ἐντολῶν

ἐντολή

injunction: fem gen pl

ἐντολή

injunction: fem gen pl

παρᾰκούω,

A hear beside, esp. hear accidentally, hear talk of,

Δημοκήδεος τὴν τέχνην Hdt.3.129

;

ἀξίων λόγου πραγμάτων Pl.Ep. 339e

;

παρακήκοα νῦν ὅτι τίκτει AP 5.74

(Rufin.).

II eavesdrop, overhear from,

δεσποτῶν ἅττ' ἂν λαλῶσι Ar.Ra. 750

;

τι παρά τινος Pl. Euthd. 300d

; π. τινός overhear him, Luc.Merc.Cond.37 ;

π. τὸν λόγον Ev.Marc.5.36

.

III hear imperfectly or wrongly, misunderstand,

ἀκούειν τι τοῦ λόγου, παρακούειν δέ Arist.EN 1149a26

, cf. Pl.Prt. 330e, Tht. 195a, Phld.Mus.p.102 K., Ceb.3, Luc.Anach.31; ἑκουσίως π. D.S.30.8.

IV hear carelessly, take no heed of,

τῆς παραγγειλάσης φύσεως Epicur.Fr. 200

;

τῶν γραφομένων Plb.24.9.1

, cf. Luc.Salt.6, etc.;

τῶν ἐντολῶν LXX To.3.4

;

τῶν λεγομένων Plb.7.12.9

(but

τὰ λεγόμενα LXX Es.3.3

).

2 c. gen. pers., PHib.1.170 (iii B.C.), Plb.2.8.3,3.15.2, Ev.Matt.18.17:—[voice] Pass., to be disregarded, Plb.5.35.5;

περί τινος Id.30.20.2

, prob. cj. in 23.3.3.

3 disobey,

τοῦ θεοῦ J.AJ1.10.4

: abs., LXX Is.65.12, J.AJ1.1.4, Luc.Sat.10:—[voice] Pass., J.AJ6.7.4.

4 pretend not to hear, Plu.Phil.16, Luc Jud.Voc.2.

πίστ-ευσις, εως, ἡ,

A confiding, entrusting,

ἐντολῶν J.AJ17.3.3

(pl.).

τήρ-ησις, εως, ἡ,

A watching, safe-keeping, guarding, ἀφύλακτος ἡ τ. E.Fr. 162;

τῆς πολιτείας Arist.Pol. 1308a30

, cf. PA 692a7;

τῆς πόλεως Supp.Epigr.6.724

(Perga, ii/i B.C.);

τῆς οἰκίας POxy.1070.51

(iii A.D.);

ἀξιώματος Pl.Def. 413e

;

τῆς ἡλικίας Epicur. Sent.Vat.80

; [ πλούτου] Phld.Oec.p.44J.; preservation, e.g. of health, Gal.10.646, Pap. in Stud.Ital.12(1935).94 (iii A.D.); observance, νόμων, ἐντολῶν, LXX Wi.6.18(19), 1 Ep.Cor.7.19;

λεξάντων πρὸς τὴν τήρησιν τοῦ ὕδατος SIG683.60

(Olympia, ii B.C.).

2 vigilance, Th.7.13, Plb.6.11A.10.

3 means of keeping or guarding, τὰς λιθοτομίας.., ἀσφαλεστάτην τ. the quarries.., the most secure place of custody, Th. 7.86, cf. Act.Ap.4.3, BGU 388 iii 7 (ii A.D.).

II observing, observation, τῶν καθόλου συμβαινόντων (as Empiric term) Sor.1.4, cf. Gal. 15.830, 16.550, 18(2).307, Sect.Intr.4, S.E.P.1.23, 2.246, A.D.Synt.37.14, etc.

ἀπειθ-έω, [dialect] Att. form of ἀπῐθέω (though even Trag. preferred ἀπιστέω, q.v. 11),

A to be disobedient, refuse compliance, A.Ag. 1049; opp. πείθομαι, Pl.Phdr. 271b: freq. c. dat., disobey,

οὐκ ἀπειθήσας θεῷ E.Or.31

;

ἀ. ἅμα νόμῳ καὶ τῷ θεῷ Pl.Lg. 741d

, etc.; τὰ μεγάλα ἀ. τινί in great matters, Id.R. 538b; ἀ. ταῖς ἐνεχυρασίαις not to abide by them, Id.Lg. 949d: later c. gen.,

ψαφίσματος GDI3705.111

([place name] Cos);

ἐντολῶν LXXJo.5.6

.

2 of animals, X.Cyr. 7.5.62; of ships,

τοῖς οἴαξιν ἀ. D.S.13.46

.

3 of a woman, refuse compliance, Aristaenet.2.20.

διδαχή, ῆς, ἡ (s. διδάσκω; Hdt. et al.; BGU 140, 16 [II A.D.]; once in LXX; EpArist, Philo, Joseph., Just.).

① the activity of teaching, teaching, instruction (Hdt. 3, 134, 2; Pla., Phdr. 275a; Ps 59:1; Jerus. ins: SEG VIII, 170, 5 [before 70 A.D.] δ. ἐντολῶν; Philo, Spec. Leg. 2, 3; Jos., Ant. 17, 159; Just., A II, 5, 4 διὰ διδαχῆς θυμάτων) λαλεῖν (ἐν) δ. speak in the form of teaching 1 Cor 14:6; ἐν πάσῃ δ. in every kind of instruction 2 Ti 4:2. Of Jesus’ teaching activity Mk 4:2; 12:38.

② the content of teaching, teaching (EpArist 207; 294; Just., A I, 40, 1) by Pharisees and Sadducees Mt 16:12; by Jesus J 7:16f; 18:19; apostles Ac 2:42 (Iren. 4, 33, 8 [Harv. II 262, 6]; Just., A I, 53, 3 παρὰ τῶν ἀποστολῶν).—Ac 5:28; 13:12; Ro 16:17; 1 Cor 14:26; 2J 9f; Rv 2:24; D ins; 1:3; 2:1; 6:1; 11:2; B 9:9; 16:9; 18:1. κατὰ τ. διδαχήν in accordance w. the teaching Tit 1:9; βαπτισμῶν δ. teaching about baptisms Hb 6:2. τύπος διδαχῆς pattern of teaching (of Christian belief and practice) Ro 6:17 (GRoss, Exp. 7th ser., 5, 1908, 469–75; CLattey, JTS 29, 1928, 381–84; 30, 1929, 397–99; JMoffatt, JBL 48, 1929, 233–38; FBurkitt, JTS 30, 1929, 190f.—S. also παραδίδωμι 1b end, and τύπος 4); δ. καινή Mk 1:27 (cp. the apocryphal gospel Ox 1224 Fgm. 2 verso, I, 2–5 [Kl. Texte 8³, p. 26, 19ff] π[ο]ίαν σέ| [φασιν διδα]χὴν καιν[ὴν] δι|[δάσκειν, ἢ τί β]ά[πτισμ]α καινὸν| [κηρύσσειν;] what’s this new teaching all about that they say you’re promoting, or what’s this new baptism you’re proclaiming?); Ac 17:19; δ. ἀφθαρσίας teaching that assures immortality IMg 6:2. Of offensive teachings Rv 2:14f; Hb 13:9; κακὴ δ. IEph 9:1; δ. ξέναι, μωραί Hs 8, 6, 5. The teaching of the wicked angel m 6, 2, 7.

③ Either mng. can be defended Mt 7:28; 22:33; Mk 1:22; 11:18; Lk 4:32.—CDodd, TManson memorial vol., ’59, 106–18 (‘catechetical’ instr. in the early church).—DELG s.v. διδάσκω. M-M. TW. Sv.

δόγμα, ατος, τό (s. δογματίζω, δοκέω; X., Pla.+; loanw. in rabb.).

① a formal statement concerning rules or regulations that are to be observed

ⓐ of formalized sets of rules ordinance, decision, command (Pla., Rep. 3, 414b; Demosth. 25, 16; Plut., Mor. 742d; Da 3:10; 4:6; 6:13 Theod. al.; Mel., HE 4, 26, 5; Did., Gen. 221, 20) Hb 11:23 v.l. Of the rules or commandments of Jesus B 1:6; IMg 13:1; of the gospel D 11:3; of the apostles Ac 16:4 (cp. the Christian prayer in CSchmidt, GHeinrici Festschr. 1914, p. 71, 24). τριῶν γραμμάτων δόγματα λαμβάνειν receive instructions from three letters (of the alphabet) B 9:7; cp. 10:1, 9f. Of the Mosaic law (3 Macc 1:3; Philo, Gig. 52, Leg. All. 1, 54; 55 διατήρησις τ. ἁγίων δογμάτων; Jos., C. Ap. 1, 42) νόμος τῶν ἐντολῶν ἐν δ. law of commandments consisting in (single) ordinances Eph 2:15. τὸ καθʼ ἡμῶν χειρόγραφον τοῖς δ. the bond that stood against us, w. its requirements Col 2:14.

ⓑ of an imperial declaration (SEG IX, 8) decree (Jos., Bell. 1, 393; PFay 20, 22 a δ. of Alex. Severus) ἐξῆλθεν δ. (cp. Da 2:13 Theod.) παρὰ Καίσαρος Lk 2:1. ἀπέναντι τῶν δογμάτων Καίσαρος πράττειν act contrary to the decrees of Caesar Ac 17:7 (EJudge, The Decrees of Caesar at Thessalonica: Reformed Theological Review 30, ’71, 1–7).

② something that is taught as an established tenet or statement of belief, doctrine, dogma (Pla. et al.; Plut., Mor. 14e; 779b; 1000d; Epict. 4, 11, 8; Herodian 1, 2, 4; Philo, Spec. Leg. 1, 269; Jos., Bell. 2, 142; apolog.; Theoph. Ant. 3, 3 [p. 210, 4]; ἡμέτερον δόγμα [=the Gospel] Orig., C. Cels. 2, 4, 20) of philosophical position δ. ἀνθρώπινον Dg 5:3. Of false prophets δ. ποικίλα τῆς ἀπωλείας διδάσκειν teach various doctrines that lead to perdition ApcPt 1 (Diod S 1, 86, 2 of relig. teaching [about the sacred animals of the Egyptians]). τὰ τοῦ πονηροῦ … δόγματα AcPlCor 2:2.—RAC III 1257–60; IV 1–24; Ferguson, Legal Terms, 47–49; Mason 39; Sherk, lit. on senatorial decrees p. 2f.—M-M. DELG s.v. δοκάω etc. New Docs 4, 146. S. διάταγμα. TW. Sv.

δοκέω impf. ἐδόκουν, 3 pl. ἐδοκοῦσαν Hs 9, 9, 5 (s. B-D-F §84, 3); fut. δόξω; 1 aor. ἔδοξα; pf. pass. 3 sg. δέδοκται 1 Esdr 8:11; ptc. δεδογμένον LXX (s. δόγμα; Hom.+).

① to consider as probable, think, believe, suppose, consider, trans., of subjective opinion (Hom.+; pap; rare LXX).

ⓐ w. inf. foll., when its subj. is identical w. that of the inf. (X., An. 2, 2, 14; Diod S 17, 27, 2 τοὺς δοκοῦντας νενικηκέναι; Pr 28:24; 4 Macc 13:14; Just., D. 2, 4 δοκεῖς κατόψεσθαι): μὴ δόξητε λέγειν do not suppose that you are to say Mt 3:9. ἐδόκουν πνεῦμα θεωρεῖν they thought they saw a ghost Lk 24:37. ὸ̔ δοκεῖ ἔχειν what he thinks he has 8:18 (cp. Jos., Bell. 3, 319). ὁ δοκῶν πνεῦμα ἔχειν the one who thinks he has the Spirit Hm 11:12; cp. J 5:39; 16:2; Ac 27:13; 1 Cor 7:40; Phil 3:4; Js 1:26; 2 Cl 17:3; Dg 3:5; 8:10; Hm 10, 2, 4.

ⓑ foll. by the inf. w. a nom. ὅσῳ δοκεῖ μᾶλλον μείζων εἶναι the greater he thinks he is (or seems to be, s. 2 below) 1 Cl 48:6. εἴ τις δοκεῖ σοφὸς εἶναι if anyone thinks that he is wise 1 Cor 3:18. εἴ τις δοκεῖ προφήτης εἶναι 14:37. εἴ τις δοκεῖ φιλόνεικος εἶναι if anyone is disposed to be contentious 11:16.—Gal 6:3.

ⓒ foll. by acc. and inf. w. subj. not identical (X., An. 1, 7, 1; PTebt 413, 6 μὴ δόξῃς με, κυρία, ἠμεληκέναι σου τῶν ἐντολῶν; Gen 38:15; 2 Macc 7:16; 3 Macc 5:5; Demetr.: 722 Fgm. 1, 1 Jac.; Jos., Ant. 2, 340; Just. A I, 3, 1; D. 118, 2) μή τίς με δόξῃ ἄφρονα εἶναι no one is to consider me foolish 2 Cor 11:16. ἃ δοκοῦμεν ἀτιμότερα εἶναι (the bodily members) which we consider less worthy of special attention 1 Cor 12:23.

ⓓ w. ὅτι foll. (Arrian, Alex. An. 4, 28, 2) Mt 6:7; 26:53; Mk 6:49; Lk 12:51; 13:2, 4; J 5:45; 11:13, 31; 1 Cor 4:9 v.l.; 2 Cor 12:19; Js 4:5; Hv 4, 3, 7; 5:3.

ⓔ used parenthetically (B-D-F §465, 2; Rob. 434; cp. Anacreontea 35, 15 Preis. πόσον δοκεῖς πονοῦσιν; Aristoph., Acharn. 12; Epict. 2, 19, 7; POxy 1218, 6f ἡ μήτηρ μου Θαῆσις εἰς Ἀντινόου, δοκῶ, ἐπὶ κηδίαν ἀπῆλθεν) πόσῳ δοκεῖτε χείρονος ἀξιωθήσεται τιμωρίας; how much more severely, do you think, will he be punished? Hb 10:29. τί δοκεῖτε ποιήσει; what, do you think, will he do? Hs 9, 28, 8; cp. 1 Cor 4:9. οὔ, δοκῶ I suppose not Lk 17:9 v.l.

ⓕ elliptically (2 Macc 2:29) ᾗ οὐ δοκεῖτε ὥρᾳ ὁ υἱὸς τ. ἀνθρώπου ἔρχεται the Human One / Son of Man is coming at an hour when you do not think (he will come) Mt 24:44; cp. Lk 12:40. τί δοκεῖτε; what do you think? 1 Cl 43:6; 2 Cl 7:5. τί δοκεῖς τοὺς κεκλημένους; what do you think about those who have been called? Hs 9, 14, 5 (cp. X., An. 5, 7, 26 τούτους τί δοκεῖτε;).

② to appear to one’s understanding, seem, be recognized as

ⓐ intr. (Hom. et al.; so mostly LXX)

α. have the appearance w. dat. of pers. τίς τούτων … πλησίον δοκεῖ σοι γεγονέναι; who of these, do you think, proved to be a neighbor? Lk 10:36 (on τίνα … δοκεῖς … γεγονέναι; v.l. cp. 1c). δ. καταγγελεὺς εἶναι he seems to be a preacher Ac 17:18; cp. 1 Cor 12:22; 2 Cor 10:9; Hb 12:11; Dg 8:10 (παρὰ πᾶσι σπέρματα ἀληθείας δοκεῖ εἶναι Just., A I, 44, 10). εἴ τινι μὴ δοκοίη κἂν ταῦτα ἱκανά if that should seem to anybody to be insufficient Dg 2:10 (cp. Just., D. 42, 4). οὐδέν μοι δοκοῦσι διαφέρειν they seem to me to differ in no way 3:5 (παράδοξον λέγειν μοι δοκεῖς Just., D. 49, 6). ἔδοξα ἐμαυτῷ δεῖν πρᾶξαι=Lat. mihi videbar I was convinced that it was necessary to do Ac 26:9 (cp. Aristoph., Vesp. 177, 1265; Aeschin. 3, 53 [Schwyzer II 193]). GMary 463, 9. τὸ δοκεῖν in appearance (only) (Sextus 64; Sb 7696, 55 [250 A.D.]; Jos., Vi. 75, Ant. 14, 291 v.l. for τῷ δοκεῖν; s. Hdb. on ITr 10) ITr 10; ISm 2; 4:2. ὁ δοκῶν ἐνθάδε θάνατος what seems to be death in this world Dg 10:7 (τὰ δοκούντα καλά Just., A II, 1, 6; τῶν ἐν βαρβάροις … δοξάντων σοφῶν A I, 7, 3). As an expression serving to moderate a statement Hb 4:1.

β. be influential, be recognized as being someth., have a reputation (cp. Sus 5; 2 Macc 1:13). οἱ δοκοῦντες (Eur., Hec. 295; Petosiris, Fgm. 6 ln. 58 οἱ δ.=the prominent dignitaries; Herodian 6, 1, 2; Jos., C. Ap. 1, 67) the influential men Gal 2:2, 6b. A fuller expr. w. the same mng., w. inf. added (X., Cyr. 7, 1, 41; Pla., Gorg. 472a, Euthd. 303c οἱ δοκοῦντες εἶναί τι; Plut. Mor. 212b δοκοῦντας εἶναί τινας; Epict., Ench. 33, 12; Herodian 4, 2, 5; Philo, Mos. 2, 241) vss. 6a, 9 (Pla., Apol. 6, 21b οἱ δοκοῦντες σοφοὶ εἶναι). WFoerster, D. δοκοῦντες in Gal 2: ZNW 36, ’38, 286–92 (against him, HGreeven, ZNW 44, ’52, 41 n. 100).—οἱ δοκοῦντες ἄρχειν those who are reputed to be rulers Mk 10:42 (cp. Plut., Arat. 1047 [43, 2] ᾧ δουλεύουσιν οἱ δοκοῦντες ἄρχειν).

ⓑ impers. δοκεῖ μοι it seems to me (Ael. Aristid. 47 p. 427 D.: ἔμοιγε δοκεῖ; Jos., Ant. 6, 227 δοκεῖ σοι; Just., D. 5, 2 οὕτως δοκεῖ ὀρθῶς ἔχειν).

α. I think, believe (cp. 1 above): τί σοι δοκεῖ; what do you think? Mt 17:25; 22:17. τί ὑμῖν δοκεῖ; 18:12; 21:28; 26:66; J 11:56. W. περί τινος foll. (Lucian, Dial. Deor. 6, 4) Mt 22:42; GMary 463, 6 (PRyl 3, 463). W. acc. and inf. foll. (Ael. Aristid. 46 p. 344 D.) οὐ δοκεῖ σοι τὸ μετανοῆσαι σύνεσιν εἶναι; do you not think that repentance is understanding? Hm 4, 2, 2; cp. m 8:6; 11; 10, 1, 2. τὸ δοκοῦν τινι someone’s discretion (Diod S 19, 91, 1 αὐτῷ τὸ δοκοῦν=his discretion; Just., A II, 14, 1 τὸ ὑμῖν δοκοῦν) κατὰ τὸ δ. αὐτοῖς at their discretion (Lucian, Tim. 25; cp. Thu. 1, 84, 2 παρὰ τὸ δοκοῦν ἡμῖν) Hb 12:10.

β. it seems best to me, I decide, I resolve w. inf. foll. (X., An. 1, 10, 17; Diod S 18, 55, 2; Appian, Iber. 63 §265; SIG 1169, 77 [IV B.C.]; Jos., Ant. 6, 321) Lk 1:3 (decretal style; cp. the foll. pass.); as administrative t.t. (freq. ins, e.g. IPriene 105, 20 [9 B.C.]) Ac 15:22, 25, 28 (cp. Jos., Ant. 16, 163 ἔδοξέ μοι κ. τῷ ἐμῷ συμβουλίῳ … χρῆσθαι; Dio Chrys. 80 [30], 8 ἔδοξε τῷ θεῷ; s. Ferguson, Legal Terms 50–53 on the socio-cultural implications of these Ac pass.; Danker, Benefactor 310–13; s. also MSimon, BJRL 52, ’69/70, 437–60; CPerrot, RSR 69, ’81, 195–208); ἄλογον γάρ μοι δοκεῖ I decided that is was unreasonable 25:27. Cp. MPol 12:3. ὡς ἄν σοι δόξῃ as it may seem best to you D 13:7 (Arrian, Cyneg. 3. 4 ὥς μοι δοκεῖ).—Cp. the contrast of the two mngs.: τὰ ἀεὶ δοκοῦντα … τῷ δοκοῦντι εἶναι ἀληθῆ=‘that which seems true is true to one who thinks it’ Pla., Tht. 158e (s. L-S-J-M δ. end).—EHamp, ClPh 63, ’68, 285–87.—B. 1121. DELG. Schmidt, Syn. I 321–28 s. δόξα. M-M. EDNT. TW. Sv.

μνημονεύω (μνήμων ‘mindful’) impf. ἐμνημόνευον; fut. μνημονεύσω LXX; 1 aor. ἐμνημόνευσα (Hdt.+).

① remember, keep in mind, think of, also—w. focus on dramatic aspect of remembrance—mention.

ⓐ w. gen. (Pla., Theaet. 191d; Philod., De Piet. 94; Diod S 1, 21, 8; Lucian, Dial. Deor. 4, 7; SIG 284, 8; 620, 25; PSI 502, 2; 651, 2 [III B.C.]; Wsd 2:4; Tob 4:5, 19 BA; Sus 9 Theod.; EpArist 157; PsSol 3:3; 5:16), of pers.: Lk 17:32; Hb 13:7; 21:7; MPol 8:1; IEph 12:2; ISm 5:3; Hm 4, 1, 1. Of mention in prayer (Heidelb. Pap.-Sammlung I ed. Deissmann 1905, no. 6, 15 παρακαλῶ οὖν, δέσποτα, ἵνα μνημονεύης μοι [μου?] εἰς τ. ἁγίας σου εὐχάς) IEph 21:1; IMg 14:1.—W. the connotation of solicitude (cp. 1 Macc 12:11) μ. τῶν πτωχῶν remember the poor Gal 2:10.—W. gen. of the thing (Arrian, Peripl. 16, 3 πόλεως ἐμνημόνευσεν; ParJer 7:31; ApcEsdr 7:9; Jos., Ant. 2, 162; 6, 93 al.) τοῦ λόγου J 15:20; pl. Ac 20:35. ὧν εἶπεν ὁ κύριος Pol 2:3. τῶν τοῦ κυρίου ἐνταλμάτων 2 Cl 17:3. τῶν ἐντολῶν αὐτοῦ Hs 1:7. τῆς τρυφῆς 6, 5, 4.—J 16:4, 21.—μ. μου τῶν δεσμῶν remember my bonds Col 4:18. Perh. mention or remembering in prayer is meant here, as in ὑμῶν τοῦ ἔργου τῆς πίστεως your work of faith 1 Th 1:3 (MDibelius, Hdb., exc. ad loc.). τῆς ἐν Συρίᾳ ἐκκλησίας ITr 13:1; IRo 9:1.—εἰ ἐκείνης (i.e. πατρίδος) ἐμνημόνευον if they were thinking of i.e. meant or had that (the earthly one) in mind Hb 11:15.

ⓑ w. acc. (Hdt. 1, 36; X., An. 4, 3, 2, also Herodian 6, 1, 7; BGU 1024 V, 20; Jdth 13:19; 2 Macc 9:21) of pers.: Ἰησοῦν Χριστὸν ἐγηγερμένον 2 Ti 2:8. Pass. of Polycarp he is especially remembered by everyone MPol 19:1. W. acc. of thing (Philo, Leg. All. 1, 55; Tat. 33, 4) τοὺς πέντε ἄρτους Mt 16:9. τὸν κόπον ἡμῶν 1 Th 2:9. τὰ προγεγραμμένα Hv 4, 3, 6. Of God: ἐμνημόνευσεν τὰ ἀδικήματα αὐτῆς God has remembered her wicked deeds to punish them Rv 18:5.

ⓒ foll. by περί τινος Hb 11:22.—W. ὅτι foll. (Pla., Rep. 480a) Ac 20:31; Eph 2:11; 2 Th 2:5. Foll. by indirect quest. (PStras 41, 40 οὐ μνημονεύω δέ, τί ἐν τῇ μεσειτίᾳ ἐγένετο) Rv 2:5; 3:3. W. temporal clause foll.: Mk 8:18.

② retain in one’s memory (PsSol 6:11 τὸ ὄνομα κυρίου; like Lat. memoria tenere aliquid) w. acc. of thing Hv 1, 3, 3a; 2, 1, 3. τὰ ἔσχατα ῥήματα 1, 3, 3b. ὅσα Papias (2:3, 15).—DELG s.v. μιμνήσκω 4. M-M. TW. Spicq.

νόμος, ου, ὁ (νέμω; [Zenodotus reads ν. in Od. 1, 3] Hes.+; loanw. in rabb.—On the history of the word MPohlenz, Nomos: Philol 97, ’48, 135–42; GShipp, Nomos ‘Law’ ’78; MOstwald, Nomos and the Beginnings of Athenian Democracy ’69). The primary mng. relates to that which is conceived as standard or generally recognized rules of civilized conduct esp. as sanctioned by tradition (Pind., Fgm. 152, 1=169 Schr. νόμος ὁ πάντων βασιλεύς; cp. SEG XVII, 755, 16: Domitian is concerned about oppressive practices hardening into ‘custom’; MGigante, ΝΟΜΟΣ ΒΑΣΙΛΕΥΣ [Richerche filologiche 1] ’56). The synonym ἔθος (cp. συνήθεια) denotes that which is habitual or customary, especially in reference to personal behavior. In addition to rules that take hold through tradition, the state or other legislating body may enact ordinances that are recognized by all concerned and in turn become legal tradition. A special semantic problem for modern readers encountering the term ν. is the general tendency to confine the usage of the term ‘law’ to codified statutes. Such limitation has led to much fruitless debate in the history of NT interpretation.—HRemus, Sciences Religieuses/Studies in Religion 13, ’84, 5–18; ASegal, Torah and Nomos in Recent Scholarly Discussion, ibid., 19–27.

① a procedure or practice that has taken hold, a custom, rule, principle, norm (Alcman [VII B.C.], Fgm. 93 D² of the tune that the bird sings; Ocellus [II B.C.] c. 49 Harder [1926] τῆς φύσεως νόμος; Appian, Basil. 1 §2 πολέμου ν., Bell. Civ. 5, 44 §186 ἐκ τοῦδε τοῦ σοῦ νόμου=under this rule of yours that governs action; Polyaenus 5, 5, 3 ν. πόμπης; 7, 11, 6 ν. φιλίας; Sextus 123 τοῦ βίου νόμος; Just., A II, 2, 4 παρὰ τὸν τῆς φύσεως ν.; Ath. 3, 1 νόμῳ φύσεως; 13, 1 θυσιῶν νόμῳ)

ⓐ gener. κατὰ νόμον ἐντολῆς σαρκίνης in accordance w. the rule of an external commandment Hb 7:16. εὑρίσκω τὸν νόμον I observe an established procedure or principle or system Ro 7:21 (ν. as ‘principle’, i.e. an unwritten rightness of things Soph., Ant. 908). According to Bauer, Paul uses the expression νόμος (which dominates this context) in cases in which he prob. would have preferred another word. But it is also prob. that Paul purposely engages in wordplay to heighten the predicament of those who do not rely on the gospel of liberation from legal constraint: the Apostle speaks of a principle that obligates one to observe a code of conduct that any sensible pers. would recognize as sound and valid ὁ νόμος τ. νοός μου vs. 23b (s. νοῦς 1a). Engaged in a bitter struggle w. this νόμος there is a ἕτερος νόμος which, in contrast to the νοῦς, dwells ἐν τοῖς μέλεσίν μου in my (physical) members vs. 23a, and hence is a νόμος τῆς ἁμαρτίας vs. 23c and 25b or a νόμος τ. ἁμαρτίας καὶ τ. θανάτου 8:2b. This sense prepares the way for the specific perspective

ⓑ of life under the lordship of Jesus Christ as a ‘new law’ or ‘system’ of conduct that constitutes an unwritten tradition ὁ καινὸς ν. τοῦ κυρίου ἡμῶν Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ 2:6; in brief ν. Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ IMg 2 (cp. Just., D. 11, 4; 43, 1; Mel., P. 7, 46). Beginnings of this terminology as early as Paul: ὁ ν. τοῦ Χριστοῦ =the standard set by Christ Gal 6:2 (as vs. 3 intimates, Christ permitted himself to be reduced to nothing, thereby setting the standard for not thinking oneself to be someth.). The gospel is a νόμος πίστεως a law or system requiring faith Ro 3:27b (FGerhard, TZ 10, ’54, 401–17) or ὁ ν. τοῦ πνεύματος τῆς ζωῆς ἐν Χρ. Ἰ. the law of the spirit (=the spirit-code) of life in Chr. J. 8:2a. In the same sense Js speaks of a ν. βασιλικός (s. βασιλικός) 2:8 or ν. ἐλευθερίας vs. 12 (λόγος ἐλ. P⁷⁴), ν. τέλειος ὁ τῆς ἐλευθερίας 1:25 (association w. 1QS 10:6, 8, 11 made by EStauffer, TLZ 77, ’52, 527–32, is rejected by SNötscher, Biblica 34, ’53, 193f. On the theme of spontaneous moral achievement cp. Pind., Fgm. 152 [169 Schr.] 1f νόμος ὁ πάντων βασιλεὺς | θνατῶν τε καὶ ἀθανάτων | ἄγει δικαιῶν τὸ βιαιότατον| ὑπερτάτᾳ χειρί=custom is lord of all, of mortals and immortals both, and with strong hand directs the utmost power of the just. Plut., Mor. 780c interprets Pindar’s use of νόμος: ‘not written externally in books or on some wooden tablets, but as lively reason functioning within him’ ἔμψυχος ὢν ἐν αὐτῷ λόγῳ; Aristot., EN 4, 8, 10 οἷον ν. ὢν ἑαυτῷ; Diod S 1, 94, 1 ν. ἔγγραπτος; cp. also Ovid, Met. 1, 90 sponte sua sine lege fidem rectumque colebat; Mayor, comm. ‘Notes’ 73.—RHirzel, ΑΓΡΑΦΟΣ ΝΟΜΟΣ 1903.). Some would put ὁ νόμος Js 2:9 here (s. LAllevi, Scuola Cattol. 67, ’39, 529–42), but s. 2b below.—Hermas too, who in part interprets Israel’s legal tradition as referring to Christians, sees the gospel, exhibited in Christ’s life and words, as the ultimate expression of God’s will or ‘law’. He says of Christ δοὺς αὐτοῖς (i.e. the believers) τὸν ν., ὅν ἔλαβε παρὰ τοῦ πατρὸς αὐτοῦ Hs 5, 6, 3, cp. Hs 8, 3, 3. Or he sees in the υἱὸς θεοῦ κηρυχθεὶς εἰς τὰ πέρατα τῆς γῆς, i.e. the preaching about the Son of God to the ends of the earth, the νόμος θεοῦ ὁ δοθεὶς εἰς ὅλον. τ. κόσμον 8, 3, 2. Similarly to be understood are τηρεῖν τὸν ν. 8, 3, 4. ὑπὲρ τοῦ ν. παθεῖν 8, 3, 6. ὑπὲρ τοῦ ν. θλίβεσθαι 8, 3, 7. ἀρνησάμενοι τὸν νόμον ibid. βλασφημεῖν τὸν ν. 8, 6, 2.

② constitutional or statutory legal system, law

ⓐ gener.: by what kind of law? Ro 3:27. ν. τῆς πόλεως the law of the city enforced by the ruler of the city (ν. ἐν ταῖς πόλεσι γραπτός Orig., C. Cels. 5, 37, 2); the penalty for breaking it is banishment Hs 1:5f. τοῖς ν. χρῆσθαι observe the laws 1:3; πείθεσθαι τοῖς ὡρισμένοις ν. obey the established laws Dg 5:10; νικᾶν τοὺς ν. ibid. (νικάω 3). Ro 7:1f, as well as the gnomic saying Ro 4:15b and 5:13b, have been thought by some (e.g. BWeiss, Jülicher) to refer to Roman law, but more likely the Mosaic law is meant (s. 3 below).

ⓑ specifically: of the law that Moses received from God and is the standard according to which membership in the people of Israel is determined (Diod S 1, 94, 1; 2: the lawgiver Mneves receives the law from Hermes, Minos from Zeus, Lycurgus from Apollo, Zarathustra from the ἀγαθὸς δαίμων, Zalmoxis from Hestia; παρὰ δὲ τοῖς Ἰουδαίοις, Μωϋσῆς receives the law from the Ἰαὼ ἐπικαλούμενος θεός) ὁ ν. Μωϋσέως Lk 2:22; J 7:23; Ac 15:5. ν. Μωϋσέως Ac 13:38; Hb 10:28. Also ὁ ν. κυρίου Lk 2:23f, 39; GJs 14:1. ὁ ν. τοῦ θεοῦ (Theoph. Ant. 2, 14 [p. 136, 4]) Mt 15:6 v.l.; Ro 8:7 (cp. Tat. 7, 2; 32, 1; Ath. 3:2). ὁ ν. ἡμῶν, ὑμῶν, αὐτῶν etc. J 18:31; 19:7b v.l.; Ac 25:8. κατὰ τὸν ἡμέτερον ν. 24:6 v.l. (cp. Jos., Ant. 7, 131). ὁ πατρῷος ν. 22:3. τὸν ν. τῶν ἐντολῶν Eph 2:15. Since the context of Ac 23:29 ἐγκαλούμενον περὶ ζητημάτων τοῦ νόμου αὐτῶν points to the intimate connection between belief, cult, and communal solidarity in Judean tradition, the term νόμος is best rendered with an hendiadys: (charged in matters) relating to their belief and custom; cp. ν. ὁ καθʼ ὑμᾶς 18:15. Ro 9:31 (CRhyne, Νόμος Δικαιοσύνης and the meaning of Ro 10:4: CBQ 47, ’85, 486–99).—Abs., without further qualification ὁ ν. Mt 22:36; 23:23; Lk 2:27; J 1:17; Ac 6:13; 7:53; 21:20, 28; Ro 2:15 (τὸ ἔργον τοῦ νόμου the work of the law [=the moral product that the Mosaic code requires] is written in the heart; difft. Diod S 1, 94, 1 ν. ἔγγραπτος, s. 1b, above), 18, 20, 23b, 26; 4:15a, 16; 7:1b, 4–7, 12, 14, 16; 8:3f; 1 Cor 15:56; Gal 3:12f, 17, 19, 21a, 24; 5:3, 14; 1 Ti 1:8 (GRudberg, ConNeot 7, ’42, 15); Hb 7:19 (s. Windisch, Hdb. exc. ad loc.), 28a; 10:1; cp. Js 2:9 (s. 1b above); μετὰ τὸν ν. Hb 7:28b; οἱ ἐν τῷ ν. Ro 3:19; κατὰ τὸν ν. according to the (Mosaic) law (Jos., Ant. 14, 173; 15, 51 al.; Just., D. 10, 1) J 19:7b; Ac 22:12; 23:3; Hb 7:5; 9:22. παρὰ τ. νόμον contrary to the law (Jos., Ant. 17, 151, C. Ap. 2, 219; Ath. 1, 3 παρὰ πάντα ν.) Ac 18:13.—νόμος without the art. in the same sense (on the attempt, beginning w. Origen, In Ep. ad Ro 3:7 ed. Lomm. VI 201, to establish a difference in mng. betw. Paul’s use of ὁ νόμος and νόμος s. B-D-F §258, 2; Rob. 796; Mlt-Turner 177; Grafe [s. 3b below] 7–11) Ro 2:13ab, 17, 23a, * 25a; 3:31ab; 5:13, 20; 7:1a (s. above); Gal 2:19b; 5:23 (JRobb, ET 56, ’45, 279f compares κατὰ δὲ τῶν τοιούτων οὐκ ἔστι νόμος Aristot., Pol. 1284a). δικαίῳ νόμος οὐ κεῖται, ἀνόμοις δὲ … 1 Ti 1:9. Cp. ἑαυτοῖς εἰσιν νόμος Ro 2:14 (in Pla., Pol. and in Stoic thought the wise person needed no commandment [Stoic. III 519], the bad one did; MPohlenz, Stoa ’48/49 I 133; II 75). Used w. prepositions: ἐκ ν. Ro 4:14; Gal 3:18, 21c (v.l. ἐν ν.); Phil 3:9 (ἐκ νόμου can also mean corresponding to or in conformity with the law: PRev 15, 11 ἐκ τῶν νόμων); cp. ἐκ τοῦ νόμου Ro 10:5. διὰ νόμου Ro 2:12b; 3:20b; 4:13; 7:7b; Gal 2:19a, 21; ἐν ν. (ἐν τῷ ν. Iren. 3, 11, 8 [Harv. II 49, 9]) Ro 2:12a, 23; Gal 3:11, 21c v.l.; 5:4; Phil 3:6. κατὰ νόμον 3:5; Hb 8:4; 10:8 (make an offering κατὰ νόμον as Arrian, Anab. 2, 26, 4; 5, 8, 2); χωρὶς ν. Ro 3:21a; 7:8f; ἄχρι ν. 5:13a. ὑπὸ νόμον 6:14f; 1 Cor 9:20; Gal 3:23; 4:4f, 21a; 5:18 (cp. Just., D. 45, 3 οἱ ὑπὸ τὸν ν.).—Dependent on an anarthrous noun παραβάτης νόμου a law-breaker Ro 2:25b ( 27b w. art.); Js 2:11. ποιητὴς ν. one who keeps the law 4:11d (w. art. Ro 2:13b). τέλος ν. the end of the law Ro 10:4 (RBultmann and HSchlier, Christus des Ges. Ende ’40). πλήρωμα ν. fulfilment of the law 13:10. ν. μετάθεσις a change in the law Hb 7:12. ἔργα ν. Ro 3:20a, 28; 9:32 v.l.; Gal 2:16; 3:2, 5, 10a.—(ὁ) ν. (τοῦ) θεοῦ Ro 7:22, 25a; 8:7 because it was given by God and accords w. his will. Lasting Mt 5:18; Lk 16:17 (cp. Bar 4:1; PsSol 10:4; Philo, Mos. 2, 14; Jos., C. Ap. 2, 277).—Used w. verbs, w. or without the art.: ν. ἔχειν J 19:7a; Ro 2:14 (ApcSed 14:5). πληροῦν ν. fulfill the law Ro 13:8; pass. Gal 5:14 (Mel., P. 42, 291). πληροῦν τὸ δικαίωμα τοῦ ν. fulfill the requirement of the law Ro 8:4. φυλάσσειν τὸν ν. observe the law Ac 21:24; Gal 6:13. τὰ δικαιώματα τοῦ ν. φυλάσσειν observe the precepts of the law Ro 2:26; διώκειν ν. δικαιοσύνης 9:31a; πράσσειν ν. 2:25a. ποιεῖν τὸν ν. J 7:19b; Gal 5:3; Ro 2:14b, s. below; τὸν ν. τηρεῖν Js 2:10. τὸν ν. τελεῖν Ro 2:27. φθάνειν εἰς ν. 9:31b. κατὰ ν. Ἰουδαϊσμὸν ζῆν IMg 8:1 v.l. is prob. a textual error (Pearson, Lghtf., Funk, Bihlmeyer, Hilgenfeld; Zahn, Ign. v. Ant. 1873 p. 354, 1 [difft. in Zahn’s edition] all omit νόμον as a gloss and are supported by the Latin versions; s. Hdb. ad loc.). τὰ τοῦ ν. ποιεῖν carry out the requirements of the law Ro 2:14b (ApcSed 14:5; FFlückiger, TZ 8, ’52, 17–42). καταλαλεῖν νόμου, κρίνειν ν. Js 4:11abc. ἐδόθη ν. Gal 3:21a.—Pl. διδοὺς νόμους μου εἰς τὴν διάνοιαν αὐτῶν Hb 8:10; cp. 10:16 (both Jer 38:33).—Of an individual stipulation of the law ὁ νόμος τοῦ ἀνδρός the law insofar as it concerns the husband (Aristot., Fgm. 184 R. νόμοι ἀνδρὸς καὶ γαμετῆς.—SIG 1198, 14 κατὰ τὸν νόμον τῶν ἐρανιστῶν; Num 9:12 ὁ ν. τοῦ πάσχα; Philo, Sobr. 49 ὁ ν. τῆς λέπρας) Ro 7:2b; cp. 7:3 and δέδεται νόμῳ vs. 2a (on the imagery Straub 94f); 1 Cor 7:39 v.l.—The law is personified, as it were (Demosth. 43, 59; Aeschin. 1, 18; Herm. Wr. 12, 4 [the law of punishment]; IMagnMai 92a, 11 ὁ ν. συντάσσει; b, 16 ὁ ν. ἀγορεύει; Jos., Ant. 3, 274) J 7:51; Ro 3:19.

③ a collection of holy writings precious to God’s people, sacred ordinance

ⓐ in the strict sense the law=the Pentateuch, the work of Moses the lawgiver (Diod S 40, 3, 6 προσγέγραπται τοῖς νόμοις ἐπὶ τελευτῆς ὅτι Μωσῆς ἀκούσας τοῦ θεοῦ τάδε λέγει τ. Ἰουδαίοις=at the end of the laws this is appended: this is what Moses heard from God and is telling to the Jews. ὁ διὰ τοῦ ν. μεταξὺ καθαρῶν καὶ ἀκαθάρτων διαστείλας θεός Iren. 3, 12, 7 [Harv. II 60, 3]; cp. Hippol., Ref. 7, 34, 1) τὸ βιβλίον τοῦ νόμου Gal 3:10b (cp. Dt 27:26). Also simply ὁ νόμος (Jos., Bell. 7, 162 ὁ ν. or 2, 229 ὁ ἱερὸς ν. of the holy book in a concrete sense) Mt 12:5 (Num 28:9f is meant); J 8:5; 1 Cor 9:8 (cp. Dt 25:4); 14:34 (cp. Gen 3:16); Gal 4:21b (the story of Abraham); Hb 9:19. ὁ ν. ὁ ὑμέτερος J 8:17 (cp. Jos., Bell. 5, 402; Tat. 40, 1 κατὰ τοὺς ἡμετέρους ν.). ἐν Μωϋσέως νόμῳ γέγραπται 1 Cor 9:9. καθὼς γέγραπται ἐν νόμῳ κυρίου Lk 2:23 (γέγραπται ἐν νόμῳ as Athen. 6, 27, 23c; IMagnMai 52, 35 [III B.C.]; Mel., P. 11, 71; cp. Just., D. 8, 4 τὰ ἐν τῷ ν. γεγραμμένα); cp. vs. 24. ἔγραψεν Μωϋσῆς ἐν τῷ νόμῳ J 1:45 (cp. Cercidas [III B.C.], Fgm. 1, 18f Diehl² [=Coll. Alex. p. 204, 29=Knox p. 196] καὶ τοῦθʼ Ὅμηρος εἶπεν ἐν Ἰλιάδι).—The Sacred Scriptures (OT) referred to as a whole in the phrase ὁ ν. καὶ οἱ προφῆται (Orig., C. Cels. 2, 6, 4; cp. Hippol., Ref. 8, 19, 1) the law (הַתּוֹרָה) and the prophets (הַנְּבִיאִים) Mt 5:17; 7:12; 11:13; 22:40; Lk 16:16; Ac 13:15; 24:14; 28:23; Ro 3:21b; cp. Dg 11:6; J 1:45. τὰ γεγραμμένα ἐν τῷ ν. Μωϋσέως καὶ τοῖς προφήταις καὶ ψαλμοῖς Lk 24:44.

ⓑ In a wider sense=Holy Scripture gener., on the principle that the most authoritative part gives its name to the whole (ὁ ν. ὁ τοῦ θεοῦ Theoph. Ant. 1, 11 [p. 82, 15]): J 10:34 (Ps 81:6); 12:34 (Ps 109:4; Is 9:6; Da 7:14); 15:25 (Ps 34:19; 68:5); 1 Cor 14:21 (Is 28:11f); Ro 3:19 (preceded by a cluster of quotations fr. Psalms and prophets).—Mt 5:18; Lk 10:26; 16:17; J 7:49.—JHänel, Der Schriftbegriff Jesu 1919; OMichel, Pls u. s. Bibel 1929; SWesterholm, Studies in Religion 15, ’86, 327–36.—JMeinhold, Jesus u. das AT 1896; MKähler, Jesus u. das AT² 1896; AKlöpper, Z. Stellung Jesu gegenüber d. Mos. Gesetz, Mt 5:17–48: ZWT 39, 1896, 1–23; EKlostermann, Jesu Stellung z. AT 1904; AvHarnack, Hat Jesus das atl. Gesetz abgeschafft?: Aus Wissenschaft u. Leben II 1911, 225–36, SBBerlAk 1912, 184–207; KBenz, D. Stellung Jesu zum atl. Gesetz 1914; MGoguel, RHPR 7, 1927, 160ff; BBacon, Jesus and the Law: JBL 47, 1928, 203–31; BBranscomb, Jes. and the Law of Moses 1930; WKümmel, Jes. u. d. jüd. Traditionsged.: ZNW 33, ’34, 105–30; JHempel, D. synopt. Jesus u. d. AT: ZAW 56, ’38, 1–34.—Lk-Ac: JJervell, HTR 64, ’71, 21–36.—EGrafe, D. paulin. Lehre vom Gesetz² 1893; HCremer, D. paulin. Rechtfertigungslehre 1896, 84ff; 363ff; FSieffert, D. Entwicklungslinie d. paul. Gesetzeslehre: BWeiss Festschr. 1897, 332–57; WSlaten, The Qualitative Use of νόμος in the Pauline Ep.: AJT 23, 1919, 213ff; HMosbech, Pls’ Laere om Loven: TT 4/3, 1922, 108–37; 177–221; EBurton, ICC, Gal 1921, 443–60; PFeine, Theol. des NT⁶ ’34, 208–15 (lit.); PBenoit, La Loi et la Croix d’après S. Paul (Ro 7:7–8:4): RB 47, ’38, 481–509; CMaurer, D. Gesetzeslehre des Pls ’41; PBläser, D. Gesetz b. Pls ’41; BReicke, JBL 70, ’51, 259–76; GBornkamm, Das Ende d. Gesetzes ’63; HRaisänen, Paul and the Law² ’87; PRichardson/SWesterholm, et al., Law in Religious Communities in the Rom. Period, ’91 (Torah and Nomos); MNobile, La Torà al tempo di Paolo, alcune ri-flessioni: Atti del IV simposio di Tarso su S. Paolo Apostolo, ed. LPadovese ’96, 93–106 (lit. 93f, n. 1).—Dodd 25–41.—B. 1358; 1419; 1421. DELG s.v. νέμω Ic. Schmidt, Syn. I 333–47. M-M. EDNT. TW. Sv.

παρακούω (cp. παρακοή) fut. παρακούσομαι; 1 aor. παρήκουσα (Aristoph., Hdt. +).

① to listen to something when one is not personally addressed, hear what is not intended for one’s ears, overhear (Aristoph., Frogs 750; Pla., Euthyd. 300d) τὶ someth. Ἰησοῦς π. τὸν λόγον Jesus overheard what was said to the centurion Mk 5:36. But some comm. prefer sense 2a.

② to pay no attention to something that has been heard.

ⓐ ignore τὶ someth. (Plut., Philop. 378 [16, 1] καὶ παριδεῖν τι καὶ παρακοῦσαι τῶν ἁμαρτανομένων, Mor. 522b ἔνια παρακοῦσαι κ. παριδεῖν) Jesus ignored what they said (s. 1).

ⓑ refuse to listen to, disobey w. gen. of pers. or thing (Polyb. 24, 9, 1; Epict. 2, 15, 4 τῶν λόγων; Lucian, Prometh. 2; PHib 170 [247 B.C.] ἡμῶν; Esth 3:8; TestSol 25:8 B μου; Jos., Ant. 1, 190; 6, 141; Mel., P. 48, 343 τοῦ θεοῦ) Mt 18:17ab; STellan: Laurentianum 35, ’94, 91–134. τῶν ἐντολῶν (Tob 3:4; cp. UPZ 110, 130 [164 B.C.]) 2 Cl 3:4; 6:7. ἐπί τῷ ῥήματι Lk 5:5 D. Abs. (TestDan 2:3) 2 Cl 15:5; Hv 4, 2, 6.—M-M. TW.

τήρησις, εως, ἡ (τηρέω; Thu. et al.; ins, pap, LXX; Jos., Ant. 17, 205)

① act of holding in custody, custody, imprisonment (Jos., Ant. 16, 321).

② a place for custody, prison (BGU 388 III, 7). This and mng. 1 are prob. (cp. Thu. 7, 86, 2; Jos., Ant. 18, 235) in ἔθεντο εἰς τήρησιν Ac 4:3. ἔθεντο αὐτοὺς ἐν τηρήσει δημοσίᾳ 5:18.

③ act of ensuring the well-being of another, care GJs 9:1, 3.

④ act of persisting in obedience, keeping, observance (Wsd 6:18) ἐντολῶν (Sir 32:23.—τῶν νόμων Hierocles, Carm. Aur. 2, 2 p. 422 M.) 1 Cor 7:19.—DELG s.v. τηρέω. M-M. TW.

ἐν prep. w. dat. (Hom.+). For lit. s. ἀνά and εἰς, beg. For special NT uses s. AOepke, TW II 534–39. The uses of this prep. are so many and various, and oft. so easily confused, that a strictly systematic treatment is impossible. It must suffice to list the main categories, which will help establish the usage in individual cases. The earliest auditors/readers, not being inconvenienced by grammatical and lexical debates, would readily absorb the context and experience little difficulty.

① marker of a position defined as being in a location, in, among (the basic idea, Rob. 586f)

ⓐ of the space or place within which someth. is found, in: ἐν τῇ πόλει Lk 7:37. ἐν Βηθλέεμ Mt 2:1. ἐν τῇ ἐρήμῳ 3:1 (Just., D. 19, 5, cp. A I, 12, 6 ἐν ἐρημίᾳ) ἐν τῷ ἱερῷ Ac 5:42. ἐν οἴκῳ 1 Ti 3:15 and very oft. ἐν τοῖς τοῦ πατρός μου in my Father’s house Lk 2:49 and perh. Mt 20:15 (cp. Jos., Ant. 16, 302, C. Ap. 1, 118 ἐν τοῖς τοῦ Διός; PTebt 12, 3; POxy 523, 3; Tob 6:11 S; Goodsp., Probs. 81–83). ἐν τῇ ἀγορᾷ Mt 20:3. ἐν (τῷ) οὐρανῷ in heaven (Arat., Phaen. 10; Diod S 4, 61, 6; Plut., Mor. 359d τὰς ψυχὰς ἐν οὐρανῷ λάμπειν ἄστρα; Tat. 12, 2 τὰ ἄστρα τὰ ἐν αὐτῷ) Ac 2:19 (Jo 3:3); Rv 12:1; IEph 19:2.—W. quotations and accounts of the subject matter of literary works: in (Ps.-Demetr. c. 226 ὡς ἐν τῷ Εὐθυδήμῳ; Simplicius in Epict. p. 28, 37 ἐν τῷ Φαίδωνι; Ammon. Hermiae in Aristot. De Interpret. c. 9 p. 136, 20 Busse ἐν Τιμαίῳ παρειλήφαμεν=we have received as a tradition; 2 Macc 2:4; 1 Esdr 1:40; 5:48; Sir 50:27; Just., A I, 60, 1 ἐν τῷ παρὰ Πλάτωνι Τιμαίῳ) ἐν τῇ ἐπιστολῇ 1 Cor 5:9. ἐν τῷ νόμῳ Lk 24:44; J 1:45. ἐν τοῖς προφήταις Ac 13:40. ἐν Ἠλίᾳ in the story of Elijah Ro 11:2 (Just., D. 120, 3 ἐν τῷ Ἰούδα). ἐν τῷ Ὡσηέ 9:25 (Just., D. 44, 2 ἐν τῷ Ἰεζεκιήλ). ἐν Δαυίδ in the Psalter ( by David is also prob.: s. 6) Hb 4:7. ἐν ἑτέρῳ προφήτῃ in another prophet B 6:14. Of inner life φανεροῦσθαι ἐν ταῖς συνειδήσεσι be made known to (your) consciences 2 Cor 5:11. ἐν τῇ καρδίᾳ Mt 5:28; 13:19; 2 Cor 11:12 et al.

ⓑ on ἐν τῷ ὄρει (X., An. 4, 3, 31; Diod S 14, 16, 2 λόφος ἐν ᾧ=a hill on which; Jos., Ant. 12, 259; Just., D. 67, 9 ἐν ὄρει Χωρήβ) J 4:20f; Hb 8:5 (Ex 25:40). ἐν τῇ ἀγορᾷ in the market Mt 20:3. ἐν τῇ ὁδῷ on the way Mt 5:25. ἐν πλαξίν on tablets 2 Cor 3:3. ἐν ταῖς γωνίαις τῶν πλατειῶν on the street corners Mt 6:5.

ⓒ within the range of, at, near (Soph., Fgm. 37 [34 N.²] ἐν παντὶ λίθῳ=near every stone; Artem. 4, 24 p. 217, 19 ἐν Τύρῳ=near Tyre; Polyaenus 8, 24, 7 ἐν τῇ νησῖδι=near the island; Diog. L. 1, 34; 85; 97 τὰ ἐν ποσίν=what is before one’s feet; Jos., Vi. 227 ἐν Χαβωλώ) ἐν τῷ γαζοφυλακείῳ (q.v.) J 8:20. ἐν τῷ Σιλωάμ near the pool of Siloam Lk 13:4. καθίζειν ἐν τῇ δεξιᾷ τινος sit at someone’s right hand (cp. 1 Esdr 4:29) Eph 1:20; Hb 1:3; 8:1.

ⓓ among, in (Hom.+; PTebt 58, 41 [111 B.C.]; Sir 16:6; 31:9; 1 Macc 4:58; 5:2; TestAbr B 9 p. 13, 27 [Stone p. 74]; Just., A I, 5, 4 ἐν βαρβάροις) ἐν τῇ γενεᾷ ταύτῃ in the generation now living Mk 8:38. ἐν τῷ γένει μου among my people Gal 1:14 (Just., D. 51, 1 al. ἐν τῷ γένει ὑμῶν). ἐν ἡμῖν Hb 13:26. ἐν τῷ ὄχλῳ in the crowd Mk 5:30 (cp. Sir 7:7). ἐν ἀλλήλοις mutually (Thu. 1, 24, 4; Just., D. 101, 3) Ro 1:12; 15:5. ἐν τοῖς ἡγεμόσιν (=among the commanding officers: Diod S 18, 61, 2; Appian, Bell. Civ. 5, 21 §84) Ἰούδα Mt 2:6 et al. ἐν ἀνθρώποις among people (as Himerius, Or. 48 [14], 11; Just., A I, 23, 3, D. 64, 7) Lk 2:14; cp. Ac 4:12.

ⓔ before, in the presence of, etc. (cp. Od. 2, 194; Eur., Andr. 359; Pla., Leg. 9, 879b; Demosth. 24, 207; Polyb. 5, 39, 6; Epict. 3, 22, 8; Appian, Maced. 18 §2 ἐν τοῖς φίλοις=in the presence of his friends; Sir 19:8; Jdth 6:2; PPetr. II, 4 [6], 16 [255/254 B.C.] δινὸν γάρ ἐστιν ἐν ὄχλῳ ἀτιμάζεσθαι=before a crowd) σοφίαν λαλοῦμεν ἐν τοῖς τελείοις in the presence of mature (i.e. spiritually sophisticated) adults 1 Cor 2:6 (cp. Simplicius in Epict. p. 131, 20 λέγειν τὰ θεωρήματα ἐν ἰδιώταις). ἐν τ. ὠσὶν ὑμῶν in your hearing Lk 4:21 (cp. Judg 17:2; 4 Km 23:2; Bar 1:3f), where the words can go linguistically just as well w. πεπλήρωται as w. ἡ γραφὴ αὕτη (this passage of scripture read in your hearing). ἐν ὀφθαλμοῖς τινος in someone’s eyes, i.e. judgment (Wsd 3:2; Sir 8:16; Jdth 3:4; 12:14; 1 Macc 1:12) Mt 21:42 (Ps 117:23). ἔν τινι in the same mng. as early as Trag. (Soph., Oed. C. 1213 ἐν ἐμοί=in my judgment, Ant. 925 ἐν θεοῖς καλά; also Pla., Prot. 337b; 343c) ἐν ἐμοί 1 Cor 14:11; possibly J 3:21 (s. 4c below) and Jd 1 belong here.—In the ‘forensic’ sense ἔν τινι can mean in someone’s court or forum (Soph., Ant. 459; Pla., Gorg. 464d, Leg. 11, 916b; Ael. Aristid. 38, 3 K.=7 p. 71 D.; 46 p. 283, 334 D.; Diod S 19, 51, 4; Ps.-Heraclit., Ep. 4, 6; but in several of these pass. the mng. does not go significantly beyond ‘in the presence of’ [s. above]) ἐν ὑμῖν 1 Cor 6:2 ( by you is also tenable; s. 6 below).

ⓕ esp. to describe certain processes, inward: ἐν ἑαυτῷ to himself, i.e. in silence, διαλογίζεσθαι Mk 2:8; Lk 12:17; διαπορεῖν Ac 10:17; εἰδέναι J 6:61; λέγειν Mt 3:9; 9:21; Lk 7:49; εἰπεῖν 7:39 al.; ἐμβριμᾶσθαι J 11:38.

② marker of a state or condition, in

ⓐ of being clothed and metaphors assoc. with such condition in, with (Hdt. 2, 159; X., Mem. 3, 11, 4; Diod S 1, 12, 9; Herodian 2, 13, 3; Jdth 10:3; 1 Macc 6:35; 2 Macc 3:33) ἠμφιεσμένον ἐν μαλακοῖς dressed in soft clothes Mt 11:8. περιβάλλεσθαι ἐν ἱματίοις Rv 3:5; 4:4. ἔρχεσθαι ἐν ἐνδύμασι προβάτων come in sheep’s clothing Mt 7:15. περιπατεῖν ἐν στολαῖς walk about in long robes Mk 12:38 (Tat. 2, 1 ἐν πορφυρίδι περιπατῶν); cp. Ac 10:30; Mt 11:21; Lk 10:13. ἐν λευκοῖς in white (Artem. 2, 3; 4, 2 ἐν λευκοῖς προϊέναι; Epict. 3, 22, 1) J 20:12; Hv 4, 2, 1. Prob. corresp. ἐν σαρκί clothed in flesh (cp. Diod S 1, 12, 9 deities appear ἐν ζῴων μορφαῖς) 1 Ti 3:16; 1J 4:2; 2J 7. ἐν πάσῃ τῇ δόξῃ αὐτοῦ in all his glory Mt 6:29 (cp. 1 Macc 10:86). ἐν τ. δόξῃ τοῦ πατρός clothed in his Father’s glory 16:27; cp. 25:31; Mk 8:38; Lk 9:31.

ⓑ of other states and conditions (so freq. w. γίνομαι, εἰμί; Attic wr.; PPetr II, 11 [1], 8 [III B.C.] γράφε, ἵνα εἰδῶμεν ἐν οἷς εἶ; 39 [g], 16; UPZ 110, 176 [164 B.C.] et al.; LXX; Just., A I, 13, 2 πάλιν ἐν ἀφθαρσίᾳ γενέσθαι; 67, 6 τοῖς ἐν χρείᾳ οὖσι; Tat. 20, 1f οὐκ ἔστι γὰρ ἄπειρος ὁ οὐρανός, … πεπερασμένος δὲ καὶ ἐν τέρματι; Mel., HE 4, 26, 6 ἐν … λεηλασίᾳ ‘plundering’): ὑπάρχων ἐν βασάνοις Lk 16:23. ἐν τῷ θανάτῳ 1J 3:14. ἐν ζωῇ Ro 5:10. ἐν τοῖς δεσμοῖς Phlm 13 (Just., A II, 2, 11 ἐν δ. γενέσθαι). ἐν πειρασμοῖς 1 Pt 1:6; ἐν πολλοῖς ὢν ἀστοχήμασι AcPlCor 2:1. ἐν ὁμοιώματι σαρκός Ro 8:3. ἐν πολλῷ ἀγῶνι 1 Th 2:2. ἐν φθορᾷ in a state of corruptibility 1 Cor 15:42. ἐν ἑτοίμῳ ἔχειν 2 Cor 10:6 (cp. PEleph 10, 7 [223/222 B.C.] τ. λοιπῶν ἐν ἑτοίμῳ ὄντων; PGen 76, 8; 3 Macc 5:8); ἐν ἐκστάσει in a state of trance Ac 11:5 (opp. Just., D, 115, 3 ἐν καταστάσει ὤν). Of qualities: ἐν πίστει κ. ἀγάπῃ κ. ἁγιασμῷ 1 Ti 2:15; ἐν κακίᾳ καὶ φθόνῳ Tit 3:3; ἐν πανουργίᾳ 2 Cor 4:2; ἐν εὐσεβείᾳ καὶ σεμνότητι 1 Ti 2:2; ἐν τῇ ἀνοχῇ τοῦ θεοῦ Ro 3:26; ἐν μυστηρίῳ 1 Cor 2:7; ἐν δόξῃ Phil 4:19.

③ marker of extension toward a goal that is understood to be within an area or condition, into: ἐν is somet. used w. verbs of motion where εἰς would normally be expected (Diod S 23, 8, 1 Ἄννων ἐπέρασε ἐν Σικελίᾳ; Hero I 142, 7; 182, 4; Paus. 7, 4, 3 διαβάντες ἐν τῇ Σάμῳ; Epict. 1, 11, 32; 2, 20, 33; Aelian, VH 4, 18; Vett. Val. 210, 26; 212, 6 al., s. index; Pel.-Leg. 1, 4; 5; 2, 1; PParis 10, 2 [145 B.C.] ἀνακεχώρηκεν ἐν Ἀλεξανδρείᾳ; POxy 294, 4; BGU 22, 13; Tob 5:5 BA; 1 Macc 10:43; TestAbr B 2 p. 106, 23=Stone p. 60 [s. on the LXX Thackeray 25]; πέμψον αὐτοὺς ἐν πολέμῳ En 10:9; TestAbr A 6 p. 83, 22 [Stone p. 14] δάκρυα … ἐν τῷ νιπτῆρι πίπτοντα): εἰσέρχεσθαι Lk 9:46; Rv 11:11; ἀπάγειν GJs 6:1; ἀνάγειν 7:1; εἰσάγειν 10:1; καταβαίνειν J 5:3 (4) v.l.; ἀναβαίνειν GJs 22:13; ἀπέρχεσθαι (Diod S 23, 18, 5) Hs 1:6; ἥκειν GJs 5:1; ἀποστέλλειν 25:1. To be understood otherwise: ἐξῆλθεν ὁ λόγος ἐν ὅλῃ τῇ Ἰουδαίᾳ the word went out = spread in all Judaea Lk 7:17; likew. 1 Th 1:8. The metaphorical expr. ἐπιστρέψαι ἀπειθεῖς ἐν φρονήσει δικαίων turn the disobedient to the wisdom of the righteous Lk 1:17 is striking but consistent w. the basic sense of ἐν. S. also γίνομαι, δίδωμι, ἵστημι, καλέω, and τίθημι. ἐν μέσῳ among somet. answers to the question ‘whither’ (B-D-F §215, 3) Mt 10:16; Lk 10:3; 8:7.

④ marker of close association within a limit, in

ⓐ fig., of pers., to indicate the state of being filled w. or gripped by someth.: in someone=in one’s innermost being ἐν αὐτῷ κατοικεῖ πᾶν τὸ πλήρωμα in him dwells all the fullness Col 2:9. ἐν αὐτῷ ἐκτίσθη τὰ πάντα (prob. to be understood as local, not instrumental, since ἐν αὐ. would otherwise be identical w. διʼ αὐ. in the same vs.) everything was created in association with him 1:16 (cp. M. Ant. 4, 23 ἐν σοὶ πάντα; Herm. Wr. 5, 10; AFeuillet, NTS 12, ’65, 1–9). ἐν τῷ θεῷ κέκρυπται ἡ ζωὴ ὑμῶν your life is hid in God 3:3; cp. 2:3. Of sin in humans Ro 7:17f; cp. κατεργάζεσθαι vs. 8. Of Christ who, as a spiritual being, fills people so as to be in charge of their lives 8:10; 2 Cor 13:5, abides J 6:56, lives Gal 2:20, and takes form 4:19 in them. Of the divine word: οὐκ ἔστιν ἐν ἡμῖν 1J 1:10; μένειν ἔν τινι J 5:38; ἐνοικεῖν Col 3:16. Of God’s spirit: οἰκεῖν (ἐνοικεῖν) ἔν τινι Ro 8:9, 11; 1 Cor 3:16; 2 Ti 1:14. Of spiritual gifts 1 Ti 4:14; 2 Ti 1:6. Of miraculous powers ἐνεργεῖν ἔν τινι be at work in someone Mt 14:2; Mk 6:14; ποιεῖν ἔν τινι εὐάρεστον Hb 13:21. The same expr. of God or evil spirits, who somehow work in people: 1 Cor 12:6; Phil 2:13; Eph 2:2 al.

ⓑ of the whole, w. which the parts are closely joined: μένειν ἐν τῇ ἀμπέλῳ remain in the vine J 15:4. ἐν ἑνὶ σώματι μέλη πολλὰ ἔχομεν in one body we have many members Ro 12:4. κρέμασθαι ἔν τινι depend on someth. Mt 22:40.

ⓒ esp. in Paul. or Joh. usage, to designate a close personal relation in which the referent of the ἐν-term is viewed as the controlling influence: under the control of, under the influence of, in close association with (cp. ἐν τῷ Δαυιδ εἰμί 2 Km 19:44): of Christ εἶναι, μένειν ἐν τῷ πατρί (ἐν τῷ θεῷ) J 10:38; 14:10f (difft. CGordon, ‘In’ of Predication or Equivalence: JBL 100, ’81, 612f); and of Christians 1J 3:24; 4:13, 15f; be or abide in Christ J 14:20; 15:4f; μένειν ἐν τῷ υἱῷ καὶ ἐν τῷ πατρί 1J 2:24. ἔργα ἐν θεῷ εἰργασμένα done in communion with God J 3:21 (but s. 1e above).—In Paul the relation of the individual to Christ is very oft. expressed by such phrases as ἐν Χριστῷ, ἐν κυρίῳ etc., also vice versa (FNeugebauer, NTS 4, ’57/58, 124–38; AWedderburn, JSNT 25, ’85, 83–97) ἐν ἐμοὶ Χριστός Gal 2:20, but here in the sense of a above.—See, e.g., Dssm., D. ntl. Formel ‘in Christo Jesu’ 1892; EWeber, D. Formel ‘in Chr. Jesu’ u. d. paul. Christusmystik: NKZ 31, 1920, 213ff; LBrun, Zur Formel ‘in Chr. Jesus’ im Phil: Symbolae Arctoae 1, 1922, 19–37; MHansen, Omkring Paulus-Formeln ‘i Kristus’: TK 4/10, 1929, 135–59; HBöhlig, ʼΕν κυρίῳ: GHeinrici Festschr. 1914, 170–75; OSchmitz, D. Christusgemeinschaft d. Pls² ’56; AWikenhauser, D. Christusmystik d. Pls² ’56; KMittring, Heilswirklichkeit b. Pls; Beitrag z. Verständnis der unio cum Christo in d. Plsbriefen 1929; ASchweitzer, D. Mystik d. Ap. Pls 1930 (Eng. tr., WMontgomery, The Myst. of Paul the Ap., ’31); WSchmauch, In Christus ’35; BEaston, Pastoral Ep. ’47, 210f; FBüchsel, ‘In Chr.’ b. Pls: ZNW 42, ’49, 141–58. Also HKorn, D. Nachwirkungen d. Christusmystik d. Pls in den Apost. Vätern, diss. Berlin 1928; EAndrews, Interpretation 6, ’52, 162–77; H-LParisius, ZNW 49, ’58, 285–88 (10 ‘forensic’ passages); JAllan, NTS 5, ’58/59, 54–62 (Eph), ibid. 10, ’63, 115–21 (pastorals); FNeugebauer, In Christus, etc. ’61; MDahl, The Resurrection of the Body ( 1 Cor 15) ’62, 110–13.—Paul has the most varied expressions for this new life-principle: life in Christ Ro 6:11, 23; love in Christ 8:39; grace, which is given in Christ 1 Cor 1:4; freedom in Chr. Gal 2:4; blessing in Chr. 3:14; unity in Chr. vs. 28. στήκειν ἐν κυρίῳ stand firm in the Lord Phil 4:1; εὑρεθῆναι ἐν Χ. be found in Christ 3:9; εἶναι ἐν Χ. 1 Cor 1:30; οἱ ἐν Χ. Ro 8:1.—1 Pt 5:14; κοιμᾶσθαι ἐν Χ., ἀποθνῄσκειν ἐν κυρίῳ 1 Cor 15:18.—Rv 14:13; ζῳοποιεῖσθαι 1 Cor 15:22.—The formula is esp. common w. verbs that denote a conviction, hope, etc. πεποιθέναι Gal 5:10; Phil 1:14; 2 Th 3:4. παρρησίαν ἔχειν Phlm 8. πέπεισμαι Ro 14:14. ἐλπίζειν Phil 2:19. καύχησιν ἔχειν Ro 15:17; 1 Cor 15:31. τὸ αὐτὸ φρονεῖν Phil 4:2. ὑπακούειν Eph 6:1. λαλεῖν 2 Cor 2:17; 12:19. ἀλήθειαν λέγειν Ro 9:1. λέγειν καὶ μαρτύρεσθαι Eph 4:17. But also apart fr. such verbs, in numerous pass. it is used w. verbs and nouns of the most varied sort, often without special emphasis, to indicate the scope within which someth. takes place or has taken place, or to designate someth. as being in close assoc. w. Christ, and can be rendered, variously, in connection with, in intimate association with, keeping in mind ἁγιάζεσθαι 1 Cor 1:2, or ἅγιος ἐν Χ. Phil 1:1; ἀσπάζεσθαί τινα 1 Cor 16:19. δικαιοῦσθαι Gal 2:17. κοπιᾶν Ro 16:12. παρακαλεῖν 1 Th 4:1. προσδέχεσθαί τινα Ro 16:2; Phil 2:29. χαίρειν 3:1; 4:4, 10. γαμηθῆναι ἐν κυρίῳ marry in the Lord=marry a Christian 1 Cor 7:39. προϊστάμενοι ὑμῶν ἐν κυρίῳ your Christian leaders (in the church) 1 Th 5:12 (but s. προί̈στημι 1 and 2).—εὐάρεστος Col 3:20. νήπιος 1 Cor 3:1. φρόνιμος 4:10. παιδαγωγοί vs. 15. ὁδοί vs. 17. Hence used in periphrasis for ‘Christian’ οἱ ὄντες ἐν κυρίῳ Ro 16:11; ἄνθρωπος ἐν Χ. 2 Cor 12:2; αἱ ἐκκλησίαι αἱ ἐν Χ. Gal 1:22; 1 Th 2:14; νεκροὶ ἐν Χ. 4:16; ἐκλεκτός Ro 16:13. δόκιμος vs. 10. δέσμιος Eph 4:1. πιστὸς διάκονος 6:21; ἐν Χ. γεννᾶν τινα become someone’s parent in the Christian life 1 Cor 4:15. τὸ ἔργον μου ὑμεῖς ἐστε ἐν κυρίῳ 9:1.—The use of ἐν πνεύματι as a formulaic expression is sim.: ἐν πν. εἶναι be under the impulsion of the spirit, i.e. the new self, as opposed to ἐν σαρκί under the domination of the old self Ro 8:9; cp. ἐν νόμῳ 2:12. λαλεῖν speak under divine inspiration 1 Cor 12:3. ἐγενόμην ἐν πνεύματι I was in a state of inspiration Rv 1:10; 4:2; opp. ἐν ἑαυτῷ γενόμενος came to himself Ac 12:11 (cp. X., An. 1, 5, 17 et al.).—The expr. ἐν πν. εἶναι is also used to express the idea that someone is under the special infl. of a good or even an undesirable spirit: Mt 22:43; Mk 12:36; Lk 2:27; 1 Cor 12:3; Rv 17:3; 21:10. ἄνθρωπος ἐν πν. ἀκαθάρτῳ (ὤν) Mk 1:23 (s. GBjörck, ConNeot 7, ’42, 1–3).—ἐν τῷ πονηρῷ κεῖσθαι be in the power of the evil one 1J 5:19. οἱ ἐν νόμῳ those who are subject to the law Ro 3:19. ἐν τῷ Ἀδὰμ ἀποθνῄσκειν die because of a connection w. Adam 1 Cor 15:22.—On the formula ἐν ὀνόματι (Χριστοῦ) s. ὄνομα 1, esp. dγג. The OT is the source of the expr. ὀμνύναι ἔν τινι swear by someone or someth. (oft. LXX) Mt 5:34ff; 23:16, 18ff; Rv 10:6; παραγγέλλομέν σοι ἐν Ἰησοῦ Ac 19:14 v.l. The usage in ὁμολογεῖν ἔν τινι acknowledge someone Mt 10:32; Lk 12:8 (s. ὁμολογέω 4b) is Aramaic.

⑤ marker introducing means or instrument, with, a construction that begins w. Homer (many examples of instrumental ἐν in Radermacher’s edition of Ps.-Demetr., Eloc. p. 100; Reader, Polemo p. 258) but whose wide currency in our lit. is partly caused by the infl. of the LXX, and its similarity to the Hebr. constr. w. בְּ (B-D-F §219; Mlt. 104; Mlt-H. 463f; s. esp. M-M p. 210).

ⓐ it can serve to introduce persons or things that accompany someone to secure an objective: ‘along with’

α. pers., esp. of a military force, w. blending of associative (s. 4) and instrumental idea (1 Macc 1:17; 7:14, 28 al.): ἐν δέκα χιλιάσιν ὑπαντῆσαι meet, w. 10,000 men Lk 14:31 (cp. 1 Macc 4:6, 29 συνήντησεν αὐτοῖς Ἰούδας ἐν δέκα χιλιάσιν ἀνδρῶν). ἦλθεν ἐν μυριάσιν αὐτοῦ Jd 14 (cp. Jdth 16:3 ἦλθεν ἐν μυριάσι δυνάμεως αὐτοῦ).

β. impers. (oft. LXX; PTebt 41, 5 [c. 119 B.C.]; 16, 14 [114 B.C.]; 45, 17 al., where people rush into the village or the house ἐν μαχαίρῃ, ἐν ὅπλοις). (Just., D. 86, 6 τῆς ἀξίνης, ἐν ἧ πεπορευμένοι ἦσαν … κόψαι ξύλα) ἐν ῥάβδῳ ἔρχεσθαι come with a stick (as a means of discipline) 1 Cor 4:21 (cp. Lucian, Dial. Mort. 23, 3 Ἑρμῆν καθικόμενον ἐν τῇ ῥάβδῳ; Gen 32:11; 1 Km 17:43; 1 Ch 11:23; Dssm., B 115f [BS 120]). ἐν πληρώματι εὐλογίας with the full blessing Ro 15:29. ἐν τῇ βασιλείᾳ αὐτοῦ Mt 16:28. ἐν αἵματι Hb 9:25 (cp. Mi 6:6). ἐν τῷ ὕδατι καὶ ἐν τῷ αἵματι 1J 5:6. ἐν πνεύματι καὶ δυνάμει τοῦ Ἠλίου equipped w. the spirit and power of Elijah Lk 1:17. φθάνειν ἐν τῷ εὐαγγελίῳ come with the preaching of the gospel 2 Cor 10:14. μὴ ἐν ζύμῃ παλαιᾷ not burdened w. old leaven 1 Cor 5:8.

ⓑ it can serve to express means or instrumentality in terms of location for a specific action (cp. TestAbr A 12 p. 91, 5f [Stone p. 30] κρατῶν ἐν τῇ χειρὶ αὐτοῦ ζυγόν; Tat. 9, 2 οἱ ἐν τοῖς πεσσοῖς ἀθύροντες ‘those who play w. gaming pieces’ [as, e.g., in backgammon]): κατακαίειν ἐν πυρί Rv 17:16 (cp. Bar 1:2; 1 Esdr 1:52; 1 Macc 5:5 al.; as early as Il. 24, 38; cp. POxy 2747, 74; Aelian, HA 14, 15. Further, the ἐν Rv 17:16 is not textually certain). ἐν ἅλατι ἁλίζειν, ἀρτύειν Mt 5:13; Mk 9:50; Lk 14:34 (s. M-M p. 210; WHutton, ET 58, ’46/47, 166–68). ἐν τῷ αἵματι λευκαίνειν Rv 7:14. ἐν αἵματι καθαρίζειν Hb 9:22. ἐν ῥομφαίᾳ ἀποκτείνειν kill with the sword Rv 6:8 (1 Esdr 1:50; 1 Macc 2:9; cp. 3:3; Jdth 16:4; ἀπολεῖ ἐν ῥομφαίᾳ En 99:16; 4 [6] Esdr [POxy 1010] ἐν ῥ. πεσῇ … πεσοῦνται ἐν μαχαίρῃ; cp. Lucian, Hist. Conscrib. 12 ἐν ἀκοντίῳ φονεύειν). ἐν μαχαίρῃ πατάσσειν Lk 22:49 (διχοτομήσατε … ἐν μ. GrBar 16:3); ἐν μ. ἀπόλλυσθαι perish by the sword Mt 26:52. ποιμαίνειν ἐν ῥάβδῳ σιδηρᾷ Rv 2:27; 12:5; 19:15 (s. ποιμαίνω 2aγ and cp. PGM 36, 109). καταπατεῖν τι ἐν τοῖς ποσίν tread someth. w. the feet Mt 7:6 (cp. Sir 38:29). δύο λαοὺς βλέπω ἐν τοῖς ὀφθαλμοῖς μου I see two peoples with my eyes GJs 17:2 (ἐν ὀφθαλμοῖσιν ὀρᾶν=see with the eyes: cp. Il. 1, 587; Od. 8, 459; Callinus [VII B.C.], Fgm. 1, 20 Diehl²). ποιεῖν κράτος ἐν βραχίονι do a mighty deed w. one’s arm Lk 1:51 (cp. Sir 38:30); cp. 11:20. δικαιοῦσθαι ἐν τῷ αἵματι be justified by the blood Ro 5:9. ἐν ἁγιασμῷ πνεύματος 2 Th 2:13; 1 Pt 1:2; ἐν τ. παρακλήσει 2 Cor 7:7. εὐλογεῖν ἐν εὐλογίᾳ Eph 1:3. λαλοῦντες ἑαυτοῖς ἐν ψάλμοις 5:19. ἀσπάσασθαι … ἐν εὐχῇ greet w. prayer GJs 24:1. Of intellectual process γινώσκειν ἔν τινι know or recognize by someth. (cp. Thuc. 7, 11, 1 ἐν ἐπιστολαῖς ἴστε; Sir 4:24; 11:28; 26:29) J 13:35; 1J 3:19; cp. ἐν τῇ κλάσει τοῦ ἄρτου in the breaking of bread Lk 24:35 (s. 10c).—The ἐν which takes the place of the gen. of price is also instrumental ἠγόρασας ἐν τῷ αἵματί σου Rv 5:9 (cp. 1 Ch 21:24 ἀγοράζω ἐν ἀργυρίῳ).—ἐν ᾧ whereby Ro 14:21.—The idiom ἀλλάσσειν, μεταλλάσσειν τι ἔν τινι exchange someth. for someth. else Ro 1:23, 25 (cp. Ps 105:20) is not un-Greek (Soph., Ant. 945 Danaë had to οὐράνιον φῶς ἀλλάξαι ἐν χαλκοδέτοις αὐλαῖς=change the heavenly light for brass-bound chambers).

⑥ marker of agency: with the help of (Diod S 19, 46, 4 ἐν τοῖς μετέχουσι τοῦ συνεδρίου=with the help of the members of the council; Philostrat., Vi. Apoll. 7, 9 p. 259, 31 ἐν ἐκείνῳ ἑαλωκότες) ἐν τῷ ἄρχοντι τ. δαιμονίων ἐκβάλλει τὰ δαιμόνια Mt 9:34. ἐν ἑτερογλώσσοις λαλεῖν 1 Cor 14:21. κρίνειν τ. οἰκουμένην ἐν ἀνδρί Ac 17:31 (cp. SIG² 850, 8 [173/172 B.C.] κριθέντω ἐν ἄνδροις τρίοις; Synes., Ep. 91 p. 231b ἐν ἀνδρί); perh. 1 Cor 6:2 (s. 1e); ἀπολύτρωσις ἐν Χρ. redemption through Christ Ro 3:24 (cp. ἐν αὐτῷ σωθήσεσθε Just., A I, 60, 3).

⑦ marker of circumstance or condition under which someth. takes place: ἐν ᾧ κρίνεις Ro 2:1 (but s. B-D-F §219, 2); ἐν ᾧ δοκιμάζει 14:22; ἐν ᾧ καυχῶνται 2 Cor 11:12; ἐν ᾧ τις τολμᾷ 11:21; ἐν ᾧ καταλαλοῦσιν whereas they slander 1 Pt 2:12, cp. 3:16 (on these Petrine pass. s. also ὅς 1k); ἐν ᾧ ξενίζονται in view of your changed attitude they consider it odd 4:4. ἐν ᾧ in 3:19 may similarly refer to a changed circumstance, i.e. from death to life (WDalton, Christ’s Proclamation to the Spirits, ’65, esp. 135–42: ‘in this sphere, under this influence’ [of the spirit]). Other possibilities: as far as this is concerned: πνεῦμα• ἐν ᾧ spirit; as which (FZimmermann, APF 11, ’35, 174 ‘meanwhile’ [indessen]; BReicke, The Disobedient Spirits and Christian Baptism, ’46, 108–15: ‘on that occasion’=when he died).—Before a substantive inf. (oft. LXX; s. KHuber, Unters. über den Sprachchar. des griech. Lev., diss. Zürich 1916, 83): in that w. pres. inf. (POxy 743, 35 [2 B.C.] ἐν τῷ δέ με περισπᾶσθαι οὐκ ἠδυνάσθην συντυχεῖν Ἀπολλωνίῳ; Just., D. 10, 3 ἐν τῷ μήτε σάββατα τηρεῖν μήτε …) βασανιζομένους ἐν τῷ ἐλαύνειν as they were having rough going in the waves=having a difficult time making headway Mk 6:48. ἐθαύμαζον ἐν τῷ χρονίζειν … αὐτόν they marveled over his delay Lk 1:21. ἐν τῷ τὴν χεῖρα ἐκτείνειν σε in that you extend your hand Ac 4:30; cp. 3:26; Hb 8:13. W. aor. inf. ἐν τῷ ὑποτάξαι αὐτῷ τὰ πάντα Hb 2:8. Somet. the circumstantial and temporal (s. 7 and 10) uses are so intermingled that it is difficult to decide between them; so in some of the pass. cited above, and also Hv 1, 1, 8 et al. (B-D-F §404, 3; Rob. 1073).—WHutton, Considerations for the Translation of ἐν, Bible Translator 9, ’58, 163–70; response by NTurner, ibid. 10, ’59, 113–20.—On ἐν w. article and inf. s. ISoisalon-Soininen, Die Infinitive in der LXX, ’65, 80ff.

⑧ marker denoting the object to which someth. happens or in which someth. shows itself, or by which someth. is recognized, to, by, in connection with: ζητεῖν τι ἔν τινι require someth. in the case of someone 1 Cor 4:2; cp. ἐν ἡμῖν μάθητε so that you might learn in connection w. us vs. 6. Cp. Phil 1:30. ἵνα οὕτως γένηται ἐν ἐμοί that this may be done in my case 1 Cor 9:15 (Just., D. 77, 3 τοῦτο γενόμενον ἐν τῷ ἡμετέρῳ Χριστῷ). ἐδόξαζον ἐν ἐμοὶ τὸν θεόν perh. they glorified God in my case Gal 1:24, though because of me and for me are also possible. μήτι ἐν ἐμοὶ ἀνεκεφαλαιώθη ἡ ἱστορία GJs 13:1 (s. ἀνακεφαλαιόω 1). ποιεῖν τι ἔν τινι do someth. to (with) someone (Epict., Ench. 33, 12; Ps.-Lucian, Philopatr. 18 μὴ ἑτεροῖόν τι ποιήσῃς ἐν ἐμοί; Gen 40:14; Jdth 7:24; 1 Macc 7:23) Mt 17:12; Lk 23:31. ἐργάζεσθαί τι ἔν τινι Mk 14:6. ἔχειν τι ἔν τινι have someth. in someone J 3:15 (but ἐν αὐτῷ is oft. constr. w. πιστεύων, cp. v.l.); cp. 14:30 (s. BNoack, Satanas u. Soteria ’48, 92). ἵνα δικαιοσύνης ναὸν ἐν τῷ ἰδίῳ σώματι ἀναδείξῃ AcPlCor 2:17 (s. ἀναδείκνυμι 1).—For the ordinary dat. (Diod S 3, 51, 4 ἐν ἀψύχῳ ἀδύνατον=it is impossible for a lifeless thing; Ael. Aristid. 49, 15 K.=25 p. 492 D.: ἐν Νηρίτῳ θαυμαστὰ ἐνεδείξατο=[God] showed wonderful things to N.; 53 p. 629 D.: οὐ γὰρ ἐν τοῖς βελτίστοις εἰσὶ παῖδες, ἐν δὲ πονηροτάτοις οὐκέτι=it is not the case that the very good have children, and the very bad have none [datives of possession]; 54 p. 653 D.: ἐν τ. φαύλοις θετέον=to the bad; EpJer 66 ἐν ἔθνεσιν; Aesop, Fab. 19, 8 and 348a, 5 v.l. Ch.) ἀποκαλύψαι τὸν υἱὸν αὐτοῦ ἐν ἐμοί Gal 1:16. φανερόν ἐστιν ἐν αὐτοῖς Ro 1:19 (Aesop 15c, 11 Ch. τ. φανερὸν ἐν πᾶσιν=evident to all). ἐν ἐμοὶ βάρβαρος (corresp. to τῷ λαλοῦντι βάρβ.) 1 Cor 14:11 (Amphis Com. [IV B.C.] 21 μάταιός ἐστιν ἐν ἐμοί). δεδομένον ἐν ἀνθρώποις Ac 4:12. θεῷ … ἐν ἀνθρώποις Lk 2:14.—Esp. w. verbs of striking against: προσκόπτω, πταίω, σκανδαλίζομαι; s. these entries.

⑨ marker of cause or reason, because of, on account of (PParis 28, 13=UPZ 48, 12f [162/161 B.C.] διαλυόμενοι ἐν τῷ λιμῷ; Ps 30:11; 1 Macc 16:3 ἐν τῷ ἐλέει; 2 Macc 7:29; Sir 33:17)

ⓐ gener. ἁγιάζεσθαι ἔν τινι Hb 10:10; 1 Cor 7:14. ἐν τ. ἐπιθυμίαις τῶν καρδιῶν Ro 1:24; perh. ἐν Ἰσαὰκ κληθήσεταί σοι σπέρμα 9:7; Hb 11:18 (both Gen 21:12). ἐν τῇ πολυλογίᾳ αὐτῶν because of their many words Mt 6:7. ἐν τούτῳ πιστεύομεν this is the reason why we believe J 16:30; cp. Ac 24:16; 1 Cor 4:4 (Just., D. 68, 7 οὐχὶ καὶ ἐν τούτῳ δυσωπήσω ὑμᾶς μὴ πείθεσθαι τοῖς διδασκάλοις ὑμῶν=‘surely you will be convinced by this [argument] to lose confidence in your teachers, won’t you?’); perh. 2 Cor 5:2. Sim., of the occasion: ἔφυγεν ἐν τῷ λόγῳ τούτῳ at this statement Ac 7:29; cp. 8:6. W. attraction ἐν ᾧ = ἐν τούτῳ ὅτι for the reason that = because Ro 8:3; Hb 2:18; 6:17.

ⓑ w. verbs that express feeling or emotion, to denote that toward which the feeling is directed; so: εὐδοκεῖν (εὐδοκία), εὐφραίνεσθαι, καυχᾶσθαι, χαίρειν et al.

⑩ marker of a period of time, in, while, when

ⓐ indicating an occurrence or action within which, at a certain point, someth. occurs Mt 2:1. ἐν ταῖς ἡμέραις ἐκείναις 3:1. ἐν τῷ ἑξῆς afterward Lk 7:11. ἐν τῷ μεταξύ meanwhile (PTebt 72, 190; PFlor 36, 5) J 4:31. in the course of, within ἐν τρισὶν ἡμέραις (X., Ages. 1, 34; Diod S 13, 14, 2; 20, 83, 4; Arrian, Anab. 4, 6, 4 ἐν τρισὶν ἡμέραις; Aelian, VH 1, 6; IPriene 9, 29; GDI 1222, 4 [Arcadia] ἰν ἁμέραις τρισί; EpArist 24; Demetr.: 722 Fgm. 1:3 Jac.) Mt 27:40; J 2:19f.

ⓑ point of time when someth. occurs ἐν ἡμέρᾳ κρίσεως Mt 11:22 (En 10:6; Just., D. 38, 2; Tat. 12, 4). ἐν τῇ ἐσχάτῃ ἡμέρᾳ J 6:44; 11:24; 12:48; cp. 7:37. ἐν ἐκείνῃ τῇ ὥρᾳ Mt 8:13; 10:19; cp. 7:22; J 4:53. ἐν σαββάτῳ 12:2; J 7:23. ἐν τῇ ἡμέρᾳ J 11:9 (opp. ἐν τῇ νυκτί vs. 10). ἐν τῷ δευτέρῳ on the second visit Ac 7:13. ἐν τῇ παλιγγενεσίᾳ in the new age Mt 19:28. ἐν τῇ παρουσίᾳ 1 Cor 15:23; 1 Th 2:19; 3:13; Phil 2:12 (here, in contrast to the other pass., there is no reference to the second coming of Christ.—Just., D. 31, 1 ἐν τῇ ἐνδόξῳ γινομένῃ αὐτοῦ παρουσίᾳ; 35, 8; 54, 1 al.); 1J 2:28. ἐν τῇ ἀναστάσει in the resurrection Mt 22:28; Mk 12:23; Lk 14:14; 20:33; J 11:24 (Just., D. 45, 2 ἐν τῇ τῶν νεκρῶν ἀναστάσει). ἐν τῇ ἐσχάτῃ σάλπιγγι at the last trumpet-call 1 Cor 15:52. ἐν τῇ ἀποκαλύψει at the appearance of Jesus/Christ (in the last days) 2 Th 1:7; 1 Pt 1:7, 13; 4:13.

ⓒ to introduce an activity whose time is given when, while, during (Diod S 23, 12, 1 ἐν τοῖς τοιούτοις=in the case of this kind of behavior) ἐν τῇ προσευχῇ when (you) pray Mt 21:22. ἐν τῇ στάσει during the revolt Mk 15:7. ἐν τῇ διδαχῇ in the course of his teaching Mk 4:2; 12:38. If Lk 24:35 belongs here, the sense would be on the occasion of, when (but s. 5b). ἐν αὐτῷ in it (the preaching of the gospel) Eph 6:20. γρηγοροῦντες ἐν αὐτῇ (τῇ προσευχῇ) while you are watchful in it Col 4:2. Esp. w. the pres. inf. used substantively: ἐν τῷ σπείρειν while (he) sowed Mt 13:4; Mk 4:4; cp. 6:48 (s. 7 above and βασανίζω); ἐν τῷ καθεύδειν τοὺς ἀνθρώπους while people were asleep Mt 13:25; ἐν τῷ κατηγορεῖσθαι αὐτόν during the accusations against him 27:12. W. the aor. inf. the meaning is likewise when. Owing to the fundamental significance of the aor. the action is the focal point (s. Rob. 1073, opp. B-D-F §404) ἐν τῷ γενέσθαι τὴν φωνήν Lk 9:36. ἐν τῷ ἐπανελθεῖν αὐτόν 19:15. ἐν τῷ εἰσελθεῖν αὐτούς 9:34.—W. ἐν ᾦ while, as long as (Soph., Trach. 929; Cleanthes [IV/III B.C.] Stoic. I p. 135, 1 [Diog. L. 7, 171]; Demetr.: 722 Fgm. 1, 11 Jac.; Plut., Mor. 356c; Arrian, Anab. 6, 12, 1; Pamprepios of Panopolis [V A.D.] 1, 22 [ed. HGerstinger, SBWienAk 208/3, 1928]) Mk 2:19; Lk 5:34; 24:44 D; J 5:7.

⑪ marker denoting kind and manner, esp. functioning as an auxiliary in periphrasis for adverbs (Kühner-G. I 466): ἐν δυνάμει w. power, powerfully Mk 9:1; Ro 1:4; Col 1:29; 2 Th 1:11; ἐν δικαιοσύνῃ justly Ac 17:31; Rv 19:11 (cp. Just., A II, 4, 3 and D. 16, 3; 19, 2 ἐν δίκῃ). ἐν χαρᾷ joyfully Ro 15:32. ἐν ἐκτενείᾳ earnestly Ac 26:7. ἐν σπουδῇ zealously Ro 12:8. ἐν χάριτι graciously Gal 1:6; 2 Th 2:16. ἐν (πάσῃ) παρρησίᾳ freely, openly J 7:4; 16:29; Phil 1:20. ἐν πάσῃ ἀσφαλείᾳ Ac 5:23. ἐν τάχει (PHib 47, 35 [256 B.C.] ἀπόστειλον ἐν τάχει) Lk 18:8; Ro 16:20; Rv 1:1; 22:6. ἐν μυστηρίῳ 1 Cor 2:7 (belongs prob. not to σοφία, but to λαλοῦμεν: in the form of a secret; cp. Polyb. 23, 3, 4; 26, 7, 5; Just., D. 63, 2 Μωυσῆς … ἐν παραβολῇ λέγων; 68, 6 εἰρήμενον … ἐν μυστηρίῳ; Diod S 17, 8, 5 ἐν δωρεαῖς λαβόντες=as gifts; 2 Macc 4:30 ἐν δωρεᾷ=as a gift; Sir 26:3; Polyb. 28, 17, 9 λαμβάνειν τι ἐν φερνῇ). Of the norm: ἐν μέτρῳ ἑνὸς ἑκάστου μέρους acc. to the measure of each individual part Eph 4:16. On 1 Cor 1:21 s. AWedderburn, ZNW 64, ’73, 132–34.

⑫ marker of specification or substance: w. adj. πλούσιος ἐν ἐλέει Eph 2:4; cp. Tit 2:3; Js 1:8.—of substance consisting in (BGU 72, 11 [191 A.D.] ἐξέκοψαν πλεῖστον τόπον ἐν ἀρούραις πέντε) τὸν νόμον τῶν ἐντολῶν ἐν δόγμασιν Eph 2:15. ἐν μηδενὶ λειπόμενοι Js 1:4 (contrast Just., A I, 67, 6 τοῖς ἐν χρείᾳ οὖσι). Hb 13:21a.— amounting to (BGU 970, 14=Mitt-Wilck. II/2, 242, 14f [177 A.D.] προσηνενκάμην αὐτῷ προοῖκα ἐν δραχμαῖς ἐννακοσίαις) πᾶσαν τὴν συγγένειαν ἐν ψυχαῖς ἑβδομήκοντα πέντε Ac 7:14.—Very rarely for the genitive (Philo Mech. 75, 29 τὸ ἐν τῷ κυλίνδρῳ κοίλασμα; EpArist 31 ἡ ἐν αὐτοῖς θεωρία = ἡ αὐτῶν θ.; cp. 29; Tat. 18, 1 πᾶν τὸ ἐν αὐτῇ εἶδος) ἡ δωρεὰ ἐν χάριτι the free gift in beneficence or grace Ro 5:15.—DELG. LfgrE s.v. ἐν col. 569 (lit. esp. early Greek). M-M. TW.

ἐντολή, ῆς, ἡ (s. ἐντέλλω; Pind., Hdt.+; also Mel., P. 7, 48; 48, 343)

① an order authorizing a specific action, writ, warrant, perh. J 11:57 (ἐντολὰς διδόναι ἵνα, as OGI 441, 59 [81 B.C.]).

② a mandate or ordinance, command

ⓐ of commands by pers. in high position (JRS 66 ’76, 106–31, line 31 [18–19 A.D.] by a legate of Tiberius): father (Tob 4:19) Lk 15:29. Apostles Ac 17:15; Col 4:10. Judean-type (s. Ἰουδαϊκός and Ἰουδαῖος 2) instruction of a sectarian nature and without divine sanction ἐντολαὶ ἀνθρώπων Tit 1:14. Papias (2:3) distinguishes ἀλλοτρίας ἐ. from the Lord’s instruction.

ⓑ of commands given by divine authorities (cp. SIG 888, 51 [238 A.D.] of imperial decrees: ταῖς θείαις ἐντολαῖς).

α. of commandments of OT law.

א.. The sg. takes in all the commandments as the law (4 Macc 13:15; 16:24) κατὰ τ. ἐντολήν according to the law Lk 23:56; cp. Ro 7:8ff; Hb 7:18; 9:19. κατὰ νόμον ἐντολῆς σαρκίνης acc. to a legal system which demands that one meets a (specific) physical standard (i.e. Levitical descent) 7:16; Mt. 15:6 v.l. (for λόγον). In contrast to God’s ἐ. is the παράδοσις of the Pharisees 15:3; cp. Mk 7:8f.

ב.. More freq. the pl. stands for the totality of legal ordinances (Epict. 4, 7, 17 ἔγνωκα τοῦ θεοῦ τὰς ἐντολάς; SEG VIII, 170, 5; Just., D. 10, 3; Orig., C. Cels. 1, 4, 13; Theoph. Ant. 3, 11 [p. 226, 28]) Mt 5:19; 19:17; Mk 10:19; Lk 1:6 (also s. β below); 18:20.

ג.. of specific commandments Mt 22:36, 38 (cp. EpArist 228 ὁ θεὸς πεποίηται ἐ. μεγίστην.—HHunt, The Great Commandment: ET 56, ’44, 82f; CBurchard, Das doppelte Liebesgebot, JJeremias Festschr., ’70, 39–62.—Just., D. 40, 1 αὕτη ἡ ἐ. al. παραβᾶται τῆς τοῦ θεοῦ ἐντολῆς [of Adam and Eve] Did., Gen. 84, 27), 40; Mk 10:5; 12:28, 31; Ro 13:9; Eph 6:2; B 7:3; 9:5. ὁ νόμος τῶν ἐντολῶν Eph 2:15.—Of Levites ἐντολὴν ἔχουσιν ἀποδεκατοῦν τὸν λαόν they have the legal right to take tithes from the people Hb 7:5.

β. of divine commandments gener. (Julian, Caesares 336c: Mithras gave ἐντολαί to his initiates), as they concern people Lk 1:6 (also s. αב above); 1 Cor 7:19; 1J 3:22–24; ISm 8:1. λαμβάνειν 2J 4. φυλάσσειν observe (Jos., Ant. 7, 384) B 4:11. τηρεῖν 1J 5:3; Rv 12:17; 14:12. ποιεῖν 1J 5:2. ἐ. καινήν … παλαιάν 1J 2:7f; 2J 5. ἐ. ἔχομεν… ἵνα 1J 4:21; cp. 2J 5. κατορθώσασθαι τὰς ἐ. τοῦ κυρίου preserve the Lord’s commandments Hv 3, 5, 3. αἱ ἐ. αὐτοῦ βαρεῖαι οὐκ εἰσίν 1J 5:3. περιπατεῖν κατὰ τὰς ἐ. αὐτοῦ 2J 6.

γ. of God’s commands to Christ J 10:18 (λαμβάνειν as Jos., Bell. 4, 498); 12:49f; 14:31 v.l.; 15:10b; B 6:1.

δ. of the precepts of Jesus J 13:34; 14:15, 21; 15:10a, 12 (w. ἵνα foll.); 1 Cor 14:37; Rv 22:14 v.l.; 2 Cl 3:4; 6:7; 17:3. Applied to God as well as Christ τὰς ἐ. αὐτοῦ 1J 2:3f. Of the commands in the Sermon on the Mount 1 Cl 13:3. ποιεῖν τὰς ἐντολάς μου 2 Cl 4:5 (fr. an unknown gospel). ἐ. Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ 17:6 (cp. κατὰ τὴν ἐ. τοῦ Ἰησοῦ Orig., C. Cels. 6, 7, 29); IEph 9:2; cp. Pol 2:2; IRo ins; φυλάσσειν τὰς ἐ. τοῦ κυρίου observe the Lord’s commandments 2 Cl 8:4 (cp. Just., D. 134, 4 τοὺς φυλάσσοντας τὰς ἐ. αὐτοῦ).

ε. of commands of the angel of repentance Hv 5:5; Hs 10, 3, 4 (Gk. text from POxy 404, 17); cp. the title of the second part: ἐντολαί, also m 1:2; 2:7 al.

ζ. of God’s expectation of Christians, with special ref. to their ethical decisions ἐντολή 1 Ti 6:14; 2 Pt 2:21. ἡ τ. ἀποστόλων ὑμῶν ἐ. τοῦ κυρίου κ. σωτῆρος the command of the Lord and Savior (given) through your apostles 3:2; cp. ITr 13:2.—DELG s.v. τέλλω. M-M. EDNT. TW. Sv.