma-uli/u-nnar foam wave-umany/u-towards-pl. ending, and falmali by itself Tolkien translated many waves PE17:73. A distinct accusative in -līseems to occur in the phrase an i falmalīPE17:127, apparently meaning the same as i falmalinnar, but replacing the allative ending with a preposition. Genitive -lion in vanimálion, malinornélion q.v. for reference, allative -linna and -linnar in falmalinnar, q.v. The endings for other cases are only known from the Plotz letter: possessive -líva, dative -lin, locative -lissë or -lissen, ablative -lillo or -lillon, instrumental -línen, "short locative" -lis. When the noun ends in a consonant, r and n is assimilated before l, e.g. Casalli as the partitive pl. of Casar Dwarf WJ:402, or elelli as the partitive pl. of elen star PE17:127. It is unclear whether the same happens in monosyllabic words, or whether a connecting vowel would be slipped in before -li e.g. ?queneli or ?quelli as the partitive pl. of quén, quen- person. -
53 tenta-
vb. point to, point out; indicate; direct toward, be directed toward VT49:22-24. Compare hententa-, leptenta-, q.v. When constructed with a direct object, the verb may mean go forth towards. In our examples, tenta is constructed with an allative tentanë numenna pointed westward, VT49:23; this may be the normal construction when the meaning is point. Pa.t. tentanë is attested also with ending -s: tentanes it pointed, VT49:26; there is also an alternative strong pa.t. form tenantë VT49:22-23. Other examples of such double past tense forms e.g. orta- would suggest that the form tentanë is transitive pointed to/out, directed towards, went forth towards, while tenantë is intransitive was directed towards. Tolkien also considered the pa.t. form tentë, but emended it. -
54 lairë
1 noun "summer" Letters:283, VT45:26, in the calendar of Imladris a precisely defined period of 72 days, but also used without any exact definition Appendix D. Oiolairë "Eversummer", name of a tree UT:167, see also Coron Oiolairë. Lairelossë noun *"Summer-snow", name of a tree UT:167, perhaps with white flowers. 2 noun "poem" GLIR 3 noun "meadow" LT1:267, GL:39 perhaps a doubtful word in LotR-style Quenya, since lairë already has to carry two other meanings -
55 hyarma
noun "left hand" VT47:6, VT49:12. Compare hyarmaitë, hyarya. Once with definite article directly prefixed ihyarma, VT49:22, but i hyarma in other versions of the same text. -
56 imbë
1 prep "between" Nam, RGEO:67, VT47:11, PE17:92. This is "between" referring to a gap, space, barrier, or anything intervening between two other things, like or unlike one another compare enel. The pluralized form imbi implies "among" of several things ancalima imbi eleni "brightest among stars"; "in the sense 'among' before plurals imbë is usually pluralized imbi even when a plural noun follows". As pointed out by Patrick Wynne, imbi may also be used in the sense of "between" before two singular nouns connected by "and" as in the example imbi Menel Cemenyë "between heaven and earth", whereas imbë is used before dual forms, as in the examples imbë siryat "between two rivers", imbë met "between us". Elided imb' in the phrase imb' illi "among all" VT47:11, 30. A dual form imbit is also mentioned, used to express "in absolute form the sense 'between two things' when these are not named" apparently meaning that imbit expresses *"between them" referring to two entities, with no noun following VT47:30, PE17:92 2 noun "dell, deep vale" VT45:18, wide ravine between high mountain sides PE17:92 3 adv. "inwards" obsoleted by \#1 and \#2 above?. Changed by Tolkien from imba VT45:18 -
57 telepta
adj. "silver" as adj.: silvery LT2:347, used as noun in the phrase mi telepta of someone clad in silver, where the context involving other colour-words shows that this adj. describes something of silver colour PE17:71. Compare telemna, telepsa, telpina. -
58 parma
noun "book", also name of tengwa \#2 PAR, Appendix E. In early "Qenya", the gloss was "skin, bark, parchment, book, writings" LT2:346; Tolkien later revisited the idea that parma basically is a noun peel and refers to bark or skin as primitive writing materials, PE17:86: peel, applied to bark or skin, hence book, bark literally skinning, peeling off, parchment, book; a book or written document of some size PE17:123. In the meantimeTolkien had associated the word with a root PAR meaning compose, put together LR:380; the word loiparë mistake in writing q.v. may also suggest that the root PAR at one point was to mean write, so that a parma was a *written thing. Instrumental form parmanen with a book or by means of a book PE17:91, 180, parmastanna on your book with the endings -sta dual your, -nna allative VT49:47, parmahentië noun book reading PE17:77. Other compounds: parmalambë noun "book-language" = Quenya PAR, \#parma-resta noun *book-fair, attested with the endings -lya thy and the allative ending -nna parma-restalyanna *upon your book-fair VT49:38, 39. Parma as the name of the tengwa letter for P occurs compunded in parmatéma noun "p-series", labials, the second column of the Tengwar system Appendix E. -
59 asta
1 noun "month", a division of the year VT42:20. Pl. astar is attested Appendix D. According to VT48:11, the basic meaning of asta is "division, a part", especially one of other equal parts: "of the year, a month or period". According to VT48:19, asta is also used in Quenya as a group suffix see quentasta. -
60 wendë
noun "maid" GWEN, wendë vendë "maiden" WEN/WENED, VT45:16, VT47:17. Sana wendë that maiden PE16:96 cf. 90. According to VT47:17, this word for "maiden" is "applied to all stages up to the fully adult until marriage".Early "Qenya" also had wendi "maid, girl" LT1:271; this may look like a plural form in Tolkiens later Quenya. On the other hand, VT48:18 lists a word wendi "young or small woman, girl". It is unclear whether this is Quenya or a Common Eldarin form, but probably the former: PE17:191 displays the word for maiden as wendē, so the Quenya stem form is probably *wende- rather than wendi-, the stem-form that would result from Common Eldarin *wendi. In his Quenya translation of the Sub Tuum Praesidium, Tolkien used Wendë/Vendë to translate "virgin" with reference to the Virgin Mary. Here the plural genitive Wenderon appears in the phrase Wendë mi Wenderon "Virgin of Virgins"; we might have expected *Wendion instead VT44:18.If the pl. form of wendë is *wender rather than wendi, as the gen.pl. wenderon suggests, this may be to avoid confusion with the sg. wendi girl.
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