ἀρέσκειν

ἀρέσκω

make good: pres inf act (attic epic)

ἀρέσκω

make good: pres inf act (attic epic)

ἀρέσκω [pron. full] [ᾰ], [tense] impf.

A

ἤρεσκον Th.5.37

, etc.: [tense] fut.

ἀρέσω D.39.33

, [dialect] Ep. ἀρέσσω ([etym.] συν-) A.R.3.901: [tense] aor.

ἤρεσα Hdt.8.19

, Com.Adesp.19.4D., etc., [dialect] Ep.

ἄρεσσα A.R.3.301

, inf.

ἀρέσαι Il.

, X.: [tense] pf.

ἀρήρεκα Corn.ND24

, S.E.M.1.238:—[voice] Med., [tense] fut.

ἀρέσομαι A.Supp. 655

(lyr.), [dialect] Ep.

ἀρέσσομαι Il.4.362

: [tense] aor. ἠρεσάμην, [dialect] Ep.

ἀρ- Hes.Sc. 255

, [dialect] Ep. part.

ἀρεσσάμενος Il. 9.112

, Thgn.762: [tense] aor. [voice] Pass. in med. sense, S.Ant. 500:—[voice] Pass., [tense] aor.

ἠρέσθην Paus.2.13.8

, J.AJ12.9.6.

I of pers. only, make good, make amends,

ἂψ ἐθέλω ἀρέσαι Il.9.120

:—[voice] Med.,

ταῦτα δ' ὄπισθεν ἀρεσσόμεθ' εἴ τι κακὸν νῦν εἴρηται 4.362

, cf. Od.22.55, Q.S.4.377, 9.510; σπονδὰς θεοῖς ἀρέσασθαι make full drink-offerings to the gods, Thgn. l.c.

2 in Hom. also freq. in [voice] Med., c. acc. pers. et dat. modi, appease, conciliate,

αὐτὸν ἀρεσσάσθω ἐπέεσσι καὶ δώρῳ Od.8.396

; τὸν ξεῖνον ἀρέσσομαι ὡς σὺ κελεύεις ib. 402;

ὥς κέν μιν ἀρεσσάμενοι πεπίθωμεν δώροισι Il.9.112

, cf. 19.179;

καθαροῖσι βωμοῖς θεοὺς ἀρέσονται A.Supp. 655

;

καί σε φίλως θυέεσσιν ἀρέσσατο Maiist.11

: c. gen. rei, ἀρέσαντο φρένας αἵματος they sated their heart with blood, Hes.Sc. 255.

3 after Hom., c. dat. pers., please, satisfy, οὔτε γάρ μοι Πολυκράτης ἤρεσκε δεσπόζων .. Hdt.3.142;

δεῖ μ' ἀρέσκειν τοῖς κάτω S.Ant.75

, cf. 89; ἀεὶ δ' ἀρέσκειν τοῖς κρατοῦσιν to be obsequious to them, E.Fr.93, cf. X.Mem.2.2.11; ἀ. τρόποις τινός conform to his ways, D.61.19;

τὸ κολακεύειν νῦν ἀρέσκειν ὄνομ' ἔχει Anaxandr.42

;

πᾶσιν ἀρέσκω 1 Ep.Cor.10.33

;

ἑαυτοῖς Ep.Rom.15.1

:—[voice] Med., μάλιστα ἠρέσκοντό <οἱ> οἱ ἀπ' Ἀθηνέων pleased him most, Hdt.6.128.

II of things, c. dat. pers., please,

εἴ τοι ἀρέσκει τὰ ἐγὼ λέγω Hdt.1.89

;

κάρτα οἱ ἤρεσε ἡ ὑποθήκη Id.8.58

, cf. 3.40, 6.22;

τῷ τοῦτ' ἤρεσεν; S. El. 409

;

σοὶ ταῦτ' ἀρέσκει Id.Ant. 211

, etc.; τοῖς.. πρέσβεσιν ἤρεσκεν [the proposal] pleased them, Th.5.37, cf. Pl.Tht. 157d, al.: also in [tense] aor. [voice] Pass., μηδ' ἀρεσθείη ποτέ (sc. μηδὲν τῶν σῶν λόγων) S.Ant. 500.

III c. acc. pers.,

οὐ γάρ μ' ἀρέσκει γλῶσσά σου τεθηγμένη Id.Aj. 584

;

οὐδέ σ' ἀρέσκει τὸ παρόν E.Hipp. 185

(lyr.), cf.Or. 210;

τουτὶ.. μ' οὐκ ἀ. Ar.Pl. 353

, cf. Ach. 189, Ra. 103, Th.1.128;

πότερός σε ὁ τρόπος ἀ.; Pl.Cra. 433e

, cf. 391c, R. 557b, Tht. 172d: hence in [voice] Pass., to be pleased, satisfied,

οὐκ ἠρέσκετο λειπομένου Μαρδονίου ὑπὸ βασιλέος Hdt. 9.66

; τῇ κρίσι with the decision, Id.3.34;

διαίτῃ Σκυθικῇ Id.4.78

;

τοῖς λόγοις Th.1.129

, cf. 2.68;

τῇ σῇ συνουσίᾳ Pl.Thg. 127b

; later in [tense] aor.,

ἠρέσθη τῇ γνώμῃ J.

l.c., al.;

ἀρεσθεὶς τῷ πώματι Paus.

l.c.

IV ἀρέσκει is used impers. to express the opinion or resolution of a public body,

ταῦτα ἤρεσέ σφι ποιέειν Hdt.8.19

;

ἢν δ' ἀρέσκῃ ταῦτ' Ἀθηναίοις Ar.Eq. 1311

; ἀρέσκει.. εἶναι Δελφῶν it is resolved that.., SIG 827D10; also of prevailing opinions, ἀρέσκει περὶ τρίψεως παραγγέλλοντας .. writers on massage lay down the rule that.., Gal. 6.96; τὰ ἀρέσκοντα the dogmas of philosophers, Plu.2.448a, 1006d, etc.:—[voice] Med.,

ἐξεῖναι παρ' ὁποτέρους ἂν ἀρέσκηται ἐλθεῖν Th.1.35

.

V part. ἀρέσκων, ουσα, ον, grateful, acceptable,

ὅσοις τάδ' ἔστ' ἀρέσκονθ' S.OT 274

;

μηδὲν ἀρέσκον λέγειν Th.3.34

;

ἀρέσκοντας ὑμῖν λόγους Isoc.8.5

.

2 of persons, acceptable,

τὸν ἀρέσκοντα αὑτῷ προσλαμβάνειν Pl.Lg. 951e

;

τῇ πόλει ἀ. Lys.19.13

. (Cognate with ἀραρίσκω.)

ἀρέσκω impf. ἤρεσκον; fut. ἀρέσω; 1 aor. ἤρεσα. Mid. impf. ἠρέσκετο (Tat. 2, 1) (s. ἀρεσκεία; Hom.+). In Gk. lit. ἀ. is used in a variety of senses ranging from conciliatory action (s. Od. 22, 55, of satisfaction pledged to Odysseus) to undertaking of civic responsibility that meets with public approval (s. 2 below). Most oft. w. dat. of pers.

① to act in a fawning manner, win favor, please, flatter, w. focus on the winning of approval (Aristot., EN 2, 7, 13; 4, 6, 1; Theophr., Char. 5 [e.g. in a dispute the flatterer endeavors to please friend and foe alike; and he will tell foreigners that they speak with greater sense of justice than do his fellow citizens]. That the original sense of basic civility in human relations [s. 2a below] suffered debasement is affirmed by Anaxandrides Com., cited Athen. 6, 255b: τὸ γαρ κολακεύειν νῦν ἀρέσκειν ὄνομʼ ἔχει ‘flattery’ is now called ‘being accommodating’; s. ἀνθρωπαρεσκέω, ἀνθρωπάρεσκος) ἀνθρώποις (Pla., Ep. 4, 321b; Simplicius in Epict. p. 118, 30 ἀρέσκειν ἀνθρώποις βουλόμενος) Gal 1:10ab (conative impf.); 1 Th 2:4 here in both a neg. and a positive sense: ‘flattering’ humans, but ‘pleasing’ God (in the sense of 2 below), who tests (δοκιμάζω) for motivation.

② to give pleasure/satisfaction, please, accommodate.

ⓐ a favored term in the reciprocity-conscious Mediterranean world, and frequently used in honorary documents to express interest in accommodating others by meeting their needs or carrying out important obligations. Oft. almost serve Nägeli 40. The use of the term in a good sense in our lit. contributes a tone of special worth and diginity to some of the relationships that are depicted. τινί someone τῷ πλησίον Ro 15:2 (w. τὸ ἀγαθόν and οἰκοδομή as decisive semantic components); cp. Hs 5, 2, 7 a servant doing good work. Lord/God ἀ. τ. κυρίῳ 1 Cor 7:32; 1 Th 4:1; inability to do so Ro 8:8; cp. 1 Th 2:15; rather than humans 1 Th 2:4 (s. 1 above); IRo 2:1 (note the semantic problem cited 1 above). God/Lord as commander (military imagery) IPol 6:2; cp. 2 Ti 2:4.—Concern for a broad public is a common theme in honorary documents (e.g. OGI 339, 29f; s. Danker, Benefactor 336f) and other lit. (cp. Demosth., Ep. 3, 27 πᾶσιν ἀ.; Ath. 26:1 τοῖς πολλοῖς ἀρέσκοντες θεοί) πάντα πᾶσιν ἀ. in everything I endeavor to please all, i.e. without deference to one at the expense of another, 1 Cor 10:33 (w. σύμφορον, q.v., along w. συμφέρω, for cultural significance); sim. κατὰ πάντα τρόπον πᾶσιν ἀ. ITr 2:3. (Cp. the negative appraisal 1 Th 2:15.)—Sacrifice of self-interest is a major component of the foregoing theme, hence the caution μὴ ἑαυτῷ ἀ. Ro 15:1, and the exhibition of Jesus as role model vs. 3; cp. 2 Cl 13:1 (w. ἀνθρωπάρεσκος s. 1 above); Hs 9, 22, 1; in a marriage relationship, wife or husband ἀ. τ. γυναικί 1 Cor 7:33; ἀ. τ. ἄνδρι vs. 34.

ⓑ of pleasure (without any suggestion of mere amusement) as a condition generated by an action (cp. POxy 1153, 25 ἐὰν αὐτῷ ἀρέσκῃ; PGiss 20, 15). A fine line cannot always be drawn between a focus on endeavor to please and focus on the impact of pleasure produced by the activity. Some of the pass. cited in 2a may equally belong here and some of those included here could be cited above. But the gener. sense in those that follow is satisfaction produced by the behavior of another please God ἀ. θεῷ (Theopomp. [IV B.C.]: 115 Fgm. 344 Jac. τ. θεοῖς ἀ. here the concern is to meet divine expectations; Num 23:27; Ps 68:32; Mal 3:4; Jos., Ant. 6, 164; 13, 289) Ro 8:8; 1 Th 2:15; cp. Hs 5, 2, 7; ἀ. τ. κυρίῳ 1 Cor 7:32 (on these four last pass. s. also a above); 1 Cl 52, 2 (Ps 68, 32); wife/husband 1 Cor 7:33f (s. a above); 2 Ti 2:4; Herod Mt 14:6; Mk 6:22. W. focus on someth. that provides pleasure (Ael. Aristid. 46, 380 D.: θεοῖς ἀρέσκοντα) Hv 1, 4, 2; Hs 5, 6, 6. ἤρεσεν ὁ λόγος ἐνώπιον (for בְּעֵינֵי or לִפְנֵי) τοῦ πλήθους (= τῷ πλήθει) the saying pleased the whole group (cp. 2 Ch 30:4; 1 Macc 6:60; 8:21; Jos., Vi. 238) Ac 6:5 (B-D-F §4, p. 4, 5; 187, 2; 214, 6).—Salome, daughter of Herodias, pleases Herod and his company, and in keeping w. Mediterranean reciprocity system receives her award, in this instance a grisly one Mt 14:6; Mk 6:22.—Implied, i.e. impers. (Philo, Aet. M. 87; Jos., Ant. 14, 205; 207) ἀρέσκει μοι it pleases me (=mihi placet) w. inf. foll. (Hdt. 8, 19; Josh 24:15; 1 Macc 14:23; 15:19; Jos., Ant. 14, 352) Hm 6, 1, 5.—B. 1099. DELG. M-M. TW. Sv.

* * *

(að), v. to please, satisfy, with dat. (líkaði yðr vel Finnskattrinn?); hvárt er honum líkar vel eðr illa, whether he likes it or not; e-m líkar vel (illa) til e-s or við e-n, one likes or dislikes a person (honum líkaði til Sighvats vel); líkaði við hana ekki illa, they liked her well enough.

(að), v. to polish, burnish.

adv. also (rare).

* * *

að, [Ulf. leikan = ἀρέσκειν; A. S. lician; Engl. like; O. H. G. lihan; Swed. lika]:—to like: impers., cp. Old Engl. it liketh me, e-m líkar e-t, líkaði yðr vel Finnskattrinn, Eg. 61; at ek göra slíkt er mér líkar af því er ek varðveiti, 395; þetta líkaði Eiríki stórílla, Fms. i. 18: en með því at þeim líkaði ( they wished) svá at hafa eðr þar við at auka, Íb. (begin.); hvárt er honum líkar vel eðr ílla, whether he likes it well or not, Ó. H. 54.

2. e-m líkar vel, ílla til e-s, to like one well or not; honum líkaði til Sighvats vel, Fms. iv. 89; Svía konungi líkaði stór-ílla Ólafs digra, 107:—líka vel við e-n, id.; líkar þeim vel við Brand, Lv. 24; líkaði hverjum manni vel við hann, Fms. vi. 112; en konungi líkaði eigi betr við þenna biskup, vii. 173; Hallgerðr sat mjök á sér um vetrinn, ok líkaði (mönnum) ekki við hana ílla, Nj. 25.

γ, third letter in Gr. alphabet; as Numeral γ =

A three, third, thrice: also, with pr. n.,

Βάσσος γ

B., son and grandson of B.,

IGRom.4.1587

(ii A. D.), etc.: but [num] γ' = 3,000

II written for ϝ, freq. in Hsch., as γανδάνειν· ἀρέσκειν, etc.

γανδάνειν· ἀρέσκειν, Hsch. [full] γανδάω· λάμπω, Id. [full] γάνδιον· κιβώτιον, Id. [full] γάνδος· ὁ πολλὰ εἰδὼς καὶ πανοῦργος· τινὲς δὲ γάδος, Id. [full] γάνδομα· πυροί, ἄλευρα, Id. [full] γάνεα· κήπους, Id. (κόπους cod.). [full] γανεῖν· λευκαίνειν, Id., EM223.44. [full] γανῖται· δάπανοι, ἄσωτοι, Hsch. (cf. Lat.

A ganeo).

πήγνῡμι, [ per.] 3pl.

A

πηγνύουσι Hdt.4.72

(v.l.), Thphr.HP6.6.9, but

πηγνῦσι Hdt.

l.c. codd. plur., Hp.Vict.2.60 ; opt.

πήγνυτο Pl.Phd. 118a

codd. ; inf.

πηγνύειν X.Cyn.6.7

, Dsc.4.95: [tense] impf.

πήγνυον Orph.L. 567

([etym.] περι-), Nonn.D.5.50 : late form of [tense] pres. [full] πήσσω (q. v.): [tense] fut.

πήξω Il.22.283

; [dialect] Dor.

πάξω Pi.O.6.3

: [tense] aor. ἔπηξα, [dialect] Ep.

πῆξα Od.12.15

, etc. ; [dialect] Aeol. part.

πάξαις Pi.O.10

(II).45 : [tense] pf. πέπηχα, only [tense] plpf.

ἐμ-πεπήχεσαν D.C.40.40

:—[voice] Med. in trans. sense,

πήγνῠμαι Hes.Op. 809

: [tense] fut.

πήξομαι Gal. 10.388

: [tense] aor.

ἐπηξάμην Hes.Op. 455

, Hdt.6.12, etc.:—[voice] Pass. πήγνῠμαι : [tense] fut.

πᾰγήσομαι Ar.V. 437

, Th.4.92 ; πήξομαι (as [voice] Pass.) Hp.Aër.8: [tense] aor. 1 ἐπήχθην, [dialect] Ep. [ per.] 3pl.

πῆχθεν Il.8.298

, [dialect] Dor. subj.

παχθῇ Theoc.23.31

, part.

πηχθείς E.Cyc. 302

: more freq. [tense] aor. 2 ἐπάγην [pron. full] [ᾰ], [dialect] Ep. πάγην, [dialect] Ep. [ per.] 3pl.

πάγεν Il.11.572

; part.

παγείς A.Eu. 190

, E.IA 395 : [tense] pf. πέπηγμαι ([etym.] κατα-, συμ-) D.H.5.46, Arr.An.2.21.1: [tense] plpf.

ἐπέπηκτο Jul. Or.3.123b

; but in the best authors, πέπηγα is used as the [tense] pf. [voice] Pass., Il.3.135, etc. ; [dialect] Aeol.

πέπᾱγα Alc.34

; opt.

πεπαγοίην Eup.435

: [tense] plpf.

ἐπεπήγειν Il.13.442

, Th.3.23 :

I stick or fix in, ἐν δὲ μετώπῳ πῆξε [τὴν αἰχμήν] Il.4.460, etc. ;

ἔνθα οἱ ἔγχος ἔπηξε 13.570

;

ἐν γαίῃ π. ἐρετμόν Od.23.276

(or

γαίῃ 11.129

) ;

π. ἐπὶ τύμβῳ ἐρετμόν 11.77

(or

τύμβῳ 12.15

) ; [γύην] ἐν ἐλύματι π. Hes.Op. 430;

ἔπαξε διὰ φρενῶν ξίφος Pi.N.7.26

; fix in the earth, plant,

σκῆπτρον S.El. 420

, cf. Aj. 821 ; σκηνήν, σκηνὰς π., pitch a tent, And.4.30, Pl.Lg. 817c (in [voice] Med., σκηνὰς πηξάμενοι pitching themselves tents, Hdt.6.12); σταύρωμα π. Th.6.66;

τὰς σχαλίδας π. ὑπτίας X.Cyn.6.7

; plant seeds or cuttings, Thphr.HP6.6.9, 7.4.10 : intr. [tense] pf. and [voice] Pass., δόρυ δ' ἐν κραδίῃ ἐπεπήγει the spear stuck fast in his heart, Il.13.442 ;

[δοῦρα] ἐν χροῒ πήγνυτο 15.315

;

[ὀϊστοὶ] ἐν χροῒ πῆχθεν 8.298

;

δοῦρα ἐν σάκεϊ πάγεν 11.572

;

[ξίφος] πέπηγεν ἐν γῇ S.Aj. 819

;

σκηνὴ ἔσκε πεπηγυῖα ἑτοίμη Hdt.7.119

; κυρβασίας ὀρθὰς πεπηγυίας ib.64, cf. 70 :—[voice] Med., ἐν ἀλλήλοις χείλεα πηξάμενοι, of kissing, AP5.254 (Paul. Sil.).

2 stick or fix on,

κεφαλὴν ἀνὰ σκολόπεσσι Il.18.177

;

σκόλοψι δέμας E.IT 1430

;

κρᾶτα πήξασ' ἐπ' ἄκρον θύρσον Id.Ba. 1141

:—[voice] Pass., ἀμφὶ βουπόροισι πηχθέντας μέλη ὀβελοῖσι having their limbs fixed on spits, Id.Cyc. 302 ; ὑπὸ ῥάχιν παγέντες impaled, A.Eu. 190.

3 fix upon an object, κατὰ χθονὸς ὄμματα π. Il.3.217 : intr. [tense] pf.,

πρὸς ἀστρονομίαν ὄμματα πέπηγεν Pl.R. 53o

d, cf. Jul. l. c. ([voice] Pass.);

πεπηγυῖα τὰς τῶν ὀμμάτων βολὰς ἐς τὰ τῆς ψυχῆς ἀπόρρητα Philostr.Jun.Im.11

: c. inf., ἡ σοφία ἀρέσκειν πέπηγε is bent upon pleasing, Pl.R. 605a : abs., τὸ πεπηγὸς ὄμμα immovable eye, fixed gaze, Hp.Prorrh.1.46, cf. Gal.16.610.

II fasten [different parts] together, fit together, build,

νῆας πῆξαι Il.2.664

; ἴκρια π. Od.5.163 :—[voice] Med., πήξασθαι ἄμαξαν build oneself a wagon, Hes. Op. 455 ;

νέας πηξάμενοι Hdt.5.83

:—[voice] Pass., to be joined or put together,

ψυχὴ καὶ σῶμα παγέν Pl.Phdr. 246c

.

III make solid or stiff, esp. of liquids, freeze,

θεὸς.. πήγνυσι πᾶν ῥέεθρον A.Pers. 496

; τοὺς ποταμοὺς ἔπηξε (sc. ὁ θεός) Ar.Ach. 139 ;

βορρᾶς πηγνὺς τοὺς ἀνθρώπους X. An.4.5.3

; curdle,

γάλα Dsc.4.95

:—[voice] Med., τυροὺς πήγνυσθαι to make oneself cheese (by curdling the milk), Luc.VH1.24:—[voice] Pass. and intr. [tense] pf., become solid, stiffen,

γοῦνα πήγνυται Il.22.453

;

ἄρθρα πέπηγέ μου E.HF 1395

(but also, become firm or set, of limbs, Ael.NA2.11 ;

πεπηγυῖα ὑγιεινὴ κατάστασις Gal.Thras.7

) ; of liquids, freeze,

ἡ θάλασσα πήγνυται Hdt.4.28

; ἅλες πήγνυνται salt crystallizes, ib.53, cf.6.119 ;

φόνος πέπηγεν A.Ch.67

(lyr.);

πεπάγαισιν ὐδάτων ῤόαι Alc.34

, cf. X.An.7.4.3 ; κρύσταλλος ἐπεπήγει οὐ βέβαιος was not frozen so as to bear, Th.3.23 ;

ἁνίκα [χιὼν] παχθῇ Theoc.23.31

; ὄστρακον [ᾠοῦ] π. Arist.GA 752a35; γάλα π. Id.PA 676a14 ; ὀφθαλμῶν οἱ μὲν ὑγιεῖς, οἱ δὲ πεπηγότες blind, of buds, Thphr.CP5.12.10 : metaph., to be petrified, struck dumb, Antiph.166.7.

IV metaph., fix,

ὅρους τοῖς βαρβάροις Lycurg.73

, cf. Aristopho 9.7 : Astrol., fix, determine a nativity, Sch. Ptol.Tetr. 103 :—[voice] Med., ὄφρα ἐν φρασὶ πάξαιθ', ὅπως .. that he might keep it fixed in his heart, Pi.N.3.62 ; establish,

χορούς Him.Or.16.6

:— [voice] Pass. and intr. [tense] pf., to be irrevocably fixed, established,

εἷς ὅρος ἡμῖν παγήσεται Th.4.92

; πῆγμα (Aurat. for πῆμα)

γενναίως παγέν A.Ag. 1198

;

κακῶς παγέντας ὅρκους E.IA 395

;

ὀρθὰς παγείσας φρένας Carc. 6.2

;

μὴ γὰρ ὡς θεῷ νομίζετ' ἐκείνῳ τὰ παρόντα πεπηγέναι πράγματα ἀθάνατα D.4.8

;

τὰ καλῶς πεπηγότα τῇ φύσει Id.25.90

. (Cf. Lat. pango.)

ὀρέγω, Od.17.366, E.Ph. 1710 (lyr.), etc.; [dialect] Ion. and later Prose, Hdt. 2.2, Arist.HA 497b27, etc.: [tense] impf.

A

ὤρεγον Pi.P.4.240

, App.BC4.126 : [tense] fut.

ὀρέξω Il.13.327

, E.Med. 902 : [tense] aor.

ὤρεξα Il.23.406

, Trag. (S.OC 846, etc.), and sts. in Prose, Pl.Phd. 117b, X.An.7.3.29:—[voice] Med. and [voice] Pass., Il.24.506, Th.2.65, etc.: [tense] fut.

ὀρέξομαι E.Hel. 353

, Pl.R. 486a ([etym.] ἐπ-): [tense] aor.

ὠρεξάμην Il.23.99

, E.HF16, etc.: rare in Prose, X.Mem.1.2.15 ; also ὠρέχθην ib.16, Ages.1.4, Smp.8.35, Hp.Ep.17, Epicur.Sent.7, Fr. 187, as well as in E. (Hel. 1238 ) (not in Hom.): [tense] pf.

ὤρεγμαι Hp.Oss.18

; redupl. [ per.] 3pl. ὀρωρέχαται, [tense] plpf. -έχατο, Il.16.834, 11.26.—Cf. ὀρέγνυμι, ὀριγνάομαι :—reach, stretch, stretch out,

χεῖρ' ὀρέγων Od.17.366

;

εἰς οὐρανόν Il.15.371

, Od.9.527 ; χεῖρας ἐμοὶ ὀρέγοντας, in entreaty, 12.257, cf. Plu.Cam.36 ;

μοι.. λεχέων ἐκ χεῖρας ὄρεξας Il.24.743

;

πρός τινα Pi. P.4.240

, cf. S.OC 846, etc. ; Ὅμηρον.., ἐφ' ὃν πᾶσαι χεῖρ' ὀρέγουσι πόλεις, to claim him, APl.4.294.

2 reach out, hold out, hand, give,

κοτύλην καὶ πύρνον Od.15.312

;

δέπας Il.24.102

;

ὁπποτέροισι πατὴρ Ζεὺς κῦδος ὀρέξῃ 5.33

, cf. 17.453, Hes.Th. 433 ;

ἠέ τῳ εὖχος ὀρέξομεν, ἦέ τις ἡμῖν Il.12.328

, cf. S.Ph. 1203 (lyr.);

ὀ. πλοῦτόν τινι Pi.P.3.110

;

τέλος ἔμπεδον Id.N.7.58

;

ὤρεξε τὴν κύλικα τῷ Σωκράτει Pl.Phd. 117b

; later βοήθειαν ὀρέξαι τοῖς ἀδικουμένοις extend help, POxy.902.11 (v A.D.).

II [voice] Med. and [voice] Pass.,

1 abs., stretch oneself out, stretch forth one's hand, Od.21.53 ;

ἀνδρὸς.. ποτὶ στόμα χεῖρ' ὀρέγεσθαι Il.24.506

(but

χεῖρας ὀρεξαμένου

having lent a helping hand,

Epigr.Gr.448.4

([place name] Syria));

ὀρεξαμένη ἀπὸ δίφρου Hes.Sc. 456

; ὠρέξατο χερσὶ φίλῃσι, χειρὶ σκαιῇ, Il.23.99, Hes.Th. 178 ; ἔγχει ὀρεξάσθω let him lunge with the spear (from the chariot), Il.4.307 ;

πρόσθεν Ἄρης ὠρέξαθ' ὑπὲρ ζυγὸν.. ἔγχεϊ χαλκείῳ 5.851

; ποσσὶν ὀρωρέχαται πολεμίζειν, of horses, they galloped to the fight, 16.834; ὀρέξατ' ἰών he stretched himself as he went, i.e. made a stride, 13.20 ; ὀρωρέχατο προτὶ δειρήν were stretched out towards the neck, 11.26 ; of fish, rise at the bait,

καί τις τῶν τραφερῶν ὠρέξατο Theoc. 21.44

; for A.Ag. 1111, v. ὄρεγμα 1.1.

2 c. gen., reach at or to a thing, grasp at, οὗ παιδὸς ὀρέξατο he reached out to his child, Il.6.466, cf. Od.11.392 ; in a hostile sense, aim at, assail, hit, τοῦ δ' ἀντίθεος Θρασυμήδης ἔφθη ὀρεξάμενος.. ὦμον hit him first on the shoulder, Il.16.322 ; ib. 314, a gen. pers. must be supplied, ἔφθη ὀρεξάμενος πρυμνὸν σκέλος; so in 23.805 ὁππότερός κε φθῇσιν ὀρεξάμενος χρόα καλόν;

δηΐων ὀρέγοιτ' ἐγγύθεν ἱστάμενος Tyrt.12.12

; also of a suppliant, τί χρῆμα θηρῶσ' ἱκέτις ὠρέχθης ἐμοῦ; E.Hel. 1238.

b metaph., reach after, grasp at, yearn for,

γάμων Id. Ion 842

;

τῶν μεγίστων Id.Fr. 240

;

ἀπεόντων Democr.202

;

ζωῆς Id.205

: freq. in [dialect] Att. Prose, Antipho 2.2.12, Th.3.42, Pl.R. 439b, 485d, etc.;

ὀ. τοῦ πρῶτος ἕκαστος γίγνεσθαι Th.2.65

: so c. inf.,

πόλιν ὠρέξατ' οἰκεῖν E.HF16

;

ὀ. τοιοῦτος γενέσθαι Pl. Prt. 326a

;

οὐδέποτε ὠρέχθην τοῖς πολλοῖς ἀρέσκειν Epicur.Fr. 187

: also, abs., yearn, desire,

πάσῃσιν ὀρέξαιτο πραπίδεσσιν Emp.129.4

;

θυμὸς ὀρέξατο γηθοσύνῃσιν A.R.2.878

;

ὀρεγόμεθα κατὰ τὴν βούλευσιν Arist.EN 1113a12

; cf. ὀρεκτός, ὄρεξις.

3 c. acc., σῖτόν τ' ὄρεξαι take food, E.Or. 303 (v.l. σίτων); αἰώρημα διὰ δέρης ὀρέξομαι I will put the noose on my neck, Id.Hel. 353 (lyr.).

ζητέω impf. ἐζήτουν; fut. ζητήσω; 1 aor. ἐζήτησα. Pass.: impf. sg. ἐζητεῖτο Hb 8:7; 1 fut. ζητηθήσομαι; aor. ἐζητήθην (LXX; AcPlCor 2:8; 1) (s. two next entries; Hom.+).

① try to find someth., seek, look for in order to find (s. εὑρίσκω 1a)

ⓐ what one possessed and has lost, w. acc. τινά Mt 28:5; Mk 1:37; Lk 2:48f; J 6:24, 26; 7:34, 36. τί Mt 18:12; Lk 19:10; AcPlCor 2:8 (ParJer 5:12). Abs. Lk 15:8.

ⓑ what one desires somehow to bring into relation w. oneself or to obtain without knowing where it is to be found τινά 2 Ti 1:17; J 18:4, 7f; Ac 10:19, 21. ζητεῖν τ. θεόν, εἰ ἄρα γε αὐτὸν εὕροιεν search for God, in the hope that they may find him 17:27 (cp. Wsd 1:1; 13:6; Philo, Spec. Leg. 1, 36; Tat. 13, 2); Ro 10:20 (Is 65:1). τί Mt 2:13; 12:43; 13:45 (in the special sense seek to buy as X., Cyr. 2, 2, 26; Theophr., Char. 23, 8 ἱματισμὸν ζητῆσαι εἰς δύο τάλαντα); Lk 11:24. τὶ ἔν τινι someth. on someth. fruit on a tree 13:6f. Abs. Mt 7:7f; Lk 11:9f (ζήτει καὶ εὑρήσεις Epict. 4, 1, 51).

ⓒ be on the search for look for, search out τινά someone Mk 3:32; Ac 9:11; IPol 4:2. For the purpose of arrest, pass. GPt 7:26; MPol 3:2.

② to seek information, investigate, examine, consider, deliberate (X., Cyr. 8, 5, 13; Lucian, Hermot. 66; Aelian, VH 2, 13; 4 Macc 1:13; Just., D. 28, 1 τὸ ζητούμενον ‘question, problem’; cp. דרשׁ in post-bibl. Hebr. and Aram.: Dalman, Aram.-neuhebr. Handwörterbuch² 1922; HStrack, Einleitg. in Talmud u. Midraš⁵ 1921, 4) παραλόγως ζ. engage in irrational investigations Dg 11:1. ἐν ἑαυτῷ ζ. περί τινος ponder someth. Hs 2:1. περὶ τούτου ζητεῖτε μετʼ ἀλλήλων ὅτι; are you deliberating with each other on the fact that? J 16:19 (Just., D. 19, 1 al.). W. indir. discourse foll. consider (Diod S 1, 51, 6 πόσαι …; Tat. 26, 1 τίς ὁ θεός; 29, 1 ὅτῳ τρόπῳ) πῶς Mk 11:18; 14:1, 11. τί Lk 12:29. τὸ πῶς 22:2. εἰ B 11:1.—As legal t.t. investigate (Dinarchus 1, 8; POxy 237 VI, 41; 726, 16; O. Theb 134, 4; EBickermann, RHR 112, ’35, 214f) ἔστιν ὁ ζητῶν κ. κρίνων there is one who investigates and judges J 8:50b (cp. Philo, De Jos. 174). J 11:56 may also have this technical sense.

③ to devote serious effort to realize one’s desire or objective, strive for, aim (at), try to obtain, desire, wish (for)

ⓐ desire to possess τὶ someth. (Lucian, Hermot. 66 τ. εὐδαιμονίαν; Just., D. 102, 6 σωτηρίαν καὶ βοήθειαν) τ. βασιλείαν Mt 6:33; Lk 12:31. εὐκαιρίαν Mt 26:16; Lk 22:6. ψευδομαρτυρίαν Mt 26:59; cp. Mk 14:55. τὴν δόξαν J 5:44; 7:18; 8:50a. τιμὴν κ. ἀφθαρσίαν Ro 2:7; cp. 1 Cor 7:27b; 2 Cor 12:14; Col 3:1; 1 Pt 3:11 (Ps 33:15).

ⓑ wish for, aim at τὶ someth. τὸν θάνατον Rv 9:6. λύσιν 1 Cor 7:27a. τὸ θέλημά τινος be intent on someone’s will=aim to satisfy it J 5:30. τὸ σύμφορόν τινος someone’s benefit (Hermogenes 283 p. 301, 11 R. v.l. ἐμοῦ … οὐ τὸ Φιλίππου συμφέρον ζητοῦντος [a citation of Dem. 18, 30, which reads Φιλίππῳ]) 1 Cor 10:33; τὰ (τὸ) ἑαυτοῦ ζητεῖν strive for one’s own advantage 10:24; 13:5; Phil 2:21.

ⓒ w. interrog. pron. τί ζητεῖτε; (cp. Gen 37:15) what do you want? J 1:38; cp. 4:27 (JFoster, ET 52, ’40/41, 37f).

ⓓ w. inf. foll. (Hdt. 3, 137) mostly aor. (Plut., Thes. 35, 6; SIG 372, 7; Wsd 8:2; Sir 7:6; 27:1; Tob 5:14 BA; TestSol 15:7; Jos., Ant. 11, 174; 13, 7) Mt 12:46; 21:46; Mk 12:12; Lk 5:18; 9:9; 11:54 v.l.; 17:33; J 5:18; 7:1; Ac 13:7 D, 8; 16:10 (cp. 3 Km 11:22); Ro 10:3; Gal 2:17. Rarely the pres. inf. (X., An. 5, 4, 33; Esth 8:12c) Lk 6:19; Gal 1:10 (ζ. ἀρέσκειν as Ael. Aristid. 34, 39 K.=50 p. 560 D.)—ἵνα for the inf. 1 Cor 14:12.

ⓔ OT lang. apparently is reflected in ζ. τὴν ψυχήν τινος seek the life of someone Mt 2:20 (cp. Ex 4:19); Ro 11:3 (3 Km 19:10); cp. also 3 Km 19:14; Sir 51:3; Ps 34:4; 37:13; 39:15; 53:5; 62:10; 85:14.

④ ask for, request, demand τὶ someth. σημεῖον Mk 8:12. σοφίαν 1 Cor 1:22. δοκιμήν 2 Cor 13:3. τινά J 4:23. τὶ παρά τινος demand someth. fr. someone (Demosth. 4, 33; Sir 7:4; 28:3; 1 Esdr 8:50; Tob 4:18) Mk 8:11; Lk 11:16; 12:48. Also τὶ ἀπό τινος B 21:6. ζητεῖται ἐν τ. οἰκονόμοις ἵνα it is required of managers that 1 Cor 4:2 (AFridrichsen, ConNeot 7, ’42, 5).—B. 655; 764. DELG. M-M. EDNT. TW. Sv.

ἀνθρωπάρεσκος, ον (s. prec.; Ps 52:6; PsSol 4:7, 8, 19; cp. Nägeli 61; ADebrunner, Griech. Wortbildungslehre, 1917, 51) as subst., one who tries to make an impression on others, fawner, timeserver of slaves who practice obsequious obedience when their owner is watching Eph 6:6; Col 3:22.—In wordplay w. ἑαυτῷ ἀρέσκειν (people-pleaser–self-pleaser) 2 Cl 13:1 (WvanUnnik, ZNW Beiheft 26, ’60, 221–34).—M-M. TW.

ἄνθρωπος, ου, ὁ (Hom.+; loanw. in rabb.; ἡ ἄνθρωπος [Hdt. 1, 60, 5] does not appear in our lit.) ‘human being, man, person’.

① a person of either sex, w. focus on participation in the human race, a human being

ⓐ ἐγεννήθη ἄ. J 16:21; εἰς χεῖρας ἀ. Mk 9:31; ψυχὴ ἀνθρώπου Ro 2:9; συνείδησις ἀ. 2 Cor 4:2; μέτρον ἀ. Rv 21:17.

ⓑ in contrast to animals, plants, etc. Mt 4:19; 12:12; Mk 1:17; Lk 5:10; 1 Cor 15:39; 2 Pt 2:16; Rv 9:4, 7; 13:18 al. To angels (cp. Aristaen. 1, 24, end σάτυροι οὐκ ἄνθρωποι) 1 Cor 4:9; 13:1. To God (Aeschyl., Ag. 663 θεός τις οὐκ ἄνθ.; Aeschines 3, 137 θεοὶ κ. δαίμονες; Ael. Aristid. 30 p. 578 D.; Herm. Wr. 14, 8 θεοὺς κ. ἀνθρ.; οὐκ ἐλογίσατο ὅτι ἄ. ἐστιν PsSol 2:28) Hb 13:6 (Ps 117:6); Mt 10:32f; 19:6; Mk 10:9; J 10:33 (ἄνθ. ὤν=‘as a mortal human’, a favorite formula: X., An. 7, 6, 11; Menand., Epitr. 592 Kö.; Fgm.: 46; 395, 2 Kö; Comp. I 282; Alexis Com., Fgm. 150; Polyb. 3, 31, 3; Chariton 4, 4, 8 [WBlake ’38]; Heliod. 6, 9, 3; As early as Eur., Hipp. 472ff ἄνθρωπος οὖσα … κρείσσω δαιμόνων εἶναι θέλειν); Ac 10:26; 12:22; 14:11, 15; 1 Th 2:13; Phil 2:7. ἐντάλματα ἀνθρώπων human precepts Mt 15:9; Mk 7:7 (Is 29:13); w. οὐρανός (=God) Mt 21:25; Mk 11:30. ἀδύνατα παρὰ ἀνθρώποις Lk 18:27, cp. Mt 19:26. δοῦλοι ἀνθρώπων people’s slaves 1 Cor 7:23. πείθειν and ἀρέσκειν ἀ. Gal 1:10. μεσίτης θεοῦ καὶ ἀ. 1 Ti 2:5 al. θεὸς πάντας ἀνθρώπους θέλει σωθῆναι 1 Ti 2:4 (cp. Epict. 3, 24, 2 ὁ θεὸς πάντας ἀνθρώπους ἐπὶ τὸ εὐδαιμονεῖν ἐποίησεν).

ⓒ in pl. w. gener. mng. (cp. Hom., Il. 21, 569; Od. 1, 351) οἱ ἄ. people, also one’s associates (Jos., Ant. 9, 28) Mt 5:13, 16; 6:1f, 5, 14, 18; 7:12; 8:27; 23:5; Mk 8:27 and often. οἱ τότε ἄ. the people of that time Pol 3:2.—οἱ υἱοὶ τῶν ἀνθρώπων the offspring of human beings or simply human beings, people (Gen 11:5; 1 Esdr 4:37; Ps 10:4; En10:7 al.; PsSol 9:4) Mk 3:28; Eph 3:5. Sim. ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀ. as a self-designation of Jesus but s. next, also 2a and υἱός 2dγ.

ⓓ Jesus Christ is called ἄ. as one who identifies with humanity (cp. ὁ Σωτὴρ ἄ. γενόμενος Did., Gen. 41, 28) 1 Ti 2:5; Hb 2:6a (Ps 8:5a; cp. Just., A II, 6, 4). He is in contrast to Adam Ro 5:15; 1 Cor 15:21, the πρῶτος ἄ. 1 Cor 15:45, 47 (cp. Philo, Abr. 56; s. DDD 112) as δεύτερος ἄ. vs. 47. On the nature and origin of this concept cp. Ltzm. and JWeiss on 1 Cor 15:45ff; WBousset, Kyrios Christos² 1921, 120 ff, Jesus der Herr 1916, 67ff; Rtzst., Mysterienrel.³ 343ff, Erlösungsmyst. 107ff; ARawlinson, The NT Doctrine of the Christ 1926, 124ff; BStegmann, Christ, the ‘Man from Heaven’, a Study of 1 Cor 15:45–47: The Cath. Univ., Washington 1927; CKraeling, Anthropos and Son of Man 1927. S. on Ἀδάμ and on οὐρανός 2b.—On ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀ. as a self-designation of Jesus s.c end, above, and υἱός 2dγ.

② a member of the human race, w. focus on limitations and weaknesses, a human being

ⓐ of physical aspect Js 5:17; subject to death Hb 9:27; Rv 8:11; Ro 5:12; sunken in sin (cp. fr. a different perspective Menand., Fgm. 432 Kö [499 K.] ἄνθρωπος ὢν ἥμαρτον; Herodas 5, 27 ἄνθρωπός εἰμι, ἥμαρτον; schol. on Apollon. Rhod. 4, 1015–17a σὺ ἄνθρωπος εἶ, οἷς τὸ ἁμαρτάνειν γίνεται ῥᾳδίως; cp. Orig. C. Cels. 3, 62, 17) 5:18f al., hence judged to be inferior Gal 1:1, 11f; Col 2:8, 22 (Is 29:13) or even carefully to be avoided προσέχειν ἀπὸ τ. ἀ. beware of (evil) men Mt 10:17; cp. Lk 6:22, 26.

ⓑ of status κατὰ ἄνθρωπον (Aeschyl., Sept. 425; Pla., Phileb. 370f; Diod S 16, 11, 2; Athen. 10, 444b; Plut., Mor. 1042a; Witkowski 8, 5 [252 B.C.]) in a human way, from a human standpoint emphasizes the inferiority of human beings in comparison w. God; λαλεῖν 1 Cor 9:8; λέγειν Ro 3:5; Gal 3:15; περιπατεῖν 1 Cor 3:3. κ. ἄ. ἐθηριομάχησα perh. like an ordinary man (opp. as a Christian sure of the resurrection) 15:32. Of the gospel οὐκ ἔστιν κ. ἄ. Gal 1:11. Pl. κ. ἀνθρώπους (opp. κ. θεόν) 1 Pt 4:6.

③ a male person, man

ⓐ adult male, man (Pla., Prot. 6, 314e, Phd. 66, 117e; Gen. 24:26ff; PsSol 17:17; TestAbr A 3 p. 79, 25 [Stone p. 6]; ParJer 5:20) Mt 11:8; Lk 7:25. σκληρὸς εἶ ἄ. Mt 25:24; cp. Lk 19:21f. In contrast to woman (Achilles Tat. 5, 22, 2; PGM 36, 225f; 1 Esdr 9:40; Tob 6:8) Mt 19:5; prob. Lk 13:19 (cp. vs. 21); Eph 5:31 (both Gen 2:24); 1 Cor 7:1; Ox 840, 39.

ⓑ married person husband Mt 19:10.

ⓒ an immediate descendant son, opp. father (Sir 3:11) Mt 10:35.

ⓓ a person owned and therefore under the control of another slave (X., Mem. 2, 1, 15, Vect. 4, 14; Herodas 5, 78; BGU 830, 4; POxy. 1067, 30; 1159, 16) Lk 12:36. οἱ τοῦ πυρὸς ἄ. the persons in charge of the fire MPol 15:1; ἄ. τοῦ μεγάλου βασιλέως AcPl Ha 9, 1 (Aa I 111, 10). Perh. J 6:7.

④ practically equiv. to the indef. pron., w. the basic mng. of ἄ. greatly weakened (cp. 1c.) someone, one, a person.

ⓐ without the art.

α. used w. τὶς: ἐὰν γένηταί τινι ἀνθρώπῳ Mt 18:12. ἄνθρωπός τις κατέβαινεν a man was going down Lk 10:30. ἀνθρώπου τινὸς πλουσίου 12:16. ἄ. τις ἦν ὑδρωπικός 14:2, cp. vs. 16; 15:11; 16:1, 19; 19:12. ἦν τις ἄ. ἐκεῖ J 5:5. τινῶν ἀ. αἱ ἁμαρτίαι 1 Ti 5:24.

β. without τὶς, and somet. nearly equiv. to it (Paus. 5, 7, 3 ἐξ ἀνθρώπου=from someone) εἷς ἄ.=εἷς τις an individual J 11:50, cp. 18:14. εἶδεν ἄνθρωπον καθήμενον he saw someone sitting Mt 9:9. ἰδοὺ ἄ. χεῖρα ἔχων ξηράν there was someone with a shriveled hand 12:10. λαβὼν ἄ. a person took 13:31; cp. Mk 1:23; 3:1; 4:26; 5:2; 7:11; 10:7 (Gen 2:24); Lk 2:25; 4:33; 5:18; 6:48f; 13:19; J 3:4, 27 al. Used w. negatives ἄ. οὐκ ἔχω I have nobody J 5:7. οὐδέποτε ἐλάλησεν οὕτως ἄ. nobody has ever spoken like that 7:46.

γ. in indef. and at the same time general sense, oft.= one (Ger. man, Fr. on) οὕτως ἡμᾶς λογιζέσθω ἄ. lit. this is how one or a person (i.e. you) should regard us 1 Cor 4:1; cp. Mt 16:26; Ro 3:28; 1 Cor 7:26; 11:28; Gal 2:16; 6:7; Js 2:24.

δ. w. relative foll. δεῦτε ἴδετε ἄ. ὸ̔ς εἶπέν μοι come and see someone who (contrast w. ἀνήρ vss. 16–18) told me J 4:29. ἄ. ὸ̔ς τὴν ἀλήθειαν ὑμῖν λελάληκα 8:40. For Ac 19:16 s. 6 below.

ε. used pleonastically w. a noun (cp. usage s.v. ἀνήρ 1dα) (Il. 16, 263; Lev 21:9; Sir 8:1; 1 Macc 7:14) ἄ. φάγος a glutton Mt 11:19; Lk 7:34; ἄ. ἔμπορος a merchant Mt 13:45; ἄ. οἰκοδεσπότης vs. 52; 21:33; ἄ. βασιλεύς (Horapollo 2, 85; Jos., Ant. 6, 142) 18:23; 22:2; ἄ. θηριομάχος AcPl Ha 5, 30.—Likew. w. names indicating local or national origin (X., An. 6, 4, 23; Ex 2:11 ἄ. Αἰγύπτιος) ἄ. Κυρηναῖος a Cyrenaean Mt 27:32; ἄ. Ἰουδαῖος Ac 21:39; ἄ. Ῥωμαῖος 16:37; 22:25. W. adj., giving them the character of nouns (Menand., Fgm. 518 Kö ἄ. φίλος; PFlor 61, 60; PAmh 78, 13 ἄ. αὐθάδης; PStras 41, 40 πρεσβύτης ἄ. εἰμι; Sir 8:2 al.) ἄ. τυφλός (EpJer 36) a blind person J 9:1; ἄ. ἁμαρτωλός (Sir 11:32; 32:17) vs. 16; ἄ. αἱρετικός Tit 3:10. Likew. w. ptc. ἄ. σπείρων a sower Mt 13:24.

ζ. pleonastic are also the combinations τίς ἄ.; who? Mt 7:9; Lk 15:4; πᾶς ἄ. (PsSol 2:9; 17:27 [both times after οὐ]; ParJer 8:7; cp. Just., D. 3) everyone J 2:10; Js 1:19; πάντες ἄ. all people Ac 22:15, everyone 1 Cor 7:7; εἷς ἄ. J 11:50; δύο ἄ. Lk 18:10. Likew. the partitive gen. ἀνθρώπων w. οὐδείς (cp. Mimnermus 1, 15f Diehl² οὐ δέ τίς ἐστιν ἀνθρώπων) Mk 11:2; Lk 19:30, μηδείς Ac 4:17, τίς 19:35; 1 Cor 2:11.—MBlack, An Aramaic Approach³, ’67, 106f.

ⓑ w. the generic art. (Wsd 2:23; 4 Macc 2:21; PsSol 5:16; Just., D. 20, 2) ὁ ἀγαθὸς ἄ. the good person, opp. ὁ πονηρὸς ἄ. the evil person Mt 12:35. οὐκ ἐπʼ ἄρτῳ ζήσεται ὁ ἄ. no one can live on bread (Dt 8:3) 4:4. κοινοῖ τὸν ἄ. defiles a person 15:11, 18; cp. Mk 7:15, 20; τὸ σάββατον διὰ τὸν ἄ. ἐγένετο 2:27; τί ἦν ἐν τῷ ἀ. J 2:25; κρίνειν τὸν ἄ. 7:51; ὁ νόμος κυριεύει τοῦ ἀ. Ro 7:1; ὁ ποιήσας ἄ. everyone who does it 10:5 (Lev 18:5; 2 Esdr 19:29); κακὸν τῷ ἀ. τῷ διὰ προσκόμματος ἐσθίοντι wrong for anyone who eats w. misgivings Ro 14:20 al.

ⓒ w. qualifying gen. ἄνθρωποι εὐδοκίας Lk 2:14 (εὐδοκία 1). ὁ ἄ. τῆς ἀνομίας (v.l. ἁμαρτίας) 2 Th 2:3. ἄ. (τοῦ) θεοῦ man of God 1 Ti 6:11; 2 Ti 3:17; 2 Pt 1:21 v.l. (3 Km 12:22; 13:1; 17:24; 4 Km 1:9ff; 2 Ch 8:14 al.; TestJob 53:4; EpArist 140; Philo, Gig. 61, Deus Imm. 138f. But also Sextus 2; 3; Herm. Wr. 1, 32; 13, 20; PGM 4, 1177, where no comma is needed betw. ἄ. and θ. Cp. Callim. 193, 37 [Pf.]).

⑤ a being in conflict at a transcendent level

ⓐ the two sides of human nature as ὁ ἔξω ἄ. the outer being, i.e. human beings in their material, transitory, and sinful aspects 2 Cor 4:16, and, on the other hand, ὁ ἔσω ἄ. the inner being, i.e. humans in their transcendent significance, striving toward God Ro 7:22; 2 Cor 4:16; Eph 3:16 (cp. Pla., Rep. 9, 589a ὁ ἐντὸς ἄνθρωπος; Plotinus, Enn. 5, 1, 10 ὁ εἴσω ἄ.; Philo, Plant. 42 ὁ ἐν ἡμῖν πρὸς ἀλήθειαν ἄ., τουτέστιν ὁ νοῦς, Congr. Erud. Grat. 97, Det. Pot. Insid. 23; Zosimus in Rtzst., Poim. 104 ἔσω αὐτοῦ ἄνθρωπος πνευματικός. Cp. Rtzst., Mysterienrel.³ 354f; WGutbrod, D. paulin. Anthropologie ’34; KSchäfer, FTillmann Festschr. ’34, 25–35; RJewett, Paul’s Anthropological Terms, ’71, 391–401). Similar in mng. is ὁ κρυπτὸς τῆς καρδίας ἄ. the hidden person of the heart=ὁ ἔσω ἄ. 1 Pt 3:4.

ⓑ from another viewpoint, w. contrast of παλαιὸς and καινὸς (νέος) ἄ. Ro 6:6; Eph 4:22, 24; Col 3:9 (cp. Dg 2:1; Jesus as καινὸς ἄ. IEph 20:1 is the new being, who is really God), or of ὁ ψυχικὸς ἄ. and ὁ πνευματικὸς ἄ. 1 Cor 2:14f (s. πνευματικός 2aγ). τὸν τέλειον ἄ. GMary 463, 27.

⑥ a person who has just been mentioned in a narrative, w. the art. the person (Diod S 37, 18 ὁ ἄ. εἶπε; Just., A II, 2, 12) Mt 12:13; Mk 3:5; 5:8; J 4:50; Ac 19:16 al.

⑦ a pers. perceived to be contemptible, a certain person w. a connotation of contempt (Diogenianus Epicureus [II A.D.] in Eus., PE 6, 8, 30 calls Chrysippus, his opponent, contemptuously ὁ ἄ.; Artem. 5, 67 ἡ ἄνθρωπος of a prostitute; UPZ 72, 6 [152 B.C.]; BGU 1208 I, 25; Plut., Mor 870c.—ASvensson [ὁ, ἡ, τό beg.]; AWilhelm, Anzeiger der Ak. d. W. in Wien, phil.-Hist. Kl. ’37 [XXIII–XXVI 83–86]) οὐκ οἶδα τὸν ἄ. I don’t know the fellow (of Jesus, as oft. in these exx.) Mt 26:72, 74; Mk 14:71. προσηνέγκατέ μοι τὸν ἄ. τοῦτον Lk 23:14; ὁ ἄ. οὕτος AcPl Ox 6, 18 (= Aa I 242, 1). εἰ ὁ ἄ. Γαλιλαῖός ἐστιν Lk 23:6. τίς ἐστιν ὁ ἄ. J 5:12. ἰδοὺ ὁ ἄ. here’s the fellow! 19:5 (on the attempt to arouse pity, cp. Nicol. Dam.: 90 Fgm. 68, 4 Jac., Cyrus in connection w. the downfall of Croesus; Diog. L. 2:13 Pericles in the interest of Anaxagoras, his teacher; Jos., Ant. 19, 35f). μὴ οἰέσθω ὁ ἄ. ἐκεῖνος such a person must not expect Js 1:7.

⑧ in address, varying from a familiar tone to one that is more formal ἄνθρωπε friend (X., Cyr. 2, 2, 7; Plut., Mor. 553e) indicating a close relationship between the speaker and the one addressed Lk 5:20; sir Ἄνθρωπε, ποῦ πορεύῃ; ‘Sir, where are you going?’ GJs 19:1 (not pap), the woman is a stranger to Joseph. W. a reproachful connotation, man! (Diogenes the Cynic in Diog. L. 6, 56; Diod S 33, 7, 4; Chariton 6, 7, 9; Ps.-Callisth. 1, 31, 1) Lk 12:14; 22:58, 60; Hm 10, 1, 2 (ἄνθρωπος Joly). Also in rhetorical address, in a letter Ro 2:1, 3; 9:20 (Pla., Gorg. 452b σὺ δὲ … τίς εἶ, ὦ ἄνθρωπε); Js 2:20. (Cp. Pla., Apol. 16 p. 28b; Epict. index Schenkl; Mi 6:8; Ps 54:14.—JWackernagel, Über einige antike Anredeformen: Progr. Gött. 1912.)

⑨ a heavenly being that looked like a person, a human figure of GPt 11:44 (cp. Just., D. 58, 10 ἐν ἰδέᾳ ἀνθρώπου [on Gen 32:25]; Tat. 21, 1 θεὸν ἐν ἀνθρώπου μορφῇ γεγονέναι).—JNielen, D. Mensch in der Verkünd. der Ev.: FTillmann Festschr. ’34, 14–24; Gutbrod op. cit. 2cα; WKümmel, Man in the NT, tr. JVincent, ’63; also Vock and Seiler ἀνήρ end.—B. 80. EDNT (lit.). DELG. M-M. TW. Sv.