κίβδωνες

κίβδηλ-ος, ον,

A adulterated, base, esp. of coin,

χρυσοῦ κιβδήλοιο καὶ ἀργύρου Thgn.119

, cf. E.Med. 516;

στατῆρες κ. IG22.1388.61

;

κ. λόγος τοῦ τόκου Pl.R. 507a

; τιμαί, opp. ἀληθεῖς, Id.Lg. 728d; ἐν δὲ κιβδήλῳ τόδε this may prove false, E.El. 550; τὸ σὰν κίβδαλον spurious, Pi.Dith.2.3;

ἱμάτιον ἐκ δύο ὑφασμένον κ. LXX Le.19.19

.

II metaph., fraudulent, dishonest, opp. ἀληθής, of men, Thgn.117; κίβδηλον (cj. - λοι)

.. ἦθος ἔχοντες Id.965

;

τοῦτο θεὸς κιβδηλότατον ποίησε Id.123

; κ. καὶ ἀπατεών, κ. καὶ ἀγαθοφανέες, Democr.63, 82;

δίκαιον Arist.Rh. 1375b6

; of oracles, etc., deceitful, Hdt.1.66,75,5.91, Max.Tyr.28.3 ([comp] Sup.); of women,

κ. ἀνθρώποις κακόν E.Hipp. 616

;

κ. ἐπιτηδεύματα Pl.Lg. 918a

. (Poll.7.99 cites [full] κίβδος, = dross or alloy of gold; Sch.Ar.Av. 158 expl. κιβδηλία as the dross of silver; Hsch. also cites [full] κίβδης, = κακοῦργος, <κά> πηλος, xeirote/xnhs, and Poll. [full] κίβδωνες (v.l. κιβδῶνες Phot.), = μεταλλεῖς, miners.)

Grammatical information: adj.

Meaning: `false, adulterated', of gold, coins etc., `fraudulent' (Thgn.); negated ἀ-κίβδηλος `unadalterated' (Hdt., Pl. Lg.; vgl. Frisk Adj. priv. 14f.).

Other forms: also Pi. Dith. 2, 3. Fur. 316 further quotes κίβαλος ὁ λῃστής Su. (but διάκονος H.)

Derivatives: κιβδηλία, - ίη `falsification, deceit' (Hp., Ar.) and denomin.: 1. κιβδηλεύω `falsify' (E., Ar., Arist.) with κιβδήλευμα, - λεία `falsification' (Pl. Lg.), 2. κιβδηλιάω `look like adulterated gold, have jaundice' (Arist.; after the verbs of illness in - ιάω). - Beside it κίβδης κακοῦργος, \<κά\> πηλος, χειροτέχνης H., κίβδωνες = μεταλλεῖς, `miners' (Poll., Moer.), κιβδῶνες (Phot.). - Basis κίβδος `dross of metal' (Poll.); in the same meaning also κίβδηλις H. s. κιβδηλιῶντας; on the suffix ηλο- Chantraine Formation 242, Schwyzer 484. - It remains uncertain whether κίβαλος belongs here; I see no basis to connect κίβον. - The word is of course Pre-Greek (Fur. 316). Clearly the root is κιβδ- (on the suffix - ηλο- Fur. 115 n. 5); this shows that - βδ- most probably is one phoneme; I propose it was (the voiced representative of) *p^y.

Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]X [probably]

Etymology: Term of miners without etymology (cf. on μέταλλον). Bq (with Solmsen) compares κίβον ἐνεόν. Πάφιοι H. which is also unexplained and recalls Fr. ( pierre) sourde i. e. `dull, without reflex'; Grošelj Živa Ant. 3, 200f. mentions NHG taub, Slov. gluh also `without metall' (of minerals). For - δος compare, λύγδος `white marble' (on now see s.v. μόλυβδος `lead'); s. Fraenkel Nom. ag. 2, 175 n. 1 (p. 176; partly diff.), Grošelj l. c. with a quite hypothetical etymology. Older wrong or doubtful explanations from IE and Semit. in Bq; s. also WP. 1, 349. - A related verb Blumenthal finds in κίψει κακοποιεῖ H. (?).

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