κόθ-

κόθ-ουροι, die κηφῆνες, Drohnen, eigtl. denen der Schwanz beschnitten, verstümmelt ist, ohne Stachel

Grammatical information: adj.

Meaning: `clean, spotless, pure, unmixed, white (of bread, linnen)' (Il.); καθάρειος (- ιος) `pure, elegant' (Arist., Men., Plb.), adv. καθαρείως (X.), after ἀστεῖος; καθάρυλλος ( ἄρτος etc., Com.; cf. Leumann Glotta 32, 219 n. 3).

Other forms: Dor. (Heracl.) κοθαρός, Aeol. (Alc.) κόθαρος

Derivatives: καθαρότης `purity' (Hp., Pl.), καθαρ(ε)ιότης `purity, refinement' (Hdt.). - Denomin. verbs: 1. καθαίρω ( κοθ- Herakl.), often with prefix, e. g. ἀνα-, ἀπο-, δια-, ἐκ-, περι-, aor. καθῆραι (- ᾶραι) `purify' (Il.) with κάθαρσις (IA.), κόθ- (El.) `purification', καθαρμός `atonement' (Hdt., trag.), κάθαρμα, often in plur. `purification, refuse' (Att.); καθαρτής `purifyer, conciliater' (Hp., S.), - τήρ `id.' (Man., Plu.), - τήριος (D. H.); καθάρσιος (: καθαρτής, κάθαρσις, καθαρτός) `purifying' (Hdt., trag.), καθαρτικός `id.' (Hp., Pl.). - 2. καθαρίζω, also with prefix, ἀπο-, δια-, ἐκ-, περι-, `purify' (LXX) with καθαρισμός (LXX), καθάρισις (pap.) a. o. - 3. καθαρεύω `be pure' (Ar., Pl.) with καθάρευσις (H., EM); also καθαρι-εύω (Paus., gramm.). - 4. καθαρι-όω `purify' (LXX).

Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]

Etymology: Solmsen KZ 37, 7A. thought that καθαρός was assimilated from κοθαρός; Schwyzer 344 thought that κοθαρός was Aeolic. - No etymology. Suggestions in Bq. Schwyzer 260 (to Lith. krečiù `shake'). Acc. to Debrunner in Ebert, Reallexikon 4, 2, 526 religious term of Pre-Greek origin The variation α\/ο proves Pre-Greek origin. (Fur. 391 connects ἀθαρής; doubtful..

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     κόθουρος

     κόθ-ουρος

    2

    [*κοθώ «ущерб»] досл. короткохвостый, куцый, перен. лишенный жала

    

(κηφῆνες Hes.)

κᾰθᾰρ-ός, ά, όν, [dialect] Dor. [full] καθαρός Tab.Heracl.1.103, Orph.Fr. 32c.1, [dialect] Aeol. [pref] κόθ- Alc.Supp.7.3; cf. ἀνακαθαίρω, κάθαρσις:

1 physically clean, spotless (not in Il.),

εἵματα Od.6.61

, Archil.12, cf. E.Cyc.35, 562, etc.; of persons, cleanly,

κ. περὶ ἐσθῆτα Arist.VV 1250b28

, cf.Rh. 1416a23 (nisi leg. καθάριος).

2 clear of admixture, clear, pure, esp. of water,

Βορυσθένης ῥέει καθαρὸς παρὰ θολεροῖσι Hdt.4.53

;

κ. ὕδατα E. Hipp. 209

(anap.);

ὕδωρ κ. ζῶν LXXNu.5.17

;

δρόσοι E. Ion96

(anap.);

κ. καὶ διαφανῆ ὑδάτια Pl.Phdr. 229b

;

οὖρον Hp.Epid.1.3

;

διαχώρημα Id.Coac. 640

; κ. φάος, φέγγος, Pi.P.6.14, 9.90;

πνεῦμα κ. οὐρανοῦ E.Hel. 867

;

κ. ἄρτος Hdt.2.40

; of white bread, Wilcken Chr. 30i17 (iii/ii B.C.), LXXJu.10.5, Gal.6.482, 19.137; ἄλευρον κ. Diocl.Fr.139; χρυσίον, ἀργύριον -ώτατον, Hdt.4.166, cf. Theoc.15.36, Ph.1.190, etc.;

σῖτος X.Oec.18.8

;

σῖτος κ. ἀπὸ πάντων PHib.1.84

(a).6 (iv/iii B.C.): freq. of grain, winnowed,

πυρὸς κ. ἄδολος POxy.1124.11

(i A.D.), cf. PTeb.93.36 (ii B.C.), etc.; of metals, etc.,

σίδηρος Sammelb.4481.13

(v A.D.), etc.; ἀρωμάτων, καθαρῶν, λαχάνων, dub. sens. in PLond.2.429.6 (iv A.D.);

ἄκρατος καὶ κ. νοῦς X.Cyr.8.7.30

;

χρόαι Arist.Sens. 440a5

;

φωναί Id.Aud. 801b28

; of feelings, unmixed,

μῖσος τῆς ἀλλοτρίας φύσεως Pl.Mx. 245d

, cf. Thgn.89; serene,

φρήν E.Hipp. 1120

(lyr.).

3 clear of objects, free, ἐν καθαρῷ (sc. τόπῳ ) in an open space,

ἐν κ., ὅθι δὴ νεκύων διεφαίνετο χῶρος Il.8.491

;

ἐν κ., ὅθι κύματ' ἐπ' ἠϊόνος κλύζεσκον 23.61

, cf. Ph.2.535 ([comp] Sup.); πάξαις Ἄλτιν ἐν κ. in a clearing, Pi.O.10 (11).45; ἐν κ. βῆναι to leave the way clear, S.OC 1575 (lyr.); ἐν τῷ κ. οἰκεῖν live in the clear sunshine, Pl.R. 520d; διὰ καθαροῦ ῥέειν, of a river whose course is clear and open, Hdt.1.202: with Subst., κελεύθῳ ἐν κ. Pi.O.6.23; χῶρος κ. Hdt.1.132;

ἐν κ. λειμῶνι Theoc.26.5

; ἐν ἡλίῳ κ. in the open sun, opp. σκιά, Pl.Phdr. 239c; ὥς σφι τὸ ἐμποδὼν ἐγεγόνεε κ. was cleared away, Hdt.7.183; κ. ποιεῖσθαι τὰς ἀρκυστασίας set up the nets in open ground, X.Cyn.6.6; freq. of land, free from weeds, etc., παραδώσω τὸν κλῆρον κ. ἀπὸ θρύου καλάμου ἀγρώστεως κτλ. PTeb.105.59 (ii B.C.);

παραδώσω τὰς ἀρούρας κ. ὡς ἔλαβον BGU1018.25

(iii A.D.): c. gen., γλῶσσα καθαρὴ τῶν σημηΐων clear of the marks, Hdt.2.38; καθαρὸν τῶν προβόλων, of a fort, Arr.An.2.21.7; of documents, free from mistakes, POxy.1277.13 (iii A.D.); χειρόγραφον κ. ἀπὸ ἐπιγραφῆς καὶ ἀλείφαδος free from interlineation and erasure, PLond.2.178.13 (ii A.D.).

b metaph., free, clear of debt, liability, etc.,

κ. ἀπὸ δημοσίων καὶ παντὸς εἴδους BGU197.14

(i A.D.); κ. ἀπό τε ὀφειλῆς καὶ ὑποθήκης καὶ παντὸς διεγγυήματος ib.112.11 (i A.D.);

γῆ κ. ἀπὸ γεωργίας βασιλικῆς POxy. 633

(ii A.D.); καθαρὰ ποιῆσαι to give a discharge, PAvrom. 1 A22; in moral sense, free from pollution, καθαρῷ θανάτῳ an honourable death, Od.22.462;

θάνατον οὐ κ., τὸν δι' ἀγχόνης Ph.2.491

;

ψυχαὶ ἀρηΐφατοι καθαρώτεραι ἢ ἐνὶ νούσοις Heraclit.136

; freq. free from guilt or defilement, pure,

χεῖρες A.Eu. 313

(anap.);

καθαρὸς χεῖρας Hdt.1.35

, Antipho5.11, And.1.95;

κ. παρέχειν τινὰ κατὰ τὸ σῶμα καὶ κατὰ τὴν ψυχήν Pl.Cra. 405b

; ἔρχομαι ἐκ κοθαρῶν κοθαρά OrphFr.32c.1,al.; of ceremonial purity, καθαρὰ καὶ ἁγνή εἰμι ἀπό τε τῶν ἄλλων τῶν οὐ καθαρευόντων καὶ ἀπ' ἀνδρὸς συνουσίας Jusj. ap. D.59.78, cf. UPZ78.28 (ii B.C.), LXXNu.8.7,al.;

ἀπὸ τάφου καὶ ἐκφορᾶς καθαροί SIG982.9

(ii B.C.); esp. of persons purified after pollution, ἱκέτης προσῆλθες κ. A.Eu. 474, cf. S.OC 548, etc.; also of things, βωμοί, θύματα, δόμος, μέλαθρα, A.Supp. 654 (lyr.), E. IT 1163, 1231 (troch.), 693: c. gen., clear of or from..,

κ. ἐγκλημάτων Antipho 2.4.11

; ἀδικίας, κακῶν, Pl.R. 496d, Cra. 404a;

ὁ τῶν κακῶν κ. τόπος Id.Tht. 177a

;

κ. τὰς χεῖρας φόνου Id.Lg. 864e

;

Κόρινθον.. ἀποδεῖξαι τῶν μιαιφόνων καθαράν X.HG4.4.6

;

κ. εἰμι ἀπὸ τοῦ αἵματος πάντων Act.Ap.20.26

, cf. D.C.37.24;

κ. ἀπὸ ὅρκου LXXGe.24.8

; ceremonially pure, of food,

ὄσπριον Hdt.2.37

; of victims, LXXGe.7.2,al., PGen.32.9 (ii A.D.), etc.; κ. ἡμέραι, opp. ἀποφράδες, Pl.Lg. 800d.

c in act. sense, purifying, cleansing,

λέβης Pi.O.1.26

;

θέειον Theoc. 24.96

.

4 of birth, pure, genuine,

σπέρμα θεοῦ Pi.P.3.15

; πόλις E. Ion 673; τῶν Ἀθηναίων ὅπερ ἐστράτευε καθαρὸν ἐξῆλθε, i.e. were citizens of pure blood, Th.5.8; οἱ τῷ γένει μὴ κ. Arist.Ath.13.5; κ. ἀστοί Sch.Ar.Ach. 506; καθαρόν a real, genuine saying, Ar.V. 1015; κ. Τίμων a Timon pure and simple, Id.Av. 1549;

κ. δοῦλος Antiph.9

(glossed by ἀπηκριβωμένος, AB105); ζημία κ., of a person, Alciphro 3.21.

5 of language, pure, ὀνόματα, λέξις, D.H.Comp.1, 3;

διάλεκτος Id.Dem.5

; so of writers, [

Λυσίας] κ. τὴν ἑρμηνείαν Id.Lys.2

; [

Ξενοφῶν] κ. τοῖς ὀνόμασι Id.Pomp.4

; also, clear, simple, σεμνὸς καὶ κ. Jul.Or.2.77a.

b Gramm., preceded by a vowel, pure, D.T. 635.10, 639.5, Hdn.Gr.2.930, al.; containing a 'pure' syllable, ib. 928.

6 without blemish, sound, ὁ κ. στρατός, τὸ κ. τοῦ στρατοῦ, the sound portion of the army, Hdt.1.211,4.135; v. supr. 4.

7 clear, exact, ἂν κ. ὦσιν αἱ ψῆφοι if the accounts are exactly balanced, D.18.227 (sed cf.

καθαιρέω 11.5

).

II Adv. purely,

ἁγνῶς καὶ καθαρῶς h.Ap. 121

, Hes.Op. 337: [comp] Comp.

- ωτέρως Porph.Abst.2.44

.

2 of birth,

κ. γεγονέναι Hdt.1.147

;

αἱ κ. Ἑλληνίδες Sor.1.112

, cf.Luc.Rh. Pr.24.

3 with clean hands, honestly, σὺν δίκῃ.. καὶ κ. Thgn.198; δικαίως καὶ κ. D.9.62;

κ. τε καὶ μετρίως τὸν βίον διεξελθεῖν Pl.Phd. 108c

.

4 clearly, plainly,

λέγειν Ar.V. 631

, cf. E.Rh.35 (anap.);

λέξις κ. καὶ ἀκριβῶς ἔχουσα Isoc.5.4

;

κ. γνῶναι Ar.V. 1045

, Pl.Phd. 66e; εἴσεσθαι ibid.;

καθαρώτατα ἀποδεῖξαι Id.Cra. 426b

.

5 of language, purely, correctly,

- ώτερον διαλέγεσθαι Plu.2.1116e

, cf. Luc.Im.15.

6 entirely, Ar.Av. 591;

κ. τις ὢν ἀόργητος Phld.Ir.p.71

W.;

κ. ἐς ἐφήβους τελεῖν D.C.36.25

, cf. Cod.Just.1.4.34.9: [comp] Sup. - ώτατα in its purest form, Phld.Piet.66.

Grammatical information: f.

Meaning: `tail' (Il.), later often metaph. `rear(guard)' (X., Plb.).

Other forms: Ion. -ή

Compounds: Compp., e.g. οὑρ-ᾱγός m. `leader of the rearguard' with - έω, - ία (X., Plb.. LXX); on κόλ-ουρος (s. κόλος), κόθ-ουρος, πάγ-ουρος s. vv.

Derivatives: 1. Dimin. οὑράδιον (Gp.); 2. adj. οὑρ-αῖος `belonging to the tail' ( Ψ 520, Hp.) with - αία f. (like κεραία a.o.) `tail' (Aret.), - αῖον n. `id.' (E.). 3. οὑρ-αχός m. `foetal organ, point, outer end', e.g. of the heart, of the eyebrows, of a stalk (medic., Ael.), - ίαχος m. `lower end of a spear' (Il., A. R., AP ; metr. condit.?); cf. κύμβ-αχος, στόμ-αχος a.o. 4. οὑρώδης `belonging to the tail' (Hp. v.l.). - On οὖραξ s.v.

Origin: IE [Indo-European] [340] * h₁ers- `tail'; PGX [probably a word of Pre-Greek origin]

Etymology: Like κουρά beside κόρρη, κόρση, οὑρά can stand beside ὄρρος, - ορσος; basis then prob. *ὀρσά (on the phonetics s. on κουρά); note esp. OIr. err f. `tail' \< IE * ersā. Positing *ὀρσι̯ά (WP. 1, 138; also Forbes Glotta 36, 237 f. as alternative) or *ὀρσϜά (Brugmann-Thumb 148 a.o. referring to Skt. r̥ṣvá- `high') is unnecessary (cf. Schwyzer 286 Zus. 1 w. rich lit.). S. also ὄρρος. - Remarkable is the word οὐραχός with a suffix that it prob. Pre-Greek; here again there are the parallels with - αχ-, - ιχ-, - υχ- (Chantraine Form. 403). Even stranger is the form οὐρίαχος, which has even been considered a metrical licence (there is no other word in - ιαχος). This leads to he idea that the preceding vowel was palatal, i.e. -rs^y-; cf. Beekes FS Kortlandt; this might lead to the conclusion that the word (`tail') is Pre-Greek (unless one concludes that οὐρ(ι)αχός is not cognate with the tail-word). Cf. also on οὖραξ.

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