συναγωγή

συναγωγή, ῆς, ἡ (Thu. et al.; ins, pap, LXX, Just.). The term ς. is fluid, and its use as a loanword in Eng. in connection with cult suggests a technical usage that belies the extraordinary breadth of use of ς. Orig. in act. sense ‘a bringing together, assembling’, then in LXX and contemporary documents ‘a gathering’ or ‘place of assembly’.—For ins evidence relating to cultic usage s. ROster, NTS 39, ’93, 181 n. 14 (the principal corpora); for synonyms, p. 186; cp. New Docs 4, 202f.

① a place where someth. collects, gathering place of the basins in which water is gathered at the creation (Gen 1:9; cp. Jos., Ant. 15, 346 ς. ὑδάτων; Did., Gen. 25, 14 ς., ἣν καλεῖν εἰώθασιν ὠκεανόν) 1 Cl 20:6.

② a place of assembly (Cybeleins [Bilderatlas z. Religionsgesch. 9–11, 1926 p. xix no. 154] ἐν τῇ τοῦ Διὸς συναγωγῇ; s. New Docs 3, 43. Sb 4981, 6f [restored].—On συναγωγή as a room for meetings cp. συνέδρια of the meeting-houses of the Pythagoreans Polyb. 2, 39, 1).

ⓐ of the Jewish synagogue (it is used for a place of assembly for Jews in Philo, Omn. Prob. Lib. 81 [w. ref. to the Essenes]; Jos., Bell. 2, 285; 289; 7, 44, Ant. 19, 300; 305; CIG 9894; 9904; BCH 21, 1897 p. 47; Συναγωγὴ Ἑβραίων in Corinth [s. Κόρινθος, end], in Rome [CIG IV, 9909] and ILydiaKP III, 42 p. 32ff.—S. AvHarnack, Mission⁴ II 1924, p. 568, 2; GKittel, TLZ 69, ’44, 11f.—Orig., C. Cels. 6, 23, 3; Hippol., Ref. 9, 12, 7); people came to the συν. to worship God Mt 4:23; 6:2, 5; 9:35; 12:9; 13:54; Mk 1:39; 3:1; 6:2; Lk 4:15; 6:6; J 18:20. In the same buildings court was also held and punishment was inflicted: Mt 10:17; 23:34; Mk 13:9; Lk 12:11; 21:12; Ac 22:19; 26:11 (HKee, NTS 36, ’90, 1–24 perceives Acts as reading a post-70 situation into Paul’s career; rejoinder ROster, ibid 39, ’93, 178–208, with caution against reliance on mere transliteration of ς. and w. conclusion that Luke is not guilty of anachronism; response by Kee, ibid. 40, ’94, 281–83 [also 41, ’95, 481–500], w. observation that the inscription from the syngagogue of Theodotus in Jerusalem [s. Dssm. LO 378–80=LAE 439–41; Boffo, Iscrizioni no. 31] may well be no earlier than IV A.D.; for critique of Kee’s views s. also ESanders, Jewish Law from Jesus to the Mishnah, ’87, 341–43 notes 28 and 29. For early use in reference to a Jewish synagogue, s. New Docs 4, 202, IBerenike 16, 5 [55 A.D.] of a building, ln. 3 of members meeting in it). Synagogues are also mentioned as existing in Antioch in Pisidia 13:14; Athens 17:17; Berea vs. 10; Damascus 9:20; Ephesus 18:19 (GHorsley, The Inscriptions of Ephesus and the NT: NovT 34, ’92, 105–68); Capernaum Mk 1:21; Lk 4:33; 7:5; J 6:59 (HKohl and CWatzinger, Antike Synagogen in Galiläa 1916; HVincent, RB 30, 1921, 438ff; 532ff; GOrfali, Capharnaum et ses ruines 1922); Corinth Ac 18:4 (s. New Docs 3, 121); Ephesus 19:8; Nazareth Lk 4:16; Salamis on the island of Cyprus Ac 13:5; Thessalonica 17:1.—ESukenik, Ancient Synagogues in Palestine and Greece ’34.—On the building of synagogues by patrons s. TRajak, Benefactors in the Greco-Jewish Diaspora, in MHengel Festschr. I ’96, 307 n. 7 lit.—On the relationship betw. συναγωγή and προσευχή (q.v. 2) s. SKrauss, Synagogale Altertümer 1922, 11; Boffo, Iscrizioni 39–46; Pauly-W. 2d ser. IV ’32, 1284–1316; ERivkin, AHSilver Festschr. ’63, 350–54.—AGroenman, De Oorsprong der Joodsche Synagoge: NThT 8, 1919, 43–87; 137–88; HStrack, RE XIX 221–26; Elbogen² 444ff; 571ff; Billerb. IV, 115–52 (the Syn. as an institution), 153–88 (the Syn. services); GDalman, Jesus-Jeshua (tr. PLevertoff) 1929, 38–55; SSafrai, MStern et al., The Jewish People in the 1st Century II, ’77, 908–44; LLevine, The Second Temple Synagogue, The Formative Years: The Synagogue in Late Antiquity ’87, 7–31; Schürer II 423–63; III 138–49; s. also lit. cited by Oster, Kee, and Boffo above.

ⓑ an assembly-place for Judeo-Christians (Nazarenes) can also be meant in Js 2:2 (so LRost, PJ 29, ’33, 53–66, esp. 54f but s. 4 below). εἰς ς. πλήρη ἀνδρῶν Hm 11:14 (cp. the superscription on a Marcionite assembly-place near Damascus συναγωγὴ Μαρκιωνιστῶν [OGI 608, 1 fr. 318/19 A.D.]; Harnack, SBBerlAK 1915, 754ff). S. 5 below.

③ the members of a synagogue, (the congregation of a) synagogue (Just., D. 53, 4 al.; references for this usage in Schürer II 423f; III 81–86; EPeterson, Byz.-Neugriech. Jahrbücher 2, 1921, 208)

ⓐ of localized synagogues Ac 6:9 (Schürer II 428; cp. CIJ 683 [=Corpus Ins. Regni Bosporani ’65 no. 70], for translation and ill. see RMackennan, Bar 22/2, ’96, 47); 9:2.

ⓑ in a limited sense, of those who consider themselves Ἰουδαῖοι but are hostile to Christians (who also identify themselves as Ἰουδαῖοι whether Israelite by descent or believers from the nations—on the mixed composition of the followers of Jesus Christ s. Ac 13:43; ISm 1:2), and are called (instead of συναγωγὴ κυρίου: Num 16:3; 20:4; 27:17; Josh 22:16; Ps 73:2) συναγωγὴ τοῦ σατανᾶ synagogue of Satan Rv 2:9; 3:9 (cp. Just., D. 104, 1 ἡ ς. τῶν πονηρευομένων; s. 5 below).

④ a synagogal meeting, a meeting, gathering for worship, of the Judeans λυθείσης τῆς συναγωγῆς Ac 13:43 (s. λύω 3).—Transferred to meetings of Judeo-Christian congregations (cp. TestBenj 11:2, 3; Just., D. 63, 5; 124, 1; Theoph. Ant. 2, 14 [p. 136, 12]) ἐὰν εἰσέλθῃ εἰς συναγωγὴν ὑμῶν Js 2:2 (this is the preferred interpr.: HermvSoden, Ropes, Meinertz, FHauck; s. 2b above). συναγωγὴ ἀνδρῶν δικαίων Hm 11:9, 13, cp. 14. πυκνότερον συναγωγαὶ γινέσθωσαν meetings (of the congregation) should be held more often IPol 4:2. (συναγ. is also found outside Jewish and Christian circles for periodic meetings; s. the exx. in MDibelius, Jakobus 1921 p. 124, 1. Also Philo Bybl.: 790 Fgm. 4, 52 Jac. [in Eus., PE 1, 10, 52] Ζωροάστρης ἐν τῇ ἱερᾷ συναγωγῇ τῶν Περσικῶν φησι; OGI 737, 1 [II B.C.] ς. ἐν τῷ Ἀπολλωνείῳ; PLond 2710 recto, 12: HTR 29, ’36, 40; 51.—Sb 8267, 3 [5 B.C.] honorary ins of a polytheistic ς.=association. W. ref. to the imperial cult BGU 1137, 2 [6 B.C.]. On the Christian use of the word s. also ADeissmann, Die Urgeschichte des Christentums im Lichte der Sprachforschung 1910, 35f).

⑤ a group of pers. who band together, freq. with hostile intent, band, gang ς. πονηρευομένων (Ps 21:17) B 5:13; 6:6; GJs 15:1 v.l. (for σύνοδος).—SSafrai, The Synagogue: CRINT I/2, 908–44; WSchrage, BHHW III 1906–10; Kl. Pauly V 451f.—S. ἀρχισυναγωγός and New Docs 4, 213–20. DELG s.v. ἄγω. EDNT. DLNT 1141–46. M-M. TW.

συναγωγῆι, συναγωγεύς

one who brings together: masc dat sg (epic ionic)

συναγωγή

a bringing together: fem dat sg (attic epic ionic)

συναγωγῆι, συναγωγεύς

one who brings together: masc dat sg (epic ionic)

συναγωγή

a bringing together: fem dat sg (attic epic ionic)

συναγωγή

a bringing together: fem nom /voc sg (attic epic ionic)

-ῆς ⁺ ἡ N 1 136-24-23-21-24=228 Gn 1,9(bis); 28,3; 35,11; 48,4

collection, pile Jb 8,17; harvest Ex 34,22; place of collecting Gn 1,9; gathering (of people), company 1 Mc 7,12; gang, band Ps 21(22),17; congregation, assembly, host Ex 12,3; multitude Ez 38,4; local congregation Sir 4,7; synagogue, house of meeting Sus^LXX 28

συναγωγαὶ ἐθνῶν gatherings of people Gn 28,3; συναγωγὴ μελισσῶν swarm of bees Jgs^B 14,8;

συναγωγὴ ταύρων crowd of bulls Ps 67(68),31

*Zech 9,12 τῆς συναγωγῆς of the assembly-קוה^II for MT התקוה קוה^I of hope; *Ps 15(16),4 τὰς συναγωγὰς αὐτῶν their assemblies-אסף for MT נסכיהם their libations, see συνάγω; *Ps 61(62),9 συναγωγὴ λαοῦ assembly of the people-עם עדת for MT עם עת time, o people; *Dn^LXX 8,25 συναγωγήν gathering-אסף for MT אפס without

Cf. BARR 1961, 119-127; DOGNIEZ 1992, 136; HARL 1986a, 90(Gn 1,9); HORSLEY 1983 43; 1987

202.220; KATZ 1950 146; 1960 162; PERI 1989, 245-251; ROST 1967 111-118.122-129.134-138;

WEVERS 1991 52; 1993 581; →MM; NIDNTT; TWNT

συνᾰγωγ-ή, ἡ,

A a bringing together:

I of persons,

ἀνδρὸς καὶ γυναικός Pl.Tht. 150a

; collecting, ὄχλων, ἀνδρῶν, etc., Plb.4.7.6, D.L.2.129, etc.;

συμποσίου Ath.5.192b

; assembling, meeting,

τῶν λογιστῶν IG12.91.9

, cf. Test.Epict.4.7.

2 assembly, LXX Ex.12.3, OGI737.1 (Egypt, ii B.C.), etc.;

τῶν συνέδρων IG5(1).1390.49

(Andania, i B.C.), cf. Test.Epict.4.25; place of assembly, esp. of the Jewish synagogue, Ev.Luc.8.41, Act.Ap.9.2, BCH 56.293 ([place name] Stobi), etc.; meeting-house,

Μαρκιωνιστῶν OGI608.1

(Syria, iv A.D.); conventicle, Cod.Just.1.5.18.3.

II of things, σ. [τῶν ἐκπεπταμένων] Hp.Off.11, cf. Epicur.Nat.14.4, etc.; opp. διαιρέσεις, Pl.Phdr. 266b; σ. πολέμου levying of war, Th.2.18; gathering in of harvest,

τοῦ σίτου PCair.Zen.433.5

(iii B.C.), Plb.1.17.9, etc.;

Χρημάτων Democr.222

, SIG410.14 (Erythrae, iii B.C.), Plb.27.12.2, cf. Phld.Oec.p.51 J.;

ὑδάτων LXX Ge.1.9

(pl.), cf. Le.11.36; πύου Heras ap.Gal.13.815 (pl.);

ξύλων PMich.Zen.84.15

(iii B.C.); harvest,

ἑορτὴ συναγωγῆς LXX Ex.34.22

.

2 drawing together, contracting, συναγωγὰς καὶ ἐκτάσεις στρατιᾶς forming an army in column or in line, Pl.R. 526d; contraction of ranks either in front or depth, Arr.Tact.11.3; αἱ τοῦ προσώπου ς. pursing up or wrinkling of the face, Isoc.9.44;

μετώπου Hp.Coac. 210

; bringing together, closing up of a wound, Gal.10.191;

σ. τῶν μηρῶν Sor.2.41

;

τῶν ὀφθαλμῶν Arist.Pr. 876b10

; opp. διαστολή, Id.Ph. 217b15; σ. ἔχειν, σ. λαμβάνειν, = συνάγεσθαι, Thphr.HP3.10.5, PCair.Zen.54.6 (iii B.C.), Str.8.2.3, cf. 12.2.4.

3 collection,

τῶν νόμων καὶ τῶν πολιτειῶν Arist.EN 1181b7

(pl.); of writings, D.H.2.27, Cic.Att.9.13.3, 16.5.5, Herod.Med. in Rh.Mus. 58.114, Gal.12.836, Orib.1Prooem.2.

4 combination, [ πολιτειῶν] Arist.Pol. 1316b40.

5 conclusion, inference, Id.Rh. 1400b26, 1410a22, Gal.16.676, S.E.P.2.143, 170; cogent reasoning, Chrysipp.Stoic. 2.89; demonstration, Phld.Rh.1.91 S.

synagogue

συναγωγή, συναγωγή

a bringing together: fem nom /voc sg (attic epic ionic)

συναγωγή

a bringing together: fem nom /voc pl

συναγωγή

a bringing together: fem acc sg (attic epic ionic)

① petition addressed to deity, prayer (polyth. pap BGU 1080, 4 [III A.D.] κατὰ τὰς κοινὰς ἡμῶν εὐχὰς καὶ προσευχάς; LXX; pseudepigr.; Jos., Bell. 5, 388, w. less prob. [s. 2] C. Ap. 2, 10, Ant. 14, 258) IEph 1:2; 5:2; 10:2; 11:2; IMg 14:1; IPhld 5:1; ISm 11:1, 3. αἱ πρ. τῶν ἁγίων Rv 5:8; 8:3f.—1 Pt 3:7. W. δέησις Ac 1:14 v.l.; Eph 6:18; Phil 4:6; IMg 7:1; cp. 1 Ti 2:1; 5:5 (s. δέησις). W. εὐχαριστία ISm 7:1. W. ἐλεημοσύναι Ac 10:4; διὰ τὴν πρ. IPol 7:1; διὰ τῶν πρ. Phlm 22; ἐν (τῇ) πρ. through prayer Mk 9:29; IEph 20:1; IPhld 8:2; in prayer IRo 9:1; ἐν ταῖς πρ. in the prayers IMg 14:1; ITr 13:1; Col 4:12. W. the same mng. ἐπὶ τῶν πρ. Ro 1:10; Eph 1:16; 1 Th 1:2; Phlm 4; κατὰ τὴν πρ. IPhld 10:1. ἡ πρ. τοῦ θεοῦ prayer to God Lk 6:12. Also πρ. γινομένη πρὸς τὸν θεόν Ac 12:5; cp. πρὸς τὸν κύριον AcPl Ha 6, 9 (πρ. πρός as Ps 68:14). ὥστε … ἐκτενῆ ὑπὸ πάντων πρ. γενέσθαι τῷ Παύλῳ so that prayers were said fervently by all for Paul AcPl Ha 6, 7. W. νηστεία Mt 17:21; Mk 9:29 v.l. Fasting called better than prayer 2 Cl 16:4a. Prayer fr. a good conscience saves fr. death, vs. 4b; drives out demons Mk 9:29. τὰς πρ. ἀναφέρειν πρὸς τὸν θεόν (ἀναφέρειν προσευχάς Orig., C. Cels. 8, 73, 32; s. ἀναφέρω 3) 2 Cl 2:2; προσκαρτερεῖν τῇ πρ. Ac 1:14; Ro 12:12; Col 4:2; cp. Ac 2:42; 6:4 (w. τῇ διακονίᾳ). ἐκπεσεῖν τῆς πρ. AcPl Ha 2, 8. σχολάζειν τῇ πρ. 1 Cor 7:5 (on prayer and abstinence s. TestNapht 8:8); see IPol 1:3. νήφειν εἰς προσευχάς 1 Pt 4:7; καταπαύειν τὴν πρ. MPol 8:1; ἀναπαύειν τὴν πρ. AcPl Ha 4, 32. αἰτεῖν ἐν τῇ πρ. Mt 21:22. προσευχῇ προσεύχεσθαι pray earnestly Js 5:17. In a kneeling position or prone on the ground; hence ἀναστὰς ἀπὸ τῆς πρ. Lk 22:45; ἐγείρεσθαι ἀπὸ τῆς πρ. Hv 2, 1, 3; εἰσηκούσθη ἡ πρ. Ac 10:31; ἀκούειν πρ. AcPl Ha 2, 14. τὸ ἴδιον ἔργον τῆς πρ. 4, 28. Public, communal prayer ἡ μετʼ ἀλλήλων πρ. ITr 12:2. αἱ πρ. ὑπέρ τινος πρὸς τὸν θεόν intercessions to God on behalf of someone Ro 15:30; ὥρα τῆς πρ. Ac 3:1 (s. ἔνατος and the lit. there.—On a fixed time for prayer s. Marinus, Vi. Procli 24 καιρὸς τῶν εὐχῶν; also 22, end). οἶκος προσευχῆς (=בֵּית־תְּפִלָּה Is 56:7) house of prayer Mt 21:13; Mk 11:17; Lk 19:46. On προσέρχεσθαι ἐπὶ προσευχήν D 4:14 s. προσέρχομαι 2. Cp. B 19:12.—For lit. s. προσεύχομαι, end.

② a place of or for prayer, place of prayer Ac 16:13, 16. Esp. used among Jews, this word is nearly always equivalent to συναγωγή in the sense of a cultic place (s. συναγωγή 2a; SKrauss, Pauly-W. 2 ser. IV, ’32, 1287f; ins New Docs 3, 121f; 4, 201f). But many consider that the πρ. in Ac 16:13, 16 was not a regular synagogue because it was attended only by women (vs. 13), and because the word συν. is freq. used elsewh. in Ac (e.g. 17:1, 10, 17); the πρ. in our passage may have been an informal meeting place, perh. in the open air (s. BSchwank VD 3, ’55, 279).—In the rare cases in which a polyth. place of prayer is called πρ., Jewish influence is almost always poss. (reff. fr. lit., ins and pap in Schürer II 425f; 439–47; Mayser I/3² ’36 p. 19; Boffo, Iscrizioni 39–60. See also 3 Macc 7:20 al.; SEG VIII, 366, 6 [II B.C.], also reff. in XLII, 1849; Dssm., NB 49f [BS 222f]; MStrack, APF 2, 1903, 541f; Philo; perh. Jos., C. Ap. 2, 10 and Ant. 14, 258 [contradictory positions on the latter in Schürer II 441, 65 and 444, 76]; Elbogen² 445; 448; 452; SZarb, De Judaeorum προσευχή in Act. 16:13, 16: Angelicum 5, 1928, 91–108; also συναγωγή 2). But such infl. must be excluded in the case of the ins fr. Epidaurus of IV B.C. (IG IV²/1, 106 I, 27), where the Doric form of προσευχή occurs in the sense ‘place of prayer’: ποτευχὰ καὶ βωμός. Hence it is also improbable in IPontEux I², 176, 7 and in Artem. 3, 53 p. 188, 27; 189, 2.—RAC VIII 1134–1258; IX 1–36; BHHW I 518–23. MHengel, Proseuche u. Synagoge, KGKuhn Festschr., ’71, 157–84; Schürer II 423–63.—DELG s.v. εὔχομαι. M-M. EDNT. TW. Sv.

συναγωγῆι, συναγωγεύς

one who brings together: masc dat sg (epic ionic)

συναγωγῇ, συναγωγή

a bringing together: fem dat sg (attic epic ionic)

συναγωγῆι, συναγωγεύς

one who brings together: masc dat sg (epic ionic)

συναγωγῇ, συναγωγή

a bringing together: fem dat sg (attic epic ionic)

συναγωγεύς

one who brings together: masc dat sg (epic ionic)

συναγωγῇ, συναγωγή

a bringing together: fem dat sg (attic epic ionic)

συναγωγεύς

one who brings together: masc dat sg (epic ionic)

συναγωγῇ, συναγωγή

a bringing together: fem dat sg (attic epic ionic)

συναγωγά̱, συναγωγή

a bringing together: fem nom /voc /acc dual

συναγωγά̱, συναγωγή

a bringing together: fem nom /voc sg (doric aeolic)

συναγωγός

bringing together: neut nom /voc /acc pl

Ἑβραῖος, ου, ὁ (W-H. Ἐβ.; s. their Introd.² §408; B-D-F §39, 3) ‘a Hebrew’ (Paus. 1, 5, 5; Appian, Bell. Civ. 2, 71; Plut.; Porphyr., Vi. Pyth. 11; Sallust. 9 p. 18, 17; Damasc., Vi. Isidori 56 ὁ Ἑβραίων θεός; 141; PGM 4, 3019, corresp. to what Jews oft. called themselves; LXX; TestSol 6:8; JosAs 1:7; ch. 11 cod. A and Pal. 364 [p. 54, 6 Bat.]; Ezk. Trag., Philo, Joseph., SibOr; TestJos 12:2; 3; ins [exx. in Schürer III 97, 29]; συναγωγὴ Ἑβραίων s. on συναγωγή 2a; MDibelius, Hdb.² on Phil 3:5 exc.; Just., D. 1, 3)

① ethnic name for an Israelite, Hebrew in contrast to other nations (in this sense Eus. applies the term Ἑβρ. to such Jews as Philo [Eus., HE 2, 4, 2] and Aristobulus [PE 8, 8, 56/Holladay T 11 (10) p. 123] who spoke Gk. and were Gk. scholars; s. the Jew. grave-ins in Rome and Lydia: Ltzm., Hdb.³ on 2 Cor 11:22 exc.; MAMA III, 32; Just., D. 1, 3) 2 Cor 11:22; Phil 3:5 (on these pass. s. 2). The word prob. has this mng. in the title πρὸς Ἑβρ. of Hb, as well as in the name of the GHb in the old orig. Gk. in Clem. Al. and Origen (Kl. T. 8³, p. 7, 2; 12; note on ln. 8; cp. p. 5, 9f; 18; 22; 11, 25f) τὸ καθʼ Ἑβραίους εὐαγγέλιον. Papias (2:17). The author of GJs 6:1; 7:2; 18:1 compares Palestinian and Egyptian conditions (deStrycker 147, n. 2).

② Hebrew-/Aramaic-speaking Israelite in contrast to a Gk.-speaking Israelite, Hebrew-speaking Israelite (s. Ἑλληνισταί; GWetter, ARW 21, 1922, 410ff; Haenchen) Ac 6:1 in contrast to Gk.-speaking Israelites (Philo, Conf. Ling. 129, makes a difference betw. Ἑβρ. and ἡμεῖς, who speak Gk. [Congr. Erud. Grat. 43f]). Windisch proposes that Paul emphasizes his fluency in his ancestral language 2 Cor 11:22; Phil 3:5 (s. 1).—S. on Ἰσραήλ, end. HKosmala, Hebräer-Essener-Christen ’59; MHengel, ZTK 72, ’75. 151–206.—M-M. EDNT. TW.

συναγωγῆς, συναγωγεύς

one who brings together: masc nom pl

συναγωγῆς, συναγωγεύς

one who brings together: masc nom /voc pl

συναγωγῆς, συναγωγή

a bringing together: fem gen sg (attic epic ionic)

συναγωγῆς, συναγωγεύς

one who brings together: masc nom pl

συναγωγῆς, συναγωγεύς

one who brings together: masc nom /voc pl

συναγωγῆς, συναγωγή

a bringing together: fem gen sg (attic epic ionic)

συναγωγά̱ς, συναγωγή

a bringing together: fem acc pl