πέτρα

πέτρα, ας, ἡ (Hom. [πέτρη as ‘massive stone’ Il. 15, 273; Od. 10, 87f]+; loanw. in rabb.).

① bedrock or massive rock formations, rock as distinguished from stones (s. 2 below)

ⓐ lit., of the rock in which a tomb is hewn (s. λατομέω 1) Mt 27:60; Mk 15:46. The rocks split apart during an earthquake Mt 27:51 (cp. PGM 12, 242). αἱ πέτραι w. τὰ ὄρη (PGM 13, 872; all the elements are in disorder) Rv 6:16; likew. vs. 15, where πέτρα rather takes on the mng. rocky grotto (as Il. 2, 88; 4, 107; Soph., Phil. 16 al.; Judg 15:13; 1 Km 13:6; Is 2:10; Pr 30:26. Cp. Diod S 5, 39, 5 ἐν ταῖς κοίλαις πέτραις καὶ σπηλαίοις). πέτρα rocky ground with a thin layer of topsoil Lk 8:6, 13 (Maximus Tyr. 20, 9g ἐπὶ πετρῶν σπείρεις; Pla., Leg. 8, 838e; Ael. Aristid. 46 p. 302 D.; PSI 433, 6 [260 B.C.] οὐκ ἐφυτεύθη ἐπὶ τῆς πέτρας). It forms a suitable foundation for the building of a house Mt 7:24f; Lk 6:48ab v.l.—Used w. an adj.: of Sinai π. ἔρημος a barren rock B 11:3 (Is 16:1). στερεὰ πέτρα 5:14; 6:3 (both Is 50:7; cp. En 22:1; 26:5; OdeSol 11:5). π. ἰσχυρά 11:5 (Is 33:16). π. ἀκίνητος IPol 1:1.—The rock in the vision of Hermas: Hs 9, 2, 1f; 9, 3, 1; 9, 4, 2; 9, 5, 3; 9, 9, 7; 9, 12, 1 (the interpretation); 9, 13, 5; 9, 14, 4.—The rock at various places in the desert fr. which Moses drew water by striking it (Ex 17:6; Num 20:8ff; Ps 77:15f, 20; Philo, Mos. 1, 210; Jos., Ant. 3, 86; Just., D. 86, 1; Mel.—Apollon. Rhod. 4, 1444–46: Heracles, when thirsty, struck a πέτρη at the suggestion of a divinity, and a great stream of water gushed forth at once). Paul calls it πνευματικὴ πέτρα 1 Cor 10:4a and identifies it w. the preexistent Christ vs. 4b (EEllis, JBL 76, ’57, 53–56; Philo, Leg. All. 2, 86 πέτρα = σοφία, Det. Pot. Ins. 118=λόγος θεῖος).

ⓑ in wordplay (as symbol of firmness Reader, Polemo p. 265) w. the name Πέτρος (GGander, RTP n.s. 29, ’41, 5–29). The apostle so named, or the affirmation he has just made, is the rock on which Christ will build his church (for the figure s. Od. 17, 463: Antinous fails to shake Odysseus, who stands firm as rock.—Arrian, Anab. 4, 18, 4ff; 4, 21, 1ff; 4, 28, 1ff πέτρα is a rocky district [so also Antig. Car. 165] as the foundation of an impregnable position or a rocky fortress; 4, 28, 1; 2 this kind of πέτρα could not be conquered even by Heracles.—Diod S 19, 95, 2 and 4; 19, 96, 1; 19, 97, 1 and 2; 19, 98, 1 al. ἡ πέτρα [always with the article] is the rock [Petra] that keeps the Nabataeans safe from all enemy attacks; Stephan. Byz. s.v. Στάσις: πόλις ἐπὶ πέτρης μεγάλης of a city that cannot be taken) Mt 16:18 (s. ADell, ZNW 15, 1914, 1–49; 17, 1916, 27–32; OImmisch, ibid. 17, 1916, 18–26; Harnack, SBBerlAk 1918, 637–54; 1927, 139–52; RBultmann, ZNW 19, 1920, 165–74, ThBl 20, ’41, 265–79; FKattenbusch, Der Quellort der Kirchenidee: Festgabe für Harnack 1921, 143–72, Der Spruch über Pt. u. d. Kirche bei Mt: StKr 94, 1922, 96–131; SEuringer, D. Locus Classicus des Primates: AEhrhard Festschr. 1922, 141–79; HDieckmann, Die Verfassung der Urkirche 1923; JJeremias, Αγγελος II 1926, 108–17; ECaspar, Primatus Petri 1927; KGoetz, Pt. als Gründer u. Oberhaupt der Kirche 1927; JGeiselmann, D. petrin. Primat (Mt 16:17ff) 1927; BBartmann, ThGl 20, 1928, 1–17; HKoch, Cathedra Petri 1930; TEngert, ‘Tu es Pt’: Ricerche relig. 6, 1930, 222–60; FSeppelt, Gesch. d. Papsttums I ’31, 9–46; JTurmel, La papauté ’33, 101ff; VBurch, JBL 52, ’33, 147–52; JHaller, D. Papsttum I ’34, 1–31; ACotter, CBQ 4, ’42, 304–10; WKümmel, Kirchenbegr. u. Gesch.-bewusstsein in d. Urgem. u. b. Jesus: SymbBUps 1, ’43; OSeitz, JBL 69, ’50, 329–40. OCullmann, TManson mem. vol., ’59, 94–105; OBetz, ZNW 48, ’57, 49–77; cp. 1QH 6:26–28; HClavier, Bultmann Festschr., ’54, 94–107.—OCullmann, TW VI 94–99: πέτρα. S. also the lit. under Πέτρος, end).

② a piece of rock, rock (in an OT quot., where πέτρα is used in parallelism w. λίθος) π. σκανδάλου Ro 9:33; 1 Pt 2:8 (both Is 8:14).—B. 51. DELG. M-M. TW.

πέτρᾱ, πέτρα

rock: fem nom /voc /acc dual

πέτρᾱ, πέτρα

rock: fem nom /voc sg (attic doric aeolic)

πέτραι, πέτρα

rock: fem nom /voc pl

πέτρᾱͅ, πέτρα

rock: fem dat sg (attic doric aeolic)

Πέτρᾱ, Πέτρη

rock: fem nom /voc /acc dual

Πέτρᾱ, Πέτρη

rock: fem nom /voc sg (attic doric aeolic)

Πέτραι, Πέτρη

rock: fem nom /voc pl

Πέτρᾱͅ, Πέτρη

rock: fem dat sg (attic doric aeolic)

πέτρα, [dialect] Ion. and [dialect] Ep. [full] πέτρη, ἡ,

A rock; freq. of cliffs, ledges, etc. by the sea,

λισσὴ αἰπεῖά τε εἰς ἅλα πέτρη Od.3.293

, cf. 4.501, etc.; χῶρος λεῖος πετράων free from rocks, of a beach, 5.443 ;

π. ἠλίβατος.. ἁλὸς ἐγγὺς ἐοῦσα Il.15.618

, etc.; χοιρὰς π. Pi.P.10.52; also, rocky peak or ridge, αἰγίλιψ π. Il.9.15, etc.;

ἠλίβατος 16.35

, etc.; λιττὰς π. Corinn.Supp.1.30, cf.A.Supp. 796 (lyr.); π. Λενκάς, 'ωλενίη, etc., Od.24.11, Il.11.757, etc.; π. σύνδρομοι, Συμπληγάδες, Pi.P.4.209, E.Med. 1264(lyr.); πρὸς πέτραις ὑψηλοκρήμνοις, of Caucasus, A.Pr.4, cf. 31, 56, al.; π. Δελφίς, π. δίλοφος, of Parnassus, S.OT 464(lyr.), Ant. 1126(lyr.);

π. Κωρυκίς A.Eu.22

; π. Κεκροπία, of the Acropolis, E. Ion 936.

2 π. γλαφυρή a hollow rock, i.e. a cave, Il.2.88, cf. 4.107; σπέος κοιλῇ ὑπὸ π. Hes. Th. 301; δίστομος π. cave in the rock with a double entrance, S.Ph.16, cf. 937; κατηρεφεῖς αὐτῇ τῇ π. Pl.Criti. 116b;

π. ἀντρώδης X.An.4.3.11

;

τόπος κύκλῳ πέτραις περιεχόμενος IG42(1).122.21

(Epid.); ἕως τῆς π. down to virgin rock, PCair.Zen.172.14 (iii B.C.), OGI672 (Egypt, i A. D.), cf. Ev.Matt.16.18.

3 mass of rock or boulder, Od.9.243, 484, Hes.Th. 675 ;

πέτρας κυλινδομένα φλόξ Pi.P.1.23

;

ἐκυλίνδουν πέτρας X.An.4.2.20

, cf. Plb.3.53.4.

4 stone as material, π. λαρτία, Τηΐα, SIG581.97 (Crete, iii/ii B. C.), 996.13 (Smyrna, i A. D.): distd. from πέτρος (q. v.), which is v.l. in X.l.c.; πέτρᾳ shd. be read in S.Ph. 272 ; the distn. is minimized by Gal.12.194.

II prov., οὐκ ἀπὸ δρυὸς οὐδ' ἀπὸ πέτρης, etc. (v. δρῦς); as a symbol of firmness,

ὁ δ' ἐστάθη ἠΰτε π. ἔμπεδον Od.17.463

; of hard-heartedness,

ἐκ πέτρας εἰργασμένος A.Pr. 244

;

ἁλίαν π. ἢ κῦμα λιταῖς ὢς ἱκετεύων E.Andr. 537

(anap.); cf.

πέτρος 1.2

. (Written πε-τε-ρα in a text with musical accompaniment, Pae.Delph.5.)

Grammatical information: f.

Meaning: `rock, rocky mountain range, cliff, ridge; rock cavern, cave' (Il.), second. `boulder, stone' (hell.).

Compounds: E.g. πετρ-ηρεφής `covered with rocks' (A., E.), πετρο-βόλος `throwing rocks' with - ία (X., Plb.); ὑπό-πετρος `rocky' (Hdt., Thphr.; Kretschmer Glotta 21, 221; not better Sommer A. u. Sprw. 20 f.).

Derivatives: Also πέτρος m. (f.) `boulder, stone' (Il.). -- Several adj. with the meaning `rocky, belonging to rocks etc., stony': πετρ-αῖος (poet. since μ 231), also as surn. of Poseidon (Pi.; Nilsson Gr. Rel. 1, 447), - ήεις (Il.), - ινος (Ion. poet.), - ώδης (IA.), - ήρης (S.), - ώεις (Marc. Sid.). Dimin. - ίδιον n. (Arist.); adv. - ηδόν (Luc.). Design. of place πετρών, - ῶνος m. `rocky place' (Priene II<sup>a</sup>). Denom. πετρόομαι, - όω, also w. κατα-, ὑπο-, `to be stoned, to be turned, to turn into stone' (E., X., Lyc. etc.) with πέτρωμα n. `stoning' (E.), also `heap of stones' (Paus.; from πέτρος enlarged, cf. Chantraine Form. 187). Several plantnames, after the position: πετρ-ίνη, - αία, - αῖον, - ώνιον, - ίς, ἐπί-πετρον etc. (Strömberg 116).

Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]

Etymology: On πέτρα as collectiv beside πέτρος Wackernagel Syntax 2, 14. -- Unexplained. After Porzig Satzinhalte 349 prop. *'collapse' (to πίπτω); hypothetical. Not better Wood ClassPhil. 3, 74ff. (to Lat. impetīgō; cf. W.-Hofmann s.v.); Güntert Labyrinth 20 f. (inversed from *τέπρα, to taberna; s. W.-H. s. v., Kretschmer Glotta 22, 253); still diff. (to πετάννυμι Groselj Živa Ant. 5, 111 f. Older attempts in Bq. - Furnée 370 adduces Basque petaŕ, s. also 272, 355. The word will be Pre-Greek.

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     πέτρα

    эп.-ион. πέτρη ἥ

    1) скала, утес

    

(αἰγίλιψ, ἠλίβατος Hom.)

    2) каменная глыба

    

(κυλινδεῖν πέτρας Xen.)

     Πέτρα

    ион. Πέτρη ἥ Петра

    1) город близ Коринфа Her.

    2) город близ Регия в южн. Италии Thuc.

πέτρα (-ας, -αν; -αι, -ᾶν, -αις（ι), - ας.)

πέτρα, ἡ, Fels; im Meere od. am Gestade die Klippe; sowohl von einzeln stehenden Felsenhäuptern als von ganzen felsigen Gebirgszügen; πέτρης ἐκ γλαφυρῆς, von einer Felsengrotte zu verstehen; mit πέτραις geworfen, nicht einzelne Steine, πέτρος, sondern ganze Felsgipfel, welche der Kyklop u. die Hundertarmigen von den Felsen losreißen und gegen die Feinde schleudern. Als Sinnbild der Festigkeit u. Unbeweglichkeit, auch der Gefühllosigkeit u. Hartherzigkeit; δίλοφος, der Parnaß; auch von Felsstücken, Steinen

2) драгоценный камень;

Βλ. λ. Πέτρα

Βλ. λ. πέτρα

4073 πέτρα

4073 πέτρα

скала

скале

-ας ⁺ ἡ N 1 13-30-31-26-7=107 Ex 17,6(bis); 33,21.22; Nm 20,8

rock Ex 17,6; hollow rock, cave 1 Sm 13,6; stone (as material) Is 5,28

*Jer 31(48),28 ἐν πέτραις στόματι βοθύνου in the caves at the mouth of a gorge corr.? ἐν τῷ πέραν στόματος βοθύνου for MT פי־פחת עברי/ב on the side of the mouth of a gorge; *Hab 2,1 πέτραν rock-צור for MT מצור rampart, wall (1QpHab 6,13 מצורי); *Ps 103(104),12 τῶν πετρῶν (among) the rocks-סעפים

סעיף^I (cleft cpr. Jgs^B 15,8.11, Is 2,21, 57,5) for MT^k עפאים or for MT^q עפים (among) the branches; *Jb 22,24 ἐν πέτρᾳ on a rock-צר/ב for MT בצר ore, gold dust

Cf. CARAGOUNIS 1990 9-16.26-30; WALTERS 1973 71(Jer 31(48),28); →NIDNTT; TWNT